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Os acidentes por animais peçonhentos são bastante comuns na rotina clínica médica, sendo que entre eles, o escorpionismo se destaca. É considerado um agravo que anualmente apresenta uma significativa casuística por todo o território brasileiro, acometendo diversos indivíduos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a caracterização epidemiológica dos acidentes causados por escorpiões no estado do Amazonas, durante o período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019, através do acesso ao banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN, disponibilizado pela Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas – FVS/AM, e dessa forma realizar a caracterização epidemiológica deste agravo a partir das variáveis: mês e ano de maior incidência, idade, sexo, raça, município de ocorrência, zona do agravo, tempo decorrido entre a picada e o atendimento, local da picada, manifestações clínicas como dor, edema, equimose, necrose e outros sintomas, classificação do caso, soroterapia, principais ocupações dos pacientes, acidente relacionado ao trabalho, e por fim evolução do caso. Foram confirmados 972 casos, com a maior ocorrência entre janeiro e maio, sendo a média de idade 31 anos, com maior prevalência em pacientes com idade inferior a 40 anos. Quanto ao gênero, a maioria foi em homens, totalizando 59,05% das notificações. Apuí, Itacoatiara e Parintins foram os municípios com maior quantitativo de casos. O tempo de atendimento com maior destaque foi o que compreendia de 0 a 1 h após o acidente, englobando 43,62% dos casos. Pés foram as regiões anatômicas mais atingidas pelas picadas, com 29,01% das notificações. Cerca de 67,59% dos casos foram classificados como leves, e quanto à evolução, 97,53% dos casos evoluíram para cura. Os resultados indicam que, apesar dos acidentes serem em sua maioria considerados leves, ainda sim representam um desafio para a saúde pública do estado, principalmente pelo fato destes acidentes ocorrerem em todos os municípios do Amazonas. Alguns fatores como falta de equipamentos de proteção individual, baixo conhecimento acerca das espécies envolvidas e principalmente a distribuição geográfica dos pacientes, contribuíram para incidência dos agravos.

Os acidentes por animais peçonhentos se tornaram um fator comum na rotina clínica médica por todo país, sendo o ofidismo a segunda maior causa de envenenamento entre os brasileiros, o que o evidencia como um problema para a saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a caracterização epidemiológica dos acidentes causados por serpentes no estado do Amazonas, durante o período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019, através do acesso ao banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN, disponibilizado pela Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas – FVS/AM, e dessa forma realizar a caracterização epidemiológica deste agravo a partir das variáveis: mês e ano de maior incidência, idade, sexo, raça, principais ocupações dos pacientes, município de ocorrência, zona do agravo, tempo decorrido entre a picada e o atendimento, local da picada, manifestações clínicas como dor, edema, equimose, necrose e outros sintomas, tipo de serpente, classificação do caso, soroterapia, acidente relacionado ao trabalho e evolução do caso. Foram confirmados 4168 casos, com a maior ocorrência entre o mês de janeiro a maio, sendo a média de idade 31 anos, ocorrendo mais em pacientes com idade inferior a 40 anos. Quanto ao gênero, a maioria foi em homens, totalizando 76,32% das notificações. Itacoatiara, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Manacapuru e Manicoré foram os municípios com os maiores quantitativos de casos. O tempo de atendimento com maior destaque foi o que compreendia de 1 a 3h após o acidente, englobando 28,81% dos casos. O pé foi a região anatômica mais atingida pelas picadas, com 51,49% das notificações. Cerca de 50% dos casos foram classificados como moderados, e quanto à evolução, 93,98% dos casos evoluíram para cura. Os resultados evidenciam o ofidismo como um desafio para a saúde pública, principalmente devido à incidência em todo o estado do Amazonas. Fatores socioeconômicos, deficiências de manejo destes animais e falta de equipamento de trabalho adequado, estão entre as principais causas destes acidentes.

