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Background/Objectives: Women of reproductive age are reported to be the largest population that practises geophagia. The short-term and long-term health related conditions originating from the practise of geophagia are often not understood by geophagic women of reproductive age. This study has explored the health-related experiences of geophagia among women of reproductive age of Tshwane District, Gauteng Province. Methods: This was a qualitative study design following inductive thematic content analysis. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data using an interview guide and audio record. Data collection took place in 2023. Results: Mental health disorders, pregnancy complications, appendicitis, cancers, breathing complications, fatigue, premature deaths, worms, piles, and nutrients deficiencies were reported as some of the health-related challenges and diseases experienced by women of reproductive age of Tshwane District, Gauteng Province resulting from the practise of geophagia. Conclusions: The practise of geophagia was associated with various negative health outcomes. The reproductive health statuses of women of reproductive age were negatively impacted by the practise of geophagia affecting maternal and childhood mortalities and morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we remain attentive to the scale of the environmental damage caused in traditional Maroon territories by the effects of the Plantationocene and the material vestiges of colonial and racial violence left by capitalism? Dwelling on conversations held with Maroon Cottica Ndyuka women living in Moengo, a small town established on the Cottica River in Eastern Suriname to support a bauxite industrial plant in the early twentieth century, this text seeks to illuminate what Maria Puig de la Bellacasa (2021) calls "elemental affinities," relationships in which humans and more-than-humans interact in composing body and earth through refractive and diffractive effects. The paper observes how the women mixed and modeled clay, turning it into sculpted balls known as pemba or pemba doti , frequently used as a therapeutical and spiritual substance, and as food. In so doing, the text deals with processes such as creating, composing, undoing, decomposing, and perishing once the earth—as soil—takes part in and renders possible the existence of diverse creatures. This is a contribution toward an ethnography of (de)compositions of the earth that sets out from the affinities between earth and bodies, attentive to certain metamorphic possibilities, the multiplicities of relations in which soils act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is focused on the evaluation of the geophagic characteristics of the sedimentary clay deposits at Share and Tshonga areas, northern Bida Basin, Nigeria. The methods used include particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity (CEC), acidity and alkalinity (pH), X-ray diffractometry, and bulk inorganic geochemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer). The investigated clays are classified as dominantly clayey–silt with minor clayey–sand type, which conforms with the textural standard of geophagic clays obtained from different parts of the world. The whitish coloration of the clays with an occasional red stain also compares well with geophagic clays from Kenya and parts of South Africa and is therefore considered suitable for consumption. The observed low CEC (1.71–5.06 cmol(+)/kg) and acidic pH (4.54–6.87) values of the clay samples would make them effective against nausea and excessive salivation during pregnancy. The mineralogical compositions of these clay samples show the dominance of kaolinite with minor non-clay minerals, which makes it suitable not only for food detoxification but also as an alleviation of gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea. Chemical analysis shows a low percentage per weight of certain elements that are of nutritional value, though not in the present state but better as excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. It was observed, however, that consumption of more of the studied clay may lead to adverse health due to the presence of some heavy metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Cd, Ag, and Pb) with concentrations in excess of the permissible limit.

A boy with known autism spectrum disorder was transferred to our department due to a rapidly worsening respiratory situation. The patient’s history revealed previous treatment with albendazole against a Toxocara infection 2 weeks prior in Poland. Blood analysis showed such severe eosinophilia and markedly elevated levels of IgE that, initially, a hematologic malignancy was suspected. However, diagnostic workup including autoimmune diagnostic, molecular genetic testing, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), bone marrow aspiration, and parasitological testing led to the diagnosis of an insufficiently treated Toxocara infection. Treatment with albendazole and prednisone (six cycles for 4 weeks each) was administered. This treatment regime led to prompt improvement of symptoms and normalization of laboratory findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay and clay composites have been used for numerous applications around the world, for example, as construction materials, cosmetics, and absorbents. Since clay is easy to find, abundant, and sustainable, understanding its quality is crucial. This study focuses on the characterization of geophagic clay samples from various locations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to investigate their potential uses in various sectors. Geophagic clays have different colors, morphologies, and properties. Many characterizations were carried out including X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Microstructure and chemical analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). UV–Vis spectroscopy was also carried out to investigate reflectance. XRD revealed the presence of muscovite, kaolinite, illite, and quartz. On the other hand, XRF showed the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and Fe2O3 as major chemical compounds. A flake-like surface