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Progress in particle and nuclear physics 124, 103947 - (2022). doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103947, This review demonstrates the unique role of the neutrino by discussing in detail the physics of and with neutrinos. We deal with neutrino sources, neutrino oscillations, absolute masses, interactions, the possible existence of sterile neutrinos, and theoretical implications. In addition, synergies of neutrino physics with other research fields are found, and requirements to continue successful neutrino physics in the future, in terms of technological developments and adequate infrastructures, are stressed., Published by Pergamon Press, Frankfurt, M.

We discuss calculation of nuclear corrections to the structure functions for the deep-inelastic scattering of muon and (anti)neutrino. Our approach includes a QCD description of the nucleon structure functions as well as the treatment of Fermi motion and nuclear binding, off-shell correction to bound nucleon structure functions, nuclear pion excess and nuclear shadowing. We emphasize the dependence of nuclear effects on the type and C-parity of (anti)neutrino structure functions. We also examine the interplay between different nuclear effects in the Adler and the Gross-Llewellyn-Smith sum rules for nuclei., 8 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the proceedings of 5th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt07), Batavia, Illinois, 30 May - 3 Jun 2007

We have studied charged current one pion production induced by $\nu_\mu(\bar\nu_\mu)$ from some nuclei. The calculations have been done for the incoherent pion production processes from these nuclear targets in the $\Delta$ dominance model and take into account the effect of Pauli blocking, Fermi motion and renormalization of $\Delta$ properties in the nuclear medium. The effect of final state interactions of pions has also been taken into account. The numerical results have been compared with the recent results from the MiniBooNE experiment for the charged current 1$\pi$ production, and also with some of the older experiments in Freon and Freon-Propane from CERN., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, 5th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the few GeV region(NuInt07), Batavia, Illinois, 30May-3June, 2007

We present a relativistic model for electroweak pion production from nuclei, focusing on the $\Delta$ and the second resonance region. Bound states are derived in the Hartree approximation to the $\sigma-\omega$ Walecka model. Final-state interactions of the outgoing pion and nucleon are described in a factorized way by means of a relativistic extension of the Glauber model. Our formalism allows a detailed study of neutrino pion production through $Q^2$, $W$, energy, angle and out-of-plane distributions., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, poster presented at the NuInt07 conference on few-GeV neutrino physics

For any inelastic process $v_{\ell} + I \to \ell^- + F$ with $m_{\ell} = 0$, the cross section at $\theta_{\ell} = 0$ is given by Adler's PCAC theorem. Inclusion of the lepton mass has a dynamical effect (``PCAC-screening'') caused by interference of spin-zero ($\pi^+$) and spin-one exchanges. This effect may be relevant to the forward suppression reported in recent experiments., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, presented at NuInt07, Fermilab, may 31 - june 3 2007

We have investigated the neutrino induced coherent pion production reaction at the energies of interest for recent experiments like K2K and MiniBooNE. The model includes pion, nucleon and the Delta(1232) resonance. Medium effects in the production mechanism and the distortion of the pion wave function are taken into account. We find a strong reduction of the cross section due to these effects and also substantial modifications in the energy distributions of the final pion. The sensitivity of the results on the axial N-Delta coupling C5A(0) and the coherent fraction in neutral-current pi0 production are discussed., Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt07)

The spectral functions for calcium and argon are constructed. It is verified that their predictions for the quasielastic electron-nucleus cross sections in the energy range ~1 GeV agree with the data. The argon spectral function is then used to obtain the quasielastic neutrino-nucleus cross section., 3 pages, 3 figures, presented at 5th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt07), Fermilab, USA, 30.05-3.06.2007

We investigate the extension of the deeply virtual Compton scattering process into the weak interaction sector., Comment: Talk given at the Fifth International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region, FNAL, May 30 - June 3, 2007. To appear in the conference proceedings

We construct a model for the weak pion production off the nucleon, which in addition to the weak excitation of the $\Delta(1232)$ resonance and its subsequent decay into $N\pi$, it includes also some background terms required by chiral symmetry. We re-fit the $C_5^A(q^2)$ form factor to the flux averaged $\nu_\mu p \to \mu^-p\pi^+$ ANL $q^2-$differential cross section data, finding a substantially smaller contribution of the $\Delta$ pole mechanism than traditionally assumed in the literature. We also show that the interference between the Delta pole and the background terms produces parity-violating contributions to the pion angular differential cross section., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of Fifth International Workshop on. Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region. May 30, 2007 - June 3, 2007. Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois USA

We investigate neutrino-nucleus collisions at intermediate energies incorporating quasi-elastic scattering and the excitation of 13 resonances as elementary processes, taking into account medium effects such as Fermi motion, Pauli blocking, mean-field potentials and in-medium spectral functions. A coupled-channel treatment of final state interactions is achieved with the GiBUU transport model. Results for inclusive reactions, neutrino- and electron-induced, as well as for pion production and nucleon knockout are presented., Inv. Talk by U. Mosel at NUINT07

