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Environmental variation across the distribution of wild species can lead to local adaptations. The Baltic Sea was formed when the Fenno-Scandian ice sheet retreated around 12 thousand years ago, creating a new brackish water habitat colonised by both marine and freshwater fish species. The European perch (Perca fluviatilis) is a predatory freshwater fish with a large geographical distribution across Eurasia, where it inhabits a wide range of environmental niches. In the Baltic Sea region it has even developed a specialised brackish water phenotype that can tolerate environmental salinity levels, which are lethal to the ancestral freshwater phenotype. However, very little is known about the colonisation history and underlying genomic mechanisms facilitating the colonisation and adaptation of perch to the Baltic Sea. Here, we use Genotyping-By-Sequencing data from six freshwater and six brackish water localities to disclose the evolutionary relationship between the freshwater and brackish water phenotype. Our results show that the brackish water perch phenotype occurs in multiple distinct genetic clusters. We find that gene flow between brackish water phenotypes with full access to the sea likely led to lower levels of differentiation and higher diversity than in freshwater phenotypes. Selection analyses suggest that genomic adaptation played a role in the colonisation of the Baltic Sea and that the top three regions under selection harbour salinity tolerance genes. We also find a link between the historic salinity of the Baltic Sea and the demographic history of the brackish water phenotypes and go on to discuss the implications of our findings for management of brackish water perch in the western Baltic sea.HighlightsGBS data from 12 perch populations, six with brackish and six with freshwater originColonisation history and differentiated gene flow shaped the current population structureThe brackish water ecotype was found in all three major genetic cladesTop three regions under selection harboured salinity tolerance genesSalinity influenced Ne during the formation of the Baltic SeaGraphical abstract

The demographic make-up of the students in higher education is changing. In an effort to keep up with this shift, higher education needs more non-white faculty in classrooms, administrative, and staff positions to present a viable target for incoming students. As more demographically diverse students enter into the classroom, faculty must also shift their pedagogical choices to a more relational environment to meet the needs of this new student body. The purpose of this chapter is to explicate the ways in which being “real” and authentic with students is a pedagogical choice that fosters an environment that leads to better learning for students. Faculty need to better understand the ways in which pedagogical development intersects with the salient parts of their own identities. This chapter also develops arguments for future directions in the ways faculty teach so they may connect these versions of themselves to better serve students through authentic human connection.

The Seychelles Magpie-Robin Copsychus sechellarum is an IUCN Red-List Endangered species endemic to the Seychelles, whose population was reduced to eight individuals on a single island in the 1960s. Translocations from the remaining population to four additional islands have been an integral factor in their recovery, but the potential genetic consequences of their translocation history have not previously been explored. We resequenced the genomes of 141 individuals sampled across the five current island populations and analysed the data to characterize their population structure, as well as to explore suspected inbreeding. Overall, very low levels of heterozygosity were observed, all coupled with long homozygous segments that suggest recent inbreeding, probably the consequence of a population bottleneck in the 1960s. Three of the four translocated populations displayed less genetic diversity than the founder population from which they were taken, a familiar pattern observed as a result of the evolutionary force of genetic drift following founder events. Furthermore, and perhaps surprising given the recent time since the new populations were established, population structure was observed within these same three populations. New awareness of inbreeding in the Seychelles Magpie-Robin populations, and continued genetic monitoring, will allow for genetically informed management decisions. This is particularly prudent in maximizing the success of the future conservation translocation planned for this species.

