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It is well known that the luminescence efficiency of single crystals is affected by external parameters, such as the environmental temperature, especially in harsh environments. Due to this, it is of worth to examine the influence of temperature on the luminescence output of single-crystal scintillators. In this study lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu3Al5O12:Ce-LuAG:Ce) was examined, against previously published data for cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) and calcium fluoride doped with europium (CaF2:Eu) single crystals. Experiments were carried using a medical X-ray source, set to fixed high voltage (90kVp) and tube current/exposure time product (63mAs), in order to record the produced light, under different temperature conditions (20-120 Celsius). An interesting finding is that temperature, in the examined range, appear to have minimal influence on the light output of LuAG:Ce, in the contrary to the previously examined crystals (CdWO4 and CaF2:Eu) where the luminescence output constantly decreased with increasing temperature. The thermal stability of LuAG:Ce, in the examined temperature range, renders it a good choice, besides medical imaging, also for application in harsh environments as well as for long-term operation in high power LEDs.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the information content of positron emission tomography (PET) images. We used the GATE Monte Carlo package (GEANT4 application for tomographic emission) and reconstructed images, obtained using the software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR). The case study for the investigation of the PET images information content was the General Electric Discovery-ST (USA) PET scanner. A thin film plane source aluminum (Al) foil, coated with a thin layer of silica and a fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) bath distribution of (1 MBq) was used in the simulation for the image signal to noise ratio assessment. The influence of the maximum likelihood estimation ordered subsets maximum a posteriori one step late (MLE)-OS-MAP-OSL algorithm, using various subsets (1 to 21) and iterations (1 to 20) was examined. The image information content was assessed in terms of the information capacity (IC). Results showed that the single index information capacity maximized for the range of 8-20 iterations and 3 subsets. In conclusion, our study showed that the image information content of PET scanners can be fully characterized and further improved by investigation of the imaging chain components through Monte Carlo methods. Moreover, new perspectives are created by using the suggested techniques in the context of a global cloud service that could serve as an online quality evaluation metric for the PET scanners and other medical imaging systems.

The aim of the present study is to introduce the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for the image quality assessment of positron emission tomography (PET) scanners. For this purpose, a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plane source was simulated using a previously validated, scanner and source geometry, Monte Carlo (MC) model. The model was developed with the Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) MC package and reconstructed images obtained with the software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR), with cluster computing. The GE Discovery ST PET scanner was simulated by using a previously validated code. A plane source consisting of a TLC plate, was simulated by a layer of silica gel on aluminum (Al) foil substrate, immersed in 18F-FDG bath solution (1MBq). Image quality was assessed in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF) and the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) in order to obtain the detective quantum efficiency (DQE). MTF curves were estimated from transverse reconstructed images of the plane source, whereas the NNPS data were estimated from the corresponding coronal images. Images were reconstructed by the maximum likelihood estimation ordered subsets maximum a posteriori one step late (MLE)-OS-MAP-OSL algorithm, by using various subsets 1–21) and iterations 1–20). MTF values were found to increase up to the 12th iteration whereas remain almost constant thereafter. However, the range of the increase in the MTF is limited as the number of subsets increases. The noise levels were found to increase with the corresponding increase of both the number of iterations and subsets. The maximum NNPS value (0.517 mm 2 ) was observed for the 420 MLEM-equivalent iterations reconstructed image at 0 cycles/mm. Finally DQE values were found to increase for spatial frequencies up to 0.038 cycles/mm and to decrease thereafter with the corresponding increase in both number of iterations and subsets. The maximum DQE value (0.48 at 0.038 cycles/mm) was obtained for the 8 MLEM-equivalent iterations image. The simulated PET evaluation method based on the TLC plane source can be useful in the quality control and in the further development of PET and SPECT scanners though GATE simulations.

The aim of this article is to evaluate optical characteristics, such as the intrinsic conversion efficiency and the inherent light propagation efficiency of three polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/methyl methacrylate (MMA) composite ZnCuInS/ZnS (core/shell) nanocrystal flexible films. The concentrations of these were 100 mg/mL, 150 mg/mL, and 250 mg/mL, respectively. Composite films were prepared by homogeneously diluting dry powder quantum dot (QD) samples in toluene and subsequently mixing these with a PMMA/MMA polymer solution. The absolute luminescence efficiency (AE) of the films was measured using X-ray excitation. A theoretical model describing the optical photon propagation in scintillator materials was used to calculate the fraction of the generated optical photons passed through the different material layers. Finally, the intrinsic conversion efficiency was calculated by considering the QD quantum yield and the optical photon emission spectrum.