morphology was observed in all samples and the EDS analyses exhibited similar results to the XRF. The XRF, XRD, and EDS results were in agreement. The zeta potential was negative for all the clay samples. The properties exhibited by the selected geophagic clay were compared with the properties of various samples used for different applications. It was concluded that the selected geophagic clays demonstrated properties that could lead to their use in water and wastewater treatments and other applications, including as a sunblock (cosmetic industry) due to their mineralogical/chemical composition and UV–Vis reflectance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ingestion of soil and dust is a pathway of children's exposure to several environmental contaminants, including lead, pesticides, and fecal contamination. Empirically based estimates of central tendency for soil consumption by children in high-income countries range from 9 to 135 dry mg/day. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we modeled the mass of soil directly and indirectly ingested per day by rural Bangladeshi children and identified the parameters that influence the mass ingested. We combined data from observations of direct and indirect ingestion among children with measurements of soil mass on the children's hands, mother's hands, and objects to quantify soil ingestion/day. Estimated geometric mean soil ingestion was 162 dry mg/day for children 3-5 months, 224 dry mg/day for children 6-11 months, 234 dry mg/day for children 12-23 months, 168 dry mg/day for children 24-35 months, and 178 dry mg/day for children 36-47 months old. Across all age groups, children placing their hands in their mouths accounted for 46-78% of total ingestion and mouthing objects contributed 8-12%. Direct ingestion of soil accounted for nearly 40% of soil ingested among children 6-23 months old. Sensitivity analyses identified that the parameters most affecting the estimates were the load of soil on the child's hand, the frequency of hand-to-mouth contacts while not eating, and, for children 6-23 months old, the frequency of direct soil ingestion. In a rural, low-income setting, children's soil consumption was substantially more than the estimates for children in high-income countries. Further characterizing soil ingestion of children in low-income contexts would improve assessments of the risks they face from soil-associated contaminants.

South African communities, especially in rural areas, still use indigenous practices such as applying soil paste as sunscreen, building huts with soil and stones and geophagia among others. This study aimed at identifying non-agricultural uses of soil in uMgungundlovu district of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, while focusing on the three areas Elandskop, KwaNxamalala and Willowfontein. Information was gathered using key informant interviews and household questionnaires. Results showed that the most common soil uses were for cosmetics and as geophagia, followed by construction, with medicinal use being the least common. Cosmetic use involved using soil as sunscreen or skin cleaner. While geophagic soil was mostly consumed for enjoyment, to satisfy cravings and least of all as a nutrient supplement. Medicinal soil was mostly used to treat wounds and skin ailments such as rashes and acne. Users believed that their pre-treatment methods such as boiling, burning or baking before use were effective in reducing microbial loads and other contaminants in the soil.

South African communities, especially in rural areas, still use indigenous practices such as applying soil paste as sunscreen, building huts with soil and stones and geophagia among others. This study aimed at identifying non-agricultural uses of soil in uMgungundlovu district of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, while focusing on the three areas Elandskop, KwaNxamalala and Willowfontein. Information was gathered using key informant interviews and household questionnaires. Results showed that the most common soil uses were for cosmetics and as geophagia, followed by construction, with medicinal use being the least common. Cosmetic use involved using soil as sunscreen or skin cleaner. While geophagic soil was mostly consumed for enjoyment, to satisfy cravings and least of all as a nutrient supplement. Medicinal soil was mostly used to treat wounds and skin ailments such as rashes and acne. Users believed that their pre-treatment methods such as boiling, burning or baking before use were effective in reducing microbial loads and other contaminants in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay and clay composites have been used for numerous applications around the world, for example, as construction materials, cosmetics, and absorbents. Since clay is easy to find, abundant, and sustainable, understanding its quality is crucial. This study focuses on the characterization of geophagic clay samples from various locations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to investigate their potential uses in various sectors. Geophagic clays have different colors, morphologies, and properties. Many characterizations were carried out including X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Microstructure and chemical analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). UV–Vis spectroscopy was also carried out to investigate reflectance. XRD revealed the presence of muscovite, kaolinite, illite, and quartz. On the other hand, XRF showed the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and Fe2O3 as major chemical compounds. A flake-like surface morphology was observed in all samples and the EDS analyses exhibited similar results to the XRF. The XRF, XRD, and EDS results were in agreement. The zeta potential was negative for all the clay samples. The properties exhibited by the selected geophagic clay were compared with the properties of various samples used for different applications. It was concluded that the selected geophagic clays demonstrated properties that could lead to their use in water and wastewater treatments and other applications, including as a sunblock (cosmetic industry) due to their mineralogical/chemical composition and UV–Vis reflectance.

