Search

Introdução: Conforme a Organização Mundial da Saúde, eliminar a transmissão vertical do HIV é uma meta a ser atingida até 2030. Para isso, a qualidade da assistência e da formação técnica em saúde nos serviços e a disponibilidade de tratamento adequado para o binômio materno-fetal são fundamentais. Objetivo: Avaliar a carga viral, a contagem de células CD4 e a adesão à terapia antirretroviral entre gestantes, além dos indicadores de transmissão em serviço terciário de assistência pré-natal. Método: Neste estudo, observou-se o cuidado às gestantes que vivem com HIV/AIDS. Foram revisados dados clínicos de prontuários médicos no período de 5 anos, com foco no seguimento clínico dessas mulheres e nos indicadores de transmissão vertical. Essa assistência foi desenvolvida em um serviço hospitalar terciário, com participação interdisciplinar das equipes de Infectologia, Obstetrícia, Psicologia e Psiquiatria e com objetivo de oferecer suporte integral a essas mulheres. Resultados: Foram identificadas 41 gestantes com diagnóstico de HIV. Dentre essas mulheres, 7 (17%) descobriram a infecção por sorologia positiva durante os primeiros exames de pré-natal, com início imediato do cuidado e da TARV. No primeiro teste de seguimento, 51% das gestantes apresentaram carga viral detectável (maior que 40 cópias) e 26% apresentaram CD4 < 350, indicador de imunossupressão acentuada. Durante o período estudado, foi visto que a adesão a TARV foi adequada em 77% e a carga viral final foi indetectável ou menor que 40 cópias em 85% das pacientes, com apenas 3 (7,6%) pacientes acima de 400 cópias. Houve abandono de seguimento pré-natal por 2 mulheres. O parto foi realizado conforme protocolos institucionais - via de parto definida conforme carga viral na 34ª semana e condições obstétricas, sendo parto cesárea em 50% dos casos. Realizou-se AZT intravenoso para gestante e neonato se carga viral detectável. Com relação a transmissão vertical do HIV, não se identificou nenhum caso após realização de exames sorológicos e seguimento por 18 meses da criança. Conclusão: Demonstra-se que o cuidado integral às gestantes que vivem com HIV pode determinar a eliminação da transmissão vertical. Ressalta-se também a importância da estruturação dos serviços de atenção à saúde para esse objetivo. Além disso, observa-se uma alta adesão das pacientes à TARV durante o período gestacional e o seguimento após a gestação é fundamental para manter a vinculação ao tratamento.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among puerperal women cared for at a tertiary university hospital and the level of understanding of these puerperal women about toxoplasmosis, vertical transmission, and its prophylaxis. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 225 patients using presential interviews, prenatal documentation, and electronic medical records. Data were stored using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) software. Prevalence rates were estimated by the presence of reactive IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and calculation of the odds ratio (OR). Seroreactivity to T. gondii and exposure variables (age, educational level, and parity) were analyzed using a confidence interval (95%CI) and a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Results The seropositivity rate for T. gondii was 40%. There was no association between seroprevalence and age. Primiparity was a protective factor against seropositivity and low education was a risk factor. Conclusion Knowledge of T. gondii infection and its transmission forms was significantly limited, presenting a risk for acute maternal toxoplasmosis and vertical transmission of this protozoan. Increasing the education level regarding the risk of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy could reduce the rates of infection and vertical transmission of this parasite.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the assistance provided to women victims of sexual violence and their participation in the follow-up treatment after the traumatic event, presenting a sociodemographic profile, gynecological background, and circumstances of the event, and reporting the results, acceptance, and side effects of prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort study comprising the period between 2007 and 2016. All women receiving medical care and clinical follow-up after a severe episode of sexual violence were included. Records of domestic violence, male victims, children, and adolescents who reported consensual sexual activity were excluded. The present study included descriptive statistics as frequencies and percentages. Results A total of 867medical records were reviewed and 444 cases of sexual violence were included. The age of the victims ranged from10 to 77 years old, most of them selfdeclared white, with between 4 and 8 years of education, and denying having a sexual partner. Sexual violence occurred predominantly at night, on public thoroughfare, being committed by an unknown offender. Most victims were assisted at the referral service center within 72 hours after the violence, enabling the recommended prophylaxis. There was high acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (ART), although half of the users reported side effects. Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was not detected in women undergoing prophylaxis. Conclusion In the present cohort, the profile of victims of sexual violence was loweducated, young, white women. The traumatic event occurred predominantly at night, on public thoroughfare, being committed by an unknown offender. Assistance within the first 72 hours after sexual violence enables the healthcare center to provide prophylactic interventions against STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

Summary: Background: Knowledge regarding the risks associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in pregnancy has relied on individual studies with relatively small sample sizes and variable risk estimates of adverse outcomes, or on surveillance or routinely collected data. Using data from the Zika Brazilian Cohorts Consortium, this study aims, to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes among offspring of women with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection during pregnancy and to explore heterogeneity between studies. Methods: We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis of the offspring of 1548 pregnant women from 13 studies, using one and two-stage meta-analyses to estimate the absolute risks. Findings: Of the 1548 ZIKV-exposed pregnancies, the risk of miscarriage was 0.9%, while the risk of stillbirth was 0.3%. Among the pregnancies with liveborn children, the risk of prematurity was 10,5%, the risk of low birth weight was 7.7, and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) was 16.2%. For other abnormalities, the absolute risks were: 2.6% for microcephaly at birth or first evaluation, 4.0% for microcephaly at any time during follow-up, 7.9% for neuroimaging abnormalities, 18.7% for functional neurological abnormalities, 4.0% for ophthalmic abnormalities, 6.4% for auditory abnormalities, 0.6% for arthrogryposis, and 1.5% for dysphagia. This risk was similar in all sites studied and in different socioeconomic conditions, indicating that there are not likely to be other factors modifying this association. Interpretation: This study based on prospectively collected data generates the most robust evidence to date on the risks of congenital ZIKV infections over the early life course. Overall, approximately one-third of liveborn children with prenatal ZIKV exposure presented with at least one abnormality compatible with congenital infection, while the risk to present with at least two abnormalities in combination was less than 1.0%. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brazil (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq); Wellcome Trust and the United Kingdom's Department for International Development; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program; Medical Research Council on behalf of the Newton Fund and Wellcome Trust; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Foundation Christophe et Rodolphe Mérieux; Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes); Ministry of Health of Brazil; Brazilian Department of Science and Technology; Foundation of Research Support of the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ); Foundation of Support for Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhão; Evandro Chagas Institute/Brazilian Ministry of Health (Instituto Evandro Chagas/Ministério da Saúde); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Goiás (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás – FAPEG); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS); Foundation to Support Teaching, Research and Assistance at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto); São Paulo State Department of Health (Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo); Support Foundation of Pernambuco Science and Technology (Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco – FACEPE).

BACKGROUND: Labor is a physiological process triggered by mechanical and hormonal events that promote uterine contractions to expel the fetus. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nonpharmacologic childbirth care protocol in women in the active phase of labor in improving obstetrical and perinatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding, and intention-to-treat analysis. A total of 80 low-risk primigravida women at the end of pregnancy admitted at the beginning of the active phase of labor participated in the study. The participants were divided into an experimental group (n=40) and a control group (n=40). Women in the experimental group received 4 interventions: ambulation at 4 to 6 cm of cervical dilation, alternation of maternal postures, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at 6 to 7 cm, and a warm shower bath at >7 cm. The control group received only routine obstetrical care during labor. The parturient could request pharmacologic analgesia at any time during the study. The main outcome measures were the duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor, the duration of the expulsive phase of labor, and the prevalence of labor dystocia as assessed by the partograph. The researchers collected other maternal and neonatal data from official birth records. RESULTS: The parturients who received the nonpharmacologic protocol had a shorter active phase of the first stage of labor (444 minutes in the control group and 373 minutes in the experimental group; P=.02), presented rupture of membranes later in labor (7 cm in the control group and 8 cm in the experimental group; P

Inflammation can regulate hepatic drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. The impact of inflammation on renal drug transporters remains to be elucidated. We aimed to quantify the effect of inflammation (caused by acute pyelonephritis) on the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3, using the probe drug furosemide. Pregnant women (second or third trimester) received a single oral dose of furosemide 40 mg during acute pyelonephritis (Phase 1; n = 7) and after its resolution (Phase 2; n = 7; by treatment with intravenous cefuroxime 750 mg TID for 3–7 days), separated by 10 to 14 days. The IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations were higher in Phase I vs. Phase II. The pregnant women had a lower geometric mean [CV%] furosemide CLsecretion (3.9 [43.4] vs. 6.7 [43.8] L/h) and formation clearance to the glucuronide (1.1 [85.9] vs. 2.3 [64.1] L/h) in Phase 1 vs. Phase 2. Inflammation reduced the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3 (mediating furosemide CLsecretion) and UGT1A9/1A1 (mediating the formation of furosemide glucuronide) by approximately 40% and 54%, respectively, presumably by elevating the plasma cytokine concentrations. The dosing regimens of narrow therapeutic window OAT drug substrates may need to be adjusted during inflammatory conditions.

