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Research on the nature and role of territoriality in local industrial systems has intensified since the late 1960s when the Marshallian notion of industrial district (ID) was recovered, which introduced it as a double reality, geographical and cultural, with a role as decisive as it is difficult to define. Within this framework, the paper proposes, on the one hand, to analyze the evolution of territoriality as a dimension inherent to IDs. It develops its conceptual metamorphosis from the difficulties that emerged in its articulation with the capitalist relations of production. On the other hand, we seek to contribute to a rework of this issue based on IDs in peripheral spaces. We try to show how, in the specificity of the periphery, the ID had to open itself to the influence of extra-local relations and it exposed the need for a redefinition of territoriality as a social relation producer of multiple scales, articulated with the a-spatial deployment of capitalist relations of production. The notion of id is reworked in this context as a specific and qualitatively different socioeconomic formation, related to the accumulation process and its scalar articulation., A pesquisa sobre a natureza e o papel da territorialidade nos sistemas industriais locais tem se intensificado desde o final da década de 1960, quando a noção marshalliana de distrito industrial (DI) foi revivida, o que a introduziu como uma realidade dupla, geográfica e cultural, com um papel tão decisivo quanto difícil de definir. Dentro dessa estrutura, no artigo se propõe, por um lado, analisar a evolução da territorialidade como uma dimensão inerente aos DIs. Sua metamorfose conceitual é desenvolvida com base nas dificuldades que surgiram em sua articulação com as relações de produção capitalistas. Por outro lado, no artigo procura-se contribuir para uma reelaboração dessa questão com base nas identidades em espaços periféricos. Procura-se mostrar como, na especificidade da periferia, o DI teve que se abrir à influência de relações extralocais, e expôs a necessidade de uma redefinição da territorialidade como uma relação social que produz múltiplas escalas, articuladas com a implantação a-espacial das relações de produção capitalistas. A noção de DI é reelaborada nesse contexto como uma formação socioeconômica específica e qualitativamente diferente, relacionada ao processo de acumulação e sua articulação escalar., Las investigaciones sobre la naturaleza y el rol de la territorialidad en los sistemas industriales locales se intensificaron desde fines de la década de los sesenta cuando fue recuperada la noción marshalliana de distrito industrial (DI), que la introdujo como una doble realidad, geográfica y cultural, con un papel tan decisivo como difícil de definir. En este marco el trabajo se propone, por un lado, analizar la evolución de la territorialidad como dimensión inherente a los DI. Se desarrolla su metamorfosis conceptual a partir de las dificultades que emergieron en su articulación con las relaciones capitalistas de producción. Por otro lado, se busca contribuir a una reelaboración de esta cuestión a partir de los DI en espacios periféricos. Se intenta mostrar cómo, en la especificidad de la periferia, el DI debió abrirse a la influencia de relaciones extra locales, y expuso la necesidad de una redefinición de la territorialidad en calidad de relación social productora de múltiples escalas, articuladas con el despliegue a-espacial de las relaciones capitalistas de producción. La noción de DI es reelaborada en dicho contexto como una formación socioeconómica específica y cualitativamente diferente, relativa al proceso de acumulación y su articulación escalar.