To propose a deep-learning-based method to differentiate arteries from veins in montaged widefield OCT angiography (OCTA).Cross-sectional study.A total of 232 participants, including 109 participants with diabetic retinopathy (DR), 64 participants with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), 27 participants with diabetes but without DR, and 32 healthy participants.We propose a convolutional neural network (CAVnet) to classify retinal blood vessels on montaged widefield OCTA en face images as arteries and veins. A total of 240 retinal angiograms from 88 eyes were used to train CAVnet, and 302 retinal angiograms from 144 eyes were used for testing. This method takes the OCTA images as input and outputs the segmentation results with arteries and veins down to the level of precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules. The network also identifies their intersections. We evaluated the agreement (in pixels) between segmentation results and the manually graded ground truth using sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and Intersection over Union (IoU). Measurements of arterial and venous caliber or tortuosity are made on our algorithm's output of healthy and diseased eyes.Classification of arteries and veins, arterial and venous caliber, and arterial and venous tortuosity.For classification and identification of arteries, the algorithm achieved average sensitivity of 95.3%, specificity of 99.6%, F1 score of 94.2%, and IoU of 89.3%. For veins, the algorithm achieved average sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity of 99.7%, F1 score of 94.1%, and IoU of 89.2%. We also achieved an average sensitivity of 76.3% in identifying intersection points. The results show CAVnet has high accuracy on differentiating arteries and veins in DR and BRVO cases. These classification results are robust across 2 instruments and multiple scan volume sizes. Outputs of CAVnet were used to measure arterial and venous caliber or tortuosity, and pixel-wise caliber and tortuosity maps were generated. Differences between healthy and diseased eyes were demonstrated, indicating potential clinical utility.The CAVnet can classify arteries and veins and their branches with high accuracy and is potentially useful in the analysis of vessel type-specific features on diseases such as branch retinal artery occlusion and BRVO.

Different mating systems are expected to affect the extent and direction of hybridization. Due to the different levels of sexual conflict, the weak inbreeder/strong outbreeder (WISO) hypothesis predicts that gametes from self-incompatible (SI) species should outcompete gametes from self-compatible (SC) ones. However, other factors such as timing of selfing and unilateral incompatibilities may also play a role on the direction of hybridization. In addition, differential mating opportunities provided by different mating systems are also expected to affect the direction of introgression in hybrid zones involving outcrossers and selfers. Here, we explored these hypotheses with a unique case of recent hybridization between two mangrove killifish species with different mating systems, Kryptolebias ocellatus (obligately outcrossing) and K. hermaphroditus (predominantly self-fertilizing) in two hybrid zones in southeast Brazil. Hybridization rates were relatively high (~20%), representing the first example of natural hybridization between species with different mating systems in vertebrates. All F1 individuals were sired by the selfing species. Backcrossing was small, but mostly asymmetrical with the SI parental species, suggesting pattern commonly observed in plant hybrid zones with different mating systems. Our findings shed light on how contrasting mating systems may affect the direction and extent of gene flow between sympatric species, ultimately affecting the evolution and maintenance of hybrid zones.

This essay describes the curriculum and implementation of the Hispanic Leadership Academy (HLA), designed to guide and mentor first generation, Hispanic students into becoming leaders in their comm...

Background Understanding the rate and pattern of germline mutations is of fundamental importance for understanding evolutionary processes. Results Here we analyzed 19 parent-offspring trios of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at high sequencing coverage of ∼76× per individual and estimated a mean rate of 0.77 × 10−8de novo mutations per site per generation (95% CI: 0.69 × 10−8 to 0.85 × 10−8). By phasing 50% of the mutations to parental origins, we found that the mutation rate is positively correlated with the paternal age. The paternal lineage contributed a mean of 81% of the de novo mutations, with a trend of an increasing male contribution for older fathers. Approximately 3.5% of de novo mutations were shared between siblings, with no parental bias, suggesting that they arose from early development (postzygotic) stages. Finally, the divergence times between closely related primates calculated on the basis of the yearly mutation rate of rhesus macaque generally reconcile with divergence estimated with molecular clock methods, except for the Cercopithecoidea/Hominoidea molecular divergence dated at 58 Mya using our new estimate of the yearly mutation rate. Conclusions When compared to the traditional molecular clock methods, new estimated rates from pedigree samples can provide insights into the evolution of well-studied groups such as primates.

Whole-genome sequencing projects are increasingly populating the tree of life and characterizing biodiversity1–4. Sparse taxon sampling has previously been proposed to confound phylogenetic inference5, and captures only a fraction of the genomic diversity. Here we report a substantial step towards the dense representation of avian phylogenetic and molecular diversity, by analysing 363 genomes from 92.4% of bird families—including 267 newly sequenced genomes produced for phase II of the Bird 10,000 Genomes (B10K) Project. We use this comparative genome dataset in combination with a pipeline that leverages a reference-free whole-genome alignment to identify orthologous regions in greater numbers than has previously been possible and to recognize genomic novelties in particular bird lineages. The densely sampled alignment provides a single-base-pair map of selection, has more than doubled the fraction of bases that are confidently predicted to be under conservation and reveals extensive patterns of weak selection in predominantly non-coding DNA. Our results demonstrate that increasing the diversity of genomes used in comparative studies can reveal more shared and lineage-specific variation, and improve the investigation of genomic characteristics. We anticipate that this genomic resource will offer new perspectives on evolutionary processes in cross-species comparative analyses and assist in efforts to conserve species., A dataset of the genomes of 363 species from the Bird 10,000 Genomes Project shows increased power to detect shared and lineage-specific variation, demonstrating the importance of phylogenetically diverse taxon sampling in whole-genome sequencing.

