Search

Many factors shape the genetic diversity of island-endemic trees, with important implications for conservation. Oceanic island-endemic lineages undergo an initial founding bottleneck during the colonization process and subsequently accumulate diversity following colonization. Moreover, many island endemics occur in small populations and are further threatened by anthropogenic factors that cause population declines, making them susceptible to losses in genetic diversity through genetic drift, inbreeding, and bottlenecks. However, life-history traits commonly found in trees, such as outcrossing mechanisms, long lifespans, and a propensity for interspecific hybridization, may help buffer against losses of genetic variation. To assess the relative importance of colonization history, rarity, and distribution in shaping genetic diversity of island-endemic trees, we conducted a comparative population genomic analysis of 13 species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) endemic to the Mascarene Islands that differ in island colonization history, distribution, population size, and IUCN threat status. We genotyped 328 individuals across the islands using 2b-RADseq, compared genetic diversity both among and within species, and assessed patterns of genetic structure. Genetic diversity did not vary significantly by IUCN status, but we found that species that co-occur with others on the same intermediate-aged island (Mauritius) had much greater genetic diversity than those that occur solitarily on an island (Réunion and Rodrigues), likely because of greater interspecific hybridization among species with overlapping distributions and processes related to time since island colonization. Results presented here were used to determine priority localities for in situ and ex situ conservation efforts to maximize the genetic diversity of each Mascarene Diospyros species.

Eleven new species of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) (D. falyi G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. fasimainty G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. littoralis Capuron ex G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. mandenensis H. N. Rakouth, G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. orbicularis G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. pseudolanceolata G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. rabehevitrae G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. ramisonii G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. ratovosonii H. N. Rakouth, G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. retusa H. N. Rakouth, G. E. Schatz & Lowry, and D. tampolensis H. N. Rakouth, Lowry & G. E. Schatz), which are present in the littoral forests along the east coast of Madagascar, are described, along with notes on their distribution and vernacular names, and their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Given the diminished area of the Malagasy littoral forest ecosystem, and continuing threats from exploitation for firewood and charcoal production, forest clearing for agriculture, and mining, nine of the 11 new species are assessed as threatened: one Critically Endangered (D. tampolensis), three Endangered (D. falyi, D. rabehevitrae, and D. retusa), and five Vulnerable (D. fasimainty, D. orbicularis, D. pseudolanceolata, D. ramisonii, and D. ratovosonii), whereas two species are assessed as Near Threatened (D. littoralis and D. mandenensis).

A recent molecular phylogenetic study revealed that Diospyros L. sect. Forbesia F. White, originally circumscribed to encompass two species from Africa and several from the Mascarene Islands (White, 1980), also includes a group of species endemic to Madagascar. The taxonomy of the Malagasy members of the section has not been examined since Perrier de la Bâthie’s 1952 treatment in the Flore de Madagascar et des Comores, and in the intervening seven decades, numerous specimens have been collected that cannot be identified based on the key provided. This revision presents a significantly updated taxonomy of Diospyros sect. Forbesia in the Malagasy region in which 18 species are recognized, 14 of which are newly described and illustrated, including one new species restricted to Mayotte Island in the Comoro archipelago. An identification key is provided as well as IUCN risk of extinction assessments, which indicate that two species are Critically Endangered, four are Endangered, and seven are Vulnerable, while one is Near Threatened and four are Least Concern. A full description is provided for each species, along with color photos; each of the new species is also illustrated with a line drawing.

Schatz, George E., Lowry Ii, Porter P., Rakouth, Hasina N., Randrianaivo, Richard (2021): Taxonomic studies of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) from the Malagasy region. VI. New species of large trees from Madagascar. Candollea 76 (2): 201-236, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v762a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2021v762a3

Seven new species of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) (D. antongilensis G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. decaryoides G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. kely G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. maculata G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. rubripetiolata G. E. Schatz & Lowry, D. subbullata G. E. Schatz L Vulnerable: D. kely), while two species (D. antongilensis and D. maculata) are assessed as Near Threatened. Widespread D. rubripetiolata is considered to be Least Concern.

Callmander, M.W., G.E. Schatz, R.E. Gereau & M.M. Hanes (2020). A new name in Hibiscus (Malavaceae) for Madagascar. Candollea 75: 323–324. In English, English and French abstracts.The combination Hibiscus involucratus (Hochr.) M. Hanes et al. (Malvaceae), based on Macrostelia involucrata Hochr., is a later homonym of Hibiscus involucratus Salisb. Macrostelia involucrata is here replaced by the new name Hibiscus benedicti Callm., G.E. Schatz & M. Hanes.

A common pattern observed in temperate tree clades is that species are often morphologically distinct and partially interfertile but maintain species cohesion despite ongoing hybridization where ranges overlap. Although closely related species commonly occur in sympatry in tropical ecosystems, little is known about patterns of hybridization within a clade over time, and the implications of this hybridization for the maintenance of species boundaries. In this study, we focused on a clade of sympatric trees in the genus Diospyros in the Mascarene islands and investigated whether species are genetically distinct, whether they hybridize, and how patterns of hybridization are related to the time since divergence among species. We sampled multiple populations from each of 12 Mascarene Diospyros species, generated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data using 2bRADseq, and conducted population genomic and phylogenomic analyses. We found that Mascarene Diospyros species diverged millions of years ago and are today largely genetically distinct from one another. Although hybridization was observed between closely related species belonging to the same subclade, more distantly related species showed little evidence of interspecific hybridization. Phylogenomic analyses also suggested that introgression has occurred during the evolutionary history of the clade. This suggests that, as diversification progressed, interspecific hybridization occurred among species, but became infrequent as lineages diverged from one another and evolved reproductive barriers. Species now coexist in partial sympatry, and experience limited hybridization between close relatives. Additional research is needed to better understand the role that introgression may have played in adaptation and diversification of Mascarene Diospyros, and its relevance for conservation.

Schatz, G.E., P.P. Lowry II & P.B. Phillipson (2020). Taxonomic studies of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) from the Malagasy region. V. Synoptic revision of the Bernieriana group in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Candollea 75: 203???218. In English, English and French abstracts.A synoptic revision of the Bernieriana group of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands is presented in which seven species are recognized, including four new species that are described and illustrated (Diospyros hongwae G.E. Schatz, Lowry & Phillipson, Diospyros ranirisonii G.E. Schatz, Lowry & Phillipson, Diospyros silicea G.E. Schatz, Lowry & Phillipson, and Diospyros suarezensis G.E. Schatz, Lowry & Phillipson). A key to the species is provided, along with a risk of extinction assessment for each species using the IUCN Red List criteria. Two species are assessed as ???Endangered??? (Diospyros hongwae and Diospyros silicea), one as ???Vulnerable??? (Diospyros ranirisonii), two as ???Near Threatened??? (Diospyros suarezensis and Diospyros torquata H. Perrier), and two as ???Least Concern??? (Diospyros bernieriana (Baill.) H. Perrier and Diospyros danguyana H. Perrier).

Hanes, M.M., G.E. Schatz & M.W. Callmander (2020). Transfer of the Malagasy genera Humbertianthus and Macrostelia to Hibiscus (Malvaceae) with description of four new species. Candollea 75: 193–202. In English, English and French abstracts.Two Malagasy species of the genus Macrostelia Hochr. (Malvaceae) are transferred to Hibiscus L. and two new combinations are proposed: Hibiscus calyculatus (Hochr.) M. Hanes, G.E. Schatz & Callm. and Hibiscus involucratus (Hochr.) M. Hanes & G.E. Schatz & Callm. The monotypic genus Humbertianthus Hochr. with its single species Humbertianthus cardiostegius Hochr. was defined as a taxon in its bud stage and represented unopened flowering collections of Hibiscus laurinus Baill. Several recent herbarium collections from the eastern humid forest of Madagascar represent four new restricted range species: Hibiscus ambanitazensis M. Hanes & G.E. Schatz, Hibiscus analalavensis M. Hanes & G.E. Schatz, Hibiscus ankeranensis M. Hanes & G.E. Schatz, Hibiscus vohipahensis M. Hanes & G.E. Schatz. Each of the new species are documented by field photographs and their geographic distribution is presented. Risk of extinction assessments of the seven species discussed indicate three taxa are threatened as “Critically Endangered”, and four are “Least concern”.

The genus Polygala (Polygalaceae) contains ca. 600 species that are distributed worldwide. A recent taxonomic evaluation of Polygala in Madagascar recognized 19 species in the island, as well as two new species from Toliara Province. The first new species from the area around Saint Augustin, Polygala labatii, is only known from two collections and belongs to the endemic P. sect. Madecassa. The second new species, Polygala mandrarensis, is distributed in the region of the Mandrare River basin and belongs to P. sect. Tetrasepalae. In this work, we describe and illustrate these two new species of Polygala. We also provide a key to the infrageneric taxa of Polygala in Madagascar, as well as keys to P. sect. Madecassa and the Malagasy species of P. sect. Tetrasepalae, and present a distribution map and make preliminary conservation assessments using IUCN Red List categories and criteria.

