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Color transparency, the reduction of initial-state or final-state interactions in coherent nuclear processes, is a natural prediction of QCD (quantum chromodynamics) provided that small-sized or point-like configurations (PLCs) are formed in high-momentum transfer, high-energy, semi-exclusive processes. I use the Frankfurt-Miller-Strikman criteria for the existence of PLCs to show that the wave functions of light-front holographic QCD, as currently formulated, do not contain a PLC.

Shear wave velocity measurements in soil are important for assigning site soil profiles to seismic site classes and for calculating other dynamic soil properties. The seismic cone penetration test (SCPT) is commonly used to determine shear wave velocity profiles in the field. In the laboratory, bender elements provide an easy means to measure shear wave velocity of soil specimens from discrete depths. In this study, shear wave velocity measurements obtained from unsaturated soil profiles in the field and on field samples in the laboratory under similar stress conditions were analyzed and compared. Additionally, the influence of seasonal changes on the behavior of shear wave velocity was investigated. Comparisons of shear wave velocities from the field and laboratory were favorable for similar moisture and stress conditions. However, results showed that as the degree of saturation increases and suction decreases the shear wave velocity can decrease significantly.

We describe and characterize a multi-micron silicon photonics platform that was designed to combine performance, power efficiency, manufacturability, and versatility for integrated photonic applications ranging from data communications to sensors. We outline the attributes needed for broad applicability, high-volume manufacturing, and large-scale deployment of silicon photonics, and describe how the platform is favorable with respect to these attributes. We present demonstrations of key technologies needed for the communications and sensing applications, including low-loss fiber attach, compact low-loss filters, efficient hybrid wavelength division multiplexed lasers, and high-speed electro-absorption modulators and integrated photodetectors.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HISTORY Public Administration and the American Republic: The Continuing Saga of Management and Administration in Politics Lawrence F. Keller Five Great Ideas in American Public Administration Marc Holzer, Vache Gabrielyan, and Kaifeng Yang ORGANIZATION THEORY Further Trends Toward the Development of the Organizational Sciences Robert T. Golembiewski Five Great Issues in Organization Theory Robert B. Denhardt and David L. Baker PUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The Field of Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 1789-1995 Carol W. Lewis Budget Theory: New Perspectives for a New Millennium Howard A. Frank DECISION-MAKING Decision Making, Institutions, Elite Control, and Responsiveness in Public Administration History Jonathan B. Justice and Gerald J. Miller Five Conceptual Tools for Decision Making Dennis P. Wittmer and Robert P. McGowan PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Public Personnel and Labor Relations N. Joseph Cayer Managing Public Personnel: A Turn-of-the-Century Perspective Luther F. Carter and Kenneth D. Kitts FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS Federalism, Intergovernmental Relations, and Intergovernmental Management: The Origins, Emergence, and Maturity of Three Concepts Across Two Centuries of Organizing Power by Area and by Function Deil S. Wright and Carl W. Stenberg Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations: Theories, Ideas, and Concepts Dale Krane and Richard H. Leach PUBLIC POLICY Back to Square One: The History and Promise of the Policy Sciences Peter deLeon and Danielle M. Vogenbeck The Policy Sciences in Critical Perspective Matthew R. Auer COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Comparative and International Administration George M. Guess and Vache Gabrielyan Issues in Comparative and International Administration Ferrel Heady, Bruce Perlman, and Mario Rivera PUBLIC LAW Administrative Law and Regulation David S. Rosenbloom Five Great Issues in Public Law and Public Administration Julia Beckett PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PEDAGOGY A History of Pedagogy in Public Administration Eleanor V. Laudicina Public Administration Pedagogy: What Is It? Norma M. Riccucci INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The Evolution of Information Technology in the Public Sector James Melitski Strategically Managing Information Technology: Challenges in the e-Gov Era David Coursey Five Great Ideas in Public Information Technology Literature Alexei Pavlichev and G. David Garson THE CONDUCT OF INQUIRY A History of the Conduct of Inquiry in Public Administration Robert K. Whelan Classic Methods in Public Administration Research Samuel J. Yeager JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION Judicial Administration: Modernizing the Third Branch Steven W. Hays and James W. Douglas Five Great Issues in Judicial Administration James A. Gazell POLITICAL ECONOMY The Political Economy of Public Administration Fred Thompson Some Developments in the Study of Market Choice, Public Choice, and Institutional Choice Vincent Ostrom PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A PROFESSION The Public Administration Community and the Search for Professionalism John J. Gargan Five Great Issues in the Profession of Public Administration David John Farmer