Hybridisation is a major source of evolutionary innovation. However, several prezygotic and postzygotic factors influence its likelihood and evolutionary outcomes. Differences in mating systems can have a major effect on the extent and direction of hybridisation and introgression. In plants, epigenetic mechanisms help to stabilize hybrid genomes and contribute to reproductive isolation, but the relationship between genetic and epigenetic changes in animal hybrids is unclear. We analysed the extent of a unique case of natural hybridisation between two genetically distant mangrove killifish species with different mating systems,Kryptolebias hermaphroditus(self-fertilising) andK. ocellatus(outcrossing), and the methylation patterns of their hybrids. Hybridisation rate between the species ranged between 14% and 26%. Although co-existing parental species displayed highly distinct genetic (microsatellites and SNPs) and methylation patterns (37,000 differentially methylated cytosines), our results indicate that F1 hybrids are viable and able to backcross with parental species. Hybrids had predominantly intermediate methylation patterns (88.5% of the sites) suggesting additive effects, as expected from hybridisation between genetically distant species. Differentially methylated cytosines between hybrids and both parental species (5,800) suggest that introgressive hybridisation may play a role in generating novel genetic and epigenetic variation which could lead to species diversification. We also found a small percentage of non-additive epigenetic effects which might act as an evolutionary bet-hedging strategy and increase fitness under environmental change.

Through its long history of artificial selection, the rock pigeon (Columba livia Gmelin 1789) was forged into a large number of domestic breeds. The incredible amount of phenotypic diversity exhibited in these breeds has long held the fascination of scholars, particularly those interested in biological inheritance and evolution. However, exploiting them as a model system is challenging, as unlike with many other domestic species, few reliable records exist about the origins of, and relationships between, each of the breeds. Therefore, in order to broaden our understanding of the complex evolutionary relationships among pigeon breeds, we generated genome-wide data by performing the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method on close to 200 domestic individuals representing over 60 breeds. We analyzed these GBS data alongside previously published whole-genome sequencing data, and this combined analysis allowed us to conduct the most extensive phylogenetic analysis of the group, including two feral pigeons and one outgroup. We improve previous phylogenies, find considerable population structure across the different breeds, and identify unreported interbreed admixture events. Despite the reduced number of loci relative to whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrate that GBS data provide sufficient analytical power to investigate intertwined evolutionary relationships, such as those that are characteristic of animal domestic breeds. Thus, we argue that future studies should consider sequencing methods akin to the GBS approach as an optimal cost-effective approach for addressing complex phylogenies. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Humor is a resource for discourse dealing with the taboo. Through the use of humor, comedians can practice uninhibited use of free public speech because audiences expect to laugh in these situations. This inherent expectation creates an environment where expression, objective opinions, and otherwise offensive ideas can be shared in a public space without fear of persecution or repercussion. As such, humor message creators are free to push social boundaries to create a discourse necessary to address what would be offensive. This freedom is important to this work because of how comedians approach the use of stereotypical ethnic humor. The culmination of audience expectation and openness creates an environment readily available for analysis of ethnic humor messages by researchers. Using the lens of Invitational Rhetoric, we uncover rhetorical messages embedded in the humor that work to challenge negative stereotypes about identity.

Reconstruction of the demographic and evolutionary history of populations assuming a consensus tree-like relationship can mask more complex scenarios, which are prevalent in nature. An emerging genomic toolset, which has been most comprehensively harnessed in the reconstruction of human evolutionary history, enables molecular ecologists to elucidate complex population histories. Killer whales have limited extrinsic barriers to dispersal and have radiated globally, and are therefore a good candidate model for the application of such tools. Here, we analyse a global data set of killer whale genomes in a rare attempt to elucidate global population structure in a nonhuman species. We identify a pattern of genetic homogenisation at lower latitudes and the greatest differentiation at high latitudes, even between currently sympatric lineages. The processes underlying the major axis of structure include high drift at the edge of species' range, likely associated with founder effects and allelic surfing during postglacial range expansion. Divergence between Antarctic and non-Antarctic lineages is further driven by ancestry segments with up to four-fold older coalescence time than the genome-wide average; relicts of a previous vicariance during an earlier glacial cycle. Our study further underpins that episodic gene flow is ubiquitous in natural populations, and can occur across great distances and after substantial periods of isolation between populations. Thus, understanding the evolutionary history of a species requires comprehensive geographic sampling and genome-wide data to sample the variation in ancestry within individuals.

