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Ανθρωπομετρικοί, τεχνικοί, φυσιολογικοί, είναι από τους παράγοντες που προσεγγίζονται για την κατανόηση της κολυμβητικής επίδοσης. Ο εντοπισμός των μεταβλητών που προβλέπουν την επίδοση είναι ένας από τους σημαντικότερους σκοπούς της επιστημονικής κοινότητας. Σκοπός της έρευνας είναι η διερεύνηση της σχέσης μεταξύ του αγωνιστικού αποτελέσματος στα 100 μ. ελεύθερο σε κολυμβητές ταχύτητας με α) τα ανθρωπομετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των κολυμβητών, β) τα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά της κολύμβησης των 100μ ελευθέρου γ) τις φυσιολογικές αποκρίσεις των κολυμβητών ύστερα από το τεστ 100μ ελευθέρου είδους κολύμβησης, και δ) τις μεταβλητές που προσδιορίζουν τη δύναμη έλξης κατά την επιτόπια κολύμβηση. Συμμετέχοντες της έρευνας αποτέλεσαν 51 εν ενεργεία αθλητές (n=30 αγόρια, ηλικία:15,08±1,6 έτη, και n=21κορίτσια, ηλικία:14,52±1,5 έτη), με αγωνιστική εμπειρία και βασική τεχνική το ελεύθερο είδος κολύμβησης μικρών αποστάσεων. Το δείγμα χωρίστηκε σε δύο ηλικιακές κατηγορίες από 13 έως 15 ετών και από 16 έως 18 ετών. Για το πρωτόκολλο του τεστ έγινε συγκέντρωση των στοιχείων σε τρία μέρη: α) Λήψη ανθρωπομετρικών χαρακτηριστικώντων δοκιμαζομένων, β) 100 μέτρα ελεύθερο με μέγιστη ένταση, γ) μέτρηση της δύναμης της χειρολαβής και επιτόπια κολύμβηση μέγιστης έντασης το χρόνο που είχαν κολυμπήσει τα 100μ ελεύθερο. Για την επεξεργασία των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ανάλυση πολλαπλής βηματικής παλινδρόμησης. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι μπορούμε να προβλέψουμε την επίδοση σε κολυμβητές και κολυμβήτριες ηλικίας 13-18 ετών με πιθανότητα 96,3% και τυπικό σφάλμα 1,29. Οι μεταβλητές με τη μεγαλύτερη προβλεπτική ικανότητα για την επίδοση στα 100μ ελεύθερο ήταν η αποτελεσματικότητα της χεριάς στο 2ο 50άρι, το μήκος της χεριάς στο 2ο 50άρι και ο αριθμός των χεριών στο 2ο 50άρι. Σύμφωνα με το σημαντικό κριτήριο της απλότητας και πρακτικότητας των μετρήσεων, οι παραπάνω μεταβλητές μετρώνται εύκολα και γρήγορα από τους ερευνητές και τους προπονητές. Συμπερασματικά, η επίδοση στα 100 μ. ελεύθερο στις ηλικίες από 13 έως 18 ετών μπορεί να προβλεφθεί με ακρίβεια μέσω προσιτών και εύκολων μετρήσεων από τους προπονητές κολύμβησης. Anthropometric, biomechanic, physiological, are some of the factors which determine swimming performance. Identifying variables that predict performance is one of the most important goals of the scientific community. The aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between the 100 m freestyle swimming performance with a) anthropometric characteristics of swimmers, b) biomechanical factors during swimming of 100 m freestyle, c) physiological responses of swimmers from the 100m freestyle swimming test, and d) variables that determine the pulling force during swimming. The participants of the research were 51 active athletes (n = 30 male, age: 15.08 ± 1.6 years, and n = 21 female, age: 14.52 ± 1.5 years), with competitive experience in freestyle sprint swimming their basic technique. The sample was divided into two age groups from 13 to 15 years and from 16 to 18 years. For the test protocol, data was collected and calculated in three parts: a) Measurement of anthropometric characteristics of the sample, b) 100 meters freestyle swimming with maximum intensity and c) measurement of handgrip strength and tethered swimming of maximum intensity of the same time duration as 100m freestyle swimming performance. In order to determine the relation of the independent variables with the dependent variable, multiple regression analysis was applied. The results of this research showed that we can predict performance in swimmers aged 13-18 with a probability of 96.3% and a standard error of estimate 1.29. The variables with the most predictive ability were the stroke index in the 2nd 50 m, stroke length at the 2nd 50m and the number of strokes in the 2nd 50 m. According to the important criterion of simplicity and practicality of measurements, the above variables can be easily and quickly measured by researchers and coaches. Performance time in 100m front crawl swimming can be predicted with easy and affordable measurements by swimming coaches.