RESUMO Introdução O parceiro tem um papel importante quando ele acompanha o pré-natal, parto e pós-parto de sua companheira como mostram os resultados positivos em relação à saúde materna, infantil e também relacionados à saúde do homem. É uma importante estratégia de aproximar os futuros pais dos serviços de saúde e melhorar o vínculo destes com a paternidade. Objetivo Avaliar se a implementação da tecnologia SMS através do programa PRENACEL para o parceiro como um programa de educação em saúde é um suplemento útil ao acompanhamento pré-natal padrão. Método Ensaio aleatorizado controlado por conglomerados representados por unidades de saúde de atenção primária. Selecionamos as 20 unidades de saúde com maior número de gestantes acompanhadas em 2013. Segundo critérios de tamanho da população adscrita e pela situação de vulnerabilidade houve um balanço e as unidades de saúde foram aleatoriamente alocadas em unidades intervenção e controle. Os parceiros das gestantes que iniciaram o pré-natal antes da 20ª semana de gestação foram a população do grupo intervenção. Os parceiros inscritos no PRENACEL receberam periodicamente mensagens curtas de texto via celular com informações sobre gestação e parto. Nas unidades do grupo controle os parceiros receberam, junto com suas companheiras, o pré-natal padrão. Resultados 186 parceiros foram entrevistados, 62 do grupo PRENACEL, 73 do grupo intervenção, mas que não optaram pelo PRENACEL e 51 do grupo controle. Encontramos um perfil com idade média de 30 anos e a maioria dos entrevistados (51%) se declarou como raça/cor parda. Os entrevistados tinham em média de 9,3 anos de estudo. A maioria dos homens (95,2%) coabita com a companheira e foi classificada como classe C (63,7%). A adesão ao programa PRENACEL foi de 53,4%. Em relação aos resultados individuais, houve uma maior participação dos parceiros do grupo PRENACEL nas consultas de pré-natal, assim como foi observada uma maior presença destes no momento do parto como acompanhante quando comparado aos demais grupos. Conclusão O estudo mostrou que uma estratégia de educação em saúde utilizando as tecnologias de comunicação parece ser um suplemento útil para o cuidado pré-natal, teve uma boa aceitabilidade e um papel promissor no engajamento de homens aos cuidados pré-natal, parto e pós-parto de suas companheiras.

Women who are in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle or are lactating have been deliberately excluded from participating in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials that aimed to evaluate either the efficacy of the vaccines in inducing the formation of neutralizing antibodies or the investigational products’ safety profile. The exclusion of pregnant and lactating women from such studies certainly and inequitably denies these women access to COVID-19 vaccines, since these products have become increasingly available to nonpregnant people and even to those who are pregnant and are in high-income settings. In this clinical opinion article, we discuss some aspects of the prolonged pandemic, the emergence of viral variants, the risks of severe complications of COVID-19 in pregnant women, and the disproportionate impact of the above on low- and middle-income countries. We argue that the decision to receive the COVID-19 vaccine should be a joint decision between the pregnant or lactating women and the healthcare providers, while considering the available data on vaccine efficacy, safety, the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women, and the women's individual risks for infection and serious illness. The various types of vaccines that are already in use and their safety, effectiveness, and the potential risks and benefits of their administration to pregnant or lactating women are also reviewed.

Abstract Background The healthcare system can be understood as the dynamic result of the interaction of hospitals, patients, providers, and government configuring a complex network of reciprocal influences. In order to better understand such a complex system, the analysis must include characteristics that are feasible to be studied in order to redesign its functioning. The analysis of the emergent patterns of pregnant women flows crossing municipal borders for birth-related hospitalizations in a region of São Paulo, Brazil, allowed to examine the functionality of the regional division in the state using a complex systems approach and to propose answers to the dilemma of concentration vs. distribution of maternal care regional services in the context of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Methods Cross-sectional research of the areas of influence of hospitals using spatial interaction methods, recording the points of origin and destination of the patients and exploring the emergent patterns of displacement. Results The resulting functional region is broader than the limits established in the legal provisions, verifying that 85% of patients move to hospitals with high technology to perform normal deliveries and cesarean sections. The region has high independence rates and behaves as a “service exporter.” Patients going to centrally located hospitals travel twice as long as patients who receive care in other municipalities even when the patients’ conditions do not demand technologically sophisticated services. The effects of regulation and the agents’ preferences reinforce the tendency to refer patients to centrally located hospitals. Conclusions Displacement of patients during delivery may affect indicators of maternal and perinatal health. The emergent pattern of movements allowed examining the contradiction between wider deployments of services versus concentration of highly specialized resources in a few places. The study shows the potential of this type of analysis applied to other type of patients’ flows, such as cancer or specialized surgery, as tools to guide the regionalization of the Brazilian Health System.

Abstract The topics of congenital syphilis and children exposed to syphilis compose the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Such document was elaborated based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article provides guidelines for syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis clinical management, emphasizing the vertical transmission of Treponema pallidum prevention. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of these infections are presented and recommendations for managers in the programmatic and operational management of syphilis. The article also includes guidelines for health professionals in screening, diagnosing, and treating people with sexually transmitted infections and their sex partners, in addition to strategies for surveillance actions, prevention, and control of the disease.

Abstract This article addresses the vector, sexual and vertical transmissions of the Zika virus, a topic covered in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Although in Brazil Zika virus is transmitted more predominantly by Aedes aegypti, the vertical and sexual transmission routes are of significant importance for reproductive health. Sexual transmission demands specific prophylactic interventions, including the use of male or female condoms, especially among couples in a risk situation and planning pregnancy. Vertical transmission is linked to severe structural abnormalities of the central nervous system, and there is still no vaccine or known pharmacological resources that can prevent it. As the disease is predominantly asymptomatic, failure to comply with the basic principles of care and guidelines associated with the spread of the infection transcends the severity of the disease's symptoms.

Abstract This article discusses viral hepatitis, a theme addressed by the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines to Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections and, more precisely, by the Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C and Coinfections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Besides the broad spectrum of health impairment, hepatitis A, B, and C viruses also present different transmission forms, whether parenteral, sexual, vertical, or fecal-oral. Among the strategies suggested for the control of viral hepatitis, in addition to behavioral measures, are expanded diagnosis, early vaccination against hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses, and access to available therapeutic resources. Considering vertical transmission of the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, screening for pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B and C is an essential perinatal health strategy, indicating with precision those who can benefit from the prophylactic interventions.

Resumo Este artigo aborda as hepatites virais, tema tratado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e, mais precisamente, nos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite B e para Hepatite C e Coinfecções, publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Além do espectro ampliado de acometimento da saúde, os vírus das hepatites A, B e C também apresentam diferentes formas de transmissão, seja parenteral, sexual, vertical ou oral. Entre as estratégias sugeridas para o controle das hepatites virais, além das medidas comportamentais, estão o diagnóstico ampliado, a vacinação precoce contra os vírus da hepatite A e hepatite B e o acesso aos recursos terapêuticos disponíveis. Considerando a transmissão vertical dos vírus da hepatite B e hepatite C, a triagem das gestantes portadoras crônicas desses vírus é uma importante estratégia de saúde perinatal, indicando com precisão quem pode se beneficiar das intervenções profiláticas disponíveis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of life of hospitalized pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE), and compare with a group of healthy pregnant women (HP). METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted among 58 pregnant women; 28 of them had preeclampsia and 30 were healthy. The WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire, which was divided into four aspects: physical, psychological, social, and environmental, was applied to each subject. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed regarding maternal age (PE 27.8±6.2 x HG 23.0±6.6, p

Objective: To assess the feasibility and safety of a physiotherapy protocol applied to pregnant women with preeclampsia. Methods: Randomized, controlled, single-blind feasibility study, with 24 hospitalized pregnant women with preeclampsia. The intervention group received one session of the physiotherapy. The control group remained under the routine care of the hospital. The primary outcomes were Doppler velocimetry, cardiotocography, and maternal–fetal hemodynamics. Secondary outcomes were pain and anxiety assessed before and after the interventions. A mixed effects linear regression model was used, and the data were compared with the level of significance at 5%. Results: The baseline characteristics of the participants were homogeneous between groups. Resistance index of the Middle Cerebral Artery (MAC) and Umbilical Artery (UA) and cardiotocography did not change significantly. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 4.90 mmHg in the control group and 0.22 mmHg in the intervention group. The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased 1.34 mmHg in the control group and decreased 0.40 mmHg in the intervention group. The middle bood pressure (MBP) increased 4.66 mmHg in the control group while there was a decrease of 0.09 mmHg in the intervention group, without statistical difference. Heart rate (HR) decreased 0.94 bpm in the control group; whereas, in the intervention group, there was an increase of 6.30 bpm. The pain reduced clinically 2 points after the intervention. The anxiety reduced clinically in both the groups (−1.26 in the intervention group and −2.17 in the control group). Conclusion: The protocol applied in the intervention group is feasible and safe for both mother and fetus. Both groups showed clinical reduction in the levels of anxiety; whereas, pain was clinically reduced in the intervention group.