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are carried out in hazardous environments in many parts of the world. Recent events in the Gulf of Mexico highlight those risks and underline the importance of considering human factors during facility design. Ergonomic factors such as machinery design, facility and accommodation layout and the organization of work activities have been systematically considered over the past twenty years on a limited number of offshore facility design projects to a) minimize the occupational risks to personnel, b) support operations and maintenance tasks and c) improve personnel wellbeing. During this period, several regulators and industry bodies such as the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the UK's Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), and Norway's Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) have developed specific HFE design standards and guidance documents for the application of Human Factors Engineering (HFE) to the design and operation of Oil and Gas projects. However, despite the existence of these guidance and recommended design practise documents, and documented proof of their value in enhancing crew safety and efficiency, HFE is still not well understood across the industry and application across projects is inconsistent. This paper summarizes the key Oil and Gas industry bodies' HFE guidance documents, identifies recurring themes and current trends in the use of these standards, provides examples of where and how these HFE standards have been used on past major offshore facility design projects, and suggests criteria for selecting the appropriate HFE strategy and tasks for future major oil and gas projects. It also provides a short history of the application of HFE to the offshore industry, beginning with the use of ASTM F 1166 to a major operator's Deepwater Gulf of Mexico facility in 1990 and the application of HFE to diverse world regions. This latter point highlights the need to consider user populations when selecting HFE design criteria, an aspect strongly emphasized in current industry guidance.

The effect of systemic administration of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) on behavioral outcome and histopathologic damage after lateral fluid-percussion brain injury of moderate severity was evaluated. In study 1, brain-injured Sprague Dawley rats received timed subcutaneous injections beginning 15 minutes after injury of either 100 mg/kg rhIL-1ra (high dose, total dose = 1900 mg/kg), 10 mg/kg rhIL-1ra (low dose, total dose = 190 mg/kg), or vehicle over 7 days. No effect of low-dose rhIL-1ra was observed in study 1. High-dose rhIL-1ra significantly attenuated posttraumatic neuronal loss in the injured hippocampal CA3 region ( P < 0.05), dentate hilus ( P < 0.05), and cortex ( P < 0.05) but impaired recovery of motor function at 7 days after trauma ( P < 0.05). In study 2, rats were pretrained to learn a visuospatial task in a Morris water maze, subjected to fluid-percussion brain injury or sham treatment, and randomly assigned to receive multiple subcutaneous injections at timed intervals of 100 mg/kg rhIL-1ra (total dose = 900 mg/kg) or vehicle over 42 hours, followed by continuous infusion of a lower concentration of rhIL-1ra (20 mg/kg/day, total dose = 100 mg/kg), or vehicle for 5 days using subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. Postinjury administration of rhIL-1ra significantly attenuated cognitive deficits compared with vehicle-treated animals at 42 hours ( P < 0.05) but did not affect motor function at 48 hours, 1 week, and 2 weeks. These results suggest that inhibitors of cytokine pathways may be therapeutically useful for the treatment of brain trauma.