A new species of Arecaceae, Wettinia donosoensis De Gracia & Grayum, from the Atlantic slope of Panama, is described and illustrated. It is readily distinguished from all other species of Wettinia Poepp. by the combination of small size (3–5 m); leaves with few (usually six or seven per side) pinnae; unbranched, lax inflorescences; and very long petals (in pistillate flowers, 25–30 mm). It is endemic to a small region in Donoso District, Colon Province, and its conservation status is assessed as Endangered.

Melanophylla dianeae Lowry & G. E. Schatz (Torricelliaceae) is described as a new species from a remnant fragment of highly threatened humid forest in east-central Madagascar. Collected for the first time in 2016, just five adult trees are known from an area that has been heavily impacted by forest clearing for slash-and-burn agriculture. Mature fruits have been collected in an attempt to grow seedlings, and air-layering is being trialed on an adult tree to produce vegetative material for propagation, as part of an effort to ensure ex situ conservation of this rare species. An IUCN Red List risk of extinction assessment reveals that M. dianeae is Critically Endangered.

Using analyses that exhaustively sampled Mascarene Diospyros and included representative taxa from Madagascar and other regions, we explored: (1) evolutionary relationships among Diospyros spp. across the WIO and (2) biogeographic connections of Malagasy taxa with those in surrounding regions, particularly focusing on connections with taxa in the Mascarene Islands. We obtained plastid sequence data for 146 Diospyros taxa, including 40 species not previously included in molecular analyses, and conducted Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses, divergence-time estimation and ancestral area reconstructions. Diospyros sampled from Madagascar fell into two clades, one of which contains all but two Malagasy species. Biogeographic analyses revealed that many clades probably originated in Madagascar and dispersed to locations in Africa and the Mascarenes, indicating that Madagascar may have acted as an important source of diversity for the region.

Preserving tropical biodiversity is an urgent challenge when faced with the growing needs of countries. Despite their crucial importance for terrestrial ecosystems, most tropical plant species lack extinction risk assessments, limiting our ability to identify conservation priorities. Using a novel approach aligned with IUCN Red List criteria, we conducted a continental-scale preliminary conservation assessment of 22,036 vascular plant species in tropical Africa. Our results underline the high level of extinction risk of the tropical African flora. Thirty-three percent of the species are potentially threatened with extinction, and another third of species are likely rare, potentially becoming threatened in the near future. Four regions are highlighted with a high proportion (>40%) of potentially threatened species: Ethiopia, West Africa, central Tanzania, and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Our approach represents a first step toward data-driven conservation assessments applicable at continental scales providing crucial information for sustainable economic development prioritization., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

With 72 species belonging to ten genera, Sarcolaenaceae are the largest and most diverse of Madagascar's endemic plant families. Comprising shrubs and trees, with members found in nearly all of this island nation's biogeographic regions, they are characterised by the presence of a distinctive extra-floral involucre that is more or less accrescent, partially or completely covering or enveloping the fruit. We present the first molecular phylogenetic study of Sarcolaenaceae, using broad sampling that encompasses the family's taxonomic and morphological diversity, including 46 species representing all ten genera and sequence data from one nuclear marker (ITS) and three plastid regions (psaA-ORF170, psbA-trnH and rbcL), to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood. Results confirm the monophyly of Sarcolaenaceae and of eight of the ten genera; the monophyly of Rhodolaena remains ambiguous, although the taxa sampled were recovered in two well supported clades that are coherent in terms of morphology and geography. Only a single species of Eremolaena was available for study. The phylogenetic backbone of Sarcolaenaceae is not fully resolved, making it difficult to identify potential morphological synapomorphies or ecological preferences between and within genera. In the family, two monophyletic groups were, however, found [Pentachlaena + Eremolaena + Perrierodendron (Clade A) and Xyloolaena + Leptolaena + Sarcolaena + Mediusella + Xerochlamys (Clade B)] that are consistent with previous results based on morphology. Expanded species sampling and data from additional, more quickly evolving markers will be needed to produce a fully resolved phylogenetic tree for Sarcolaenaceae, which could then serve as a basis for exploring macroevolutionary patterns and processes in this remarkable family and reconstructing its biogeographic history.

Andriamihajarivo, T.H., P.P. Lowry II & G.E. Schatz (2016). Endemic families of Madagascar. XIV. A new restricted range species of Pentachlaena H. Perrier (Sarcolaenaceae) from central Madagascar. Candollea 71: 167–172. In English, English and French abstracts. Pentachlaena vestita Andriam., Lowry & G.E. Schatz (Sarcolaenaceae) is described as a new species from open, frequently burned vegetation on quartzite substrate on Mt. Ambatolahinanahary in central Madagascar. It can be distinguished from Pentachlaena latifolia H. Perrier, which it most closely resembles, by several foliar characters including leaf size and venation, and especially by the presence of a dense stellate-strigose indument on the inflorescences, flowers, and fruits, and which almost totally obscures the abaxial leaf surface. A description of the new species is accompanied by a line drawing and photos taken in the field, along with a preliminary assessment of its risk of extinction following the IUCN Red List Categories and Crit...

A synoptic revision of the Malagasy species of Scolopia is presented. Fourteen species are recognized, of which all are endemic and ten are threatened. One species, S. delphinensis Appleq. & G.E.Schatz, sp. nov., is newly described and illustrated. An identification key to the Malagasy species of Scolopia is provided.

Schatz, G.E. & P.P. Lowry II (2018). Novitates neocaledonicae. IX. Taxonomic notes on New Caledonian Diospyros (Ebenaceae) with new synonymy and the description of two new species. Candollea 73: 91–100. In English, English and French abstracts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2018v731a8 A review of the taxonomy of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) in New Caledonia results in the description of two new species and the placement in synonymy of six species previously recognized in the treatment of Ebenaceae for the Flore de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances. Diospyros hequetiae G.E. Schatz, Lowry & Fleurot and Diospyros rufotomentosa G.E. Schatz & Lowry are described and illustrated with line drawings and field photographs, accompanied by a distribution map. Risk of extinction assessments indicate that Diospyros hequetiae is “Endangered” and Diospyros rufotomentosa is “Near Threatened”. A lectotype is designated for Diospyros samoensis A. Gray. Submitted December 8, 2017. Accepted on April 16, 2018. Firs...

Very few primate species give birth to litters and build nests in which to care for them. Those that do are small-bodied, nocturnal, and solitary. Variegated lemurs are exceptional in that they bear litters in arboreal nests, yet are relatively large-bodied, day-active, and gregarious. Furthermore, they raise their young cooperatively and practice absentee parenting; non-clinging young are transported orally and periodically stashed in arboreal spots that are supportive, sheltered, and usually concealed. Following birth, infant nest and stash trees were mapped, measured, and taxonomically identified in a population of red variegated lemurs in Masoala National Park. About 40 trees were used per litter for nesting and stashing young in adjacent, non-overlapping core areas within the community. These were the largest trees in the forest, even larger than those used for feeding. Furthermore, most occur in valleys and are laced with lianas, creating sites that buffer young from predation, accidental falls, and to some degree, thermal stress. In combination, the number of nest and stash trees used per litter, their characteristics, and their geo-spatial arrangement indicate that such sites are both select and limited in the landscape, exposing the dependence of red variegated lemurs on intact forest canopies for raising non-clinging young within the context of an absentee parenting system. Nest and stash sites are in effect Varecia's extended phenotype. Logging of large trees in Madagascar's eastern rain forests is considered a major factor resulting in local extinctions of variegated lemurs because they rely heavily upon large, mature trees for fruit. However, this study suggests that removal of large trees may more directly precipitate local extinctions by impeding their ability to reproduce. Long-term survival of red variegated lemurs will depend upon efforts to end harmful timber extraction in its remaining stronghold, the Masoala Peninsula.

Annona caesia G. E. Schatz, C. Ramos & O. Ortiz is described from the lowland forests of the Caribbean slope of Panama. The new species differs from other Annona L. (Annonaceae) by the medium to large, broadly ovoid flowers (including three other species in Panama: A. acuminata Saff., A. billbergii R. E. Fr., and A. spraguei Saff.), by the glabrous and bluish glaucous underside of its leaves, and by the presence of small inner petals. The conservation status according to IUCN Red List categories and criteria has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

Callmander, M. W., P. B. Phillipson & G. E. Schatz (2014). Towards a revision of the genus Vitex L. (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar I : a distinctive new species from North-eastern Madagascar. Candollea 69: 141–147. In English, English and French abstracts. A review of the genus Vitex L. (Lamiaceae) in the context of the “Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar” project has led us to discover a number of probable new species and uncover other necessary taxonomic changes for the genus. One particularly distinctive new species, Vitex lowryi Callm., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, is described and illustrated in this article, the first of a series in which we envisage presenting the results of our ongoing investigations on Malagasy Vitex. A discussion of the differences between the new species and a group of the morphologically most similar species of the genus in Madagascar is provided, together with photographs showing the key features of each. Finally, a distribution map and a preliminary conservatio...