Beyond participating in the oxygen transport by red blood cells, iron is an essential micronutrient and contributes to different physiological pathways and processes, such as cell proliferation, DNA repair, and other homeostatic functions. Iron deficiency affects millions of people, especially children and pregnant women. The consequences of iron deficiency are diverse, including inadequate child development, impaired cognition, and reduced productivity. Several factors contribute to iron deficiency, such as iron-poor diet, genetic factors, and infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), especially roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale), and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura). This review updates and summarizes the role of STHs as drivers of iron deficiency. Also, the poorly explored connections between STH infection, geophagia (a pica manifestation), immune response, and iron deficiency are discussed, highlighting how iron deficiency may act as a risk factor for infections by STHs, in addition to being a consequence of intestinal parasitic infections. Finally, strategies for control and management of iron deficiency and STH infection are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sand enteropathy is an important disease condition in the horse, particularly in geographically predisposed regions. The reasons why some horses eat sand, or why some horses accumulate sand when exposed and others do not are poorly understood. Weak evidence exists that deficiencies in iron or copper may play a role in geophagia, while factors such as the provision of supplemental feeding while at pasture, or the role of an individual animal within a herd hierarchy, may influence an individual animals' disease risk. Diagnosis in the field is challenging. Current evidence does not support the use of the faecal glove sedimentation test for screening horses at risk of sand accumulation as it lacks both the sensitivity and specificity to accurately diagnose sand accumulation under field conditions. Instead, ultrasound is a useful screening test under field conditions, especially in ruling out sand accumulation. In contrast, ultrasound appears to be of limited value in the assessment of sand accumulations in acute disease and radiography remains the reference standard for diagnosis. Current evidence does not support the feeding of psyllium for the removal of sand accumulation. Instead, daily administration of psyllium and MgSO4, both at 1 g/kg bwt once a day via nasogastric tube, has been reported to be effective in removing the majority of sand accumulations over a 3–7 day period in a number of studies. Prevention remains challenging in horses at risk due to ongoing exposure to sandy pastures but, based on epidemiological evidence, small management changes may be beneficial in reducing disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent an important group of environmentally saprophytic and potentially pathogenic bacteria that can cause serious mycobacterioses in humans and animals. The sources of infections often remain undetected except for soil- or water-borne, water-washed, water-based, or water-related infections caused by groups of the Mycobacterium (M.) avium complex; M. fortuitum; and other NTM species, including M. marinum infection, known as fish tank granuloma, and M. ulcerans infection, which is described as a Buruli ulcer. NTM could be considered as water-borne, air-borne, and soil-borne pathogens (sapronoses). A lot of clinically relevant NTM species could be considered due to the enormity of published data on permanent, periodic, transient, and incidental sapronoses. Interest is currently increasing in mycobacterioses diagnosed in humans and husbandry animals (esp. pigs) caused by NTM species present in peat bogs, potting soil, garden peat, bat and bird guano, and other matrices used as garden fertilizers. NTM are present in dust particles and in water aerosols, which represent certain factors during aerogenous infection in immunosuppressed host organisms during hospitalization, speleotherapy, and leisure activities. For this Special Issue, a collection of articles providing a current view of the research on NTM—including the clinical relevance, therapy, prevention of mycobacterioses, epidemiology, and ecology—are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Pica is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM 5) as the ongoing ingestion of materials with no nutritive or food value. More specifically such ingestions must be unremitting for at least 1 month and occur at a developmentally inconsistent age for such behavior. This article reviews the association of pica with pregnancy, micronutrient deficiencies, psychiatric disorders, dementia, and developmental disorders with emphasis on autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Recent Findings: Some variants of non-nutritive consumption are prevalent behavioral norms in non-western cultures, so not all picas should be considered pathological. However, the strong association of pica with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) lends credence to the hypothesis that dopamine transmission may be disrupted in this disorder. Picas associated with ASD are resistant to medications but can be treated with applied behavioral analysis therapy (ABA). Summary: Etiological hypotheses for pica are explored with a focus on neurobiological, neuroimaging, and psychiatric correlations. Pharmacological management and behavior modification strategies are also discussed. The possibility that pica is a form of addiction analogous to food cravings is introduced and suggested as an area for further research pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacteria are a unique group of microorganisms. They are characterised by exceptional adaptability and durability. They are capable of colonisation and survival even in very unfavourable conditions. In addition to the well-known obligate human pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, more than 200 other species have been described. Most of them form a natural part of the microflora of the external environment and thrive in aquatic and soil environments especially. For many of the mycobacterial species associated with human disease, their natural source has not yet been identified. From an ecological point of view, mycobacteria are saprophytes, and their application in human and animal diseases is opportunistic. Most cases of human disease from saprophytic mycobacteria occur in immunocompromised individuals. This adaptability and resilience to environmental pressures makes treatment of mycobacterial diseases (most often sapronoses and less often zoonoses) and permanent eradication of mycobacteria from the environment very difficult. Saprophytic mycobacterial diseases (sapronoses) are chronic and recurrent due to the fact of repeated endogenous or exogenous re-exposure. Therefore, knowledge regarding their occurrence in soil and dust would aid in the prevention of saprophytic mycobacterioses. In conjunction, their presence and ecological significance in the environment can be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: According to the third National Family Health Survey, 79% of Indian children are anaemic. Pica is characterized by the persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances such as plaster, charcoal, chalk, and earth for at least one month in a manner that is inappropriate for their developmental level. We investigated the correlation between pica behaviour and anaemia in preschool children. Methods: In total, 103 children of ages six to 48 months attending the OPD were randomly included in this study for six months; they presented with clinical features of anaemia. Complete blood count and peripheral blood film examination were carried out. The children were assessed clinically for signs and symptoms of anaemia. History of ingestion of clay, sand, chalk, wall paints etc was asked from the parents. Results: Most of the children (90.3%) had microcytic hypochromic anaemia with a mean haemoglobin value of 8.82 g / dl. The mean age was 18 months, and boys slightly outnumbered girls. In total, 57.3% of children had a positive history of pica, and all of them were found to be anaemic. However, no significant statistical correlation was observed between anaemia and history of pica. Conclusions: All children with history of pica were anaemic and the most common type of anaemia was microcytic hypochromic. Although no significant statistical correlation was observed between and history of pica, it is very important for the clinicians to be cautious of this common condition and evaluate for anaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophagia, a form of pica, is often associated with iron and zinc deficiency. However, a number of environmental, cultural, and psychological factors are also implicated. Pica in children is common with those having intellectual disability. In adults, it is most commonly associated with pregnancy. No specific screening tests for pica exist, but many nutritional and psychological complications can be avoided by accurate and timely diagnosis. Even when pica is diagnosed, no proven treatments exist. Two patients who reported to the psychiatry outpatient department with habit of eating nonnutritive substances for a prolonged period associated with apprehension and decreased appetite are reported. Both the patients were diagnosed with adult pica and were treated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and psychotherapy with considerable improvement.

Geophagia, the intentional practice of consuming soil, occurs across the African esophageal cancer corridor, particularly during pregnancy. We investigated whether this practice is linked to endemic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in this region. We conducted ESCC case‐control studies in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya. Cases were patients with incident histologically/clinically confirmed ESCC and controls were hospital patients/visitors without digestive diseases. Participants were asked if they had ever eaten soil (never/regularly/pregnancy‐only). Odds ratios (OR) are adjusted for sex, age, tobacco, alcohol, country, religion and marital status. Overall, 934 cases (Malawi 535, Tanzania 304 and Kenya females 95) and 995 controls provided geophagia information. Among controls, ever‐geophagia was common in women (Malawi 49%, Kenya 43% and Tanzania 29%) but not in men (10% Malawi, <1% Tanzania). In women, ESCC ORs were 1.25 (95% CI: 0.70, 2.22) for regular versus never geophagia and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.22) for pregnancy‐only versus never. Findings were stronger based on comparisons of cases with hospital visitor controls and were null using hospital patients as controls. In conclusion, geophagia is too rare to contribute to the male ESCC burden in Africa. In women, the practice is common but we did not find consistent evidence of a link to ESCC. The study cannot rule out selection bias masking modest effects. Physical effects of geophagia do not appear to have a large impact on overall ESCC risk. Research with improved constituent‐based geophagia exposure assessment is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND፡ Pregnancy is a key step for human’s reproduction and continuity of generation. Pregnant women are among at risk groups for the infection of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). STHs are highly prevalent in low- and middleincome countries due to the deprived environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Eating soil (geophagia) is also commonly practiced by pregnant women, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of STHs and geophagia, and to assess associated factors among pregnant women in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 407 pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at different health facilities located in Jimma Town. Data related to sociodemographic and geophagia practice was collected using a structured questionnaire and STH infections status was determined by using McMaster technique. RESULTS: A total of 407 pregnant women were included in this study. The overall prevalence of any STHs was 19.7% (80/407). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 45(56.2%), followed by Trichuris trichiura 19(23.8%) and hookworms 12(15%). There were 4(5%) of double infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Overall, 71 (17.4%) of the pregnant women responded to practice geophagia. STHs infection was significantly higher among geophagic pregnant women (p<0.01) and pregnant women who practiced geophagia were 3 times more likely (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-4.2) to have the STHs compared to non-geophagic. Out of those who claimed soil eating habits, 59.1% preferred reddish soil type. Geophagia practice was significantly higher during the third trimester as compared to first and second (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Geophagia is a risky behavior and this study showed a significant association of geophagia practice with STH infections, although the causal relation could not be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacteria are a unique group of microorganisms. They are characterised by exceptional adaptability and durability. They are capable of colonisation and survival even in very unfavourable conditions. In addition to the well-known obligate human pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, more than 200 other species have been described. Most of them form a natural part of the microflora of the external environment and thrive in aquatic and soil environments especially. For many of the mycobacterial species associated with human disease, their natural source has not yet been identified. From an ecological point of view, mycobacteria are saprophytes, and their application in human and animal diseases is opportunistic. Most cases of human disease from saprophytic mycobacteria occur in immunocompromised individuals. This adaptability and resilience to environmental pressures makes treatment of mycobacterial diseases (most often sapronoses and less often zoonoses) and permanent eradication of mycobacteria from the environment very difficult. Saprophytic mycobacterial diseases (sapronoses) are chronic and recurrent due to the fact of repeated endogenous or exogenous re-exposure. Therefore, knowledge regarding their occurrence in soil and dust would aid in the prevention of saprophytic mycobacterioses. In conjunction, their presence and ecological significance in the environment can be revealed.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent an important group of environmentally saprophytic and potentially pathogenic bacteria that can cause serious mycobacterioses in humans and animals. The sources of infections often remain undetected except for soil- or water-borne, water-washed, water-based, or water-related infections caused by groups of the Mycobacterium (M.) avium complex; M. fortuitum; and other NTM species, including M. marinum infection, known as fish tank granuloma, and M. ulcerans infection, which is described as a Buruli ulcer. NTM could be considered as water-borne, air-borne, and soil-borne pathogens (sapronoses). A lot of clinically relevant NTM species could be considered due to the enormity of published data on permanent, periodic, transient, and incidental sapronoses. Interest is currently increasing in mycobacterioses diagnosed in humans and husbandry animals (esp. pigs) caused by NTM species present in peat bogs, potting soil, garden peat, bat and bird guano, and other matrices used as garden fertilizers. NTM are present in dust particles and in water aerosols, which represent certain factors during aerogenous infection in immunosuppressed host organisms during hospitalization, speleotherapy, and leisure activities. For this Special Issue, a collection of articles providing a current view of the research on NTM—including the clinical relevance, therapy, prevention of mycobacterioses, epidemiology, and ecology—are addressed.

Large quantities of earth materials are consumed daily in Mashau Village; nonetheless, this practice had not been studied. Furthermore, the motivations for this geophagic behaviour in the study area were unclear. Thus, questionnaires were distributed to 200 participants in the study area with the aim of generating data on the motivations of and potential medical conditions associated to this practice. About 91% of the participants were geophagists, of which 98.5% were female. Craving was found to be the main reason (73.9%) why people of the Mashau communities consume soil. The majority of the geophagists in Mashau craved for the soil upon seeing it (31.2%), during pregnancy (22.5%) and when experiencing sleeplessness (21%). About 60% of the geophagists had chronic illnesses, and they were diagnosed with headaches (31.6%), low haemoglobin level (29.9%), constipation (18.8%), iron deficiency (12.0%) and high blood pressure (7.7%). There is a concern that the soil from the study area may be adversely affecting individuals ingesting these soils. Since females mostly reported practicing geophagia, counselling and education of women and girls would be a useful public health measure. Soil characterisation and beneficiation for healthy geophagic practices should also be carried out at Mashau Village.