In Supplementary Table 1 of this Article, 23 samples (B10K-DU-029-32, B10K-DU-029-33, B10K-DU-029-36 to B10K-DU-029-44, B10K-DU- 029-46, B10K-DU-029-47, B10K-DU-029-49 to B10K-DU-029-53, B10K-DU- 029-75 to B10K-DU-029-77, B10K-DU-029-80, and B10K-DU-030-03; styled in boldface in the revised table) were assigned to the incorrect institution. Supplementary Table 1 has been amended to reflect the correct source institution for these samples, and associated data (tissue, museum ID/source specimen ID, site, state/province, latitude, longitude, date collected and sex) have been updated accordingly. The original table is provided as Supplementary Information to this Amendment, and the original Article has been corrected online.

TRPV6 is a calcium selective TRP channel and is expressed in many species. TRPV6 transcripts are abundantly expressed in few tissues but strangely channel properties are only accessible to electrophysiological recordings after overexpression whereas in native tissue functional channel currents seem not to be detectable. Another exceptional property of human and mouse TRPV6 proteins is that the initiation of translation starts from a non-canonical ACG triplet which is translated as methionine. This triplet is located 120 bp upstream of the first in-frame AUG codon of the human/mouse TRPV6 mRNA. In contrast, the TRPV6 gene of bats is initiated from an AUG triplet at the corresponding position of the human ACG. On the basis of these structural nucleotide differences between human and bats we studied the role of the absolute N-Terminus for the regulation of translation by developing chimera and mutants of human/bat TRPV6 channels. The human sequence which is located downstream of the initiation codon slows down ribosomal scanning in 3′ direction. We suggest that the mechanism involves most likely the deceleration of ribosome scanning by stem-loop formation and the use of the common initiator tRNA, tRNAiMet, which is placed onto the inappropriate ACG codon resulting in low protein synthesis. The reduced translation efficiency is important to protect TRPV6 expressing cells from toxic calcium overload. The regulation of the TRPV6 translation in bats may be an adaptation to low calcium amounts present in the natural nutrition. In addition, we show that also the GFP protein can be controlled using the translational mechanism of human TRPV6.

Reconstruction of the demographic and evolutionary history of populations assuming a consensus tree-like relationship can mask more complex scenarios, which are prevalent in nature. An emerging genomic toolset, which has been most comprehensively harnessed in the reconstruction of human evolutionary history, enables molecular ecologists to elucidate complex population histories. Killer whales have limited extrinsic barriers to dispersal and have radiated globally, and are therefore a good candidate model for the application of such tools. Here, we analyse a global dataset of killer whale genomes in a rare attempt to elucidate global population structure in a non-human species. We identify a pattern of genetic homogenisation at lower latitudes and the greatest differentiation at high latitudes, even between currently sympatric lineages. The processes underlying the major axis of structure include high drift at the edge of species’ range, likely associated with founder effects and allelic surfing during post-glacial range expansion. Divergence between Antarctic and non-Antarctic lineages is further driven by ancestry segments with up to four-fold older coalescence time than the genome-wide average; relicts of a previous vicariance during an earlier glacial cycle. Our study further underpins that episodic gene flow is ubiquitous in natural populations, and can occur across great distances and after substantial periods of isolation between populations. Thus, understanding the evolutionary history of a species requires comprehensive geographic sampling and genome-wide data to sample the variation in ancestry within individuals.