Machine learning is a domain highly influenced by the rapid evolution of cloud computing and has reached a maturity point where a plethora of data processing capabilities is now widely available. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential for building a common platform to support direct end-user application of machine learning algorithms across diverse scientific areas, emphasizing not only the suitability of appropriate tools, but also how results can be disseminated and utilized in a shared data environment. Three case studies are presented: i) quality evaluation metrics for tomographic image reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET), ii) health impacts of surface UV radiation and iii) demographic determinants that influence the perception of fraud and corruption incidents within different industry sectors. Tests showed that commercially available cloud resources are over-sufficient to consolidate results from a variety of teams and applications and are able to contribute to the build-up of a valuable shared knowledge repository. The cloud service platform exploits machine learning models and helps automate the training and prediction process. The suggested approach makes optimization more efficient and supports the transition to a more sustainable global information environment by breaking knowledge silos.

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the upper information content bound of positron emission tomography (PET) images, by means of the information capacity (IC). Methods: The Geant4 Application for the Tomographic Emission (GATE) Monte Carlo (MC) package was used, and reconstructed images were obtained by using the software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR). The case study for the assessment of the information content was the General Electric (GE) Discovery-ST PET scanner. A thin-film plane source aluminum (Al) foil, coated with a thin layer of silica and with a 18F-fludeoxyglucose (FDG) bath distribution of 1 MBq was used. The influence of the (a) maximum likelihood estimation-ordered subsets-maximum a posteriori probability-one step late (MLE-OS-MAP-OSL) algorithm, using various subsets (1 to 21) and iterations (1 to 20) and (b) different scintillating crystals on PET scanner&rsquo, s performance, was examined. The study was focused on the noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) and on the single index IC. Images of configurations by using different crystals were obtained after the commonly used 2-dimensional filtered back projection (FBP2D), 3-dimensional filtered back projection re-projection (FPB3DRP) and the (MLE)-OS-MAP-OSL algorithms. Results: Results shown that the images obtained with one subset and various iterations provided maximum NEQ values, however with a steep drop-off after 0.045 cycles/mm. The single index IC data were maximized for the range of 8&ndash, 20 iterations and three subsets. The PET scanner configuration incorporating lutetium orthoaluminate perovskite (LuAP) crystals provided the highest NEQ values in 2D FBP for spatial frequencies higher than 0.028 cycles/mm. Bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) shows clear dominance against all other examined crystals across the spatial frequency range, in both 3D FBP and OS-MAP-OSL. The particular PET scanner provided optimum IC values using FBP3DRP and BGO crystals (2.4829 bits/mm2). Conclusions: The upper bound of the image information content of PET scanners can be fully characterized and further improved by investigating the imaging chain components through MC methods.