Mineralogy and kaolinite structural order in selected geophagic soils were investigated by X-ray diffraction and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy. Structural order was assessed by empirical analysis of IR resolutions and relative intensities of OH stretching and bending vibrations of structural water in kaolinite. Quartz and kaolinite were major constituents, associated with muscovite + microcline + goethite + hematite + anatase ± kaolinite-smectite ± gibbsite. The IR spectra exhibited three characteristic kaolinite peaks at 3697, 3645/50 and 3620 cm−1, poorly resolved OH stretching vibrations with quartz and goethite interferences. The two middle bands expected of theoretical kaolinite were replaced by a low intensity peak at 3645/50 cm−1. Based on spectral analysis the samples were classified as partially ordered. Findings suggest the presence of impurities, high potential for substitution reactions and more vacant sites for cation exchange, necessitating further investigations on the bioavailability of nutrients/toxins for a comprehensive health appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis most commonly caused by roundworm larvae of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. The disease is prevalent in countries where the regular antihelminth prophylaxis of dogs and cats and the control of their population are limited. Children are usually more vulnerable due to a combination of several risk factors: underdeveloped hygiene habits, frequent contact with animals, playing in sandboxes, playgrounds and parks contaminated with animal excrements. Children in rural areas and with lower socio-economic status are at higher risk. Geophagy, which can be observed in various conditions in childhood, is also an important predisposing factor. The clinical symptoms of toxocariasis are extremely diverse - from severe involvement of the visceral organs: lungs, liver, pancreas, heart, kidneys, eyes and CNS to subclinical or an asymptomatic infection. Routine diagnostics includes ELISA for the presence of specific IgG antibodies against the excretory-secretory antigens of Toxocara spp. Since cross-reactions with other helminth agents are not rarely observed, a confirmatory test such as Western blot is usually required. Conformation of the diagnosis leads to the appropriate etiologic treatment, which assures the swiftly cure of the patients with toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) geophagia has been recorded using camera traps on five natural salt licks in Yakutia: the native part (two salt licks) and the expansion zone of its range (three salt licks). A chemical analysis has revealed that the content of most chemical elements is richer in animal solonetzic soils in the native part of the range than in soils of the invasive part. In total, 295 camera trap days were conducted. A total of 238 single and group visits of salt licks were recorded over this period. The stay of 300 red deer on salt licks, including repeat visits of the same individuals, was recorded. The identification of individuals by age and sex revealed only 55 individuals: 28 males and 27 females. The maximum number of deer in simultaneous geophagia was five individuals. The average duration of red deer geophagia (M ± m) was 13.8 ± 1.4 min (limit 1–98; n = 232). The duration of geophagia was 1.5 times longer in the invasive part of their range than in the native part. The intense visiting of salt licks by deer was registered in the darkest time of day, i.e., from 00:00 to 04:00, while the lowest number of visits was observed at sunset, i.e., from 20:00 to 00:00. The visitation of salt licks by months is higher in May–June and decreases from July. The sex ratio of individuals that visited the salt licks was 50.9% males and 49.1% females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deliberate consumption of soil (geophagia) is reported to be an old practice and not restricted to any particular age, gender or race group. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of geophagic practices and causative reasons for geophagia in the Sekhukhune area, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study also discovered different geophagia sites where soil is obtained within the villages. Data was obtained through a cross-sectional study using 200 participants (males and females), between the ages of 18 and 65 years living in two Sekhukhune villages. Geophagia was reported by 172 (86%) consumers from the 200 participants, of which 143 (71.5%) in the study were mostly single and 164 (82%) only had secondary level of schooling. A total of 129 (74.9%) consumers reported consuming the soil for more than five years and 122 (71%) consumed more than once a day. The traditional name for edible soil is mobu in the villages. It was also reported that craving from 81 (47%) consumers was the main reason for the practice and 166 (96.4%) preferred to collect their soils in the wild. Of the 172 consumers, 112 (65.4%) did not know that the soil they were consuming could be harmful, however 107 (62%) reported that constipation might be caused by the practice. It became clear that the practice is entrenched in the cultural behaviour of the people of this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy is a memorable experience for every woman and it comes with many changes which include cravings for food and non-food items. The aim of this study was to explore the change in diet in terms of pica, food craving and aversions which occur during pregnancy. Two hundred and two pregnant women were interviewed. Food craving was reported by 73.8% of the study participants and nearly half (48.7%) had food aversions. Foods craved most were maize meal (12.5%), mangoes (9.5%), ripe banana (8.3%), beef (7.6%) and fish (5.7%). Foods avoided most were small fish (omena) (15.2%), beef (12.6%), kale (11.9%) and fish in general (10.6%). Eggs, tea and milk were also avoided. Reasons given for avoiding certain foods were: to prevent nausea (45.8%), vomiting (21.9%) and heartburn (10.4%). Other reasons given were unpleasant smell/taste and stomach ache. Pica prevalence was at 27.4%, with consumption of soil and soft stones being frequently reported. There was a highly significant association between level of education (p = 0.02) and history of child death/still birth (p = 0.01) with pica. Food cravings, aversions and pica practices should be assessed in antenatal care of pregnant women. Attention should be paid to pregnant women who have had a history of child death and women with low education level.