Background: Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are a remarkable order of flightless wing-propelled diving seabirds distributed widely across the southern hemisphere. They share a volant common ancestor with Procellariiformes close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (66 million years ago) and subsequently lost the ability to fly but enhanced their diving capabilities. With ∼20 species among 6 genera, penguins range from the tropical Galápagos Islands to the oceanic temperate forests of New Zealand, the rocky coastlines of the sub-Antarctic islands, and the sea ice around Antarctica. To inhabit such diverse and extreme environments, penguins evolved many physiological and morphological adaptations. However, they are also highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, penguins provide an exciting target system for understanding the evolutionary processes of speciation, adaptation, and demography. Genomic data are an emerging resource for addressing questions about such processes. Results: Here we present a novel dataset of 19 high-coverage genomes that, together with 2 previously published genomes, encompass all extant penguin species. We also present a well-supported phylogeny to clarify the relationships among penguins. In contrast to recent studies, our results demonstrate that the genus Aptenodytes is basal and sister to all other extant penguin genera, providing intriguing new insights into the adaptation of penguins to Antarctica. As such, our dataset provides a novel resource for understanding the evolutionary history of penguins as a clade, as well as the fine-scale relationships of individual penguin lineages. Against this background, we introduce a major consortium of international scientists dedicated to studying these genomes. Moreover, we highlight emerging issues regarding ensuring legal and respectful indigenous consultation, particularly for genomic data originating from New Zealand Taonga species. Conclusions: We believe that our dataset and project will be important for understanding evolution, increasing cultural heritage and guiding the conservation of this iconic southern hemisphere species assemblage. Fil: Pan, Hailin. Bgi-shenzhen; China Fil: Cole, Theresa L. University Of Otago; Canadá Fil: Bi, Xupeng. Bgi-shenzhen; China Fil: Fang, Miaoquan. Bgi-shenzhen; China Fil: Zhou, Chengran. Bgi-shenzhen; China Fil: Yang, Zhengtao. Bgi-shenzhen; China Fil: Ksepka, Daniel T. Bruce Museum; Estados Unidos Fil: Hart, Tom. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Bouzat, Juan L.. Bowling Green State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Boersma, P. Dee. University of Washington; Estados Unidos Fil: Bost, Charles-André. Centre Detudes Biologiques de Chizé; Francia Fil: Cherel, Yves. Centre Detudes Biologiques de Chizé; Francia Fil: Dann, Peter. Phillip Island Nature Parks; Australia Fil: Mattern, Thomas. University of Otago; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Ellenberg, Ursula. Global Penguin Society; Estados Unidos. La Trobe University; Australia Fil: Garcia Borboroglu, Jorge Pablo. University of Washington; Estados Unidos. Global Penguin Society; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; Argentina Fil: Argilla, Lisa S.. Otago Polytechnic; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Bertelsen, Mads F.. Copenhagen Zoo; Dinamarca. University of Copenhagen; Dinamarca Fil: Fiddaman, Steven R.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Howard, Pauline. Hornby Veterinary Centre; Nueva Zelanda. South Island Wildlife Hospital; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Labuschagne, Kim. National Zoological Garden; Sudáfrica Fil: Miller, Gary. University of Western Australia; Australia. University of Tasmania; Australia Fil: Parker, Patricia. University of Missouri St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Phillips, Richard A.. Natural Environment Research Council; Reino Unido Fil: Quillfeldt, Petra. Justus-Liebig-Universit ̈ at Giessen; Alemania Fil: Ryan, Peter G.. University of Cape Town; Sudáfrica Fil: Taylor, Helen. Vet Services Hawkes Bay Ltd; Nueva Zelanda. Wairoa Farm Vets; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Zhang, De-Xing. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Zhang, Guojie. BGI-Shenzhen; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China. University of Copenhagen; Dinamarca Fil: McKinlay, Bruce. Department of Conservation; Nueva Zelanda