The concept of agro-urban open space (AUOS) is presented as a multifunctional component within the context of how agricultural land uses contribute to the creation of open spaces. This contribution is represented through specific multifunctionality mapping, underlining the importance of spatial representation at a local, and even a plot, scale when dealing with agricultural multifunctionality. To this end we have undertaken a review of agricultural multifunctionality and open-space concepts to locate existing deficiencies as far as the required spatial dimension in planning is concerned. Issues such as permeability, access and other elements enhancing open spaces have been assessed to obtain partial maps and a final map showing the general values for AUOS at a plot level. The proposed method has been tested in a Mediterranean delta, the Vega del Guadalfeo, on the coast of the province of Granada in Spain. We found sugarcane and subtropical farming to be the main contributors to AUOS. The AUOS map presented here constitutes a visual tool for the location of multifunctional spaces, which may be taken advantage of by local planners given that they are working at the same scales., Consejería de Innovación y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Every day, a significant part of the population in large cities suffers transport congestion. One effect of this is a change in the spatial distribution of accessibility, which may lead to people or businesses finding themselves temporally in areas where accessibility values are lower than either desired or required. This paper studies changes in automobile accessibility over the course of the day, as caused by congestion of the road network in eight metropolitan areas of the European Union: London, Paris, Madrid, Berlin, Barcelona, Rome, Hamburg and Milan. The study was carried out using millions of data points on real speeds on segments of the road networks gathered over the course of two years from TomTom® devices, which provided for the incorporation of a dynamic perspective of accessibility. In each of the areas studied, the different impacts of congestion on automobile accessibility can be observed from differences in the distribution of opportunities and the provision of infrastructures, as well as from differences in culture and customs. Despite these differences, all cities experience two peaks with a lower value during the morning and afternoon. However, results show differences in the intensity and form of the effects of congestion on accessibility in these metropolitan areas. London, Paris and Rome are the cities where congestion has the greatest impact on automobile accessibility, while the Spanish cities are hardly affected by it., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

El crecimiento de la economía española en los últimos 50 años es indiscutible, asociado a un modelo territorial de concentración, que propició la convergencia del Estado y de las comunidades autónomas con países y regiones de la Unión Europea, pero no una cohesión socioterritorial. Polarización y despoblación son su paradigma, una dualidad insostenible con efectos sobre la desigualdad, que debe ser abordada por nuevas políticas públicas., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Visitor data is essential for decision-making, policy formulation, and monitoring of protected areas. In this context, the data on the temporal distribution of visitors is essential to characterize influx and seasonality, and even to measure the carrying capacity of a site. However, obtaining information from visitors often involves high costs and long production times. Moreover, traditional visitor data has a limited level of detail. New sources of data can provide valuable information regarding the timing of visits. In this study, we tested the use of geotagged data to infer the temporal distribution of visitors to 15 Spanish national parks, and we identified temporal patterns of the visits at three levels: monthly, weekly, and daily. By comparing official monthly visitor counts and geotagged photographs from Flickr, we observed that the number of monthly users who upload photos significantly reflects the number of monthly visitors. Furthermore, the weekly and daily distributions of the Flickr data provided additional information that could contribute to identifying the periods of highest visitor pressure, design measures to manage the concentration of visitors, and improve the overall visitor experience. The results obtained indicate the potential of new data sources for visitor monitoring in protected areas and to open opportunities for future research. Moreover, monitoring tourism in protected areas is crucial to ensure the sustainability of their resources and to protect their biodiversity., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Edward Soja es una figura destacada dentro del campo de la geografía política debido al impacto e importancia que sus obras han tenido en la evolución de la disciplina, enfoques y objetos de estudio. Más allá de su capacidad de explorar los cambios producidos en las últimas décadas en los procesos urbanos y la destacada importancia que le concede a la espacialidad social como punto de partida epistemológico desde el que analizarlos, también se presenta como un pionero en la señalización de determinadas temáticas y en la reflexión seminal sobre ciertos conceptos. En este último sentido, este comentario busca analizar su trabajo en el texto The political organization of space (1971) donde abordó de manera novedosa la territorialidad humana. Como se pretende destacar, aquí el objetivo principal de Soja se bifurca en dos planteamientos, por un lado, mostrar la relación continua entre la organización política de los seres humanos y la espacialidad; y por otro, comprender el carácter histórico y contingente de una forma concreta de organización política del espacio atravesada por la territorialidad que habría conseguido presentarse como natural pero que estaba lejos de ser la única posible desde un punto de vista geográfico y temporal., Depto. de Historia, Teorías y Geografías Políticas, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, FALSE, pub