A major problem in establishing effective protocols for conserving Madagascar's biodiversity is the lack of reliable information for the identification of priority sites in need of protection. Analyses of field data and information from herbarium collections for members of the plant family Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction assessments can inform conservation planning. Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria showed that 91% of the species are threatened. Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar's existing protected area network. Protection of 10 additional sites would be required to encompass the 19 species currently lacking representation in the reserve network, within which east coast littoral forests are particularly under represented and important. The effect of scale on assessments of risk of extinction was explored by applying different grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy. Using a grid cell size within the range suggested by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried countries such as Madagascar measures of range size based on such data should be complemented with field observations to determine population size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific threats to habitat and therefore potential population decline. The analysis of such data can make an important contribution to the conservation planning process by identifying threatened species and revealing the highest priority sites for their conservation.

Background and aims – Diospyros (Ebenaceae), a large genus with a mostly tropical distribution, includes 736 species worldwide, 104 of which occur in continental Africa. During recent field work in west-central Gabon, two new species of Diospyros were collected. They are described and illustrated here, and compared with their most similar relatives. Preliminary conservation status assessments are also provided.Methods – Normal practices of herbarium taxonomy were applied to study all available herbarium material, mainly from BR, BRLU, LBV, MO, P and WAG. The conservation status of both species was evaluated following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.Key results – Diospyros cleistantha O.Lachenaud & G.E.Schatz occurs in the Atlantic regions of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon; it belongs to D. sect. Calvitiella and closely resembles D. zenkeri and D. iturensis. Diospyros subargentea O.Lachenaud, Dauby & G.E.Schatz is endemic to west-central Gabon; it belongs to D. sect. Noltia and most closely resembles D. soyauxii. The conservation status of the two species is assessed as Endangered and Vulnerable, respectively.

9. Beguea turkii G.E. Schatz, Gereau & Lowry, spec. nova (Fig. 2 C, 11). Typus: MADAGASCAR . Prov. Fianarantsoa: Vatovavy- Fitovinany Region, Ranomafana National Park, parcelle 3, S of National Road 25 at 7 km W of Ranomafana, Vatoharanana trail system, 21̊17’S 47̊26’E, 1100-1250 m, 3.XII.1992, fl., Turk & Solo 192 (holo-: MO-05035874!; iso-: P [P00214653]!, TAN!). Haec species a congeneris caulibus petiolis folii rhachide petiolulis folioli costa inflorescentiae axe et pedicellis indumento ferrugineo dense tomentosis atque pedicellis crassis distinguiter. Trees 10-17 m tall, bole to 17 cm diam.; stems densely ferruginous tomentose, glabrescent. Petioles 2.3-5.5 cm, densely ferruginous tomentose. Leaves with 7-16 subopposite to alternate leaflets; rachis 2.8-12.2 cm, not keeled, densely ferruginous tomentose; petiolule 1-3 mm, swollen, densely ferruginous tomentose; leaflet blade 1.8-8.1 × 0.8-2.3 cm, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, flat in pressed material, glabrous above, initially ferruginous tomentose below, glabrescent, base markedly asymmetrical, margins slightly revolute, apex acuminate, the acumen rounded to sometimes slightly retuse, midvein raised above, initially densely ferruginous tomentose, glabrescent, raised below, persistently densely ferruginous tomentose, secondary veins 14-21 per side, ascending at an angle of 25º from the midvein, slightly raised above and below, tertiary veins finely reticulate, slightly raised above and below. Inflorescence axis 8-15 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., unbranched, densely ferruginous tomentose; bracts 0.7-1 mm, triangular, adaxially concave; pedicels 3-4 mm, 0.7-0.9 mm in diam., densely ferruginous tomentose. Male flowers with a cupulate, 5- or 6-lobed calyx, the lobes c. 1.5 × 0.5 mm, erect and curved inwards slightly, densely ferruginous tomentose outside, glabrous inside; disc c. 1.5 mm in diam., drying dark, glabrous to sparsely golden granular-farinose; stamens 6-8, filaments 3-4 mm, glabrous, anthers c. 1 × 0.5 mm, ellipsoid. Female flowers not seen. Infructescence 7.5-8.2 cm, c. 2 mm in diam., densely ferruginous tomentose; pedicels 1.3-1.5 mm in diam. in fruit, densely ferruginous tomentose. Fruit spheroid, glabrous, 2.3-2.8 cm in diam., abruptly apiculate, the apiculum c. 1 mm; the fruit wall c. 1 mm thick; seed discoid, 12-14 mm in diam., c. 0.5 cm thick. Etymology. – The epithet turkii honors Dan Turk, who has significantly advanced our knowledge of the trees of Ranomafana National Park, and who continues to promote the cultivation of indigenous Malagasy trees. Conservation status. – Beguea turkii has a restricted range size (Fig. 4), with an EOO of 8,550 km2 and an AOO of less than 500 km2. While there may be no current threats at its locations in Andohahela and Ranomafana National Parks, continuing decline in the quality of the habitat from forest exploitation and clearing can be projected at the northern SAVA location southwest of the village of Morafeno along the boundary of the “Corridor forestier Marojejy-Anjanaharibe Sud-Tsaratanana Nord”. Therefore, B. turkii is assigned a preliminary status of “Endangered” [EN B2ab(iii)] using the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN, 2012). Fig. 11. – Begueo turkii G.E. Schatz, Gereau & Lowry. A. Flowering branch; B. Portion of inflorescence axis; C. Detail of flower at anthesis; D. Infructescence axis with fruits; E. Seed. [A-C: Turk & Solo 192, MO; D: Rokotomolozo 492, MO] [Drawing: R.L. Andriamiarisoa] Notes. – Beguea turkii is known from three widely dispersed locations in mid-elevation subhumid forest (Fig. 4). It can be distinguished from B. birkinshawii, the species most similar morphologically, by its stout pedicels (0.7-0.9 mm in diam. in flower, 1.3-1.5 mm in diam. in fruit vs 0.2-0.5 mm in diam. in flower, 0.9-1 mm in diam. in fruit vs), larger sepals (c. 1.5 mm vs c. 0.5 mm long), and larger spheroid fruit (2.3- 2.8 cm in diam vs ellipsoid to obovoid and 1.7-1.8 cm long, c. 1.2 cm in diam) (Fig. 11). Paratypi. – MADAGASCAR . Prov. Antsiranana: SAVA Region, forêt d’Antsahandroboka, située à env. 10 km au SW du village de Morafeno, sentier d’Antsahandavakanjo vers Antsahabaraoka, 14̊09’26’’S 49̊23’09’’E, 1010 m, 18.II.2007, fl., Rakotovao et al. 3648 (G, P, MO, TAN). Prov. Fianarantsoa: Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region, Ranomafana NP, parcelle 3, S of National Road 25 at 7 km W of Ranomafana, Valohoaka trail system, 21̊18’S 47̊26’E, 1100-1250 m, 19-21.XI.1992, fl., Turk, Randrianasolo & Solo 169 (MO, P, TAN). Prov. Toliara: Anosy Region, RNI #11 Andohahela, Camp 3, 13.5 km NW d’Eminiminy, 24̊35’04’’S 46̊44’08’’E, 1000-1400 m, 9.XI.1995, fr., Rakotomalaza 492 (MO, TAN).