Abstract From the discovery of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in 1947 in Uganda (Africa), until its arrival in South America, it was not known that it would affect human reproductive life so severely. Today, damagetothe central nervous system is known to be multiple, and microcephaly is considered the tip of the iceberg. Microcephaly actually represents the epilogue of this infection’s devastating process on the central nervous system of embryos and fetuses. As a result of central nervous system aggression by the ZIKV, this infection brings the possibility of arthrogryposis, dysphagia, deafness and visual impairment. All of these changes of varying severity directly or indirectly compromise the future life of these children, and are already considered a congenital syndrome linked to the ZIKV. Diagnosis is one of the main difficulties in the approach of this infection. Considering the clinical part, it has manifestations common to infections by the dengue virus and the chikungunya fever, varying only in subjective intensities. The most frequent clinical variables are rash, febrile state, non-purulent conjunctivitis and arthralgia, among others. In terms of laboratory resources, there are also limitations to the subsidiary diagnosis. Molecular biology tests are based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)with reverse transcriptase (RT) action, since the ZIKV is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. The RT-PCR shows serum or plasma positivity for a short period of time, no more than five days after the onset of the signs and symptoms. The ZIKVurine test is positive for a longer period, up to 14 days. There are still no reliable techniques for the serological diagnosis of this infection. If there are no complications (meningoencephalitis or Guillain-Barré syndrome), further examination is unnecessary to assess systemic impairment. However, evidence is needed to rule out other infections that also cause rashes, such as dengue, chikungunya, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, and herpes. There is no specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV, and the therapeutic approach to infected pregnant women is limited to the use of antipyretics and analgesics. Anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided until the diagnosis of dengue is discarded. There is no need to modify the schedule of prenatal visits for pregnant women infected by ZIKV, but it is necessary to guarantee three ultrasound examinations during pregnancy for low-risk pregnancies, and monthly for pregnant women with confirmed ZIKV infection. Vaginal delivery and natural breastfeeding are advised.

Abstract A case was reported of a fetus with the anomaly of limb body wall complex associated with placenta accreta. To date, only one account of this condition has been published in the world literature. Due to the low frequency of both complications, the hypothesis has been raised that this association may have happened not by mere coincidence, but rather by a possible common etiopathogenic mechanism. For the first time, a study proposes the existence of a possible etiopathogenic connection between the anomaly of limb body wall complex and hypoxic disorders caused by inadequate placentation in previous uterine scarring.

IntroductionZika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes.Methods and analysisWe will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty.Ethics and disseminationThe IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberPROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42017068915).

Despite great advances in our knowledge of the consequences of Zika virus to human health, many questions remain unanswered, and results are often inconsistent. The small sample size of individual studies has limited inference about the spectrum of congenital Zika manifestations and the prognosis of affected children. The Brazilian Zika Cohorts Consortium addresses these limitations by bringing together and harmonizing epidemiological data from a series of prospective cohort studies of pregnant women with rash and of children with microcephaly and/or other manifestations of congenital Zika. The objective is to estimate the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations and to characterize the full spectrum and natural history of the manifestations of congenital Zika in children with and without microcephaly. This protocol describes the assembly of the Consortium and protocol for the Individual Participant Data Meta-analyses (IPD Meta-analyses). The findings will address knowledge gaps and inform public policies related to Zika virus. The large harmonized dataset and joint analyses will facilitate more precise estimates of the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations among Zika virus-infected pregnancies and more complete descriptions of its full spectrum, including rare manifestations. It will enable sensitivity analyses using different definitions of exposure and outcomes, and the investigation of the sources of heterogeneity between studies and regions.

Confirming ZIKV congenital infection is challenging because viral RNA is infrequently detected. We compared the presence of anti-ZIKV-IgM and the persistence of anti-ZIKV-IgG antibodies over 18 months in two cohorts of infants born to ZIKV-infected mothers: Cohort one: 30 infants with typical microcephaly or major brain abnormalities (Congenital Zika Syndrome-CZS); Cohort two: 123 asymptomatic infants. Serum samples obtained within 6 months of age were tested for anti-ZIKV-IgM. Anti-ZIKV-IgG was quantified in sequential samples collected at birth, 3–6 weeks, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. ZIKV-RNA was never detected postnatally. Anti-ZIKV-IgM antibodies were detected at least once in 15/25 (60.0%; 95%CI: 38.7–78.9) infants with CZS and in 2/115 (1.7%; 95%CI: 0.2–6.1) asymptomatic infants. Although anti-ZIKV-IgG was always positive within 3–6 weeks of age, IgG levels decreased similarly over time in both cohorts. IgG levels decreased similarly in ZIKV-IgM-positive and ZIKV-IgM-negative CZS infants. Differently from other congenital infections, IgM would fail to diagnose 40% of severely symptomatic infants, and the persistence of IgG is not a useful marker for discriminating congenital infection among infants exposed to maternal ZIKV infection.

Abstract The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor is characterized by excessive growth of verrucous lesions on the genitals and/or perianal region. It is considered benign despite the high rate of recurrence and the possibility of malignant transformation. It is commonly associated with subtypes 6 and 11 of the human papillomavirus (HPV), and host 's immunity plays an important role in the development of the disease. Surgical excision is the recommended treatment in most cases. We present the case of a 16 years old female patient with extensive vulvar lesions successfully treated surgically.

Abstract Objectives To identify the epidemiological risk factors for congenital anomalies (CAs) and the impact of these fetal malformations on the perinatal outcomes. Methods This prospective cohort study comprised 275 women whose fetuses had CAs. Maternal variables to establish potential risk factors for each group of CA and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. The primary outcome was CA. Secondary outcomes included: fetal growth restriction (FGR); fetal distress (FD); premature rupture of membranes (PROM); oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios; preterm delivery (PTD); stillbirth; cesarean section; low birth weight; Apgar score < 7 at the 1st and 5th minutes; need for assisted ventilation at birth; neonatal infection; need for surgical treatment; early neonatal death; and hospitalization time. Chi-square (x2) test and multilevel regression analysis were applied to compare the groups and determine the effects of maternal characteristics on the incidence of CAs. Results The general prevalence of CAs was of 2.4%. Several maternal characteristics were associated to CAs, such as: age; skin color; level of education; parity; folic acid supplementation; tobacco use; and history of previous miscarriage. There were no significant differences among the CA groups in relation to FGR, FD, PROM, 1-minute Apgar score > 7, and need for assisted ventilation at birth. On the other hand, the prevalence of the other considered outcomes varied significantly among groups. Preterm delivery was significantly more frequent in gastrointestinal tract/abdominal wall defects. The stillbirth rate was increased in all CAs, mainly in isolated fetal hydrops (odds ratio [OR]: 27.13; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.90-253.47). Hospitalization time was higher for the urinary tract and congenital heart disease groups (p < 0.01). Neonatal death was significantly less frequent in the central nervous system anomalies group. Conclusion It was possible to identify several risk factors for CAs. Adverse perinatal outcomes were presented in all CA groups, and may differ according to the type of CA considered.

Obesity and lack of physical exercise are associated with the increase of diabetes mellitus in women of reproductive age and during the gestational period. The objective of the present study was to evaluate physical activity levels during the pregnancy and postpartum periods and the influence of body mass index (BMI) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or low risk pregnancy. The Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), translated and validated for Portuguese, was used for the evaluation of physical activity (PA) level. The sample was stratified according to preconception BMI and the presence or absence of diagnosis of GDM, resulting in four groups with 66 participants each: low risk pregnancy (LRP) with normal weight (BMI ≥ 18.5 and ≤ 24 kg/m2), LRP and overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), GDM with normal weight and GDM with overweight/obese. The level of PA of each participant was measured as Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) during the preconceptional period (T0), in the third trimester of gestation (T1), and three months after delivery (T2). The comparison of the MET values showed that the values found in the evaluation three months after delivery (T2) were higher than 1.00 (1.10 MET for the LRP-normal weight, 1.06 MET for LRP-overweight/obese, 1.02 MET for the GDM- normal weight, 1.07 MET for the GDM-overweight/obese). On the pre-gestational (T0) and third trimester (T1) analyzes, the values were less than 1.00 MET. The analysis between groups in relation to BMI and diagnosis of GDM showed no difference.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a previously published algorithm for first-trimester prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) in a cohort of Brazilian women. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing routine antenatal care. Maternal characteristics and medical history were obtained. The data were inserted in the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) online calculator to estimate the individual risk of PTB. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the effects of maternal characteristics on the occurrence of PTB. A receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine the detection rates and false-positive rates of the FMF algorithm in predicting PTB