Partiendo de la idea de que un paisaje necesita de un observador, y que en función de su bagaje cultural y su experiencia personal va a tener distintas percepciones y valoraciones del mismo, nuestro objetivo es valorar los paisajes en función de las preferencias basadas en el componente estético. La metodología del test de pares de fotos se ha aplicado al caso de la provincia Ciudad La Habana, en Cuba. Entre los principales resultados encontramos que los paisajes mejor valorados son las unidades histórico/culturales, las ornamentales y las marinas. Estas preferencias coinciden con las encontradas en la literatura, en la que elementos de vegetación, agua, relieve y presencia humana integrada son los elementos presentes en los paisajes de mayor valor., [fr] Partant de l’idée que le paysage précise d’un observateur, et que, en fonction de son contexte culturel et de son expérience personnelle, l’observateur peut avoir des perceptions et des évaluations différentes, ce travail a pour objectif d’évaluer les paysages en fonction de préférences fondées sur la composante esthétique. Nous avons utilisé la méthodologie des paires de test de photos pour le cas de la province de La Havane, Cuba. Parmi les principaux résultats, nous avons découvert que les paysages les mieux évalués sont les unités historiques et culturelles, les jardins ornementaux et les zones maritimes. Ces préférences sont conformes à celles rencontrées dans la littérature, où les éléments de végétation, eau, relief et la présence humaine sont présents dans les paysages les plus appréciés., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

The Level of Service (LOS) is a measure to evaluate the degree of accommodation of different transport modes in a given infrastructure (road, railway, street, etc.). While the last decades have seen a growing interest regarding the use of level of service for managing and planning private and public transport infrastructures, shortcomings appear when it is used in the context of pedestrian mobility (i.e. the complexity of pedestrian mobility in terms of behaviour and the consideration of urban design factors associated with pedestrianisation). This paper aims to gain insight into the abovementioned issues by developing an alternative walking index, the Quality of Pedestrian Level of Service (Q-PLOS) method. This novel method is based on the quality of urban design for pedestrian and its relationship with walking needs. The city of Granada (Spain) provided the empirical focus. The paper found that the Q-PLOS was a more accurate measurement of pedestrian mobility characteristics. This was based on the relevance of specific factors linked to urban design together with public preferences about them. Finally, the obtained high-detailed outputs provide a platform to increment the effectiveness of level of service specifically for pedestrians that want to access to a public transport stop., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

This article explores the potential of geotagged data from social networks to analyse visitors’ behaviour in national parks, taking the Teide National Park as a study area. Given its unique landscape and characteristics, plus the fact that it is the most visited national park in Spain, Teide National Park presents itself as a suitable candidate to explore new sources of data for studying visitors’ behaviour in national parks. Through data from a social photo-sharing website (Flickr) and GPS tracks from a web platform (Wikiloc), we outline several visitors’ characteristics such as the spatial distribution of visitors, the points of interest with the most visits, itinerary network, temporal distribution and visitors’ country of origin. Additionally, we propose a practical use of geotagged data for determining optimal locations for new facilities such as information stands. Results show that data from social networks is suitable to analyse visitor behaviour in protected areas., Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Quienes requieren de atención sanitaria de emergencia no pueden esperar. Las ambulancias deben llegar al lugar del suceso lo más rápido posible. Las ambulancias suelen estar asignadas a bases, que se distribuyen por toda la ciudad para minimizar el tiempo de llegada al suceso. Sin embargo, la distribución espacial de los sucesos cambia a lo largo del día, debido al ritmo y uso que las personas hacen de la ciudad. Este artículo evalúa, por medio de modelos de localización-asignación, el desempeño espaciotemporal del SAMUR-PC, el Servicio Médico de Emergencias de Madrid (España) en dos escenarios diferenciados, antes de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y durante los primeros meses de la nueva normalidad. Los resultados muestran que el sistema respondió relativamente bien al cambio de los patrones de los sucesos debidos a la pandemia, aunque hubiese sido necesario hacer algunas intervenciones para garantizar el mismo servicio que antes de la crisis epidemiológica., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Unión Europea, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Panamá, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