Geophagia, a form of pica, is often associated with iron and zinc deficiency. However, a number of environmental, cultural, and psychological factors are also implicated. Pica in children is common with those having intellectual disability. In adults, it is most commonly associated with pregnancy. No specific screening tests for pica exist, but many nutritional and psychological complications can be avoided by accurate and timely diagnosis. Even when pica is diagnosed, no proven treatments exist. Two patients who reported to the psychiatry outpatient department with habit of eating nonnutritive substances for a prolonged period associated with apprehension and decreased appetite are reported. Both the patients were diagnosed with adult pica and were treated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and psychotherapy with considerable improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophagia, the deliberate ingestion of non-food lithospheric substances, is a major form of pica in most African cultures. A common pica substance sold in the central business district of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa, is a yellowish-brown clay soil. Women of reproductive age usually ingest this clay. Alluring flavour, alleviation of nausea during pregnancy, and absorption of toxins in the gastrointestinal tract are some of the reasons why people engage in geophagia. There are claims that geophagia helps to replenish mineral nutrients in malnourished individuals. The study of the acid extractable mineral contents of some selected geophagic clays was to provide information on the absorbable minerals in the gastrointestinal tract. Six representative clay samples being sold in identified informal markets were investigated using scientific techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results showed that the clay soil was very dry with an average moisture content of 0.31 ± 0.01%. The average concentrations of the minerals in the acid extract were aluminium (1.55 mg/l), iron (1.84 mg/l), copper (0.19 mg/l), lead (0.19 mg/l), zinc (0.30 mg/l), cobalt (0.07 mg/l), and nickel (0.04 mg/l). Nickel was detected in neither the water extracts nor acid extracts of sample GNG1. Sample GNG2 also did not have detectable cobalt in either of the two extracts. Based on the percentage extractable data, aluminium was the most extractable metal. Based on the recommended daily allowance, the clayey soil samples liberated high amounts of nickel and lead, which could pose a danger to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay minerals are one of the most abundant and crucial structural materials of the Earth’s crust, playing a significant role in many aspects of life. The present study aims to critically investigate the presence of microorganisms within different clayey soil samples. Microorganisms are ubiquitous by nature due to their natural ability to adapt to different habitats. Bacteria and Archea are the most abundant microorganisms in the soil and serve many important roles like nitrogen fixation. Fungi are also an integral part of the soil micro flora as they serve as food sources to other organisms as well as facilitate as layer organisms with beneficial relationships to plants. The continued evolution of man and subsequent use of clayey soils in areas such as pottery, cosmetics, engineering and geophagia brings into question whether microorganisms are harmful. Soil samples with high amounts of fine particles and colloidal substances were studied while taking into account the identified hydrated aluminosilicates and their roles in bioavailability. The study also investigated the possible types of microbial flora associated with each type of clayey soil as well as their functions within the human body. Considering the diverse origin of these microorganisms, we discuss their modes of attachment to clayey soils with the aim of minimising their transmission to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: this study assessed the microbial quality of clay samples sold on two of the major Ghanaian markets. METHODS: the study was a cross-sectional assessing the evaluation of processed clay and effects it has on the nutrition of the consumers in the political capital town of Ghana. The items for the examination was processed clay soil samples. RESULTS: staphylococcus spp and fecal coliforms including Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Shigella and Enterobacterspp were isolated from the clay samples. Samples from the Kaneshie market in Accra recorded the highest total viable counts 6.5 Log cfu/g and Staphylococcal count 5.8 Log cfu/g. For fecal coliforms, Madina market samples had the highest count 6.5 Log cfu/g and also recorded the highest levels of yeast and mould. For Koforidua, total viable count was highest in the samples from the Zongo market 6.3 Log cfu/g. Central market samples had the highest count of fecal coliforms 4.6 Log cfu/g and yeasts and moulds 6.5 Log cfu/g. "Small"market recorded the highest staphylococcal count 6.2 Log cfu/g. The water activity of the clay samples were low, and ranged between 0.65-0.01 and 0.66-0.00 for samples collected from Koforidua and Accra respectively. CONCLUSION: the clay samples were found to contain Klebsiella spp. Escherichia, Enterobacter, Shigella spp. staphylococcus spp., yeast and mould. These have health implications when consumed.

This study focused on determining the minerals composition and particle morphology of geophagic clayey soils from Botswana in order to infer on how they could influence human health. Six representative geophagic clayey soils from Botswana were mineralogically characterized using X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), optical microscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Results of identified mineral phases revealed quartz (SiO2) as the most dominant in all samples constituting close to 70 wt %; followed by goethite (FeO.OH) having a mean concentration of 9 wt%, and kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) with a mean concentration of 8 wt%. Other minerals present were smectite ((Na,Ca)(Al,Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6-n(H2O)), mica (AB2-3(Al,Si)Si3O10)(F,OH)2), feldspar (Na/K(AlSi3O8)) and hematite (Fe2O3). The quartz particles were generally coarse; and angular to very angular in morphology. Due to ions present in goethite, kaolinite, and smectite, these minerals impact positively on properties of geophagic clayey soils and could possibly influence human health when consumed. The quartz particles could negatively affect dental enamel as a result of mastication; and cause abrasion of the walls of the gastro-intestinal tract which may lead to rupturing. Although the studied clayey soils could have potential to provide medicinal benefits to the consumer, there is need for beneficiation exercise to be conducted to reduce the coarse angular particles contained in them. It is therefore necessary for constructive efforts to be directed at beneficiating geophagic materials which will render them safe for human consumption.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v26i3.6

There are many presentations of iron-deficiency anemia associated with pica in adults, but there is a lack of literature summarizing its different presentations. In this scoping review, we sought to identify the various presentations and if treatment of iron-deficiency anemia resolved the presenting symptoms of pica. This review was conducted by completing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-Scr) checklist. The following electronic databases were searched for potentially eligible articles: PubMed, ProQuest, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE). Study screening procedures were completed with a narrative synthesis. The data is synthesized and interpreted by sifting, charting, and sorting based on organ systems. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the scoping review. Regardless of other clinical presentations, the identification of pica symptoms allowed treatment for iron deficiency and led to the resolution of all symptoms in all 20 articles. Therefore, it is imperative to map the available evidence to inform clinicians and allow for better patient care., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Ganesan et al.)