OBJETIVO:Comparar as características clínicas e laboratoriais, os resultados maternos e perinatais de gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia versushipertensão gestacional.MÉTODOS:Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários médicos de pacientes com diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia e hipertensão gestacional, cujas gestações foram resolvidas em um período de cinco anos. Foram coletadas informações laboratoriais, resultados obstétricos e perinatais. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas com o uso do teste adequado para a variável analisada: testet não pareado, teste U de Mann-Whitney, ou teste do χ2. Consideramos p

OBJETIVO: Analisar os casos de rotura uterina e deiscência de cicatriz uterina ocorridos em uma maternidade de baixo risco e apontar possibilidades de aprimoramento na abordagem dessas complicações.MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo em uma maternidade de baixo risco com 30 leitos, que presta assistência às usuárias do sistema público de saúde. A investigação foi realizada por meio de busca dos casos em livros de registros de sala de parto e posterior leitura dos prontuários para coleta dos dados. As informações foram inseridas em formulário previamente elaborado para este estudo. Foram incluídos os casos de rotura uterina e deiscência de cicatriz uterina diagnosticados no período de 1998 a 2012, avaliados incidência, aspectos relacionados aos fatores de risco e diagnóstico, associação com o uso de misoprostol e ocitocina e desfechos observados.RESULTADOS: No período mencionado foram registrados 39.206 partos nessa instituição. A cesárea foi a conduta adotada em 10 mil partos, o que equivale a uma taxa de 25,5%. Foram identificados 12 casos de rotura uterina e 16 de deiscência de cicatriz uterina. Os resultados mais relevantes foram a alta mortalidade perinatal associada à rotura uterina e o insucesso no diagnóstico da complicação. Não foi possível demonstrar associações com o uso de misoprostol ou ocitocina.CONCLUSÃO: Os desfechos adversos da rotura uterina podem ser minimizados se esforços forem direcionados para melhorar o desempenho diagnóstico das equipes assistentes.

OBJETIVO: analisar o diagnóstico, evolução e conduta terapêutica em cinco casos de tumores cardíacos primários diagnosticados no período pré-natal. MÉTODOS: no período de Janeiro 1997 a Dezembro 2008, 7.989 gestantes foram submetidas à avaliação ultrassonográfica morfológica fetal devido à presença de fatores de risco para malformações fetais. Foram selecionados os casos com massas hipercogênicas intracardíaca maiores que 1 mm diagnosticados na avaliação ultrassonográfica do coração fetal. O diagnóstico diferencial dos tumores foi realizado segundo as características ultrassonográficas das massas. RESULTADOS: em cinco fetos foram diagnosticadas massas hiperecogênicas intracardíaca correspondendo a uma taxa de prevalência de 0,06%. A idade gestacional variou entre a 28ª e a 36ª semanas (média=31) e a idade materna variou de 23 a 45 anos (média=34,2). A localização mais frequente das massas foi o ventrículo esquerdo (100%). Ecograficamente, todas as massas eram hipercogênicas, homogêneas, únicas ou múltiplas e bem delimitadas, compatíveis com diagnóstico de um rabdomioma. Nos casos em que os diâmetros das massas foram menores que 20 mm, a conduta foi expectante e não houve complicações no período pré-natal. Um caso com tumor de grande volume apresentou arritmia e insuficiência cardíaca na 35ª semana de gestação, sendo indicada a interrupção da gestação. Em 80% dos casos foi observada associação com esclerose tuberosa no seguimento pós-natal. A regressão dos tumores cardíacos ocorreu em três casos (60%) durante um seguimento médio de três anos. Todos os recém-nascidos eram do sexo masculino e sem antecedentes familiares de esclerose tuberosa. CONCLUSÕES: a avaliação ultrassonográfica morfológica fetal é a principal forma de detecção precoce dos tumores cardíacos primários. A avaliação cardíaca fetal é fundamental para a caracterização morfológica diferencial das massas cardíacas e para avaliação funcional cardíaca. Os rabdomiomas são o tipo mais comum de tumor no feto. A conduta pré e pós-natal são expectantes, com baixo risco de complicações, havendo possibilidade de regressão espontânea na maioria dos casos. O seguimento clínico pós-natal é obrigatório devido à frequente associação à esclerose tuberosa.PURPOSE: to analyze the differential diagnosis, follow-up and therapeutic approach in five cases of primary cardiac tumors diagnosed during the prenatal period. METHODS: during the period from January 1997 to December 2008, 7989 pregnant women were submitted to morphological ultrasound due to the presence of risk factors for fetal malformations. Fetuses with hyperechogenic intracardiac masses larger than 1 mm diagnosed by ultrasound evaluation of the fetal heart, were selected for study. The differential diagnosis between the different tumor types was made on the basis of the ultrasound characteristics of the masses. RESULTS: five fetuses with hiperechogenic intracardiac masses were diagnosed, corresponding to a 0.06% prevalence rate. Gestational age ranged from 28 to 36 weeks (mean: 31), and maternal age ranged from 23 to 45 years (mean: 34,2). The most frequent location of the masses was the left ventricle (100%). Echographically, all masses were single or multiple, hyperechogenic, homogeneous and well delimited, compatible with a diagnosis of rhabomyoma. In cases in which the diameters of the masses were less than 20 mm, an expectant conduct was followed and no complications occurred during the prenatal period. One case with a huge tumor presented arrhythmia and cardiac insufficiency during the 35 gestational weeks, and the interruption of pregnancy was indicated. Tuberous sclerosis was associated in four cases (80%) and the diagnosis was confirmed during the postnatal follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: fetal morphological ultrasonography is the main form of early detection of primary cardiac tumors. The fetal cardiac evaluation is of fundamental importance for the differential morphological characterization of cardiac masses and for the evaluation of cardiac function. Rhabdomyomas are the most common type of fetal tumor. An expectant pre and postnatal conduct is followed, with a low risk of complications and with the possibility of spontaneous regression in most cases. Postnatal clinical follow-up is mandatory due to the high frequency of associated tuberous sclerosis.

OBJETIVO: analisar a ocorrência de gemelaridade conjugada em um hospital universitário de referência terciária em perinatologia durante 25 anos (janeiro de 1982 e janeiro de 2007) e descrever a separação bem sucedida de um dos pares. MÉTODOS: para este fim, utilizamos retrospectivamente o banco de dados do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, obtendo o número de pares de gêmeos conjugados, sua frequência, classificação, gênero, forma de resolução da gravidez, tentativa de separação cirúrgica, diagnóstico pré-natal e sobrevida. RESULTADOS: detectamos 14 pares de gêmeos conjugados (1/22.284 nascidos vivos e 1/90 pares de gêmeos nascidos vivos) nascidos neste período (seis masculinos, sete femininos e um com sexo indeterminado). O diagnóstico pré-natal foi realizado em todos os gêmeos, e os nascimentos ocorreram por cesariana. A separação só foi possível em um dos pares, que sobrevivem em ótimas condições de saúde após oito anos. Dos 13 restantes, dez morreram no mesmo dia do nascimento e três sobreviveram apenas alguns meses (menos de um ano). CONCLUSÃO: apesar de este estudo evidenciar um número anormalmente alto de gêmeos conjugados, trata-se de um fenômeno raro, de prognóstico perinatal reservado e dependente do compartilhamento de órgãos entre os gêmeos e malformações associadas, em especial relacionadas ao coração dos fetos. Devido ao mau prognóstico dos pares e do comprometimento reprodutivo materno pela necessidade de realização de cesariana com grandes incisões uterinas, propomos que, com base nestes números, seja solicitada a interrupção precoce destas gestações, como ocorre com outras doenças fetais incompatíveis com a sobrevida extrauterina. Desta forma, a confirmação diagnóstica e a resolução da gravidez de gêmeos conjugados deve ser realizada em centro de atendimento terciário tanto obstétrico quanto perinatal, e a autorização para a interrupção da gestação obtida por via judicial.PURPOSE: to analyze the occurrence of conjoined twins at a tertiary perinatology reference university hospital over a period of 25 years (January 1982 to January 2007) and to describe the successful separation of one of the pairs. METHODS: we consulted retrospectively the database of the University Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to determine the number of pairs of conjoined twins, their frequency, classification, gender, type of pregnancy resolution, attempted surgical separation, prenatal diagnosis and survival. RESULTS: we detected 14 pairs of conjoined twins (1/22,284 live births and 1/90 pairs of twin live births) born during this period (six males, seven females and one of indeterminate sex). The prenatal diagnosis was performed in all twins and all births were accomplished by cesarean section. The separation was possible in only one pair, which survives in excellent health conditions after eight years. Of the remaining 13, ten died on the day of birth and three survived only a few months (less than one year). CONCLUSION: Although our study revealed an abnormally high number of conjoined twins, this is a rare phenomenon, with a poor perinatal prognosis depending on the organs shared by the twins and associated malformations, especially those related to the fetal heart. Due to the poor prognosis of these pairs and to the maternal reproductive impairment caused by the need to perform body cesareans, we suggest that, based on these numbers, early interruption of these pregnancies be legally granted, as in the case of other diseases incompatible with fetal survival outside the uterus. Thus, the confirmation of a diagnosis of conjoined twins and the resolution of pregnancy should be performed at a tertiary obstetric and perinatal care center, and an authorization for the interruption of pregnancy should be obtained by judicial means.