On the particular landscape left by the economic crisis in many European cities, the role of public services has become crucial and it is essential to analyze them when defining efficient policies aimed at adjusting resources to minimize social impact. The central goal of this research is to evaluate existing accessibility to public facilities in relation to the amount of resources deployed and their location, with a special focus on detecting potential social inequalities and spatial imbalances. The study focuses on the analysis of primary education centers in Barcelona, London, Madrid, and Rotterdam. The results reveal significant differences among the four cities. The analyses show better accessibility to public schools for the most vulnerable population, although a substantial imbalance is exposed when considering overall accessibility, which includes private schools. Moreover, the study reveals significant spatial imbalances and the impact of population density. Finally, existing accessibility to public schools is evaluated according to the amount of resources deployed and how optimized those resources are at the location., Comisión Europea, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid Regional Government and the European Regional Development Fund (SOCIALBIGDATA-CM, S2015/HUM-3427), Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

World tourism dynamics are in constant change, as well as they are deeply shaping the trajectories of cities. The “call effect” for having the World Heritage status has boosted tourism in many cities. The large number of visitors and the side effects, such as the overcrowding of central spaces, are arousing the need to develop and protect heritage assets. Hence, the analysis of tourist spatial behaviour is critical for tackling the needs of touristified cities correctly. In this article, individual visitor spatiotemporal trajectories are reconstructed along with the urban network using thousands of geotagged Flickr photos taken by visitors in the historic centre of the World Heritage City of Toledo (Spain). A process of trajectory reconstruction using advanced GIS techniques has been implemented. The spatial behaviour has been used to classify the tourist sites offered on the city’s official tourist map, as well as to identify the association with the land uses. Results bring new knowledge to understand visitor spatial behaviour and new visions about the influence of the urban environment and its uses on the visitor spatial behaviour. Our findings illustrate how tourist attractions and the location of mixed commercial and recreational uses shape the visitor spatial behaviour. Overflowed streets and shadow areas underexplored by visitors are pinpointed., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Generalitat de Catalunya, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

El cambio climático es un problema ambiental global de múltiples dimensiones e incertidumbres, por lo que se presenta como uno de los grandes retos de la sociedad actual. Es necesaria la participación de todos los ámbitos del conocimiento tanto científico como local para llegar a soluciones eficaces y coherentes con cada realidad. Este artículo analiza las percepciones socioculturales de tres comunidades campesinas en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, en la Costa de Chiapas- México, acerca de su percepción de los cambios en el clima producidos en la región en las últimas décadas, y cómo estos cambios están afectando a sus modos de vida. Se han realizado entrevistas semiestructuradas a los adultos mayores de las comunidades de estudio para obtener información respecto a la percepción sobre el cambio climático. La percepción generalizada es que el clima ha cambiado: hace más calor y ha cambiado el patrón de lluvias, retrasándose el inicio de la temporada, lo que afecta a las prácticas tradicionales de cultivo. A su vez, estos cambios percibidos se comparan con las variables climáticas históricas para la región. Las políticas públicas están desarticuladas y definidas por sectores (conservación, producción) lo que hace necesario un enfoque integrador de las mismas junto con el conocimiento tradicional campesino en la definición de estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático., Climate change is a multidimensional and uncertain global environmental problem that presents itself as one of the great challenges our present society needs to face. In order to reach effective answers coherent with various sociocultural realities, scientific knowledge must integrate said realities. This project analyzes the sociocultural perceptions of three rural communities within Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, in Costa de Chiapas, Mexico, on climate change in the past few decades and how such change may have affected their livelihoods. We conducted semi-structured surveys about climate change perception on elderly individuals in these communities. Generally, there is an agreement on climate having changed: higher average temperatures and different rainfall patterns, which have led to delayed seasonal changes that have affected traditio-nal farming practices. In turn, the observed changes were compared to regional historical climate variables. Public policies are disjointed and defined by sectors (conservation, production), which necessitates an integrative approach, together with traditional peasant knowledge for adaptation strategies to climate change., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Desde el marco de la ecología política se analizan conflictos socioambientales producidos por el desarrollo del mercado turístico de avistamiento y nado con el tiburón ballena en la Bahía de La Paz. Se trata de entender un proceso de despojo legitimado dentro de un marco legal que beneficia a ciertos actores y vulnera a otros, así como analizar los mecanismos de resistencia oculta de pescadores ribereños frente a este proceso. La existencia de un plan de manejo vigente ha sido un detonante que legitima el despojo por la restricción de acceso a un espacio de uso común, afectando la pesca ribereña y al esparcimiento de habitantes locales; y lejos de ayudar a mejorar las condiciones ecológicas y de conservación del tiburón, este ha sido un instrumento que beneficia al sector turístico al construir un espacio exclusivo para su efectiva operación, a costa de impactos negativos directos hacia esta especie., From a political ecology perspective, we analyze socio-environmental conflicts produced by the development of the tourist market of whale shark watching and swimming in the bay of La Paz. The aim is to understand a process of dispossession legitimized within a legal framework that benefits certain actors at the expense ofothers; and how a hidden resistance of coastal fishermen is produced as an immediate reaction to this process. The existence of an in-force management plan has been a trigger that legitimizes dispossession by restricting access to a common use space, affecting coastal fishing and the recreation of local inhabitants; and far from helping to improve the ecological and conservation conditions of sharks, this has been an instrument that benefits the tourism sector by building an exclusive space for its effective operation, withdirect negative impacts on this species., Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-México, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