4. Beguea betamponensis G.E. Schatz, Gereau & Lowry, spec. nova (Fig. 6). Typus: MADAGASCAR . Prov. Toamasina: Atsinanana Region, RNI de Betampona, piste principale, 17��55���S 49��13���E, 300-400 m, 30.XI.1994, fl., Andrianarisata et al. 246 (holo-: MO-6704232!; iso-: P [P06168886]! TAN!). Haec species a congeneris indumento stellato-fasciculato, foliolis coriaceis marginibus valde revolutis apice rotundatis atque inflorescentia raro ramosa distinguitur. Tree c. 13 m tall; young stems with dense golden stellate-fasciculate indument, glabrescent. Petioles 2.8- 5.4 cm, with sparse strongly appressed golden stellate indument. Leaves with 3-8 subopposite to alternate leaflets; rachis 2.7-10 cm, keeled above, glaucous with sparse, strongly appressed golden stellate indument; petiolule 1-5 mm or leaflets sometimes subsessile, with sparse golden stellate-fasciculate indument, glabrescent; leaflet blade 3.2-10 �� 1.5-3.5 cm, oblanceolate to occasionally elliptic, very coriaceous, flat in pressed material, glabrous and glossy above, glabrous and dull below, base asymmetrical, acute to cuneate, margins strongly revolute with up to 3 mm rolled under in dried material, apex rounded, midvein slightly raised above, distinctly raised below, slightly glaucous, with sparse appressed golden stellate indument, secondary veins 12-16 per side, flat to slightly impressed above, raised below, tertiary venation slightly raised and evident above. Inflorescence axis 6- 19 cm, unbranched, or bifurcating towards the apex, reddish, essentially glabrous with very sparse golden stellate-fasciculate indument; bracts c. 0.3 mm, triangular; pedicels 2.5-3.5 mm, 0.3-0.4 mm in diam., densely golden strigulose and also with appressed golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes. Male flowers with a cupulate, 5- or 6-lobed calyx, the lobes c. 0.5 �� 0.5 mm, triangular, acute, glabrous outside, densely golden setaceous inside; stamens 8, filaments c. 4.5 mm, glabrous except for sparse trichomes toward the base, anthers c. 1.1 �� 0.4 mm, ellipsoid; disc and pistillode densely golden setaceous, the trichomes to 0.5 mm. Female flowers not seen. Fruit not seen. Conservation status. ��� Although Beguea betamponensis is known only from the fairly well-protected Betampona Strict Nature Reserve (Fig. 4), its current status with regard to population size and reproduction, and also the potential negative impact from invasive strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine), is unknown. With a restricted AOO and the potential threat from such an aggressive invasive, which could rapidly push the species to ���Critically Endangered��� or ���Extinct��� status, B. betamponensis is here assigned the category of ���Vulnerable��� [VU D2] using the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN, 2012). Notes. ��� Beguea betamponensis is known only from the type collection in humid forest at the Betampona Strict Nature Reserve (Fig. 7), where it is sympatric with B. apetala. It can be easily distinguished from B. galokensis, with which it shares an indument of tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes, by its very coriaceous leaflets with strongly revolute margins, rounded apex lacking a mucro, and impressed secondary veins (vs subcoriaceous leaflets with slightly revolute margins, acute to acuminate apex with a distinct mucro, and flat to slightly raised secondary veins) and its occasionally branched inflorescences (vs unbranched inflorescences) (Fig. 6)., Published as part of George E. Schatz, Roy E. Gereau & Porter P. Lowry Ii, 2017, A revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Beguea (Sapindaceae), pp. 45-65 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a6, http://zenodo.org/record/888177, {"references":["IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland & Cambridge."]}

Schatz, G.E., R.E. Gereau & P.P. Lowry II (2017). A revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Beguea (Sapindaceae). Candollea 72: 45–65. In English, English and French abstracts. A taxonomic revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Beguea Capuron (Sapindaceae) is presented. While Capuron in 1969 originally recognized a single, variable species (Beguea apetala Capuron), a careful reevaluation of all available material allows us to recognize ten species, nine of which are described as new, on the basis of numerous floral and vegetative characters. Material of only two of the new species was available to Capuron, and was included in his broad circumscription of Beguea apetala, whereas all material of the remaining seven new species has been collected since 1992. The nine species are illustrated by line drawings, and several species are documented by field photographs. The geographic distribution of each species is presented and mapped, and a preliminary risk of extinction assessment is provided using the...

6. Beguea borealis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, spec. nova (Fig. 8). Typus: MADAGASCAR . Prov. Antsiranana: DIANA Region, Montagne des Fran��ais, for��t d���Ampitiliantsambo, �� 3 h. de marche �� pied, �� l���E d���Andranomanitra, 12��23���13������S 49��23���04������E, 205 m, 14.I.2005, fl., Randrianaivo et al. 1163 (holo-: P [P04765740]!; iso-: MO, TAN!). Haec species a congeneris caulibus petiolis petiolulisque indumento aureo dense tomentulosis atque foliolis conduplicatis 4 ad 6 venis secundariis in quoque latere 7 ad 10 distinguitur. Tree c. 12 m tall, bole c. 15 cm in diam.; stems densely golden tomentulose, glabrescent. Petioles 1.7-3.6 cm, densely golden tomentulose. Leaves with 4-6 subopposite to opposite leaflets; rachis 0.2-2.1 cm, not keeled, densely golden tomentulose; petiolule 2-4 mm, light gray-tan tomentulose; leaflet blade 3.3-4.6 �� 1.6-2.4 cm, elliptic (occasionally very slightly ovate or obovate), subcoriaceous, nearly always conduplicate and folded along the midvein in pressed material, glabrous and glossy above, glabrous below except very sparsely tomentulose at the base, base symmetrical, cuneate to acute, margins flat, minutely thickened but not revolute, apex acuminate, the acumen rounded, midvein flat above, sparsely tomentulose, raised below, sparsely tomentulose towards the base, secondary veins 7-10 per side, slightly raised above and below, tertiary venation raised on both surfaces. Inflorescence axis 1.5-9.7 cm long, c. 1 mm in diam. at base, unbranched, sparsely tan sericeous; bracts c. 0.2 mm, triangular, adaxially concave; pedicels usually paired on a common peduncle to 1 mm, sometimes solitary and epedunculate, 0.5-1.5 mm, moderately to densely tan sericeous. Male flowers with a cupulate, 5- to 7-lobed calyx, the lobes 0.2-0.3 �� 0.3-0.6 mm, broadly triangular, sparsely tan sericeous outside; disc glabrous to sparsely white granular-farinose; stamens 8 (or 9), filaments c. 2 mm, with sparse spreading trichomes along basal third, anthers 0.7-0.8 �� 0.3-0.4 mm, oblong; pistillode 0.2-0.3 mm high, 0.2-0.3 mm in diam., hemispherical, covered with short appressed trichomes. Female flowers not seen. Fruit not seen. Etymology. ��� The epithet borealis refers to the northernmost occurrence of the genus Beguea in Madagascar. Vernacular name. ��� ���Gavoala���. Conservation status. ��� While Beguea borealis occurs within the recently decreed Montagne des Fran��ais (Ambohitr���Antsingy) protected area, it was collected adjacent to a clearing used as pasture and subject to potential burning, threats that may continue despite the new protected status. Therefore, with a restricted AOO and plausible threats that could rapidly push the species to Critically Endangered or Extinct status, B. borealis warrants a preliminary assessment of ���Vulnerable��� [VU D2] using the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN, 2012). Fig. 8. ��� Begueo boreolis G.E. Schatz & Lowry. A. Flowering branch; B. Leaflet (lower surface); C. Portion of inflorescence axis; D. Two flowers (one with filaments only partially expanded); E. Detail of flower at anthesis. [Rondrionoivo et ol. 1163, P]. [Drawing: R.L. Andriamiarisoa] Notes. ��� Beguea borealis is known only from the type specimen from the For��t d���Ampitiliantsambo within the Montagne des Fran��ais massif (Fig. 4). It can be distinguished from B. apetala, with which it shares conduplicate leaflets that are usually folded along the midvein in pressed material, by its leaflets with a symmetrical base, the margins flat and minutely thickened but not revolute (vs leaflets with a distinctly asymmetrical base and strongly revolute margins) (Fig. 8)., Published as part of George E. Schatz, Roy E. Gereau & Porter P. Lowry Ii, 2017, A revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Beguea (Sapindaceae), pp. 45-65 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a6, http://zenodo.org/record/888177, {"references":["IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland & Cambridge."]}