The present studies were designed to determine whether administration of recombinant human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (rhGDNF) into either the substantia nigra or striatum is capable of augmenting dopamine function of the nigrostriatal pathway in normal rats. Single bolus intracranial injections of rhGDNF at either site increased locomotor activity and decreased food and water consumption and body weight in a dose-dependent manner when compared to vehicle-treated animals. These behavioral responses returned to pre-control levels within 3 weeks post rhGDNF administration. Administration of rhGDNF intranigrally increased dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels of the ipsilateral substantia nigra at 2 and 6 weeks post injection but had no augmenting effects on dopamine or its metabolites in the striatum. Administration of rhGDNF intrastriatally increased DOPAC and HVA levels of the ipsilateral striatum, although striatal dopamine levels were unchanged. Ipsilateral nigral dopamine levels were increased after intrastriatal injection of rhGDNF. The effects of intracranial rhGDNF were not specific to the nigrostriatal dopamine system, since nigrostriatal serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), epinephrine and norepinephrine transmitter levels were altered depending on administration route for rhGDNF and dose. Taken together, these data demonstrate long-lasting neurochemical and behavioral changes which suggest that rhGDNF can augment function in adult rat dopamine neurons. Therefore, rhGDNF may have therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease.

We present the Ge/SiGe quantum well structure as a candidate for CMOS compatible light source. Thermal enhancement of electroluminescence from temperature dependent measurements agree with theory and indicates promise for an efficient Ge light source.

Background. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) represents an adaptive response to progressively impaired control of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia and excessive synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hyperplasia in uremic rats can be prevented by calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activation with the calcimimetic cinacalcet (Sensipar� / Mimpara� ); however, it is unknown, how long the effects of cinacalcet persist after withdrawal of treatment or if cinacalcet is efficacious in uremic rats with established sHPT. Methods. We sought to determine the effect of cinacalcet discontinuation in uremic rats and whether cinacalcet was capable of influencing parathyroid hyperplasia in animals with established sHPT. Results. Discontinuation of cinacalcet resulted in reversal of the beneficial effects on serum PTH and parathyroid hyperplasia. In rats with established sHPT, cinacalcet decreased serum PTH and mediated regression of parathyroid hyperplasia. The cinacalcet-mediated decrease in parathyroid gland size was accompanied by increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Prevention of cellular proliferation with cinacalcet occurred despite increased serum phosphorus and decreased serum calcium. Conclusions. The animal data provided suggest established parathyroid hyperplasia can be reversed by modulating CaSR activity with cinacalcet and that continued treatment may be necessary to maintain reductions in PTH.

We use a rate equation approach to model the conditions for optical gain in nanocluster sensitized erbium in a slot waveguide geometry. We determine the viability of achieving net gain for the range of reported values of the carrier absorption cross section for silicon nanoclusters. After accounting for the local density of optical states modification of the emission rates, we find that gain is impossible in continuous wave pumping due to carrier absorption, regardless of the carrier absorption cross section. We, therefore, propose a pulsed electrical operation scheme which mitigates carrier absorption by taking advantage of the short lifetime of silicon nanoclusters compared to erbium. We show that pulsed excitation of a 10 nm layer achieves a modal gain of 0.9 dB/cm during each pulse. Furthermore this gain can be increased to 2 dB/cm by pumping a 50 nm layer.

Currently, a majority of space shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) operations are heavily supported by ground control teams and require crew intervention for even routine onboard operations. To achieve the success and efficiencies necessary to support the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) envisioned manned exploration programs, technology programs, and commercial objectives a higher level of autonomous operations is needed. Candidate autonomous operations needed for next-generation missions may include robotic descent and landing, surface exploration, human/robotic cooperation, on-orbit refueling, and routine inspection and maintenance of systems, to name just a few. Meeting the level of autonomy needed to perform these tasks requires flexible architectures and new tools. The new tools must be able to both plan and execute the operations of multiple systems while working collaboratively with mission operators and/or flight crews. Additionally, these capabilities need to be incrementally demonstrated through the use of grounds systems, prototypes, or even ISS prior to the next-generation missions to minimize safety and mission success risks. This paper proposes concepts and an approach for achieving higher levels of autonomy for human space operations.

We have modulated the radiative emission rate of Er In SI slot waveguides with Er-doped glass slots by varying the waveguide layer dimensions. The corresponding quantum efficiency of 1537-nm emission varies between 0.37 and 0.51.