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is characterized as a zoonosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp., presenting a chronic, non-contagious evolution, and its transmission occurs through the bite of sand fly insects (Diptera: Psychodidae). The process of expansion of cities, agricultural frontiers, and the occupation of peripheral areas contribute to the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks of the disease. This article aimed to study the incidence of human cases of ATL in the city of Manaus, describing qualitatively and quantitatively the occurrence of this disease. From the transfer of data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System - SINAN, made available by the Amazonas Health Surveillance Foundation - FVS/AM, this study describes a total of 789 cases, which occurred between 2018 and 2019, in the capital of Amazonas, which were classified according to age, gender, occupation, clinical signs, as well as the condition of the autochthonous case, the relationship with work, and the evolution of the case. As a result, 789 cases were confirmed, ranging in age from 1 to 90 years, and with a higher prevalence in males. As for the form of the lesion, the cutaneous type was identified in 98.73% of the cases, and 57% of the cases had a clinical cure. The results show ATL as a disease related to the socioeconomic and mainly health conditions in which the patient fits, with a high number of patients in large expanding cities, such as the city of Manaus. Thus, further work is needed to provide clarification on the disease, especially in the state of Amazonas, as it is still a neglected disease and related to the population's living conditions.

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of worldwide distribution, transmitted by a highly pathogenic microaerophilic bacterium known as Leptospira spp., from direct contact with infected rodent urine, or in contaminated water and mud. The objective of this study was to carry out an epidemiological characterization of this disease in the city of Manaus, from January 2018 to December 2019, through access to the Notifications Disease Information System - SINAN database, made available by the Foundation of Amazonas Health Surveillance - FVS / AM, and thus make epidemiological inferences through variables such as sex, age, occupation, risk situation occurred in the 30 days prior to the first symptoms, clinical signs, autochthonous case, characteristic of the probable location of the source of infection, work-related disease, the evolution of the case and determination criteria for the characterization of the disease. As a result, 64 cases were confirmed, school distribution as to the regions of the city of 12.5% ​​of cases in the North zone, 10.94% in the South zone, 9.37% in the West zone, 7.82% in the East zone, and 59.37% did not have the area identified. Regarding age, the highest prevalence was identified in those under 50 years of age, representing 75% of total cases. As for gender, 89.06% of the cases involved males. Regarding risk hypotheses, contact with water or mud from floods was the main infection factor, with 64.60% of cases, and the main signs comparable to infected individuals were: fever, myalgia, headache, prostration, vomiting, diarrhea, and jaundice. The results show that leptospirosis is a public health problem in the city of Manaus, mainly due to climatic, sanitary, and social factors, the situation in which those susceptible are inserted. Furthermore, a series of socioeconomic and health deficits are located in this municipality, and thus actions and improvements in local public health must be carried out, thus favoring the control of this disease.

Integrated Computational Material Engineering (ICME) framework for Air Plasma Spray (APS) process for ceramic coatings is developed for optimizing multifunctional coatings and APS process for Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) system. ICME simulations of APS process for TBC, the burner rig test and furnace test of TBC have been performed along with the test validation of ICME predictions for Yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) TBC with APS 8YSZ top coating with / NiCoCrAlY bond over Waspaloy substrate. ICME predictions for residual deflection of TBC due to thermal loads after APS process, burner rig test and furnace test are in close agreement with the test results. Both test and ICME predictions show the as-manufactured TBC specimens exhibit bending after APS process and bending after Burner Rig and Furnace testing. Finite element model for TBC specimens shows bending induced by APS process, its thermal gradients and residual thermal stress. Microscale thermal models for APS process, burner rig test and furnace test have been used to predict thermal processes, porosity and stresses. Rumpling analysis of TBC predicts rumpling amplitude due to thermal stresses and thermal oxidation growth (TGO) in TBC, thickness of TGO, bond stress during rumpling and stresses in TGO layer. Predictions for the thickness of TGO compares well with experimental data. Progressive damage analysis revealed that failure is due to tension and out of plane shear, delamination growth due to oxidation penetrating YSZ TBC from the bond.