We have carried out a calculation of the inclusive electron scattering cross section off oxygen in the kinematical region corresponding to beam energies between 700 and 1200 MeV, where quasielastic scattering and single pion production are the dominant reaction mechanisms. The formalism developed and successfully applied to describe quasielastic scattering has been extended to include both delta production and non-resonant pion production. The results are in fairly good agreement with experimental data over the whole range of energy transfer, including the dip region between the quasielastic peak and the first resonance., 4 pages, 3 figures. v2: major change made, to fit in the jouranl format. v3: minor change made

We present a systematic study of the sensitivity of quasielastic neutrino‐nucleus cross sections at intermediate energies to the strange quark sea of the nucleon. To this end, we investigate the impact of the weak strangeness form factors on the ratio of proton‐to neutron knockout, the ratio of neutral‐to‐charged current cross sections, on the Paschos‐Wolfenstein relation, and on the longitudinal helicity asymmetry.

This paper presents neutrino cross section and structure function measurements. The recent results from NuTeV and Chorus experiments are discussed. The status of the MINOS measurements of the cross section energy dependence and of the structure functions are summarized. Finally, plans of the Minerνa experiment to measure the structure functions on a range of nuclear targets are presented.

Experimental signatures for short‐range correlations using electron, proton and neutrino probes are discussed. The measurement of 12C(e,e′pp) and 12C(e,e′pn) indicates that correlations of np pairs dominate that of pp pairs.

I discuss the relation between the nuclear response and the Green function describing the propagation of a nucleon in the nuclear medium. Within this formalism, the widely used expressions in terms of spectral functions can be derived in a consistent and rigorous fashion. The results of recent applications to the study of the inclusive electron-nucleus cross section in the impulse approximation regime are brielfy analyzed., Comment: Invited talk at NUINT07 (Fermilab, May 30-June 3, 2007). To appear in the Proceedings

Recent progress in neutrino scattering experiments with few GeV neutrino beams is reviewed, focusing on new experimental input since the beginning of the NuInt workshop series in 2001. Progress in neutrino quasi-elastic scattering, resonance production, coherent pion production, scattering in the transition region between the resonance and deep inelastic regimes, and nuclear effects in neutrino-nucleus scattering, is discussed., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of 5th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt07), Batavia, Illinois, 30 May - 3 Jun 2007. Submitted to AIP Conf.Proc

SciBooNE started in June 2007 primarily to study neutrino and anti‐neutrino interactions in the energy region below 1 GeV. The SciBooNE detector is located in Booster Neutrino Beamline at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The SciBooNE data aquisition system consists of the readout software and an event builder, which collects data from each detector component (SciBar detector, an electromagnetic calorimeter, Muon Range Detector and GPS). The typical DAQ readout time per trigger is 20 ms, which is fast enough to take every beam spill. The system is also very stable and the probability of missing a beam spill due to the readout time is less than 0.002 %.

Inclusive electron scattering cross sections in the quasielastic region have been measured over a wide range of energy and momentum transfers from very light to very heavy nuclei. The interpretation of these data in terms of the ground state properties of nuclei has provided useful information on a range of topics including the nuclear spectral function, momentum distributions, scaling, inelastic processes, final state interactions (FSIs) and more.

We discuss recent developments in the study of structure functions at low Q2, focusing in particular on the issue of target mass corrections (TMC) to nucleon structure functions. We summarize the standard TMC implementation, and contrast this with a new formulation which has the correct kinematic threshold behavior at finite Q2 in the x→1 limit.

In this paper we give a concise description of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr TPC) developed at Yale, and present results from its first calibration run with cosmic rays., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, NuInt07 Conference Proceedings

The Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) facility at Fermilab began operations in late 2004. NuMI will deliver an intense muon neutrino beam of variable energy (2-20 GeV). Several aspects of the design and results from runs of the MINOS experiment are reviewed. I also discuss technique to measure directly the neutrino flux using a muon flux system at the end of the NuMI line.

The K2K experiment uses an artificially‐produced neutrino beam to measure muon neutrino oscillations in the range of apporoximately 1 GeV. The neutrinos are detected in a near detector system (at the KEK laboratory) and in a far detector (Super‐Kamiokande). The detectors capabilities allow the measurement of the neutrino interaction rates and their energy, from which a clear indication of oscillations is obtained.

We present a detailed description of the Andreopoulos‐Gallagher‐Kehayias‐Yang (AGKY) hadronic multiparticle production model. This model was developed within the context of the MINOS experiment [4]. Its validity spans a wide invariant mass range starting from as low as the pion production threshold. It exhibits satisfactory agreement with a wide variety of experimental data.