As the only endemic neotropical parrot to have recently lived in the northern hemisphere, the Carolina parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) was an iconic North American bird. The last surviving specimen died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1918 [1]. The cause of its extinction remains contentious: besides excessive mortality associated to habitat destruction and active hunting, their survival could have been negatively affected by its range having become increasingly patchy [2] or by the exposure to poultry pathogens [3, 4]. In addition, the Carolina parakeet showed a predilection for cockleburs, an herbaceous plant that contains a powerful toxin, carboxyatractyloside, or CAT [5], which did not seem to affect them but made the birds notoriously toxic to most predators [3]. To explore the demographic history of this bird, we generated the complete genomic sequence of a preserved specimen held in a private collection in Espinelves (Girona, Spain), as well as of a close extant relative, Aratinga solstitialis. We identified two non-synonymous genetic changes in two highly conserved proteins known to interact with CAT that could underlie a specific dietary adaptation to this toxin. Our genomic analyses did not reveal evidence of a dramatic past demographic decline in the Carolina parakeet; also, its genome did not exhibit the long runs of homozygosity that are signals of recent inbreeding and are typically found in endangered species. As such, our results suggest its extinction was an abrupt process and thus likely solely attributable to human causes. Gelabert et al. report the whole genome of the extinct Carolina parakeet and provide evidence of its phylogeny, adaptation to a toxic cocklebur diet, and demographic history. The lack of signs of recent inbreeding typically found in endangered species suggests its abrupt extinction was human mediated., This work was supported by ERC Consolidator Grant 681396 “Extinction Genomics” to M.T.P.G. and M.S.-V., Obra Social ‘‘La Caixa’’ and Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca ( GRC2017-SGR880 ) to T.M.-B. and C.L.-F., BFU2017-86471-P and PGC2018-101927-B-I00 from MINECO/FEDER, UE to T.M.-B, and PGC2018-095931-B-100 from MINECO/FEDER, UE to C.L.-F. T.M.-B. is also supported by a U01 MH106874 grant and Howard Hughes International Early Career and CERCA Programme (Generalitat de Catalunya). A.A. is partially supported by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2019 through national funds provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the European Regional Development Fund —program PT2020 , by the European Structural and Investment Funds —Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program-COMPETE 2020, and by National Funds through the FCT under the project PTDC/CTA-AMB/31774/2017(POCI-01-0145-FEDER/031774/2017 ).

Climate change experts largely agree that future climate change and associated rises in oceanic water levels over the upcoming decades, will affect marine salinity levels. The subsequent effects on fish communities in estuarine ecosystems however, are less clear. One species that is likely to become increasingly affected by changes in salinity is the ide (Leuciscus idus). The ide is a stenohaline freshwater fish that primarily inhabits rivers, with frequent anadromous behavior when sea salinity does not exceed 15%. Unlike most other anadromous Baltic Sea fish species, the ide has yet to be subjected to large‐scale stocking programs, and thus provides an excellent opportunity for studying the natural population structure across the current salinity gradient in the Danish Belts. To explore this, we used Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing to determine genomic population structure of both freshwater resident and anadromous ide populations in the western Baltic Sea region, and relate the results to the current salinity gradient and the demographic history of ide in the region. The sample sites separate into four clusters, with all anadromous populations in one cluster and the freshwater resident populations in the remaining three. Results demonstrate high level of differentiation between sites hosting freshwater resident populations, but little differentiation among anadromous populations. Thus ide exhibit the genomic population structure of both a typical freshwater species, and a typical anadromous species. In addition to providing a first insight into the population structure of north‐western European ide, our data also (1) provide indications of a single illegal introduction by man; (2) suggest limited genetic effects of heavy pollution in the past; and (3) indicate possible historical anadromous behavior in a now isolated freshwater population.

Adaptation to specialized diets often requires modifications at both genomic and microbiome levels. We applied a hologenomic approach to the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), one of the only three obligate blood-feeding (sanguivorous) mammals, to study the evolution of its complex dietary adaptation. Specifically, we assembled its high-quality reference genome (scaffold N50 = 26.9 Mb, contig N50 = 36.6 kb) and gut metagenome, and compared them against those of insectivorous, frugivorous and carnivorous bats. Our analyses showed a particular common vampire bat genomic landscape regarding integrated viral elements, a dietary and phylogenetic influence on gut microbiome taxonomic and functional profiles, and that both genetic elements harbour key traits related to the nutritional (for example, vitamin and lipid shortage) and non-nutritional (for example, nitrogen waste and osmotic homeostasis) challenges of sanguivory. These findings highlight the value of a holistic study of both the host and its microbiota when attempting to decipher adaptations underlying radical dietary lifestyles.