An ICME (Integrated Computational Material Engineering) and lifing model/method is developed for optimizing multifunctional coatings Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) process of metallic TBC (Thermal Barrier Coating) system. Optimized TBC performance was achieved by minimizing thermal conductivity and residual stresses/strains during APS utilizing multiphysics-based multi-objective topology optimization methodology, and virtual design of experiment (DOE), surrogate meta modeling methodology. Thermal conductivity and residual strains were minimized 41% and 27%, respectively, for APS 8YSZ TBC with MCrAlY bond over Waspaloy substrate considering as variables yttria (mol.%), number of layers, total thickness, substrate initial temperature, and coating initial temperature. Durability and Damage Tolerance (D&DT) analysis of Metallic bonded TBC dogbone specimen was performed using Multi-Scale Progressive Failure Analysis (MS-PFA). The objective was to determine the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of Metal/TBC (8YSZ, Bond, Inconel-718) system under Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) in-service loading at 900°C. The multi-scale multi-layer TBC modeling considered Thermal Growth Oxidation (TGO) in bond coat, and recession of top coat. Prediction was validated by Rig testing; TGO measurement Progressive damage analysis revealed that failure is due to tension and out of plane shear, delamination growth due to when recession penetrates bond. The results showed that predicted fatigue life compared well to experimental observations.

With ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) being targeted for use as hot section components in gas turbine engines , it is important to understand the thermal-mechanical behavior of these materials within extreme application environments. This work focused on characterization of the in-situ response of a melt-infiltrated (MI) composite (i.e., a laminated Hi-Nicalon™, BN-interphase, melt-infiltrated (MI) SiC matrix composite) subjected to combined thermal-mechanical loads representative of intended operational environments. Laboratory scale test specimens were loaded in uniaxial tension at room temperature and at elevated temperature under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions . During laser heating experiments, a number of in-situ techniques enabled monitoring of damage formation, strain evolution, and temperature up to failure at 1150 °C. Results indicate that applying mechanical loads axially in the presence of thermal gradients may induce interply delamination cracks not observed after CMC test specimens are loaded axially under isothermal conditions .

A computational framework is developed to model the transverse failure of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites, with an emphasis on capturing fiber debonding with a cohesive failure model along the fiber/matrix interfaces. We introduce a nonlinear material sensitivity formulation to quantify how variations in the interfacial cohesive zone properties affect the transverse failure response. The analytic sensitivity formulation is implemented in an interface-enriched generalized finite element method (IGFEM) framework that allows for the simulation of transverse failure in a composite layer consisting of hundreds of closely packed fibers discretized with finite element meshes that do not need to conform to the composite microstructure.

This manuscript presents a computationally efficient method based on a geometric model to simulate the transverse cracking of a 90∘ cross-ply in a composite laminate. The model expands on existing homogenized solutions of transverse cracking by accounting for the random microstructure of the transverse ply extracted from optical micrographs of a hybrid [0∕90∕0]T glass/carbon/epoxy composite laminate. The chapter summarizes the three steps of the method, which allows to model the creation of multiple transverse cracks in realistic transverse plies composed of tens of thousands of fibers. The model is calibrated against experimental measurements of the critical values of the applied transverse strain corresponding to the appearance of transverse cracks and then used in a statistical analysis of the impact of the interface strength distribution on the evolution of the transverse cracking process.

The effect of porosity on the non-linear stress-strain response and time-dependent strain response under constant stress has been investigated. The material used in the study is a woven composite of CG-Nicalon™ fiber and SiNC matrix. The composite has been modeled using a model for spheroidal inclusions in a medium in combination with a micromechanics-based progressive damage and constituent inelasticity model for CMCs. Numerical estimates of deformation and failure are shown to compare favorably with experimental measurements. It has also been shown that porosity affects through-thickness properties more as compared to the in-plane properties and that creep rupture strength is significantly degraded by increased porosity in the material.

Thermography is one of the Non-Destructive Evaluation methods used to qualitatively estimate the amount of porosity in as-manufactured ceramic matrix composite (CMC) parts. Through-transmission (TT) thermography allows for comparison of thermal diffusivity caused by differences in material density and porosity at different locations in the part. In this study, volume fraction of pores and its distribution in CMC samples containing different amounts of porosity was quantified using optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography scans. TT thermography was done on the same specimens and images were analyzed to determine the distribution of thermal diffusivity. Comparison of porosity measurements and thermal diffusivity images shows an inverse correlation. A simple two-phase analytical model describing this relationship is derived for composites and its solution is shown to compare favorably with experimental data. In the absence of porosity data, the model can be used to estimate porosity directly from thermal diffusivity data.