O Ministério da Saúde do Brasil preconiza que seja realizado o exame clínico das mamas em conjunto com as orientações para o aleitamento materno na primeira consulta de pré-natal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cobertura do exame clínico das mamas durante o pré-natal e descrever características associadas ao não cumprimento desta norma. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre os meses de maio e julho de 2007. Dados relativos às puérperas foram registrados em um questionário padronizado. Dentre as 445 puérperas entrevistadas, 266 (59,8%) não foram submetidas ao exame clínico das mamas no pré-natal. As mulheres não-brancas, com renda familiar per capita inferior a um salário mínimo (R$ 380,00), com parto e pré-natal realizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) apresentaram probabilidade maior de não terem suas mamas examinadas durante o pré-natal. Esses resultados mostram a baixa prevalência da realização do exame clínico das mamas durante o pré-natal, além disso, indicam graves problemas relacionados à qualidade do atendimento pré-natal e diferenças no acesso de mulheres pertencentes aos contingentes populacionais de menor poder aquisitivo aos cuidados preconizados.The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends that breast examination be performed along with breastfeeding orientation during the first prenatal visit. The aims of the current study were to analyze breast examination during prenatal care and describe the factors associated with insufficient coverage. A cross-sectional study was performed in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, from May to July 2007. Data for women who had just given birth were recorded on a standardized questionnaire. Of 445 women, 266 (59.8%) had not undergone breast examination during prenatal care. Non-white women and those with a monthly income below the minimum wage (BRL 380.00) or with prenatal care and delivery in the public health system showed the highest probability of not having a breast examination during prenatal care. The results show the low prevalence of breast examination during prenatal care and indicate serious problems related to quality of prenatal care, besides unequal access for poor women.

Vários fatores tornam a infecção do trato urinário (ITU) uma relevante complicação do período gestacional, agravando tanto o prognóstico materno quanto o prognóstico perinatal. Durante muitos anos, a gravidez foi vista como fator predisponente a todas as formas de ITU. Hoje, sabe-se que ela, como evento isolado, não é responsável por maior incidência de ITU; as mudanças anatômicas e fisiológicas impostas ao trato urinário pela gravidez predispõem à transformação de mulheres bacteriúricas assintomáticas (BA) em gestantes com ITU sintomáticas. A BA acomete entre 2 e 10% de todas as gestantes, das quais aproximadamente 30% desenvolverão pielonefrite, se não tratadas adequadamente. No entanto, observa-se incompreensível resistência dos pré-natalistas à identificação da BA neste período. Seu diagnóstico é microbiológico e baseia-se em duas uroculturas apresentando mais que 10(5) colônias/mL de urina, identificando-se o mesmo germe. Seu tratamento é facilitado, visto que pode ser baseado no antibiograma, não havendo fundamentação científica de que o pré-estabelecimento de esquemas terapêuticos seja uma medida adequada. Para o tratamento da pielonefrite, não é possível aguardar o resultado da cultura e o conhecimento prévio do perfil de resistência dos antibacterianos disponíveis para uso em gestantes seria a melhor medida. Outra variável importante é utilizar um antibiótico bactericida, endovenoso na fase aguda da infecção e com possibilidades de ser administrado via oral após a melhora clínica da paciente, em seu domicílio. Em nosso meio, a droga que melhor atende a todas estas demandas é a cefuroxima, utilizada por um período de 10-14 dias. As cefalosporinas de terceira geração não existem na forma oral, carreando o inconveniente de tratamento parenteral em sua totalidade. Em decorrência dos efeitos colaterais, considera-se inadequado o uso de aminoglicosídeos em gestantes. Apesar das inconsistentes insinuações de contra-indicações das quinolonas monofluoradas, havendo indicação, acredita-se que a norfloxacina possa ser uma boa opção à cefuroxima. Para os casos em que a profilaxia da ITU está indicada, preferem-se os quimioterápicos, entre eles a nitrofurantoína, com o cuidado de evitar seu uso no final da gravidez pelo risco de kernicterus no neonato.Several factors cause urinary tract infection (UTI) to be a relevant complication of the gestational period, aggravating both the maternal and perinatal prognosis. For many years, pregnancy has been considered to be a factor predisposing to all forms of UTI. Today, it is known that pregnancy, as an isolated event, is not responsible for a higher incidence of UTI, but that the anatomical and physiological changes imposed on the urinary tract by pregnancy predispose women with asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) to become pregnant women with symptomatic UTI. AB affects 2 to 10% of all pregnant women and approximately 30% of these will develop pyelonephritis if not properly treated. However, a difficult to understand resistance against the identification of AB during this period is observed among prenatalists. The diagnosis of UTI is microbiological and it is based on two urine cultures presenting more than 10(5) colonies/mL urine of the same germ. Treatment is facilitated by the fact that it is based on an antibiogram, with no scientific foundation for the notion that a pre-established therapeutic scheme is an adequate measure. For the treatment of pyelonephritis, it is not possible to wait for the result of culture and previous knowledge of the resistance profile of the antibacterial agents available for the treatment of pregnant women would be the best measure. Another important variable is the use of an intravenous bactericidal antibiotic during the acute phase, with the possibility of oral administration at home after clinical improvement of the patient. At our hospital, the drug that best satisfies all of these requirements is cefuroxime, administered for 10-14 days. Third-generation cephalosporins do not exist in the oral form, all of them involving the inconvenience of parenteral administration. In view of their side effects, aminoglycosides are considered to be inadequate for administration to pregnant women. The inconsistent insinuation of contraindication of monofluorinated quinolones, if there is an indication, norfloxacin is believed to be a good alternative to cefuroxime. In cases in which UTI prophylaxis is indicated, chemotherapeutic agents are preferred, among them nitrofurantoin, with care taken to avoid its use at the end of pregnancy due to the risk of kernicterus for the neonate.

Um efetivo rastreio para anomalias cromossômicas pode ser realizado no primeiro trimestre da gestação. A associação entre a transluscência nucal (TN) e as concentrações séricas maternas da fração beta-livre da gonadotrofina coriônica humana e da proteína plasmática-A associada à gestação pode identificar 90% dos fetos com trissomia do cromossomo 21 e outras anomalias cromossômicas, com uma taxa de falso-positivo de 5%. Esses números são superiores aos obtidos pelo rastreio utilizando-se apenas a idade materna (30%) ou o rastreio bioquímico materno, no segundo trimestre da gestação (65%). Um rastreio mais eficaz, no primeiro trimestre, pode ser atingido por meio de uma avaliação ecográfica em dois tempos, dividindo-se as pacientes em grupos de alto, intermediário e baixo risco. No grupo de alto risco, o diagnóstico invasivo estaria indicado, ao contrário do grupo de baixo risco, no qual a presença de uma anomalia seria pouco provável. No grupo de risco intermediário (risco de 1 em 101 a 1 em 1.000), seria oferecida uma segunda avaliação ecográfica, para posicionar a paciente no grupo de alto ou baixo risco (presença/ausência do osso nasal ou presença/ausência da regurgitação tricúspide ou presença/ausência de alteração do fluxo sangüíneo no ducto venoso). A biópsia de vilo corial estaria indicada quando, após a realização da segunda abordagem, o risco ajustado da paciente se tornasse maior ou igual a 1 em 100. Essa segunda abordagem ecográfica deveria ser realizada por pessoal treinado, e os seus resultados deveriam ser constantemente avaliados, como um controle de qualidade. Esse processo foi estabelecido pela Fetal Medicine Foudation e aceito internacionalmente.Screening for major chromosomal abnormalities can be provided in the first trimester of pregnancy. Screening by a combination of fetal nuchal translucency and maternal serum free human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A can identify 90% of fetuses with trisomy 21 and other major chromosomal abnormalities for a false-positive rate of 5%. This is superior to the 30% detection rate achieved by maternal age and 65% by second-trimester maternal serum biochemistry. A further improvement in the effectiveness of first-trimester screening is likely to be achieved by a risk-orientated two-stage approach. In this approach, the patients are subdivided into a high-risk group, requiring invasive testing; a low-risk group, which can be reassured that an abnormality is unlikely, and an intermediate-risk group (risk of 1 in 101 to 1 in 1000), in which further assessment is performed by first-trimester ultrasound examination (for presence/absence of the nasal bone or presence/absence of tricuspid regurgitation or normal/abnormal Doppler velocity waveform in the ductus venosus), and chorionic villus sampling is performed if their adjusted risk becomes 1 in 100 or more. Those performing first-trimester scans should be appropriately trained and their results subjected to external quality assurance. This process was well established by the Fetal Medical Foundation several years ago and is widely accepted internationally.