10. Beguea vulgaris G.E. Schatz, Gereau & Lowry, spec. nova (Fig. 2 D, 12). Typus: MADAGASCAR . Prov. Fianarantsoa: Vatovavy- Fitovinanay Region, Ranomafana NP, 21̊16’S 47̊26’E, 1000-1100 m, 18-31.I.1993, fl., Malcomber et al. 2058 (holo-: MO-04570269!; iso-: P [P06168859]!, TAN!). Haec species a congeneris caulibus petiolis et folii rhachide aureo-strigulosis deinde glabrescentibus atque foliolis in sicco complanatis marginibus revolutis apice obtusis usque breviter acuminatis distinguitur. Tree 4-25 m tall; stems densely golden strigulose, glabrescent. Petioles 2.3-6 cm, sparsely golden strigulose, glabrescent. Leaves with 3-11 subopposite to alternate leaflets; rachis 1-14.2 cm, not keeled, sparsely golden strigulose, glabrescent; petiolule 1-3 mm, sparsely golden strigulose; lea flet blade 3.2-9.5 × 0.9-4.1 cm, elliptic, coriaceous, flat in pressed material, glabrous and glossy above, glabrous to sparsely strigulose near midvein below, dull, base asymmetrical, cuneate to attenuate and decurrent along petiolule, margins revolute, apex obtuse to acute to short acuminate, midvein slightly raised above, glabrous, raised below, sparsely strigulose, secondary veins 8-14 per side, slightly raised above, flat and indistinct or slightly raised below, tertiary venation slightly raised above and below. Inflorescence axis 3.5-12.8 cm long, 1.1-1.8 mm in diam., unbranched, densely golden hirtellous; bracts 0.6- 0.8 mm, narrowly triangular, cucullate; pedicels usually paired on a common peduncle c. 0.5 mm, sometimes solitary and epedunculate, 2-3.8 mm, c. 0.3 mm in diam., sparsely golden hirtellous. Male flowers with a cupulate, 5- to 7-lobed calyx, the lobes 0.5-0.8 × 0.3-0.8 mm, triangular, sparsely puberulous outside and inside; disc 1.5-1.8 mm in diam., granularfarinose; stamens 5-7, filaments 3.6-7.0 mm, glabrous, anthers 0.7-1.0 × 0.4-0.6, ellipsoid; pistillode 0.2-0.5 mm high, conical, hirtellous. Female flowers with a cupulate, 6-lobed calyx, the lobes c. 0.5 × 0.4 mm, triangular, sparsely puberulous outside, reflexed with the apex incurved; disc 1.7 mm in diam., convex, granular-farinose; staminodes 7-8, antherodes ellipsoid; ovary 1.7-1.8 × 1.6-1.8 mm, globose, sparsely strigulose, style 2-1-2.4 mm. Infructescence 7.5-15.2 cm, 1.1-2 mm in diam.; pedicels 3-5 mm in fruit. Fruit spheroid to less often ellipsoid, 14-19 mm high, 10-17 mm in diam., apiculate, the apiculum 0.3-0.6 mm, glabrous; fruit wall 0.7-1.1 mm thick; seed discoid, 10-12 mm in diam., 6-7 mm thick. Etymology. – The epithet vulgaris refers to the common, widespread occurrence of the species. Vernacular names. – “Borasaka”, “Lanary Elatrangidina”, “Maintipotora”, “Marankoditra”, “Ramaindafa”, “Ramendafa”. Conservation status. – Beguea vulgaris is widespread (Fig. 3), with an EOO of 65,664 km2 and an AOO probably greater than 2,000 km2 given the amount of potential suitable habitat within the EOO. It occurs in the protected areas of Analamazoatra, Marojejy, Masoala, Ranomafana, Tsitongambarika and Zahamena, and is known from a minimum of 16 locations with respect to the threat of forest degradation and clearing. It is therefore assigned a preliminary assessment of “Least Concern” [LC] using the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2012). Notes. – Beguea vulgaris is widely distributed from Marojejy PN to Bemangidy near Tolagnaro (Fig. 3) in mid-elevation humid to subhumid forest. It is easily distinguished from B. apetala by its flat vs folded leaflets, with an obtuse to acute to occasionally short acuminate apex (vs a long acuminate apex), and from B. tsaratananensis by its leaflets with revolute margins and its puberulous sepals (vs flat leaflet margins and glabrous sepals) (Fig. 2 D, 12D). Paratypi. – MADAGASCAR . Prov. Antsiranana: SAVA Region, RNI Marojejy, aux env. du sommet d’Ambatosoratra, 14̊32’S 49̊42’30’’E, 1583 m, 17-24.VI.1994, fr., Ravelonarivo 234 (MO, P, TAN), ibid. loc., 17-24.VI.1994, fr., Ravelonarivo 253 (MO, P, TAN). Prov. Fianarantsoa: Vatovavy-Fitovinanay Region, Ranomafana NP, 21̊15’S 47̊27’E, 800-1000 m, 17-19.VIII.1993, fl., Kotozafy, Randriamanantena & Randrianasolo 174 (G, MO, P, TAN); ibid. loc., 21̊16’S 47̊25’E, 900 m, 12 Mar. 1993, fl., Malcomber,Turk & Rakoto 2227 (MO, P, TAN); ibid.loc., Vatoharanana, 21̊17’04’’S 47̊26’00’’E, 1025 m, 2.X.2000, fr., Rakotovao & Randriantafika 987 (MO, P, TAN); ibid. loc., 21̊16’S 47̊25’30’’E, 1000 m, 21.II.1991, fl., Schatz et al. 3165 (MO, P, TAN); ibid. loc., parcelle 3, S of National Road 25 at 7 km W of Ranomafana, Talatakely trail system, 21̊15’30’’S 47̊25’E, 950- 1150 m, 16.VIII.1993, fl., Turk, Solo & Randrianasolo 521 (MO, P, TAN); ibid. loc., 21̊15’S 47̊27’E, VII.1987, fr., Wright 12 (MO). Prov. Toamasina: Alaotra-Mangoro Region, Moramanga, Ambatovy, forêt d’Analamay, 18̊49’27’’S 48̊20’13’’E, s.d., fr., Andriatsiferana 2553 (MO, P, TAN); ibid. loc., Ambatovy forest, 18̊50’11’’S 48̊18’44’’E, 1168 m, 22.I.2007, y.fr., Antilahimena 5175 (MO, P, TAN, TEF); ibid. loc., 18̊50’14’’S 48̊18’39’’E, 1154 m, 19.I.2007, fl., Antilahimena & Razafindasy 5153 (G, MO, P, TAN); ibid. loc., junction of a road Berano and Analamy, 18̊50’08’’S 48̊18’42’’E, 1200 m, 10.III.2007, fr., Antilahimena et al. 5459 (MO, P, TAN); ibid.loc., Ambatovy forest/Andranovery, 18̊51’53’’S 48̊18’58’’E, 1006 m, 5.III.2008, fr., Antilahimena 6114 (MO, P, TAN, TEF); ibid. loc., Forêt d’Analamay, 18̊49’18’’S 48̊19’08’’E, 1200 m, 5.VI.2007, fr., Bernard et al. 512 (MO, P, TAN); S de Moramanga, [18̊56’S 48̊13’E], 18.II.1930, fl., Decary 7108 (MO, P); Forêt d’Analamazoatra, [18̊56’S 48̊26’E], 800 m, s.d. & y.fr., Perrier de la Bâthie 5251 (MO, P); Lakoto, village Bekorakaka, 19̊03’16’’S 48̊21’43’’E, 1000 m, 25.IX.2000, fr., Randrianaivo et al. 546 (MO, P, TAN); forêt d’Ambatovy, 18̊47’19’’S 48̊20’33’’E, 1009 m, 23.X.2008, ster., Ratolojanahary 41 (MO, TAN); Ambatofitatra, [PN Zahamena], [17̊38’30’’S 48̊50’E], 14.XII.1959, fl., Réserves Naturelles 10547 (P); Analanjirofo Region, Dist. Vavatenina, Canton Sahatavy, [PN Zahamena], [17̊38’30’’S 48̊50’E], 24.II.960, fl., Réserves Naturelles 11041 (P, TEF); Alaotra-Mangoro Region, Analamazaotra-Perinet, [18̊56’S 48̊26’E], 20.III.1950, fr., Service Forestier 1159 (P, TEF); Ambatoafo-Moramanga, [19̊26’S 48̊12’E], 4.VII.952, fr., Service Forestier 6132 (MO, P, TEF); Analanjirofo Region, env. du col d’Ambatondrama (piste Maroantsetra-Antalaha), au N de la presqu’île Masoala, [15̊17’30’’S 50̊01’36’’E], 600 m, 25.XII.1953, y.fr., Service Forestier 8791 (MO, P, TEF); Alaotra-Mangoro Region, Dist. Moramanga, Malompy, Ambohimiarina, [19̊18’S 48̊21’E], 18.IV.957, fr., Service Forestier 16959 (P, TEF); vallée de la Vohomahery, à l’E de Nosivolo (Canton de Manakambahiny-Est) (limite W de la RN III [Zahamena]), [17̊46’00’’S 48̊39’40’’E], 27.VIII.1958, fr., Service Forestier 18728 (P, TEF); Ampandroambazaha, PK 28 route Moramanga-Anosibe, [19̊08’30’’S 48̊15’00’’E], 900 m, 12.VII.1963, fr., Service Forestier 21233 (G, K, MO, P, TEF); Koubaville, entre Moramanga et Anosibe, [19̊16’00’’S 48̊13’30’’E], 23.XII.965, fl., Service Forestier 24414 (MO, P, TEF); Atsinanana Region, Canton et Distr. d’Anosibe An’Ala, [19̊42’00’’S 48̊34’00’’E], 22.IV.1964, fr., Service Forestier 25005 (K, MO, P, TEF); Ambonitra, PK 39 route Moramanga-Anosibe An’Ala, [19̊10’S 48̊13’E], 5V.1965, fr., Service Forestier 25183 (K, MO, P, TEF); ibid.loc., Service Forestier 25200 (G, K, L, MO, P); Forêt d’Analamazoatra, [18̊56’S 48̊26’E], 3.XII.1934, fl., Ursch 49 (P). Prov.Toliara: Anosy Region, Antsotso, forêt de Bemangidy, 24̊34’10’’S 47̊12’01’’E, 651 m, 5.IV.2008, fl., Randriatafika et al. 834 (MO, P, TAN).