In this work, a model is constructed to account for the effect of oxidation of the fiber, fiber interface coating and surrounding matrix on the stress distribution and strain accumulation in ceramic–matrix composites. The model includes the role of the fabric architecture, the effect of porosity and the distribution of cracks in its formulation and utilizes oxidation rate constants and phenomenological models for the progress of oxidation as reported in literature. Dwell fatigue experiments were carried out for silicon carbide/silicon carbide nitride (SiC/SiNC) and Melt infiltrated silicon carbide/silicon carbide (MI SiC/SiC) composites to evaluate their time-dependent strain accumulation. Strain accumulation due to oxidation calculated by the model was compared to time-dependent strain obtained from experiment and showed that the rate of strain accumulation due to oxidation was low before the fibers were exposed to the environment but drastically increased after that. Such high rate of strain accumulation can be one of the main causes for failure of the composite. Model results showed that strain accumulation in both composites due to oxidation was dependent on the stress level with the SiC/SiNC accumulating more strain at similar stress levels. This can be explained by the higher modulus of the MI SiC/SiC that limits deformation, reducing crack density and accordingly decreasing the chance of oxygen to infiltrate the specimen and oxidize the fibers. Strain accumulation due to oxidation was also dependent on the fabric architecture and stress distribution within the unit cell. Additionally, comparing the effect of the value of the linear and parabolic oxidation rate constants reported by different researchers showed that not only is their absolute value important, but also their ratio to one another.

The feasibility of utilizing the shear lag theory to estimate crack density in fabric reinforced composites was investigated. A geometric model was constructed for the fabric and meshed using a hybrid finite element approach. The small segment of the yarn and the surrounding matrix enclosed within each element were treated as a unidirectional composite and the shear lag theory was used to estimate the crack density. Model results were compared to experimental data for a 5-harness satin melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC composite under tension and showed a pattern similar to experimental data with the model starting to accumulate cracks at a stress corresponding to the point of departure from linearity in the stress–strain curve while cracks were experimentally observed around 60 MPa higher. The model and experimental data had a similar value for the crack density at the saturation level. Sensitivity analysis showed that the crack density was highly sensitive to the fiber volume fraction in the load direction followed by the weave angle of the crimped segments of the yarns and the interfacial shear strength between the fibers and the matrix.

Defects created during the manufacture of an oxide/oxide and two non-oxide (SiC/SiNC and MI SiC/SiC) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) were categorized as follows: (1) Intra-yarn defects such as dry fibers, (2) Inter-yarn defects such as those at crossover points, matrix voids, shrinkage cracks and interlaminar separation, and (3) Architectural defects such as layer misalignment. Their impact on elastic properties was analytically investigated using a stiffness averaging approach considering the defects to have volumetric and directional influences. In-plane tensile and shear moduli as well as the through-thickness compressive modulus were experimentally evaluated. Results of analytical model were around 7% on average from the mean value of the experimental data. It was observed that interlaminar separation drastically reduced the through-thickness modulus by about 63% for the SiC/SiNC, 40% for the MI SiC/SiC and around 32% for the oxide/oxide composites. Shrinkage cracks in oxide/oxide composite reduced the in-plane tensile and shear moduli by 14% and 8.8%, respectively.

Fatigue behavior of Nextel720™/alumina was investigated under combustion environment, which was then compared with that in laboratory environment. Fatigue strength for 90,000 cycles was equal to 150 MPa under combustion condition, while 170 MPa in laboratory environment. However, normalized fatigue strength (ratio of fatigue strength and ultimate tensile strength) was equal in combustion and laboratory environments. The difference in fatigue strength was due to thermal stresses from impingement of combustion flame on one side of specimen. Fractographic analysis showed that combustion had little effect on fiber/matrix bonding in only flame impingement region. Combustion environment was not thus damaging to Nextel720™/alumina.