Objetivou-se avaliar a freqüência das infecções por sífilis, rubéola, hepatite B, hepatite C, toxoplasmose, doença de Chagas, HTLV I/II, herpes simples, HIV-1 e citomegalovírus em gestantes e relacionar a faixa etária das pacientes com a freqüência das infecções. Estudo transversal de 32.512 gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal no período de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. As freqüências encontradas foram de 0,2% para infecção pelo vírus HIV-1, 0,03% para rubéola, 0,8% para sífilis, 0,4% para toxoplasmose, 0,05% para infecção aguda pelo citomegalovírus, 0,02% pelo vírus herpes simples, 0,3% para hepatite B (HBsAg), 0,1% para hepatite C, 0,1% para HTLV I/II e 0,1% para doença de Chagas. Houve associação significativa entre faixa etária e infecções por rubéola, citomegalovírus, doença de Chagas e herpes vírus. As freqüências de rubéola, sífilis, toxoplasmose, doença de Chagas e citomegalovírus nas gestantes encontram-se abaixo dos valores descritos na literatura.It was aimed to estimate the frequency of syphilis, rubella, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, toxoplasmosis, Chagas’ disease, HTLV I/II, simple herpes virus, HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus in pregnant women and to evaluate the relationship between age and the frequency of the infections studied. A transversal study of 32,512 pregnant women submitted to pre-natal sreening in the period of November 2002 to October 2003. The frequency of the tried infections among the pregnant women were 0.2% of HIV-1, 0.03% of rubella, 0.8% of syphilis, 0.4% of toxoplasmosis, 0.05% of cytomegalovirus, 0.02% of simple herpes virus, 0.3% of HBsAg, 0.1% of hepatitis C, 0.1% of HTLV and 0.1% of Chagas’ disease. There was significative statistical association between age and prenatal infection of rubella, cytomegalovirus, Chagas’ disease and herpes virus. The rates of frequency of rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Chagas’ disease and cytomegalovirus in pregnant women studied were lower than the compared rates.

OBJETIVO: analisar os resultados obtidos em programa de rastreamento e diagnóstico de arritmias e cardiopatias congênitas centrado em uma unidade terciária e determinar a importância do diagnóstico precoce na evolução fetal e neonatal. MÉTODOS: foram analisados os resultados da avaliação cardíaca fetal efetuada em 1159 gestantes em dois níveis diferentes. Nível I: uso da ultra-sonografia morfológica com o objetivo de rastrear a presença de alteração cardíaca, sem estabelecer um diagnóstico diferencial. Nível II: por ecocardiograma fetal com o objetivo de diagnosticar as cardiopatias fetais existentes. Os resultados da detecção de arritmias bem como da avaliação das alterações estruturais foram comparados, sendo estabelecidas a sensibilidade e a especificidade para ambos os níveis no pré-natal, ao exame pós-natal ou à necropsia. A concordância entre ambos os níveis foi calculada pelo índice kappa. RESULTADOS: as arritmias detectadas no nível I foram confirmadas em todos os casos e não houve falso-negativos, sendo que em cinco pacientes houve necessidade de tratamento intra-útero. A detecção das alterações estruturais obtidas no nível I teve sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 98%, com 28% de falso-positivos. No nível II estes parâmetros foram, respectivamente, de 100 e 99%. De acordo com o coeficiente kappa de 57%, um grau de concordância de categoria moderada foi observado entre ambos os níveis. Das cardiopatias congênitas da nossa série 51% necessitaram intervenção farmacológica ou invasiva no período neonatal. CONCLUSÃO: o estudo ultra-sonográfico obstétrico é fundamental no rastreamento das alterações cardíacas fetais. O ecocardiograma fetal apresentou alto índice de sensibilidade e especificidade no diagnóstico das arritmias e cardiopatias congênitas, possibilitando o tratamento precoce das alterações graves.PURPOSE: to analyze the results of a screening and diagnostic program of arrhythmias and congenital heart disease in a reference hospital and the relevance of early diagnosis in the fetal and neonate evolution. METHODS: cardiac evaluation of 1159 fetuses was done in two different levels. Level I: by morphological ultrasound examination with the objective to detect the existence of either arrhythmias or structural cardiac malformations. Level II: by fetal echocardiography to establish the differential diagnosis. The results of level I in the arrhythmia group were compared with those of level II, and in the group with malformations the results of both levels were confronted with the neonate echocardiogram or necropsy. The kappa index was calculated to evaluate the concordance between the two levels. RESULTS: all detected arrhythmias in level I were confirmed in level II, there were no false negative cases and five patients with severe arrhythmia required pharmacological therapy. The diagnosis of structural malformation by level I had sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 98% and there were 28% of false-positive cases. In level II, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of congenital heart disease were 100 and 99%, respectively. The kappa index was 57% and indicated a moderate degree of concordance between the two levels. Fifty-one percent of the fetuses with diagnosis of cardiac malformations required pharmacological or invasive intervention immediately after birth. CONCLUSION: morphological ultrasound examination is a important tool in the screening of arrhythmias and congenital heart defects during fetal life. The sensitivity and specificity of the fetal echocardiogram were very high and the early diagnosis made it possible to treat the fetus with severe cardiac disease either during pregnancy or immediately after birth.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The assessment of illness severity and prognosis of obstetric patients by scoring systems is still a controversial issue. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, and a major cause of obstetric admission to intensive care unit. There is paucity of data regarding the predictability of critically ill preeclamptic women and the application of scoring systems to this population. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the application of APACHE II, SAPS II and MPM II scoring systems between a preeclamptic population and a non obstetric female population. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 28 preeclamptic women and 56 non obstetric female patients, admitted to a general intensive care unit over a period of 10 years. The predictive accuracy of the prognostic evaluation systems was estimated by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 21.4% (6:28) for the study group and 35.7% (20:56) for the control group, with an OR = 0.49 (95%CI = 0.17-1.41). The main causes of ICU admission of preeclamptic women were HELLP syndrome, coma and pulmonary edema. In the preeclamptic population, only the MPM II score showed an area under the ROC curve statistically different from 0.500, while in the control group, all scoring systems had their areas under the ROC curves statistically different from 0.500. CONCLUSIONS: The application of APACHE II and SAPS II to evaluate critically ill preeclamptic women may be not appropriate.JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação de gravidade e do prognóstico de pacientes obstétricas através de escores é ainda tema controverso, sendo escassa a informação sobre mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia. Esta é uma das maiores causas de morbidade materna grave e de mortalidade materna, além de ser também uma das principais causas de internação obstétrica em UTI. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar e comparar a aplicação do APACHE II, SAPS II e MPM II em população de mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia e em população feminina não-obstétrica. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle com 28 mulheres pré-eclâmpticas e 56 pacientes femininas não-obstétricas admitidas em unidade de terapia intensiva geral, num período de 10 anos. A acurácia preditiva dos sistemas de avaliação prognóstica foi estimado através da área sob a curva ROC. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade no grupo de estudo foi de 21,4% (6:28) e 35,7% (20:56) no grupo controle, com OR = 0,49 (95%CI = 0,17-1,41). As principais causas de admissão à UTI de mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia foram: síndrome HELLP, coma e edema pulmonar agudo. Na população com pré-eclâmpsia, apenas o escore MPM II mostrou uma área sob a curva ROC estatisticamente diferente de 0,500, enquanto que no grupo controle, todos os sistemas de escore apresentaram uma área estatisticamente diferente de 0,500. CONCLUSÕES: De acordo com os achados do presente estudo, concluímos que a aplicação do sistema APACHE II e SAPS II para avaliar mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia em estado grave de saúde é possivelmente inapropriado.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a prevalência, características epidemiológicas (idade e procedência) e a taxa de transmissão vertical da infecção pelo HTLV I/II em gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal de acordo com o Programa de Proteção à Gestante do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu 32.512 gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal no período de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Todas as gestantes da amostra foram submetidas aos testes sorológicos pelo método ELISA para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HTLV, sendo os casos positivos confirmados pelos métodos Western blot e/ou PCR. O diagnóstico neonatal de infecção congênita foi realizado pela pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HTLV I/II confirmados por Western blot e PCR. A relação entre as variáveis (idade e procedência) foi avaliada pelo teste do chi2, em tabelas de dupla entrada, considerando pPURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence, epidemiological profile (age and origin) and vertical transmission rate of HTLV I/II infection in pregnant women screened by the Pregnant Protection Program of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil. METHODS: it is a descriptive and transversal study of 32,512 pregnant women submitted to a prenatal screening from November 2002 to October 2003. HTLV I/II infection was diagnosed in all pregnant women by ELISA, confirmed by Western blot and PCR. Congenital HTLV infection was investigated by ELISA test, Western blot and PCR performed on the child's blood sample. The associations between data (age, origin and HTLV infection) were statistically analyzed by the chi2 test considering p

