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Additional file 1: Appendix A. Further information on the imputation process and model assumption tests.

Context: Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis involves balancing a lower risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) against a higher risk of bleeding, a trade-off that critically depends on the risks of VTE and bleeding in the absence of prophylaxis (baseline risk). Objective: To provide estimates of the baseline risk of symptomatic VTE and bleeding requiring reoperation in urological cancer surgery. Evidence acquisition: We identified contemporary observational studies reporting symptomatic VTE or bleeding after urological procedures. We used studies with the lowest risk of bias and accounted for use of thromboprophylaxis and length of follow-up to derive best estimates of the baseline risks within 4wk of surgery. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of the evidence. Evidence synthesis: We included 71 studies reporting on 14 urological cancer procedures. The quality of the evidence was generally moderate for prostatectomy and cystectomy, and low or very low for other procedures. The duration of thromboprophylaxis was highly variable. The risk of VTE in cystectomies was high (2.6-11.6% across risk groups) whereas the risk of bleeding was low (0.3%). The risk of VTE in prostatectomies varied by procedure, from 0.2-0.9% in robotic prostatectomy without pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) to 3.9-15.7% in open prostatectomy with extended PLND. The risk of bleeding was 0.1-1.0%. The risk of VTE following renal procedures was 0.7-2.9% for low-risk patients and 2.6-11.6% for high-risk patients; the risk of bleeding was 0.1-2.0%. Conclusions: Extended thromboprophylaxis is warranted in some procedures (eg, open and robotic cystectomy) but not others (eg, robotic prostatectomy without PLND in low-risk patients). For "close call'' procedures, decisions will depend on values and preferences with regard to VTE and bleeding. Patient summary: Clinicians often give blood thinners to patients to prevent blood clots after surgery for urological cancer. Unfortunately, blood thinners also increase bleeding. This study provides information on the risk of clots and bleeding that is crucial in deciding for or against giving blood thinners. (C) 2017 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Objective: Despite the known benefits of prenatal care, not all women access it equally. Evidence suggests women in Nunavut utilize prenatal care less than in any other jurisdiction in Canada and there is an absence of literature that explains why. This study seeks to improve our understanding of the factors influencing utilization of prenatal care for women in Nunavut by exploring the barriers, facilitators and motivators to utilization. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive approach was used. Community collaboration informed the research process. Data were analyzed from 21 semi-structured interviews conducted with pregnant and postpartum women and maternity care providers in two Nunavut communities. Using a socioecological model of health services utilization and inductive content analysis, transcribed interviews were analysed to determine the factors that influence prenatal care utilization. Findings: Utilization of prenatal care was influenced by personal, situational and system-related barriers, facilitators and motivators. Personal and situational barriers, facilitators and motivators to care were similar among women from both communities. System-related barriers and facilitators, related to the model of prenatal care and its delivery, differed between the two communities with barriers including language, appointment scheduling and waiting times. Conclusion: System-related barriers reduced access to prenatal care for women in one Nunavut community. Access may be improved in communities with low utilization by revising the current model of prenatal care to reflect care delivered in communities where care providers have dedicated prenatal care roles. Master of Science (MSc)