1. Beguea ankeranensis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, spec. nova (Fig. 1, 2 A). Typus: MADAGASCAR . Prov. Toamasina: Atsinanana Region, Brickaville, Anjahamamay, Anivoranokely, Ankerana forest, 18̊24’21’’S 48̊48’18’’E, 700 m, 19.I.2012, fl., Antilahimena 7978 (holo-: MO-6704230!; iso-: G [G00341688]!, K!, P [P00580357]! TAN). Haec species a congeneris foliorum petiolo rhachideque indumento aureobrunneo tomentulosis, foliolis 6 ad 8 in sicco complanatis apice acute acuminatis, pedicellis c. 1 mm longis atque antheris 2.2-2.5 mm longis distinguitur. Tree c. 15 m tall; stems densely golden brown tomentulose. Petioles 2.6-4 cm, densely golden brown tomentulose. Leaves with 6-8 subopposite to alternate leaflets; rachis 3.8-7 cm, keeled above, golden brown tomentulose; petiolule 2.5-3 mm, golden brown tomentulose; leaflet blade 2.8-7 × 1.2-2.2 cm, elliptic, papyraceous to subcoriaceous, flat in pressed material, glabrous and only slightly glossy above, sparsely light brown tomentulose on midvein and secondary veins below, base weakly to markedly asymmetrical, acute to nearly decurrent, margins minutely thickened, not revolute, apex distinctly acuminate, the acumen acute, midvein distinctly raised and knife-like above and below, secondary veins (8-)10-13 per side, flat to slightly impressed above, raised below, tertiary venation obscure above, slightly raised and evident below. Inflorescence axis 16-19 cm long, c. 1 mm in diam., unbranched, dark chocolate brown, densely golden brown tomentulose; bracts c. 1 mm, narrowly triangular, adaxially concave; pedicels c. 1 mm, c. 0.8 mm in diam., densely golden brown tomentulose. Male flowers with a shallowly cupulate, (4-)5-lobed calyx, the lobes broadly triangular, c. 1 × 1.2 mm, acute, densely golden brown tomentulose outside, densely golden setaceous inside; stamens 8, filaments 1-3 mm, glabrous, anthers 2.2-2.5 × c. 0.8 mm, ellipsoid; disc and pistillode densely golden setaceous, the trichomes to 0.5 mm. Female flowers not seen. Fruit not seen. Conservation status. – Known only from a single collection from well within an intact forest block of the newly designated Corridor Ankeniheny Zahamena PA (Fig. 3), and lacking any additional information on population size, B. ankeranensis is assigned a provisional status of “Least Concern” [LC] using the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN, 2012), with the caution that this status is highly dependent on continued effective protection. Notes. – Beguea ankeranensis is known only from the type collection in humid forest at Ankerana (Fig. 3), which is included within the recently decreed Corridor Ankeniheny Zahamena PA. It can be easily distinguished from the two species most similar morphologically (B. birkinshawii and B. turkii) by its leaflets with a long-acuminate apex and an acute acumen (vs acute to short acuminate apex and rounded to retuse acumen), short pedicels c. 1 mm long (vs 2.5-4 mm long), and large anthers 2.2-2.5 mm long (vs only 1 mm long) (Fig. 1, 2 A).

7. Beguea galokensis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, spec. nova (Fig. 9). Typus: MADAGASCAR . Prov. Antsiranana: DIANA Region, Ambilobe, Beramanja, Anketrabe Belinta, for��t de Galoko, riv. Andohaniamabahatra, 13��35���17������S 48��42���43������E, 336 m, 5.X.2013, fl., Manjato et al. 454 (holo-: MO-6701389!; iso-: G, K, P [P01060305]!, TAN!). Haec species a congeneris foliorum petiolis rhachidibus petiolulisque trichomatum aureorum perbrevium stellatofasciculatorum caespitibus dense indutis atque foliolorum lamina adaxialiter dense punctata apice breviter mucronata distinguitur. Tree c. 7 m tall; stems densely light brown tomentulose, glabrescent. Petioles 3.5-7.5 cm, densely covered with tufts of very short, golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes. Leaves with 4-14 alternate to sub-opposite leaflets; rachis 0.8-16.6 cm, keeled above, densely covered with tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes; petiolule 3-5 mm, densely covered with tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes; leaflet blade 3.7-10.6 �� 1.3-2.3 cm, narrowly elliptic, subcoriaceous, flat in pressed material, glabrous and glossy and densely punctate above, glabrous below, base markedly asymmetrical, attenuate to cuneate to rarely acute, margins slightly revolute, apex acute to acuminate, the acumen rounded and often with a short mucro, midvein raised above and below, sparsely covered with tufts of very short golden stellatefasciculate trichomes on both sides, secondary veins 13-17 per side, flat to slightly raised above and below, tertiary venation flat on both surfaces. Inflorescence axis 4.3-17 cm long, c. 1 mm in diam., unbranched, moderately covered with tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes; bracts c. 0.5 mm, triangular, flat, caducous; pedicels usually paired on a common peduncle to 0.5 mm, sometimes solitary and epedunculate, 2-4 mm, moderately to densely covered with tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes. Male flowers with a cupulate, 5-lobed calyx, the lobes broadly triangular, 0.3-0.6 �� 0.2-0.5 mm, moderately covered with tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes outside; disc obscured by the pistillode; stamens 7-9, filaments c. 2.8 mm, with sparse spreading trichomes along basal half, anthers 1.0-1.1 �� 0.6- 0.8 mm, oblong; pistillode 0.2-0.3 mm high, 0.2-0.3 mm in diam., hemispherical to depressed hemispherical, disc 0.3- 0.5 mm high, 1 mm in diam., densely covered with stiff erect golden trichomes to 0.4 mm long. Female flowers not seen. Fruit not seen. Conservation status. ��� While Beguea galokensis occurs within the recently decreed Galoko-Kalobinono protected area (Fig. 3), it was collected adjacent to a clearing used as pasture and subject to potential burning, threats that may continue despite the new protected status. Therefore, with a restricted AOO and plausible threats that could rapidly push the species to Critically Endangered or Extinct status, B. galokensis warrants a preliminary assessment of ���Vulnerable��� [VU D2] using the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN, 2012). Notes. ��� Beguea galokensis is known only from the type specimen from the For��t de Galoko, a site of high local endemism from which a number of new species have been recently described, including Canarium galokense Daly, Raharim. & Federman (DALY et al., 2015), Micronychia benono Randrian. & Lowry (RANDRIANASOLO & LOWRY, 2009) and Polyscias wohlhauseri Lowry & Callm. (CALLMANDER et al., 2009) (Fig. 3). It can be easily distinguished from B. betamponensis, with which it shares an indument of tufts of very short golden stellate-fasciculate trichomes, by its subcoriaceous leaflets with slightly revolute margins, acute to acuminate apex with a distinct mucro, and flat to slightly raised secondary veins (vs very coriaceous leaflets with strongly revolute margins, rounded apex lacking a mucro, and impressed secondary veins) and its unbranched inflorescence (vs occasionally branched inflorescence) (Fig. 9)., Published as part of George E. Schatz, Roy E. Gereau & Porter P. Lowry Ii, 2017, A revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Beguea (Sapindaceae), pp. 45-65 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a6, http://zenodo.org/record/888177, {"references":["IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland & Cambridge.","DALY, D. C., J. RAHARIMAMPIONONA & S. FEDERMAN (2015). A revision of Canarium L. (Burseraceae) in Madagascar. Adansonia ser. 3, 37: 277 - 345.","RANDRIANASOLO, A. & P. P. LOWRY II (2009). Four new species and one new combination in the Malagasy endemic genus of Micronychia Oliv. (Anacardiaceae). Adansonia ser. 3, 31: 157 - 168.","CALLMANDER, M. W., C. RAKOTOVAO, J. RAZAFITSALAMA, P. B. PHILLIPSON, S. BUERKI, C. HONG-WA, N. RAKOTOARIVELO, S. ANDRIAMBOLOLONERA, M. M. KOOPMAN, D. M. JOHNSON, T. DEROIN, A. RAVOAHANGY, S. SOLO, J. - N. LABAT & P. P. LOWRY II (2009). New species from the Galoka and Kalebonono massifs: two unknown and severely threatened mountainous areas in NW Madagascar. Candollea 64: 179 - 202."]}

Gaertnera Lam. (Rubiaceae, Gaertnereae) includes 42 species confirmed from Madagascar, with 16 of them newly described here as a result of recent botanical exploration. The Madagascar species of Gaertnera have notable morphological variation. Newly described, illustrated, and keyed here are G. arenarioides C. M. Taylor, G. breviflora C. M. Taylor, G. hirsuta C. M. Taylor, G. laevis C. M. Taylor, G. littoralis C. M. Taylor, G. malcomberiana C. M. Taylor, G. masoalana C. M. Taylor, G. nitida C. M. Taylor, G. rakotovaoana C. M. Taylor, G. razakamalalana C. M. Taylor, G. robusta C. M. Taylor, G. rubra C. M. Taylor, G. sclerophylla C. M. Taylor, G. velutina C. M. Taylor, G. vernicosa C. M. Taylor, and G. xerophila C. M. Taylor. Narrower circumscriptions of G. obovata Baker var. sphaerocarpa (Baker) Malcomber and G. phanerophlebia Baker here are detailed by revised descriptions. Assessments of conservation status of Gaertnera in Madagascar using IUCN categories find two species Critically Endangered, 1...

A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. is presented. Ten species are recognized, of which seven are threatened. Three species are newly described: C. olivacea Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov., C. pseudobiseriata Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov., and C. sphaerocephala Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov. An identification key to the species of Calantica is provided.