The charged-current quasi-elastic scattering of muon neutrino on oxygen target is computed for neutrino energy between 200 MeV and 2.5 GeV using different approximations: the Plane Wave Impulse Approximation (PWIA), the Relativistic Distorted Wave Impulse Approximation with relativistic optical potential (RDWIA), and the Relativistic Fermi Gas Model (RFGM). The comparison with RFGM, which is widely used in data analyses of neutrino experiments, shows that the RFGM fails completely when applied to exclusive cross section data and leads to overestimated values of inclusive and total cross sections., Comment: 3 pages, to appear in the proceedings of 5th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt07), Batavia, Illinois, 30 May - 3 Jun 2007

Results from a dynamical model of nucleon resonance production in the electroweak reactions are reviewed.

This brief document discusses the current status and recent progress of Neutrino Monte Carlo Generators. The discussion is limited in the context of simulations for neutrino experiments in the energy range from few tens of MeV to a few hundred GeV.

Uncertainties in knowledge of neutrino interactions directly impact the ability to measure the parameters of neutrino oscillation. Experiments which make use of differing technologies and neutrino beams are sensitive to different uncertainties. Several experimental and theoretical issues are reviewed., Comment: Proceedings prepared for the Fifth International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt07), May 30-June 2, 2007. Proceedings to be published by the AIP (6 pages)

Neutrino cross sections are important in many different astrophysical environments. Particularly needed is information about low energy (tens of MeV) cross sections. We review, for a few situations, the importance of neutrino cross sections for supernovae, gamma ray bursts and neutron stars.

On the basis of the phenomenological model for baryon resonance production in lepton–nucleon and lepton–nucleus scattering we investigate to what extent quark–hadron duality is applicable to the neutrino structure functions and how it compares with duality in electron scattering.

SciBooNE is an experiment for measurements of neutrino‐nucleus interaction cross‐sections using the FNAL Booster Neutrino Beam. SciBar, which is a fully‐active, finely segmented tracking detector, is one of the detectors in SciBooNE, inherited from the K2K experiment. The SciBar detector can identify neutrino interactions by detecting charged particles. Details of the SciBar detector are discussed.

The reliability of the existing extraction of the nucleon structure function and quark distribution ratios F2n/F2p and d/u from measurements of deep inelastic electron scattering off the proton and deuteron is discussed. Jefferson Lab measurements using semi‐inclusive electron‐deuteron scattering and deep inelastic electron scattering off the 3He and 3H mirror nuclei, expected to provide data free of theoretical uncertainties, are presented.

In this paper we describe the capabilities of the MINERνA experiment for the measurement of neutrino‐nucleus coherent scattering.

The SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment [1] (SciBooNE) is a neutrino scattering experiment located at Fermilab that started to take data in June 2007. The experiment takes advantage of the excellent and well understood SciBar detector from K2K and of the Booster Neutrino Beam from Fermilab. The main SciBooNE goal is to measure the total neutrino and antineutrino cross‐sections at low energies with unprecedented statistics. These measurements will help to improve the results of T2K and MiniBooNE neutrino oscillation experiments.

The effects of adding new data sets for neutrino and antineutrino deep inelastic scattering and dimuon production in pp and pd scattering to global fits for parton distribution functions are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects at large x. The role of nuclear corrections in describing the neutrino and antineutrino data is also discussed.

While the neutrino physics community has renewed its interest in the basic ν‐A interaction, we are only now coming to grips with problems that have been studied for decades in the electron scattering community. NuInt07 included a number of presentations on recent electron scattering measurements that are relevant to neutrino physicists. This talk was intended to provide context for the electron scattering talks, and to preview important electron scattering results that were presented at the conference.

SciBooNE is a new neutrino experiment at Fermilab. The detector will undertake a number of measurements, principally sub‐GeV neutrino cross‐section measurements applicable to T2K. The detector consists of 3 sub‐detectors; SciBar and the Electron‐Catcher were both used in the K2K experiment at KEK, Japan, whilst the Muon Range Detector is a new detector constructed at Fermilab using recycled materials from previous Fermilab experiments. A description of the detector, its construction and software is presented here.

The nucleon weak axial‐vector form factor for quasielastic interactions is determined from the analysis of neutrino‐Carbon interactions in the K2K detector fully active SciBar tracking calorimeter. The analysis consists on a fit to the four‐momentum squared, Q2 = −q2 = (Pμ−Pν)2, of the quasi elastic reaction νμn→μ−p, induced by the neutrino interactions on the Carbon nuclei. The axial‐vector form factor can be approximated by a dipole with the axial‐vector mass as a free parameter, with a best fit for MA = 1.144±0.077(fit)−0.072+0.078(syst).