The aim of the present study was to propose a comprehensive method for positron emission tomography (PET) scanners image quality assessment, by simulation of a thin layer chromatography (TLC) flood source with a previously validated Monte Carlo model.We used the GATE Monte Carlo package (GEANT4 application for tomographic emission) and the reconstructed images were obtained using the software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR), with cluster computing. The PET scanner used in this simulation study was the General Electric Discovery-ST (USA). The plane source that was used for the image quality assessment was a TLC plate, consisting of an aluminum (Al) foil, coated with a thin layer of silica and immersed in fluorodeoxyglucose (The PET scanner configuration, equipped with LuAP crystals, exhibited the optimum MTF values in both 2D and 3D FBP image reconstruction, whereas the corresponding configuration with BGO crystals exhibited the optimum MTF values after the iterative algorithm. The scanner equipped with the BGO crystals was also found to exhibit overall the lowest noise levels and the highest DQE values after algorithms. These finding indicate that the GE Discovery ST PET scanner exhibits the optimum image quality parameters, in terms of MTF, NNPS and DQE, with BGO scintillating crystals.Our new method showed that the imaging performance of PET scanners can be fully characterized and further improved by investigation of the imaging chain components through Monte Carlo methods. To this aim, a TLC based plane source was used during the simulation, in order to assess the impact of the scintillating crystal material on PET image quality, with the application of a previously validated Monte Carlo model. The aforementioned plane source can be also useful for the further development of PET and SPET scanners through GATE simulations, for clinical applications.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to propose a novel method for image quality assessment in PET scanners through estimation of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a plane source. The simulation was implemented using the previously validated Monte-Carlo model. A comparison of the proposed method with the more traditional technique, based on a line source, was also performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) Monte-Carlo package was used for model development, and reconstructed images were obtained using software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR) with cluster computing. A novel plane source consisting of a radioactive ((18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose) thin-layer chromatography plate was simulated (total source activity: 44.4 MBq) to assess image quality through the MTF. All images were reconstructed with the three-dimensional filtered back projection (FBP3DRP) and ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) reprojection algorithms. RESULTS The MTFs obtained using ordered-subsets expectation maximization show, in all cases, that higher frequencies are preserved compared with those obtained using the FBP3DRP. In addition, the plane source method is less prone to noise than the conventional line source method (SD=0.0031 and 0.0203, respectively). CONCLUSION The thin-layer chromatography-based plane source presented requires materials commonly found in a clinical environment and could be used to assess image quality in nuclear medicine departments and to further develop PET and single-photon emission computed tomography scanners through Monte-Carlo simulations.