Despite the fact that work meets important financial, psychological, and social needs, older people who lose their vision do not return to employment. This article describes ways in which people who are blind and visually impaired succeed vocationally without sight. Resources for increasing employment opportunities are provided. Client choice and the presentation of a wide variety of alternatives are emphasized.

Student interest in computer-related careers has declined dramatically in recent years, resulting in a shortage of entry-level personnel pursuing careers in information management. In an effort to attract students to the profession, the Boston Chapter of the Society for Information Management (Boston-SIM) has developed a prototype videotape targeted at high school students. The tape has been shown at several high schools in the greater Boston area and its effectiveness measured through a questionnaire administered before and after viewing. The tape has been found to be reasonably effective in familiarizing students with the information management profession.

Calcimimetics and vitamin D sterols reduce serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism receiving dialysis, a disease state associated with parathyroid hyperplasia, vascular calcification, bone disease, and increased mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the research calcimimetic AMG 641 (Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA) or calcitriol (Sigma Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO) on vascular calcification in a rodent model of progressive uremia with accompanying secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by dietary adenine. Treatment effects on parathyroid gland hyperplasia and bone loss were also investigated. Rats were treated daily with vehicle, calcitriol (10 ng), AMG 641 (3 mg/kg), or no treatment during the 4 week period the animals were fed adenine. The uremia-induced increases in serum PTH levels were significantly attenuated by both AMG 641 (>90%) and calcitriol (approximately 50%). AMG 641 significantly reduced calcium-phosphorus product (CaxP) and significantly attenuated the development of both parathyroid hyperplasia and vascular calcification. In addition, AMG 641 prevented the defects in trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, and bone mineralization, as well as increases in trabecular spacing in this rodent model of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Calcitriol (10 ng/rat) decreased osteoid surface/bone surface, but had no effects on other bone parameters, or parathyroid hyperplasia (likely due to the lower PTH suppressive effect of calcitriol at the dose used in this study). However, this dose of calcitriol significantly exacerbated vascular calcification. These results suggest that calcimimetics can reduce the development of vascular calcification, parathyroid hyperplasia and bone abnormalities associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The White Mountain Polarimeter (WMPol) is a dedicated ground-based microwave telescope and receiver system for observing polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. WMPol is located at an altitude of 3880 meters on a plateau in the White Mountains of Eastern California, USA, at the Barcroft Facility of the University of California White Mountain Research Station. Presented here is a description of the instrument and the data collected during April through October 2004. We set an upper limit on $E$-mode polarization of 14 $\mu\mathrm{K}$ (95% confidence limit) in the multipole range $170

Millions of dollars a year are spent on the training of employees in the public sector, yet effective and empirically sound evaluation procedures are not found in the literature and are not being practiced in the field. This study used a “true” experimental design (pretest/posttest and control group), to evaluate the attitudinal and behavior changes of randomly selected municipal employees after a two-day human relations training seminar. Posttests for attitudinal change were done immediately after the training sessions. Posttests for behavior changes were done six months after the training sessions were completed. In addition to the testing of employees, supervisors were also asked to participate in a pretest/posttest evaluation of their subordinates' job behavior. The results of the “t” tests performed on the group means (X) indicated no statistically significant attitudinal or behavioral changes on the part of the experiment group. However, significant discussion as to why this occurred follows the results.

In this paper, we report a broad investigation of the optical properties of germanium (Ge) quantum-well devices. Our simulations show a significant increase of carrier density in the Ge quantum wells. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements show the enhanced direct-bandgap radiative recombination rates due to the carrier density increase in the Ge quantum wells. Electroluminescence (EL) measurements show the temperature-dependent properties of our Ge quantum-well devices, which are in good agreement with our theoretical models. We also demonstrate the PL measurements of Ge quantum-well microdisks using tapered-fiber collection method and quantify the optical loss of the Ge quantum-well structure from the measured PL spectra for the first time.