A melt-infiltrated (MI) woven ceramic matrix composite consisting of a silicon carbide matrix reinforced by boron nitride coated Hi-Nicalon type STM SiC fiber, Hi-Nic-S/BN/SiC, was tested under tension-tension fatigue loading in combination with combustion conditions representative of those experienced by hot-section components such as turbine blades and vanes in modern gas turbine engines. The burner rig fatigue data and fracture surfaces were analyzed for the effects of oxidation on life, failure, and damage mechanisms. These test results were then compared with those obtained from similar fatigue tests performed in a standard furnace under laboratory air environment. Fatigue life in the combustion condition was lower by an order of magnitude in comparison to the isothermal furnace results across the range of applied stress, and so demonstrates the importance of representative combined environment testing in conjunction with fundamental load testing. The observed difference in fatigue performance is attributed to the thermal gradient stress and increased rate of oxidation due to a high moisture level in the combustion rig test condition. The former was verified using finite element analysis and the latter from microscopic analysis of the fracture surfaces.

A methodology to evaluate the aerothermal response of sharp leading edge materials by exposing them directly to hypersonic flow up to Mach 7 was developed and evaluated. The exposure was conducted using a prototype scramjet engine as a wind tunnel. A sample holder was designed using combustion fluid dynamics results as inputs into structural models. The rig conditions were evaluated and found to be close to those during free flight, with respect to aerothermal parameters of importance for material survivability. Samples of ultra high-temperature ceramics and SiC were found to withstand the short-term exposure that simulated Mach 6.5 at 25 km altitude.

A design concept is presented for a macro or microstructure that combines materials with differing thermal expansion to achieve an overall effective expansion that differs substantially from either of the constituents. Near-zero-CTE and isotropic negative expansion designs are achieved by creating compliant structures where overall expansion is compensated by internal bending deformation. Such structures have application where dimensional stability is required when subject to large thermal gradients, e.g. space mirrors. In this paper, we present closed form analytic expressions for prediction of the effective expansion, and consequent internal stressing, of the structure, as well as several finite element simulations that demonstrate the design performance under non-uniform thermal load.

La recherche d'une tenue en temperature et d'une durabilite ameliorees dans d'innombrables systemes est une des principales motivations des etudes sur les composites oxyde-oxyde. Comme pour tous les compositesceramiques, ces materiaux necessitent l'intervention d'un mecanisme de deviation des fissures pour eviter les ruptures fragiles. Cette fonction peut etre remplie par des matrices poreuses ou par des revetements sur les fibres. Les composites contenant des revetements d'interface en sont encore au stades de la recherche, alors que les materiaux a matrice poreuse sont deja en production et sont en cours d'evaluation pour diverses applications. Bien que les composites actuels offrent des proprietes tres seduisantes, des ameliorations sensibles sont a attendre pour les systemes futurs. Dans cet article, nous examinons l'etat actuel de la technologie des composites oxyde-oxyde pour hautes temperatures (> 1000°C) et nous discutons les perspectives de developpements futurs.

This study focuses broadly on synthesis and characterization of porous mullite/alumina mixtures for use as matrices in oxide fiber composites. Specifically, an assessment is made of the utility of a precursor-derived alumina (PDA) in controlling both the modulus and the toughness of mullite-rich particle mixtures. Property changes are probed through models of the mechanical behavior of bonded particle aggregates. Consideration of the conditions needed to cause crack deflection at a fiber–matrix interface yields an upper allowable limit on the concentration of PDA to ensure damage tolerance in a fiber composite. The predicted critical concentration lies in the range of about 7–9%, depending on the mullite/alumina ratio in the particle slurry and the subsequent aging treatment. Values slightly below this limit should yield composites that exhibit a desirable balance between fiber- and matrix-dominated properties.

Weakly bonded particle mixtures of mullite and alumina are assessed as candidate matrixes for use in porous matrix ceramic composites. Conditions for the deflection of a matrix crack at a fiber-matrix interface are used to identify the combinations of modulus and toughness of the fibers and the matrix for which damage-tolerant behavior is expected to occur in the composite. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the modulus and toughness of the particle mixtures, as well as the changes in these properties following aging at elevated temperature comparable to the targeted upper-use temperature for oxide composites. Models based on bonded particle aggregates are presented, assessed, and calibrated. The experimental and modeling results are combined to predict the critical aging times at which damage tolerance is lost because of sintering at the particle junctions and the associated changes in mechanical properties. For an aging temperature of 1200°C, the critical time exceeds 10 000 h for the mullite-rich mixtures.