A família Cichlidae é considerada um modelo para estudos de radiação adaptativa entre vertebrados. Contudo, dados citogenéticos com vistas ao entendimento da evolução cariotípica dessa família ainda são incipientes, sobretudo para espécies da região semi-árida do nordeste do Brasil. O presente estudo traz as primeiras informações cariotípicas das espécies neotropicais Crenicichla menezesi e Cichlasoma orientale, a partir de técnicas de coloração convencional, bandamento-C, impregnação argêntea e coloração com fluorocromos base-específicos. Ambas as espécies apresentam 2n=48 cromossomos, com distinções em relação ao cariótipo, onde C. menezesi exibe 4m+44st/a (NF=52) e C. orientale6sm+10st+32a (N=54). Os sítios ribossomais são simples localizados nos braços curtos do primeiro par (m) em C. menezesi e no terceiro (sm) em C. orientale. Em ambas as espécies os blocos heterocromáticos concentraram-se as regiões centroméricas e pericentroméricas e de forma conspícua em colocalização com as RONs (CMA+/DAPI-). Entre os ciclídeos, o clado Neotropical revela um conservadorismo cromossômico numérico (2n=48), mas que contempla um variado dinamismo evolutivo quanto aos padrões estruturais do cariótipo. As duas espécies analisadas, Crenicichla menezesi e Cichlasoma orientale, típicas de regiões semi-áridas, reforçam esta condição. Palavras-chave: diversidade cariotípica, evolução cromossômica, citogenética de peixes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v4n4p33-39

The authors use relational dialectics theory to argue that first-generation college students (FGS) often struggle with a give-and-take tension between getting involved in campus life and losing their familial and working-class identity. They suggest that because FGS straddle two different cultures of academia and home, institutions must address these tensions to improve the students' retention and graduate rates.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:14:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao George Pacheco Pinto.pdf: 2801638 bytes, checksum: 46d751683313953a0a6a6a6088097446 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The search for improvements in software development has driven the emergence of new technologies, paradigms, approaches that improve quality and reliability of the software product. Thus, Model Driven Development (MDD), specifically Model Driven Architecture (MDA) - a standard maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG) - appears as an option that aims to change the focus of a code-centered development to a model-centered development, aiming to achieve higher levels of abstraction and hence boost the increase of reuse, productivity and quality of the generated software. Parallel to this movement, the Semantic Web has taken shape and brought with it the use and creation of ontologies, which represents an efficient mechanism for sharing and reusing knowledge. Ontologies can map consensual knowledge about a given domain. In a MDA context a domain model is known as Computation Independent Model (CIM) and has conceptual similarities with domain ontologies. In this sense, this work aims to present/examine a proposal for the intersection between these two worlds, from this point of junction (CIM model), i.e., the focus is to present/develop an approach that uses ontologies as source artifacts in the conception of software models. Thus, we present MDAOnto, an MDA approach, a, which uses preexisting domain ontologies (written in OWL), as an initial source in the conception of software models (CIM and PIM later). Finally, this work also describes a tool that implements the proposal, as well as, an illustrative use scenario, presenting a context in which MDAOnto can be useful. A busca por melhorias no desenvolvimento de software tem impulsionado o surgimento de novas tecnologias, paradigmas, abordagens que elevem a qualidade e a confiabilidade do produto de software. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de software baseado em modelos (Model Driven Development MDD), mais especificamente o padrão mantido pelo Object Management Group (OMG) Model Driven Architecture (MDA) surge como uma opção que visa a mudança do foco de um desenvolvimento centrado em código para outra visão centrada em modelos, objetivando-se alcançar níveis maiores de abstração e consequentemente impulsionar o aumento do reuso, produtividade e qualidade do software gerado. Paralelo a esse movimento, a Web Semântica tem tomado corpo e alavancado consigo o uso e criação de ontologias, que representa um mecanismo eficiente de compartilhamento e reuso de conhecimento. Ontologias podem mapear conhecimento consensual sobre um dado domínio. No contexto MDA, um modelo de domínio é conhecido por Computation Independent Model (CIM) e apresenta semelhanças conceituais com as ontologias de domínio. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar/estudar uma proposta de interseção entre esses dois mundos, a partir desse ponto de junção (modelo CIM), ou seja, o foco é apresentar/estudar uma abordagem que utilize ontologias como artefato fonte na concepção de modelos de software. Dessa forma, é apresentado MDAOnto uma proposta de abordagem MDA, que utiliza ontologias de domínio (escritas em OWL) preexistentes, como fonte inicial na concepção de modelos de software (CIM e posteriormente PIM). Para realização dessa abordagem foi implementada uma ferramenta, cuja concepção também é objeto deste trabalho. Por fim, ainda descreve-se um cenário de uso ilustrativo, apresentando um contexto no qual MDAOnto pode se fazer útil.