O conhecimento dos fatores ou situações que influenciam a transmissão vertical (TV) do vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 (HIV-1) levou à adoção de estratégias com redução de taxas ao longo dos anos: de 40% para menos de 3% na atualidade. Um dos maiores avanços foi o uso profilático da zidovudina (AZT), administrada durante o pré-natal (via oral), no período anteparto (via endovenosa) e ao recém-nascido (via oral). Esta intervenção reduz a TV do HIV-1 em 68%, fazendo com que seja considerada a estratégia isolada de maior efetividade. Na seqüência cronológica dos avanços, observou-se que a carga viral elevada é o principal indicador do risco para esta forma de transmissão. Como o AZT não reduz a carga viral e não consegue controlar a taxa residual observada na TV do HIV-1, a utilização dos esquemas profiláticos utilizando três anti-retrovirais foi objetivamente impulsionada. Completando o ciclo das estratégias obstétricas de maior impacto na redução da TV do HIV-1 está a cesárea eletiva, cuja efetividade está ligada à observação dos critérios de sua indicação: carga viral aferida após a 34ª semana de gravidez apresentando contagem maior que 1000 cópias/ml, gestação com mais de 38 semanas confirmada por ultra-sonografia, membranas corioamnióticas íntegras e fora de trabalho de parto. Nos casos em que a via de parto tem indicação obstétrica, deve ser lembrado que a corioamniorrexe prolongada, manobras invasivas sobre o feto, parto instrumentalizado e a episiotomia são situações que devem ser evitadas. Das intervenções pós-natais consideradas importantes para a redução da TV do HIV-1 são apontadas a recepção pediátrica (deve ser efetivada por profissional treinado evitando microtraumatismos de mucosa nas manobras aspirativas), utilização do AZT neonatal (por período de seis semanas) e a amamentação artificial. Especial atenção deve ser dispensada às orientações para as nutrizes para evitar a infecção aguda pelo HIV-1 neste período, o que aumenta sobremaneira as taxas de TV desse vírus.Knowledge about the factors or situations that influence the vertical transmission (VT) of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) has led to the implementation of strategies which have promoted a rate decline along the years, from 40% to less than 3% nowadays. One of the major advances in the area has been the prophylactic administration of zidovudine (AZT), in the prenatal phase (oral route), in the predelivery phase (intravenous route) and to the newborn (oral route). This intervention may reduce HIV-1 VT 68%, thus being the most effective isolated strategy used so far. In the chronological sequence of advances, it has been observed that a high viral load is the main risk indicator for this type of transmission. As AZT does not reduce the viral load and does not control the residual rate observed in HIV-1 VT, the use of prophylactic schemes using three antiretroviral drugs has been encouraged. Elective caesarean section completes the range of obstetric strategies with major impact on the reduction of HIV-1 VT. Its effectiveness is linked to the observation of the criteria for its indication: viral load assessed after the 34th week of pregnancy with levels over 1000 copies/mL, gestation over 38 weeks confirmed by ultrasonography, intact chorioamniotic membranes, and performed before labor has started. In cases where normal delivery is indicated, it should be remembered that prolonged chorioamniorrhexis, invasive manipulation of the fetus, delivery with instruments and episiotomy are situations to be avoided. Among the postnatal interventions considered important for the reduction of HIV-1 VT are: pediatric reception (this should be done by trained professionals, avoiding microtraumas in the mucosa during the sucking maneuvers, use of neonatal AZT (for a period of six weeks) and bottle feeding. Special attention should be given to the orientation for the mother, in order to prevent acute infection by HIV-1 in this period, what would markedly increase virus VT rate.

Um dos mais expressivos avanços visando controlar a dispersão da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 (HIV-1) ocorreu no contexto da transmissão vertical (TV), reduzindo-a de cifras que chegavam a 40% para menos de 3%. O progresso tecnológico, aliado ao melhor conhecimento fisiopatológico dessa infecção, permitiu elencar as situações e os fatores que elevam as taxas de transmissão perinatal desse vírus, indicando quais as intervenções mais adequadas para o seu controle. Estas situações de maior risco para a TV do HIV-1 podem ser agrupadas em fatores maternos, anexiais, obstétricos, fetais, virais e pós-natais. Dos fatores maternos destaca-se a carga viral, o principal indicador do risco desta forma de transmissão. No entanto, a despeito da relevância da carga viral, ela não é a única variável desta equação, devendo ser lembrado o uso de drogas ilícitas, parceria sexual múltipla com sexo desprotegido, desnutrição, tabagismo, doença materna avançada e falta de adesão ou de acesso aos anti-retrovirais. Dos fatores anexiais apontam-se a corioamniorrexe prolongada, a perda da integridade placentária e a expressão dos receptores secundários no tecido placentário. Entre os fatores obstétricos deve ser lembrado que intervenções invasivas sobre o feto ou câmara amniótica, cardiotocografia interna, tipo de parto e contato do feto/recém-nascido com sangue materno também são importantes elementos a serem controlados. Dos fatores fetais são citados a expressão de receptores secundários para o HIV-1, a suscetibilidade genética, a função reduzida dos linfócitos T-citotóxicos e a prematuridade. Sobre os fatores virais aventa-se que a presença de mutações e cepas indutoras de sincício sejam fatores de risco para a TV. Finalmente, há os fatores pós-natais, representados pela carga viral elevada no leite, baixa concentração de anticorpos neste fluído, mastite clínica e lesões mamilares, que podem ser resumidos no contexto da amamentação natural.One of the most important advances in the control of the spread of infection with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) occurred within the context of vertical transmission (VT), with a reduction from levels of more than 40% to levels of less than 3%. Technological progress together with a better physiopathological understanding of this infection has permitted the determination of the situations and factors that increase the rates of perinatal transmission of the virus, indicating which interventions are most adequate for its control. The situations of higher risk for VT of HIV involve maternal, adnexal, obstetrical, fetal, viral, and postnatal factors. Among maternal factors, particularly important is viral load, the major indicator of the risk of this form of transmission. However, despite its relevance, viral load is not the only variable in this equation, with the following factors also playing important roles: use of illicit drugs, multiple sex partners and unprotected sex, malnutrition, smoking habit, advanced maternal disease, and lack af access or compliance with antiretroviral drugs. Among the adnexal factors are prolonged chorion-amniorrhexis, loss of placental integrity, and the expression of secondary receptors in placental tissue. Among the obstetrical factors, it should be remembered that invasive interventions in the fetus or amniotic chamber, internal cardiotocography, type of delivery, and contact of the fetus/newborn infant with maternal blood are also important elements to be controlled. Among the fetal factors are the expression of secondary HIV-1 receptors, genetic susceptibility, reduced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function, and prematurity. Among the viral factors, mutations and syncytium-inducing strains are believed to be risk factors for VT. Finally, there are postnatal factors represented by an elevated viral load in maternal milk, a low antibody concentration in this fluid, clinical mastitis and nipple lesions, which can be grouped within the context of breast-feeding.

OBJETIVO: estudar as modificações histológicas que ocorrem no endométrio de mulheres antes e seis meses após serem submetidas à laqueadura tubária (LT) e correlacionar esses achados com os níveis de progesterona (P4) sérica. MÉTODO: foram incluídas 16 mulheres com ciclos menstruais normais, antes e no sexto ciclo após a LT. Os níveis de P4 foram determinados a partir do 8º dia, de 2 em 2 dias até a ovulação e no 8º, 10º e 12º dia pós-ovulatório ou no 24° dia do ciclo. Realizou-se biópsia endometrial entre o 10° e 12° dia pós-ovulatório ou no 24° dia do ciclo, correlacionando com a P4. A análise estatística foi realizada com uso do teste não paramétrico de McNemar para avaliação da dosagem hormonal e o teste exato de Fisher para a avaliação histológica do endométrio, sendo considerado estatisticamente significativo p10 ng/ml e 3/8 (37,5%) tinha P4 10 ng/ml em 4/7 (57,1%) e P4 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: seis meses pós-LT, não se modificaram o intervalo intermenstrual e a duração do sangramento. A P4 diminuiu durante a fase lútea, embora não tenha interferido na resposta endometrial.PURPOSE: to study the histological modifications that occur in the endometrium of women before and six months after tubal ligation (TL) and to correlate these findings with progesterone (P4) levels. METHODS: the study was conducted on 16 women with normal menstrual cycles who were evaluated before and in the sixth cycle after TL. P4 levels were determined from the 8th day at 2-day intervals until ovulation and on the 8th, 10th and 12th day after ovulation or on the 24th day of the cycle. An endometrial biopsy was obtained between the 10th and 12th day after ovulation or on the 24th day of the cycle and a correlation with P4 was determined. Data were analyzed statistically by the nonparametric McNemar test for the evaluation of hormonal determination and by the exact Fisher test for the histological evaluation of the endometrium, with the level of significance set at p10 ng/ml and 3/8 (37.5%) had P4 10 ng/ml in 4/7 (57.1%) and 0.05). CONCLUSION: six months after TL, the intermenstrual interval and the duration of bleeding were unchanged. P4 levels decreased during the luteal phase although this did not interfere in the endometrial response.