Both human groups and some animal species share the custom of ingesting certain kinds of earth as a dietary complement, nevertheless, there is little archaeological evidence of this practice. The preparation of edible earth resulted in a peculiar kind of artifact that has been preserved and recovered from archaeological sites at Atacames and Japoto in the coast of Ecuador. In this paper these artifacts are described and their possible uses are discussed.

La Pica es un trastorno de la ingestión y de la conducta alimentaria de la infancia o la niñez. Se define como el consumo persistente de sustancias no nutritivas durante un período de por lo menos un mes, de forma inadecuada evolutivamente y siempre que su práctica no esté sancionada culturalmente. Muchas especies animales, incluidos primates, presentan este comportamiento. Documentado desde la antigüedad, en la mayor parte de los casos, se ha considerado más como síntoma de otro trastorno o estado que como entidad independiente. No se conoce la prevalencia. Se describe sobre todo en discapacitados intelectuales, embarazadas, autistas, enfermos mentales, niños y otros. Se ha observado ingesta de tierra, hielo, almidón, cuerdas, madera, y otros productos, incluyendo algunos autores en este contexto el consumo obsesivo y reiterado de sustancias comestibles. La geofagia como fenómeno cultural, aunque a veces ocasiona enfermedad, es considerada como una forma de paleomedicina o paleonutrición. Se desconoce la causa de la Pica como trastorno y no existen marcadores de la misma. Factores sensoriales, digestivos, nutricionales, psicológicos y psiquiátricos se han implicado en su origen y mantenimiento. Aunque la morbi-mortalidad es desconocida y difícil de estudiar, destacan las intoxicaciones, parasitosis y el abdomen quirúrgico como complicaciones graves. Por último, al igual que el resto de los trastornos de la alimentación, el manejo global de esta entidad requiere la intervención coordinada de diversos profesionales de la salud.Pica is a eating disorder, of the eating behavior in childhood. It is defined as the persistent intake of non-nutritional substances for at least one month, in an inappropriate way from an evolutionary perspective, and provided that its practice is not culturally banned. Many animal species, including primates, have this behavior.Documented from antiquity, in most cases it has been considered a symptom of another related disorder rather than as independent condition. Its prevalence is unknown. It is mainly described in mentally disabled people, pregnant women, autism, mentally ill patients, children, and others. The ingestion of earth, ice, starch, ropes, wood, and other products has been observed, although some authors also include the obsessive and reiterative consumption of eatable substances. Geophagia is considered a cultural phenomenon, although sometimes may lead to disease, and an form of paleomedicine or paleonutrition.The etiology of pica is unknown and it has no markers. Sensitive, digestive, nutritional, psychological, and psychiatric factors have been implicated in its origin and maintenance. Although the morbimortality is unknown and difficult to study, we may highlight intoxications, parasitic diseases, and surgical abdomen with serious complications. Finally, as in other eating behavior disorders, the global management of this entity requires a coordinated intervention of different health care professionals.

Background and Introduction: Previous studies of soil eating, or geophagia, among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa indicate the practice is widespread. Various explanations have been explored to explain the global phenomenon of soil eating, with the most compelling explanation focused on clay's ability to prevent or treat intestinal infection. The urban South African context for clay eating is not well understood. This paper explores clay consumption amongst pregnant migrants who are nationals of countries where clay consumption may be common.Methods: I conducted in-depth interviews with a purposively selected group of Somali, Congolese, and Zimbabwean women (n = 23). Interviews included questions broadly related to maternal and infant nutrition. In addition, I conducted nine focus group discussions (n = 48) with adult Somali, Congolese (DRC), and Zimbabwean men (N = 3) and women (N = 6), segregated by country of origin and gender. This paper focuses specifically on responses related to geophagia.Results: While Somali women did not report consuming clay or charcoal, Congolese and Zimbabwean participants self-reported commonly consuming clay during pregnancy, and at times also when not pregnant. Despite having heard public health messaging that discouraged the practice, participants largely did not describe this consumption in terms of health, but rather in terms of craving and habit. Participants described continued consumption of clay in South Africa, and the only reason for ceasing consumption was in cases of severe constipation.Discussion: The widespread consumption of clay soil by Congolese and Zimbabwean women during pregnancy may be a mechanism through which identity was reasserted and reproduced in a foreign country. Participants' emphasis on clay consumption seemed related to the absence or expense of other craved foods, and perhaps also to feelings of loss in Cape Town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]