Σκοπός: Ο γενικός σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να προτείνει μια νέα μέθοδο για την πλήρη περιγραφή των χαρακτηριστικών ποιότητας εικόνας και την βελτιστοποίηση της Τομογραφίας Εκπομπής Ποζιτρονίων (PET) αναπτύσσοντας ένα μοντέλο Monte Carlo.Υλικά και Μέθοδοι: Η μέθοδος αναπτύχθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας τον κώδικα Monte Carlo (GEANT4 Application For Tomographic Emissions) του GEANT4 με το πακέτο λογισμικού GATE που αναπτύχθηκε από την Open-GATE collaboration. Για την ανακατασκευή των εικόνων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το λογισμικό STIR και για τη λήψη των δεδομένων της ανακατασκευής, από το GATE, χρησιμοποιήθηκε μια συστοιχία από 12 επεξεργαστές Dual Core Intel (R) Xeon (TM) 3.00GHz (Supermicro SuperServer 6015B-UR/NTR, Αγγλία). Ο σαρωτής PET που προσομοιώθηκε σε αυτή τη μελέτη ήταν ο General Electric Discovery-ST (ΗΠΑ). Το μοντέλο GATE πιστοποιήθηκε μέσω της σύγκρισης των αποτελεσμάτων που ελήφθησαν με δημοσιευμένα αποτελέσματα (Bettinardi et al 2004, Mawlawi et al 2004) τα οποία ακολουθούν το πρωτόκολλο της NEMA-NU-2 2001. Οι εικόνες ανακατασκευάστηκαν με τρεις μεθόδους, αρχικά με τη 2D φιλτραρισμένη οπισθοπροβολή (FBP2D), στη συνέχεια με τη μέθοδο της 3D φιλτραρισμένης οπισθοπροβολής (FPB3DRP), των Kinahan και Rogers, και τέλος με χρήση επαναληπτικών αλγορίθμων (MLE-OSMAPOSL). Αρχικά έγινε προσδιορισμός της Συνάρτησης Μεταφοράς Διαμόρφωσης (MTF) για την αξιολόγηση της ποιότητας εικόνας συστημάτων PET. Η αξιολόγηση έγινε μέσω της προσομοίωσης μιας νέας επίπεδης πηγής Λεπτού Χρωματογραφικού Φιλμ (Thin Layer Chromatography-TLC) το οποίο αποτελείται από ένα στρώμα Διοξειδίου του Πυριτίου και υποστρώματα φύλλου Αλουμινίου, εμβαπτισμένο σε 18F-FDG με ενεργότηταGeorgios Karpetas PhD Thesis1244.4MBq.Η αξιολόγηση της MTF έγινε μέσω των ανακατασκευασμένων εικόνων της επίπεδης πηγής κάνοντας χρήση του λογισμικού STIR. Η αξιολόγηση της MTF πραγματοποιήθηκε επίσης:α) σε τρεις διαστάσεις (3D), τοποθετώντας την επίπεδη πηγή σε οριζόντια και σε κάθετη κατεύθυνση (διαστάσεις πηγής οριζόντια και κάθετα 5x10 εκατοστά),β) με σάρωση πηγής μεγαλύτερου πλάτους, ανακατασκευάζοντας την εγκάρσια τομή της (διαστάσεις 18x10cm) καιγ) από ανακατασκευασμένες εικόνες σημειακής πηγής.Να τονίσουμε εδώ ότι η παρούσα μελέτη είχε ως στόχο να συγκρίνει την προτεινόμενη μέθοδο (αξιολόγηση της MTF μέσω επίπεδης πηγής) με την πιο παραδοσιακή τεχνική που βασίζεται σε σημειακές πηγές. Στη συνέχεια έγινε προσδιορισμός της Ανιχνευτικής Κβαντικής Αποδοτικότητας (DQE) για την εκτίμηση της συνολικής απόδοσης του συστήματος PET, μέσω υπολογισμού της Συνάρτησης Μεταφοράς Διαμόρφωσης και του Κανονικοποιημένου Φάσματος Ισχύος Θορύβου (NNPS). Οι καμπύλες της MTF υπολογίστηκαν από την ανακατασκευή των εγκάρσιων τομών της επίπεδης πηγής (1 MBq), ενώ το NNPS υπολογίστηκε από τις αντίστοιχες στεφανιαίες τομές. Οι εικόνες ανακατασκευάστηκαν εφαρμόζοντας επαναληπτικούς αλγόριθμους (MLE-OSMAPOSL), χρησιμοποιώντας διάφορα υποσύνολα των προβολών (subsets) (3 έως 21) και επαναλήψεων (iterations) (1 έως 20). Επιπλέον, η αξιολόγηση της DQE έγινε μέσω διερεύνησης της επίδρασης διαφόρων κρυστάλλων σπινθηριστών στην διακριτική ικανότητα (MTF) και τον θόρυβο (NNPS) των ανακατασκευασμένων εικόνων του PET. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση, ο αλγόριθμος ανακατασκευής της εικόνας MLE-OSMAPOSL, υλοποιήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας 15 subsets και 3Γεώργιος Καρπέτας Διδακτορική Διατριβή13iterations.Αποτελέσματα και Συζήτηση: Τα αποτελέσματα της πιστοποίησης μέσω σύγκρισης με δημοσιευμένα αποτελέσματα είναι τα ακόλουθα: Η Διακριτική Ικανότητα (Spatial Resolution, SR) στο Πλήρες Εύρος στο Ήμιση του Μέγιστου (Full Width at Half Maximum - FWHM) βρέθηκε να έχει απόκλιση μικρότερη από 3,29% σε λειτουργία 2D και μικρότερη από 2,51% σε λειτουργία 3D, σε σχέση με δημοσιευμένα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα (Mawlawi et al 2004), αντιστοίχως. Οι τιμές 2D, για την Ευαισθησία (Sensitivity), το Ποσοστό Σκέδασης (Scatter Fraction-SF) και την Απόδοση του Ρυθμού Μέτρησης (Count-Rate), τα οποία ελήφθησαν ακολουθώντας το πρωτόκολλο της NEMA NU 2-2001, βρέθηκαν να διαφέρουν λιγότερο από 0,46%, 4,59% και 7,86%, αντίστοιχα με τα δημοσιευμένα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα (Mawlawi et al 2004).