OBJETIVO: analisar a efetividade e segurança da antibioticoterapia parenteral hospitalar exclusiva para tratamento da endometrite puerperal, em população de baixo nível socioeconômico. MÉTODOS: estudo clínico prospectivo, que avaliou 21 puérperas com diagnóstico de endometrite puerperal, cujas gestações foram resolvidas em hospital universitário por cesárea (52,4%) ou parto normal (47,6). A amostra caracterizou-se por baixo nível socioeconômico e de escolaridade. Foram submetidas ao regime de antibioticoterapia parenteral exclusiva, apenas durante o período de internação (grupo ATP-EX). Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos de série histórica do mesmo serviço (20 casos) submetidas a antibioticoterapia parenteral hospitalar, complementada por terapia via oral ambulatorial (grupo ATP+VO). As pacientes foram avaliadas clinicamente em retornos periódicos visando identificar casos de recidivas e complicações infecciosas. RESULTADOS: uma paciente do grupo ATP+VO necessitou de reinternação no 6º dia após a alta por recrudescência da endometrite. Não foi observada nenhuma complicação entre as pacientes do grupo ATP-EX. CONCLUSÃO: para o tratamento de endometrite puerperal, não foi observado benefício adicional com a adição da antibioticoterapia oral complementar após a alta. Os resultados com o uso da antibioticoterapia parenteral exclusiva durante a internação indicam que esse esquema pode ser utilizado com segurança em população de baixo nível socioeconômico.PURPOSE: to analyze the effectiveness and safety of exclusive hospital parenteral antibiotic therapy to treat puerperal endometritis in a population of low socioeconomic level. METHODS: a prospective clinical trial evaluated 21 puerperae with a diagnosis of postpartum endometritis, whose deliveries occurred at a university hospital by cesarean section (52.4%) or normal delivery (47.6%). The sample was characterized by low socioeconomic and educational levels. The patients were submitted to a regimen of exclusive parenteral antibiotic, only during the hospitalization period (ATP-EX group). These results were compared with results obtained in a historical cohort in the same hospital (20 cases) submitted to a regimen of hospital parenteral antibiotic therapy complemented with ambulatory oral treatment (ATP+VO group). The patients were evaluated clinically on the occasion of periodic return visits in order to identify cases of recurrence and infectious complications. RESULTS: one patient from the ATP+VO group needed to be readmitted to the hospital on the 6th day after her discharge from the hospital with a diagnosis of endometritis recrudescence. No complications were observed among patients from ATP-EX group. CONCLUSION: for the treatment of puerperal endometritis, there was no additional advantage in using supplementary oral antibiotic therapy after patient discharge. The results using exclusive parenteral antibiotic treatment during hospitalization time indicate that it is effective and can be safely used in a population of low socioeconomic level.

OBJETIVOS: estabelecer a freqüência da toxoplasmose aguda em gestantes, a taxa de transmissão vertical e o resultado perinatal dos fetos infectados. Objetivou-se, ainda, avaliar a relação entre os principais testes materno-fetais de diagnóstico da toxoplasmose durante a gestação, bem como a relação entre faixa etária e a infecção aguda pelo Toxoplasma gondii. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo longitudinal com 32.512 gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal pelo Programa de Proteção à Gestante de Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Utilizaram-se método ELISA (IgG e IgM) e teste de avidez de anticorpos IgG para diagnóstico da toxoplasmose materna, e PCR no líquido amniótico, para diagnóstico da infecção fetal. A avaliação das variáveis foi feita pelas médias, ao passo que a correlação entre algumas variáveis foi avaliada pelo teste do c² e teste de Fisher bicaudado em tabelas de contingência de dupla entrada. RESULTADOS: encontrou-se freqüência de 0,42% para a infecção aguda pelo T. gondii na população de gestantes, sendo 92% delas expostas previamente à infecção e 8% suscetíveis. Nas gestantes com sorologia IgM reagente, a faixa etária variou de 14 a 39 anos, com média de 23±5,9 anos. Não houve relação significativa estatisticamente entre faixa etária e infecção materna aguda pelo T. gondii (p=0,73). Verificou-se taxa de transmissão vertical de 3,9%. Houve relação estatisticamente significativa (p=0,001) entre o teste de avidez (IgG) baixo (60%). Houve associação significativa estatisticamente (p=0,001) entre infecção fetal (PCR em líquido amniótico) e infecção neonatal. CONCLUSÕES: a freqüência da toxoplasmose aguda materna apresentou-se abaixo do observado em outras investigações no Brasil. Entretanto a taxa de transmissão vertical não foi discordante do encontrado em outros estudos. O teste de avidez dos anticorpos IgG, quando associado à idade gestacional e data de realização do exame, mostrou-se útil para orientar a terapêutica e avaliar o risco de transmissão vertical, permitindo afastá-lo quando havia avidez elevada previamente a 12 semanas. O PCR positivo foi associado à pior prognóstico neonatal, demonstrando-se método específico para diagnóstico intra-útero da infecção fetal.PURPOSE: to establish the frequency of acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, vertical transmission rate and the perinatal results of the infected fetuses and also to evaluate the relationship between the most used maternal-fetal diagnostic tests for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and the relationship between age and acute toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy. METHODS: longitudinal prospective study of 32,512 pregnant women attended by The Pregnancy Protection Program of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil, from November 2002 to October 2003. ELISA (IgG and IgM) and IgG avidity test were performed for maternal diagnosis and amniotic fluid PCR for fetal investigation of the infection. The relationship between data was analyzed statistically by the chi2 or two-sided Fisher's exact test in contingency tables. RESULTS: a 0.42% frequency of acute Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant population was found, where 92% were previously exposed and 8% were susceptible. Among IgM-positive pregnant women, the age ranged from 14 to 39 years, with a mean of 23±5.9 years. There was no statistically significant relationship between age and maternal acute T. gondii infection (p=0.73). The vertical transmission rate was 3.9%. A statistically significant relationship was shown (p=0.001) between a lower avidity IgG test (60%) and the absence of fetal infection. There was a statistically significant association (p=0.001) between fetal infection (amniotic fluid PCR) and neonatal infection. CONCLUSIONS: maternal acute toxoplasmosis frequency was lower than the Brazilian national parameters, whereas vertical transmission rate did not differ from the rates found in other studies. The IgG avidity test, when associated with gestational age and the examination date, was useful to evaluate the therapeutical options and to consider the risk of vertical transmission when performed before 12 weeks. Positive PCR in amniotic fluid showed a positive relationship with the worst neonatal prognosis, being a specific method in diagnosing intrauterine fetal infection.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a velocidade sistólica máxima (VSM) e o índice de resistência (IR) nas artérias fetais cerebral média (ACM), aorta supra-renal (ASR), aorta infra-renal (AIR) e artéria umbilical (AU), entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana de gestação. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo no qual foram avaliados os parâmetros de 33 fetos normais na 22ª, 26ª, 30ª, 34ª e 38ª semana de gestação. Foram incluídas gestações únicas, sem doenças e complicações e as que concordaram em participar do estudo. Os critérios de exclusão foram malformações fetais, descontinuidade do seguimento aos exames e mães usuárias de fumo, álcool e drogas ilícitas. Os exames ultra-sonográficos foram realizados por único observador. Para a aquisição do traçado dopplervelocimétrico na ACM, ASR, AIR e AU, o volume de amostra foi de 1 a 2 mm, colocado no centro das artérias. O ângulo de insonação foi de 5º a 19º, na ACM, inferior a 45º na ASR e AIR e inferior a 60ºna AU. Utilizamos filtro de parede de 50-100 Hz. O cálculo dos parâmetros foi realizado automaticamente, com a imagem congelada, tendo sido acionadas três medidas. O resultado final foi obtido pela média aritmética dos três valores. A análise estatística foi realizada pela análise de variância (ANOVA), teste post hoc de Bonferroni, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e análise de regressão. O nível de significância foi p0,05). Na AU, o IR diminuiu de 0,69 para 0,56, entre a 22ª e a 38ªsemana gestacional (pPURPOSE: to assess peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the resistance index (RI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), suprarenal aorta (SRA) and infrarenal aorta (IRA) of the fetus and in the umbilical artery (UA) between the 22nd and 38th week of gestation. METHODS: a prospective study which evaluated the parameters of 33 normal fetuses in the 22nd, 26th, 30th, and 38th week of gestation. Pregnant women with a singleton fetus with no diseases or complications and who agreed to participate were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were fetal malformations, discontinuation of prenatal care visits and mothers who smoked, used alcohol or illicit drugs. Ultrasound examinations were performed by a single observer. For the acquisition of the Doppler velocimetry tracing in the MCA, SRA, IRA and UA, the sample volume was 1 to 2 mm, placed in the center of the arteries. The insonation angle was 5º to 19º in the MCA, below 45º in the SRA and IRA, and less than 60º in the UA. We used a wall filter of 50-100 Hz. The parameters were calculated automatically with the frozen image, three measurements being made. The final result was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the three values. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc Bonferroni test, Pearson's correlation, and regression analysis. The level of significance was set at p0.05). In the UA, RI decreased from 0.69 to 0.56 between the 22nd and 38th week of gestation (p