The effect of the anthropometric characteristics on performances has been the subject of many studies (Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., & Franks, A. (2000). Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of Sports Science, 18(9), 669–683) but performance also depends on different physiological parameters. The aim of the present study is to define the anthropometric and physiological variables that best predict performance time of 100 m freestyle swimming. Twenty-five competitive male swimmers (age: 15 ± 1.2 years) participated in the research. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that arm span is the best predictor of 100 m freestyle swimming performance (r = 0.835). Arm span explains 68.5% of the variance of dependent variable (Adj R2: 0.685). In the final model, the variables that best describe 100 m freestyle swimming are the number of strokes of 100 m freestyle swimming, triceps skinfold, pelvis and shoulders width (Adj R2: 0.882). These findings confirm the importance of the anthropometric variables for swimming performance and could help coaches in the selection of high-level athletes.

G. Rozi1, sokolata_mono@hotmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3953-9711, M. Dopsaj2,3, miiivoj.dopsaj@gmaii.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7153-2993, T. Platanou1, tplatan@phed.uoa.gr, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3821-9572 1National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 2South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 3University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Рози Джорджия, профессор, магистр наук (кандидат на присуждение степени PhD), Афинский национальный университет им. Каподистрии, Школа физического образования и спортивной науки, Секция водных видов спорта. 17237, ул. Этникис Антистасеос, 41, Дафне, г. Афины, Греция. E-mail: sokolata_mono@hotmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-3953-9711. Допсай Миливой, профессор, PhD, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76; Университет Белграда, Факультет спорта и физического образования, 11050, г. Белград, ул. Кулина Бана, 20/15, Сербия. E-mail: milivoj.dopsaj@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-7153-2993. Платану Теодорос, почетный профессор, Афинский национальный университет им. Каподистрии, Школа физического образования и спортивной науки. 17237, Дафне, г. Афины, ул. Этникис Антистасеос, 41, Греция. E-mail: tplatan@phed.uoa.gr, ORCID: 0000-0002-3821-9572. Aim. Investigate the predictive relationship between 100 m front crawl swimming performance of youth swimmers and anthropometric characteristics. Materials and methods. Fifty-one active athletes (n = 30 male and n = 21 female) participated in the research and for the purposes of the analysis were divided into two categories (13-15 years n = 32, and 16-18 years old, n = 19). The following anthropometric data were used as set of predictive variables (7 longitudinal, 7 skinfolds, 3 circumference and 1 voluminosity variables). Results. One prediction model for each gender and age group emerged. The percentage of the explained variance of the dependent variable (100 m front crawl performance time) is 84.6 %, 54.4 %, 71.1 % and 72.7 % respectively for male, female, youth and cadet swimmers. The significant variables for each model were: arm span, biceps skinfold, biceps bracchi circumference in contraction for male swimmers, sitting height for female swimmers, biceps bracchi circumference in contraction and body weight for youth swimmers, triceps skinfold and biceps bracchi circumference in contraction for cadet swimmers. Conclusion. Youth swimmers’ performance can be predicted by important anthropometric parameters. Цель. Целью данной статьи является выявление предсказательной способности взаимоотношений между выполнением 100 м кролем на груди и антропометрическими характеристиками молодых пловцов. Материалы и методы. Пятьдесят один действующий спортсмен (n = 30 - мужчины, n = 21 - женщины) принял участие в исследовании. С целью анализа спортсмены были разделены на две категории (13-15 лет n = 32, 16-18 лет, n = 19). В качестве предсказательных переменных были использованы следующие антропометрические данные: 7 переменных - параметров длины, 7 переменных - параметры кожных складок, 3 переменных - параметры обхвата, 1 переменная - показатель объема). Результаты. Разработана одна предсказательная модель для каждой из групп, выделенных по полу и возрасту. Процент объясненной дисперсии зависимой переменной (время выполнения 100 м кролем на груди) составляет 84,6%, 54,4%, 71,1% и 72,7% для мужчин, женщин, младшей и старшей возрастной групп соответственно. Значимыми переменными для каждой модели выступали: размах рук, кожная складка бицепса, обхват бицепса при сокращении мышц для мужчин-пловцов, рост сидя для женщин-пловцов, обхват бицепса при сокращении мышц и масса тела для пловцов младшей возрастной группы, кожная складка трицепса и обхват бицепса при сокращении мышц для пловцов старшей возрастной группы. Заключение. Результативность молодых пловцов можно предсказать по важным антропометрическим показателям.