Pentachlaena pestita Andriam., Lowry & G.E. Schatz, spec. nova (Fig. 1, 2). Typus: Madagascar . Prov. Fianarantsoa: Amoron’i Mania Region, Ambositra, commune rurale Ihadilagnana, Mt. Ambatolahinanahary, 20̊26’43’’S 47̊03’42’’E, 1303 m, 4.XI.2014, fl., Ħndriamiðajariυo et al. 1907 (holo-: MO-6684230!; iso-: G!, MO-6685745!, P [P 01066023]!; TAN!). Haec species Pentacðlaenae latifoliae H. Perrier simillima, sed ab ea foliis majoribus (7.7­13.8 × 5.8­11.8 υs. 4.5­ 8.8 × 3.5­7 cm) υenis secundariis in paribus (10 ad) 14 ad 16 (υs. 7 ad 10) plerumque craspedodromis interdum distaliter subbrocðidodromis (υs. semper brocðidodromis), foliis abaxialiter necnon petiolis caulibus juυenilibus inflorescentiae axibus bracteis sepalis et fructu tricðomatibus stellato­strigosis c. 0.2­0.3 mm in diam. dense υestitis (υs. tricðomatibus stellato­punctatis Sðrub, 0.5-1.5 m tall. Leaυes ovate to oblong, rarely orbicular, coriaceous, (5.1-)10-13.8 × (4.3-)8-11.8 cm, weakly discolorous, with dense stellate-strigose trichomes c. 0.2- 0.3 mm in diam. on abaxial surFace, glabrous on adaxial surFace, base usually subcordate, rarely rounded, margin entire, apex retuse to emarginate, midvein channeled above, raised below, venation craspedodromous, occasionally approaching brochidodromous in distal 2 to 5 major secondary veins, with (10 to) 14 to 16 pairs oF secondary veins, weakly impressed above, raised below; petiole (1.3-)1.8-2.2(-2.8) cm long, 2-3 mm in diam., densely stellate-strigose, adaxially canaliculate. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, usually 2-flowered (occasionally 1-flowered), peduncles 1-3 mm long, densely stellate-strigose; flowers subsessile, bracts (3-)4-6(-8) × 1 mm, narrowly lanceolate, margin entire to slightly dentate, sparsely stellate-strigose; involucre scale-like, densely stellate-strigose; sepals 5, quincuncial, unequal in size, united at the base, 0.4-0.6(-0.8) × 0.8-1 cm, stellate-strigose on outer surFace, glabrous and with evident reticulate veins on inner surFace; petals 5, quincuncial in bud, white, obovate, glabrous, Free, with evident actinodromous and reticulate venation, 1.6-1.7(-2.2) × 1-1.1 (-1.3) cm, base cuneate, apex truncate, extrastaminal disc 1-1.2 mm high, with a sinuate margin; stamens 40 to 70 or more, filaments (0.5-)0.7-0.8(-0.9) mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.7-1 mm long, introrse, basifixed; ovary globose, densely stellate-strigose, 2.4-2.7 × 3-3.5 mm, locules 5, style glabrous, ovules 6 per locule, 1.5- 1.6 mm long, 0.5 mm in diam., stigma capitate, light green, 5-lobed, margins oF the lobes distinctly undulate. Fruits obloid, light brown to orangish, 3 × 2-2.5 cm, flattened at the apex and the base, ridged, dehiscent, exocarp thin, densely stellate-strigose, endocarp thin, seeds 1 per locule, brown, slightly flattened, c. 1.3 cm long. Etymology. – The epithet ‘vestita’ reFers to the dense stellate strigose indument on the abaxial surFace oF the leaves as well as the petioles, young stems, inflorescence axes, bracts, sepals, and Fruits. Distribution and ecology. – Pentacðlaena υestita is restricted to Mt. Ambatolahinanahary, located near the Mania River in the north-western part oF Ambositra district in central Madagascar, some 30 km to the south oF the Ibity massiF, where P. latifolia, which it most closely resembles, occurs (Fig. 3). It grows on quartzite substrate in an open matrix oF wooded grassland and bushland/Tapia woodland at elevations between 1250 and 1500 m. Pentacðlaena υestita is known From only seven collections. Material in bud and flower has been gathered in October and November, and the single Fruiting collection was made in January. [A-F: Andriomihojorivo 1907, G, Rovololomonono et ol. 57, TAN] [Drawing: R.L. Andriamiarisoa] Vernacular name. – Mananamba. Conserυation status. – With an extent oF occurrence oF Notes. – Pentacðlaena υestita most closely resembles P. latifolia, which also occurs in central Madagascar, primarily on and around the quartzitic Ibity MassiF some 30 km to the north (Fig. 3). These two species both have ovate to oblong, weakly discolorous leaves with a retuse to emarginate apex, axillary and terminal inflorescences with one or two flowers subtended by entire or slightly dentate bracts, and occur on quartzite substrates. Our new species can, however, be distinguished by a suite oF characters, as summarized in Table 1. Pentacðlaena υestita, like P. latifolia, is clearly fire tolerant, as are most oF the other species that have been able to survive in Madagascar’s wooded grassland and bushland/Tapia woodland habitats. The increased Frequency oF fires in these areas above historical pre-human levels has likely reduced the number oF sites where individuals oF P. υestita can persist and has probably also stunted their growth, preventing them From reaching their maximum potential height (Fig. 2 C, D). Lowry et al. (2000), in their revision oF Pentacðlaena, assigned Perrier de la Bâtðie 2112 From the Mania River to P. latifolia, having overlooked the Fact that this collection exhibits the distinctive Features that characterize P. υestita. In re-examining the holdings oF other species oF Pentacðlaena in the Paris herbarium to compare them with the material oF our new species, we Found that another collection, Perrier de la Bâtðie 1998, made in January 1913, comprises a mixed gathering oF material clearly belonging to P. υestita and to P. latifolia. The label data accompanying the two specimens oF this gathering indicate that it was collected on Mt. Ibity, where P. latifolia is abundant, suggesting that some Fragments oF P. υestita, almost surely belonging to Perrier de la Bâtðie 2112, were accidentally mounted along with the material oF Perrier de la Bâtðie 1998. While it is not out oF the question that the two taxa were growing in sympatry at Ibity, this seems highly unlikely given that no individuals resembling P. υestita have ever been observed intermingled in the population oF P. latifolia and that no plants oF P. υestita have ever been collected at Ibity, which Further supports our interpretation that they represent two geographically distinct taxa. A similar case oF closely related but morphologically distinct species restricted to wooded grassland and bushland/Tapia woodland on quartzite and marble substrates in central Madagascar can be Found in the genus Pðilgamia Baill. (Malpigðiaceae), whose Four members all occur in this same type oF habitat and have clearly diversified within a limited geographic area (Arènes, 1950; Madagascar Catalogue, 2016). Paratypi. – Madagascar . Prov. Fianarantsoa: Région Amoron’i Mania, Ambositra, Comm. Ihadilagnana, à l’W de Volondoha, 20̊25’49’’S 47̊04’49’’E, 1254 m, 19.I.2005, Fr., Ħndriamiðajariυo et al. 566 (MO, TAN); Ihadilagnana, W d’Ambositra, Mt. Ambatolahinanahary, 20̊26’05’’S 47̊03’38’’E, 1491 m, 25.III.2006, bud, Ħndriamiðajariυo 874 (TAN); ibid. loc., same date, fl., Ħndriamiðajariυo 875 (TAN); Ambohipiandrianana-Ambohibary, Ihadilagnana, Ambositra, 20̊26’43’’S 47̊03’42’’E, 1303 m, 04.XI.2014, bud & fl., Ħndriamiðajariυo et al. 1908 (G, MO, P, TAN); sur la Mania, bois à Tapia, c. 1200 m, VI.1912, fl., Perrier de la Bâtðie 2112 (P [3 sheets]); Ihadilagnana, massiF d’Ambatolahinanahary, 20̊26’26’’S 47̊03’31’’E, 1346 m, 20.I.2006, bud, fl., Raυololomanana et al. 57 (MO, P, TAN).

The genus Grisollea includes three species found in the West Indian Ocean basin. Grisollea myriantha occurs in the Comoro Islands and Madagascar, while Grisollea thomassetii is restricted to the Seychelles. A new species, Grisollea crassifolia, is described from eastern Madagascar. This revision provides a key to the species, descriptions, illustrations, maps, conservation status assessments, and an overview of the placement of the genus within Stemonuraceae.

Three liana species of Grewia L. are described from Madagascar, bringing to five the members of the genus on the island to exhibit this habit. Grewia manomboensis G.E. Schatz, Randrian. & Lowry, sp. nov., G. rabehevitrae Randrian., Lowry & G.E. Schatz, sp. nov. and G. rufostellata Randrian., Lowry & G.E. Schatz, sp. nov., all three of which occur in low- to mid-elevation humid eastern forest, can be distinguished from one another by several features, including differences in the leaves (size, margin and prominence of the tertiary venation), pedicels (length, diameter and trichome density), sepal size, indument type and color, and petal shape. Illustrations are provided for each new taxon and photographs for two of them, along with a range map, preliminary assessments of the conservation status of each species, and an identification key in English and French.