Ακολούθως, οι αντίστοιχες τιμές σε λειτουργία 3D βρέθηκαν να διαφέρουν λιγότερο από 1,62%, 2,85% και 9,13%, αντίστοιχα, με τα δημοσιευμένα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα (Mawlawi et al 2004). Η ευαισθησία επιπλέον εκτιμήθηκε χωρίς την παρουσία υλικού εξασθένησης, προσομοιώνοντας απευθείας μια ιδανική πηγή. Οι διαφορές που προέκυψαν μεταξύ της ιδανικής πηγής και της μεθοδολογίας κατά NEMA-NU-2 2001 κυμαίνονται από 0,04% έως 0,82% (ακτινική θέση R = 0cm) σε λειτουργία 2D και από 0,52% έως 0,67% σε λειτουργία 3D (ακτινικές θέσεις R = 10cm). Συνεπώς κάνοντας χρήση αυτής της μεθόδου, η ευαισθησία μπορεί να προσδιοριστεί με πιο απλοποιημένη και γρήγορη διαδικασία. Οι τιμές του Ρυθμού Μέτρησης Ισοδύναμου Θορύβου (Noise Equivalent Count Rate-NECR) που προέκυψαν ήταν 94.31kcps σε 2D και 66.9kcps σε 3D στα 70 και 15kBq/mL αντίστοιχα, σε σύγκριση με τα δημοσιευμένα αποτελέσματα τα οποία ήταν 94.08kcps σε 2D και 70.88kcps σε 3D στα 54.6kBq/mL και 14kBq/mLGeorgios Karpetas PhD Thesis14αντίστοιχα. Οι τιμές για την ποιότητα εικόνας βρέθηκαν σε εξαιρετική συμφωνία με τα δημοσιευμένα αποτελέσματα. Αφού ολοκληρώθηκε η πιστοποίηση του μοντέλου έγινε υπολογισμός της MTF. Οι τιμές MTF που προέκυψαν από την ανακατασκευή με τον αλγόριθμο FBP2D βρέθηκαν σε εξαιρετική συμφωνία με αυτές που προέκυψαν από την ανακατασκευή με τον αλγόριθμο FBP3DRP, ενώ οι αντίστοιχες τιμές μέσω του αλγόριθμου MLE-OSMAPOSL ήταν σε όλο το φάσμα των χωρικών συχνοτήτων υψηλότερες σε σχέση με τους αλγόριθμους οπισθοπροβολής (FBP). Η προσομοίωση της μεγάλης επίπεδης πηγής με αλγορίθμους οπισθοπροβολής έδειξε ότι οι τιμές της MTF ελαττώνονται σταδιακά από το κέντρο προς τα άκρα του οπτικού πεδίου (Field Of View-FOV). H MTF, της κάθετης τομής, διέφερε ελάχιστα σε σχέση με την οριζόντια. Η σύγκριση της επίπεδης πηγής με τη σημειακή πηγή έδειξε ότι η πρώτη είναι λιγότερη ευαίσθητη στο θόρυβο (SD = 0,0031 και 0,0203, αντίστοιχα). Η αξιολόγηση της DQE μέσω επαναληπτικών αλγορίθμων MLE-OSMAPOSL έδειξε ότι η απόδοση του συστήματος βελτιώνεται όσο αυξάνεται ο αριθμός των επαναλήψεων μέχρι μια μέγιστη τιμή (12 iterations) και παρέμενε αναλλοίωτη από εκεί και έπειτα.Επιπλέον, η μεταβολή του αριθμού των subsets δεν είχε επίδραση στην MTF, για ίσο αριθμό επαναλήψεων. Αντίστοιχα τα επίπεδα θορύβου (NNPS) μειώθηκαν με την αύξηση του αριθμού των iterations και των subsets. Με βάση τα προηγούμενα οι τιμές της DQE επηρεάστηκαν τόσο από την MTF όσο και από το NNPS και βρέθηκαν να αυξάνουν με την αντίστοιχη αύξηση του αριθμού των iterations και των subsets. Τέλος, ο ανιχνευτής PET στον οποίο τοποθετήθηκαν κρύσταλλοι LuAP, παρείχε τις βέλτιστες τιμές MTF σε οπισθοπροβολή 2D και 3D ενώ η αντίστοιχη διαμόρφωση με κρυστάλλους BGO παρείχε τις βέλτιστες τιμές MTF μετά την ανακατασκευή με MLE-OSMAPOSL.Γεώργιος Καρπέτας Διδακτορική Διατριβή15Αντίστοιχα, ο ανιχνευτής με κρυστάλλους BGO είχε τα χαμηλότερα επίπεδα θορύβου και τις υψηλότερες τιμές DQE μετά από την εφαρμογή όλων των αλγόριθμων ανακατασκευής.Συμπερασματικά: Η παρούσα μελέτη έδειξε ότι η συνολική απόδοση συστημάτων PET μπορεί να χαρακτηριστεί πλήρως, να βελτιωθεί περαιτέρω και να γίνει πιο απλή με τη διερεύνηση των διαφόρων στοιχείων της αλυσίδας απεικόνισης μέσω μεθόδων Monte Carlo.Η μέθοδος αξιολόγησης ανιχνευτών ΡΕΤ, βασιζόμενη σε επίπεδη πηγή TLC, απαιτεί υλικά που είναι συνηθισμένα στο κλινικό περιβάλλον, μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί πειραματικά και να χρησιμοποιηθεί στην κλινική πράξη. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εκτίμηση και βελτιστοποίηση της ποιότητας εικόνας, αλλά μπορεί να είναι επίσης χρήσιμη στον τομέα της έρευνας για περαιτέρω ανάπτυξη συστημάτων ΡΕΤ και SPECT, μέσω προσομοιώσεων με το πακέτο λογισμικού GATE.Οι ανακατασκευασμένες εικόνες από το λογισμικό STIR μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτίμηση της κατανομής του ραδιοφαρμάκου, καθώς και την απευθείας λήψη της δοσιμετρικής κατανομής, με αντίστοιχο όφελος στους πυρηνικούς γιατρούς.