A model is presented for the deformation of a cohesive aggregate of elastic particles that incorporates two important effects of large-sized inter-particle junctions. A finite element model is used to derive a particle response rule, for both normal and tangential relative deformations between pairs of particles. This model agrees with the Hertzian contact theory for small junctions, and is valid for junctions as large as half the nominal particle size. Further, the aggregate model uses elastic superposition to account for the coupled force–displacement response due to the simultaneous displacement of all of the neighbors of each particle in the aggregate. A particle stiffness matrix is developed, relating the forces at each junction to the three displacement degrees of freedom at all of the neighboring-particle junctions. The particle response satisfies force and moment equilibrium, so that the model is properly posed to allow for rigid rotation of the particle without introducing rotational degrees of freedom. A computer-simulated sintering algorithm is used to generate a random particle packing, and the stiffness matrix is derived for each particle. The effective elastic response is then estimated using a mean field or affine displacement calculation, and is also found exactly by a discrete element model, solving for the equilibrium response of the aggregate to uniform-strain boundary conditions. Both the estimate and the exact solution compare favorably with experimental data for the bulk modulus of sintered alumina, whereas Hertzian contact-based models underestimate the modulus significantly. Poisson's ratio is, however, accurately determined only by the full equilibrium discrete element solution, and shown to depend significantly on whether or not rigid particle rotation is permitted in the model. Moreover, this discrete element model is sufficiently robust, so it can be applied to problems involving non-homogeneous deformations in such cohesive aggregates.

The need for high temperature, oxidation-resistant materials has driven research into oxide-oxide composites. These materials require a crack deflecting mechanism to prevent brittle failure; both interface coatings and porous matrices have proven successful in providing this function. Composites containing interface coatings are still in the research stage, while porous matrix materials are currently more advanced. A review of porous matrix composite properties is given, along with composite processing information. This chapter provides an overview of oxide-oxide composite technology, potential applications, current research issues, and what might be expected in future derivatives. This review will center on high-temperature (> 1000°C) oxide-oxide composites.

A railroad grade crossing warning device designed to operate at un-guarded grade crossings without the need for expensive train detection sensors. The system utilizes the sound of an approaching locomotive horn or whistle to activate a warning at a grade crossing. The preferred device is self contained and is powered by solar panel and storage battery to provide a flashing strobe warning on the approach of a train.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES, whatever the subject, can bring enlightenment and new thoughts on old ideas. To investigate, and to find from written evidence, different approaches to similar problems or familiar practices in a new setting, engenders a feeling of professional kinship and often the pleasurable discovery of some original application or circumstance. The advantages of the academic pursuit of comparative librarianship are sufficiently well known. They have their most comprehensive summation and exposition in J Periam Danton's recent The dimensions of comparative librarianship.

In 1964 two events taxed the energies and imaginations of lecturers in schools of librarianship — the introduction by the Library Association of a new syllabus and the inauguration of the Council for National Academic Awards. One was the culmination of an examination system nurtured by an organisation which had shaped for so long their professional context as practitioners and as teachers. The other heralded a system, as promulgated by Robbins, which would provide the opportunity and stimulus for colleges “to pioneer and experiment on distinctive lines in accordance with their own traditions”. The transition from the custom and practice of one to the innovative possibilities of the other was the greatest single challenge confronting lecturers in non‐university schools of librarianship. It was a challenge made more formidable by the general lack of support — indeed hostility — of the profession at large, furthering the divide between schools and practitioners, and by the characteristic ambivalence of the Library Association. The status quo of custom and practice seemed sufficient to many.

IF YOU should ever have a mind to experience the flavour of life in the British public library service during the early decades of this century, you could not do better than turn to the contemporary files of the periodicals of librarianship. Apart from its beastlier aspects, to which only a George Orwell could have done justice, the library journals reflected pretty well the public library world as it used to be: impoverished and imperfect, but optimistic and resilient.