A recent review of the Malagasy Bignoniaceae for the Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar has led to the discovery of two new species in the genus Stereospermum Cham.: S. gentryi Callm., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz and S. randrianaivoi Callm., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz. Stereospermum gentryi is unique in having leaflets spotted with red glands that give a reddish color when dry, and a long, lax, paniculate inflorescence bearing flowers with large corollas that are red-purple inside the mouth and throat. Stereospermum randrianaivoi can be distinguished by its usually 3-foliolate leaves with thick, coriaceous leaflets that are discolorous, with the adaxial surface drying pinkish green and the upper surface a dull gray-green, and shiny in vivo. Both of the new species are provided with illustrations, a discussion of their morphological affinities, and a conservation threat analysis based on the IUCN Red List Criteria.

We examined the cost of conserving species as climate changes. We used a Maxent species distribu- tion model to predict the ranges from 2000 to 2080 of 74 plant species endemic to the forests of Madagascar under 3 climate scenarios. We set a conservation target of achieving 10,000 ha of forest cover for each species and calculated the cost of achieving this target under each scenario. We interviewed managers of projects to restore native forests and conducted a literature review to obtain the net present cost per hectare of manage- ment actions to maintain or establish forest cover. For each species, we added hectares of land from lowest to highest cost per additional year of forest cover until the conservation target was achieved throughout the time period. Climate change was predicted to reduce the size of species' ranges, the overlap between species' ranges and existing or planned protected areas, and the overlap between species' ranges and existing forest. As a re- sult, climate change increased the cost of achieving the conservation target by necessitating successively more costly management actions: additional management within existing protected areas (US$0-60/ha); avoid- ance of forest degradation (i.e., loss of biomass) in community-managed areas ($160-576/ha); avoidance of deforestation in unprotected areas ($252-1069/ha); and establishment of forest on nonforested land within protected areas ($802-2710/ha), in community-managed areas ($962-3226/ha), and in unprotected areas ($1054-3719/ha). Our results suggest that although forest restoration may be required for the conservation of some species as climate changes, it is more cost-effective to maintain existing forest wherever possible.

Generic evaluation of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) for the Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar project necessitates the following nomenclatural actions: 12 new combinations are proposed for species originally described in Maba J.R.Forst. & G.Forst, or Tetraclis Hiern; two new combinations are proposed for species originally described in Olax L.; four new combinations are proposed resulting from the elevation of infraspecific taxa to the rank of species; two species are each provided with a new name; and 52 names (some of which are placed into synonymy) are lectotypified.

Background and aims - The Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar project aims to evaluate and enumerate the native and naturalized vascular plant flora of Madagascar. In light of the past two decades of intensive collecting and taxonomic work, all relevant published literature and available specimens are being reassessed in order to evaluate the taxonomic status and distribution of the native and naturalized taxa of vascular plants. Here we provide current figures for the total numbers of vascular plants and levels of endemism at the order, family, genus and species levels, comparing them to previous historical counts and analyzing the distribution of the non-endemic element of the flora. Key Results - At the time of writing (April 2010), more than a century after Baron first counted 4,100 species of vascular plants in Madagascar, the Madagascar Catalogue database had registered a total of 14,883 accepted names at all taxonomic levels (64 orders, 243 families, 1,730 genera, 11,220 species and 1,626 infraspecific taxa). Of the 11,220 species of vascular plants in Madagascar, 10,650 (95%) are angiosperms, of which 331 are naturalized introduced species. The remaining accepted indigenous angiosperm species total 10,319, of which 8,621 (84%) are endemic to Madagascar (82% endemism for all indigenous vascular plants). Among the 1,698 non-endemic species of indigenous angiosperms, a total of 1,372 (81%) also occur in Africa, of these 654 (39%) are present only in Africa and Madagascar.

Madagascar's imperilled biota are now experiencing the effects of a new threat—climate change ([Raxworthy et al . 2008][1]). With more than 90% endemism among plants, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, the stakes are high. The pristine landscapes that allowed this exceptional biodiversity to

Globally, priority areas for biodiversity are relatively well known, yet few detailed plans exist to direct conservation action within them, despite urgent need. Madagascar, like other globally recognized biodiversity hot spots, has complex spatial patterns of endemism that differ among taxonomic groups, creating challenges for the selection of within-country priorities. We show, in an analysis of wide taxonomic and geographic breadth and high spatial resolution, that multitaxonomic rather than single-taxon approaches are critical for identifying areas likely to promote the persistence of most species. Our conservation prioritization, facilitated by newly available techniques, identifies optimal expansion sites for the Madagascar government's current goal of tripling the land area under protection. Our findings further suggest that high-resolution multitaxonomic approaches to prioritization may be necessary to ensure protection for biodiversity in other global hot spots.

Although trees have high economic, cultural and ecological value, increasing numbers of species are potentially at risk of extinction because of forest loss and degradation as a result of human activities, including overharvesting, fire and grazing. Emerging threats include climate change and its interaction with the spread of pests and diseases. The impact of such threats on the conservation status of trees is poorly understood. Here we highlight the need to conduct a comprehensive conservation assessment of the world's tree species, building on previous assessments undertaken for the IUCN Red List. We suggest that recent developments in plant systematics, online databases, remote sensing data and associated analytical tools offer an unprecedented opportunity to conduct such an assessment. We provide an overview of how a Global Tree Assessment could be achieved in practice, through participative, open-access approaches to data sharing and evaluation.

Few studies have attempted to quantify the reduction or document the floristic composition of forests in Madagascar. Thus, we focused specifically on deforestation and plant diversity in Madagascar's eastern littoral community. We used a data set of approximately 13,500 specimen records compiled from both historical and contemporary collections resulting from recent intensive inventory efforts to enumerate total plant species richness and to analyze the degree of endemism within littoral forests. Change in littoral forest cover from original to current extent was estimated using geographical information systems tools, remote sensing data (satellite imagery and low-elevation digital photography), and environmental data layers. Of the original littoral forest only 10.3% remains in the form of small forest parcels, and only 1.5% of these remaining fragments are included within the existing protected-areas network. Additionally, approximately 13% of Madagascar's total native flora has been recorded from these forests that originally occupied

Lowry II, P. P., L. Nusbaumer, A. Randrianasolo, G. E. Schatz & C. Hong-Wa (2014). Endemic Families of Madagascar. XIII. New, restricted range species of Eremolaena Baill. and Schizolaena Thouars (Sarcolaenaceae). Candollea 69: 183–193. In English, French and English abstracts. One new species of Eremolaena Baill. and two new species of Schizolaena Thouars (belonging to the family Sarcolaenaceae) are described, illustrated and compared with the members of their respective genera they most closely resemble. Eremolaena darainensis Nusb. & Lowry is similar to Eremolaena rotundifolia (F. Gerard) Danguy but differs from it by features of the indument on the leaves and the sepals, and occurs only in the Loky-Manambato (Daraina) region of far north-eastern Madagascar, where it occurs in semi-deciduous forest on granite. Schizolaena charlotteae Lowry & G. E. Schatz resembles Schizolaena milleri Lowry & al. but is distinguished by differences in sepal indument, petal color, the number of stamens, and the ...

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) sets a series of ambitious targets for 2010 to stem the loss of plant diversity. Target 2 calls for a preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, at national, regional and international levels, but with less than 3% of global diversity assessed to date, the process must be greatly accelerated. This can best be done by mobilizing plant taxonomists to identify species that are threatened (or potentially threatened) using available distribution data from herbaria and other sources, and by including preliminary IUCN Red List assessments in all their taxonomic works. Emphasis should be placed on rare taxa with restricted ranges, which are the most likely to be at risk. Sufficient data are available for preliminary assessment of nearly all species, thereby limiting the number that must be relegated to "data deficient" status (DD). The taxonomic community can play a unique role in fulfilling the GSPC goals, but we must act quickly.

Stenanona flagelliflora is described as a new species of small, flagelliflorous tree from deep-soil hill rain forests of the Uxpanapa-Chimalapa region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. In flagelliflory, flowers are borne on essentially leafless modified whip-like branches that trail across the ground; this is the first report of the phenonenon for the flora of Mexico or Central America. The phenomenon of flagelliflory and its worldwide occurrence are reviewed. The Central American genus Stenanona is not closely related to other New World annonaceous genera with flagelliflorous species but rather is likely most closely related to the Old World species of Polyalthia with superficially inaperturate but internally disulculate pollen. The distribution of S. flagelliflora and of its closest relatives, as well as the existence of flagelliflory in Mexican rain forest, provide additional data supporting the persistence of rain forest lineages in Mexico throughout climatically adverse periods of the late Cenozoic. The new species is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) under the IUCN Red List classification.

Martin W. Callmander, Peter B. Phillipson, George E. Schatz (2014): Towards a revision of the genus Vitex L. (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar I: a distinctive new species from Northeastern Madagascar. Candollea 69: 141-147, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.160580