GATE is advanced open source software dedicated to numerical simulations in medical imaging and radiotherapy. It currently supports simulations of Emission Tomography (Positron Emission Tomography - PET and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography - SPECT), Computed Tomography (CT) and Radiotherapy experiments. This work focused on the commercial Biograph 6 PET/CT scanner. The study targeted to (a) port previously developed and validated GATE codes to the currently available stable version GATE v.6.1, (b) evaluate model's validity detecting sources of bias (c) investigate differentiations imposed if different sources were employed, namely F-18 (Fluorine-18), O-15 (Oxygen-15) and C-11 (Carbon-11). The geometry of the system components was described in GATE, including detector ring, crystal blocks, PMTs etc. Energy and spatial resolution were taken into account. The GATE results were compared to experimental data obtained according to the NEMA NU-2-2001 protocol, Analysis was limited to scatter fraction, count looses and randoms. Good agreement was achieved between experimental and GATE results. Significant sources of bias were the (a) dead time value, (b) dead-time mode (paralysable-nonparalysable), (c) modelled activity (d) modelled source, (e) additional dead time values adopted in GATE modules.

The aim of this study was to develop a Monte-Carlo model that can be used for the optimization of positron emission tomography (PET) procedures and image quality metrics. This model was developed using the Monte Carlo package of Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) and the software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR) with cluster computing to obtain reconstructed images. The PET scanner used in this study was the General Electric Discovery-ST (US). The GATE model was validated by comparing results obtained in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEMA-NU-2-2001 protocol [Mawlawi et al (2004) and Bettinardi et al (2004)]. All images were reconstructed with the commonly used 2D filtered back projection and the 3D reprojection algorithms. We found that the simulated spatial resolution in terms of full width at half maximum (FWHM) agreed within less than 3.29% in 2D and less than 2.51% in 3D with published data of others, respectively. The 2D values for the sensitivity, scatter fraction and count-rate were found to agree within less than 0.46%, 4.59% and 7.86%, respectively with these published values. Accordingly, our study showed that the corresponding 3D values were found to agree to less than 1.62%, 2.85% and 9.13%, respectively with Mawlawi et al (2004) published values. Sensitivity, which was also estimated without the presence of attenuation material by simulating an ideal source, showed differences between the extrapolated and the ideal source values (with and without attenuation) ranging in 2D from 0.04% to 0.82% (radial location R=0cm) and 0.52% to 0.67% in 3D mode (radial locations R=10cm). The simulated noise equivalent count rate was found to be 94.31kcps in 2D and 66.9kcps in 3D at 70 and 15kBq/mL respectively, compared to 94.08kcps in 2D and 70.88kcps in 3D at 54.6kBq/mL and 14kBq/mL respectively, from the published by others values. The simulated image quality was found in excellent agreement with these published values. In conclusion, our study showed that our Monte Carlo model can be used to assess, optimize, simplify and reduce the simulation time for the quality control procedure of PET scanners. By using this model, sensitivity can be obtained in a more simplified procedure. Reconstructed images by STIR can be also used to obtain radiopharmaceutical distribution of images and direct dose maps, quite useful to nuclear medicine practitioners.