Differences in the Efficiency Between the Grab and Track Starts for Both Genders in Greek Young Swimmers The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the kinematic parameters between the grab and track starts and the differences in these two starts between genders. A total of 27 swimmers at the competitive level participated in the study, 13 boys (mean ± SD: age 15.8 ± 0.8 years, body mass 67.7 ± 7.7 kg and body height 178.6 ± 5.7 cm) and 14 girls (mean ± SD: age 16 ± 0.8 years, body mass 59.2 ± 6.6 kg and body height 166.2 ± 6.7 cm). Each swimmer performed three attempts for both start techniques. The best attempt of the grab start and the track start was taken for further analysis. The following kinematic parameters were analysed: flight distance, flight time, flight velocity, entry angle and reaction time. The males had greater numeric values for the results in all kinematic parameters for the grab start compared with the track start, except for flight velocity and entry angle (flight time 0.42 vs. 0.41 s, flight distance 3.21 vs. 3.14 m, flight velocity 7.76 vs. 7.83 m/s, entry angle 44.22 vs. 43.85 degrees and reaction time 0.86 vs. 0.81 s). The females also had greater numeric values for the results in all kinematic parameters for the grab start compared with the track start, except for flight time (flight time 0.38 vs. 0.38 s, flight distance 2.82 vs. 2.73 m, flight velocity 7.47 vs. 7.31 m/s, entry angle 45.18 vs. 44.79 degrees and reaction time 0.88 vs. 0.82 s). These results indicate that the males had significantly better results for flight time and flight distance compared with the females for the grab start (flight time 0.42 vs. 0.38 s, flight distance 3.21 vs. 2.82 m). In the case of the track start, the males had significantly better results for flight distance (3.14 vs. 2.73 m). Exploring the characteristics of the two starts did not lead to any significant kinematic differences. Therefore, a conclusion that demonstrates the superiority of one of the techniques cannot be reached. The coach, together with each swimmer individually, should devote some time to decide after some tests what type of start is better for the body type and general qualifications of the swimmer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in maximum concentration of lactic acid in the blood, heart rate and performance time on the test of 4x50m freestyle swimming on a sample of two protocols: a) one breath every 3 strokes and b) 14-15m of every 50m were swum with underwater movement of the feet without breathing and a rest with one breath every 3 strokes (apnea). The sample consisted of 15 female swimmers of the competitive level aged: 15.0 ± 1.0 years. Their basic style was the freestyle. To determine the maximum blood lactate concentration, capillary blood samples were taken in the 3rd, 5th, 7th minute and analyzed by the automatic analyzer Scout Lactate Germany. We also measured the heart rate immediately after each swimming protocol. The ANOVA showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two protocols. Maximum lactate concentration in the protocol with apnea was 10.02 ± 3.05mmol / L and without apnea 8.9 ± 3.5mmol / L. Heart rate was 186 ± 6 and 186 ± 7 b/min respectively, and performance time 140.04 ± 8.13 and 138.73 ± 8.01sec in swimmers aged 14-16. Swimming apnea needs to be studied in a larger age sample with more variables to ascertain the effects on sprint swimming.