The aim of the present study was to assess image quality of PET scanners through a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plane source. The source was simulated using a previously validated Monte Carlo model. The model was developed by using the GATE MC package and reconstructed images obtained with the STIR software for tomographic image reconstruction, with cluster computing. The PET scanner simulated in this study was the GE DiscoveryST. A plane source consisted of a TLC plate, was simulated by a layer of silica gel on aluminum (Al) foil substrates, immersed in 18F-FDG bath solution (1MBq). Image quality was assessed in terms of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). MTF curves were estimated from transverse reconstructed images of the plane source. Images were reconstructed by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)-OSMAPOSL algorithm. OSMAPOSL reconstruction was assessed by using various subsets (3 to 21) and iterations (1 to 20), as well as by using various beta (hyper) parameter values. MTF values were found to increase up to the 12th iteration whereas remain almost constant thereafter. MTF improves by using lower beta values. The simulated PET evaluation method based on the TLC plane source can be also useful in research for the further development of PET and SPECT scanners though GATE simulations.

The aim of the present study was to assess the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of PET scanners through a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plane source. The source was simulated using a previously validated Monte Carlo model. The model was developed by using the GATE MC package and reconstructed images obtained with the STIR software for tomographic image reconstruction. The PET scanner simulated was the GE DiscoveryST. A plane source consisted of a TLC plate, was simulated by a layer of silica gel on aluminum (Al) foil substrates, immersed in 18F-FDG bath solution. Image quality was assessed in terms of the CNR. CNR was estimated from coronal reconstructed images of the plane source. Images were reconstructed by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)-OSMAPOSL. OSMAPOSL reconstruction was assessed by using various subsets (3, 15 and 21) and various iterations (2 to 20). CNR values were found to decrease when both iterations and subsets increase. Two (2) iterations were found to be optimal. The simulated PET evaluation method, based on the TLC plane source, can be useful in image quality assessment of PET scanners.

The aim of the present study was to assess image quality of PET scanners through a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plane source. The source was simulated using a previously validated Monte Carlo model. The model was developed by using the GATE MC package and reconstructed images obtained with the STIR software for tomographic image reconstruction. The simulated PET scanner was the GE DiscoveryST. A plane source consisted of a TLC plate, was simulated by a layer of silica gel on aluminum (Al) foil substrates, immersed in 18F-FDG bath solution (1MBq). Image quality was assessed in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF). MTF curves were estimated from transverse reconstructed images of the plane source. Images were reconstructed by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)-OSMAPOSL, the ordered subsets separable paraboloidal surrogate (OSSPS), the median root prior (MRP) and OSMAPOSL with quadratic prior, algorithms. OSMAPOSL reconstruction was assessed by using fixed subsets and various iterations, as well as by using various beta (hyper) parameter values. MTF values were found to increase with increasing iterations. MTF also improves by using lower beta values. The simulated PET evaluation method, based on the TLC plane source, can be useful in the resolution assessment of PET scanners.

The aim of the present study was to propose a comprehensive method for PET scanners image quality assessment, by the simulation of a thin layer chromatography (TLC) flood source with a previous validated Monte-Carlo (MC) model. The model was developed by using the GATE MC package and reconstructed images were obtained using the STIR software, with cluster computing. The PET scanner simulated was the GE Discovery-ST. The TLC source was immersed in 18F-FDG bath solution (1MBq) in order to assess image quality. The influence of different scintillating crystals on PET scanner's image quality, in terms of the MTF, the NNPS and the DQE, was investigated. Images were reconstructed by the commonly used FBP2D, FPB3DRP and the OSMAPOSL (15 subsets, 3 iterations) reprojection algorithms. The PET scanner configuration, incorporating LuAP crystals, provided the optimum MTF values in both 2D and 3DFBP whereas the corresponding configuration with BGO crystals was found with the higher MTF values after OSMAPOSL. The scanner incorporating BGO crystals were also found with the lowest noise levels and the highest DQE values after all image reconstruction algorithms. The plane source can be also useful for the experimental image quality assessment of PET and SPECT scanners in clinical practice.