This paper explores smallholder farmers’ perceptions of and adap-tations to water scarcity in an irrigated system in south-eastern Mexico. Data from 85 farmers in four communities were collected through semi-structured interviews. The results show that farmers’ adaptations are stimulated by their perceptions of the causes and dynamics of water scarcity. Findings also reveal that differences in perceptions of, and adaptations to, water scarcity within commu-nities are due to characteristics such as irrigation techniques, water intake location, productive systems and access to groundwater. This study recommends the implementation of policies based on local conditions to cope with water scarcity, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

In the years prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid growth of tourism and the emergence of online tourist accommodation rental platforms gave rise to a considerable increase in the tourist pressure on urban destinations, leading to processes (and problems) such as overtourism, tourism gentrification or touristification. The post-pandemic tourism recovery has placed these processes at the centre of debate once again. This text reflects on the possibilities for measuring the touristification of the urban space. A methodology is proposed that is based on the elaboration of two indicators that are applied on a city block scale in Donostia-San Sebastián: an indicator of the intensity of tourism accommodation and an indicator of the tourism specialisation of the retail and restaurant supply. Then, a spatial cross analysis is made of the values obtained and they are compared with the presence of visitors, enabling us to reflect on the geography of the touristification of the city on a block scale. Touristification is, above all, a process of the intensification of the tourism activity which is distributed unevenly across the urban space and acts on a pre-existing fabric that determines its scope. From an applied perspective, the study generates useful knowledge for making decisions about the series of urban policies that contemplate the sustainable insertion of tourism into the city., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Este estudio se desarrolló en el Sur del estado de Quintana Roo de la Península de Yucatán, específicamente en cuatro localidades del municipio de Bacalar: Bacalar, Aarón Merino Fernández, Buenavista y Pedro Antonio Santos. Estas localidades, ubicadas contiguas a un cuerpo de agua llamado Laguna de Bacalar (conocida popularmente como la Laguna de los siete colores), han tenido procesos diferentes de intensificación socioeconómica por su incorporación al turismo en los últimos años, cuyas implicaciones han sido los cambios de usos de suelo a lo largo del litoral de la laguna; y la producción de un imaginario local (en el caso de la localidad de Bacalar) por su incorporación al catálogo del Programa Pueblos Mágicos que promueve la Secretaría de Turismo del gobierno federal. En este contexto, este trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar las implicaciones socioeconómicas producidas en relación a la tenencia de la tierra, derivado del crecimiento turístico en el litoral de la laguna, y analizar el discurso turístico local producido por la política pública del Programa Pueblos Mágicos. Estos objetivos se cumplieron a partir de la revisión bibliográfica y documental, entrevistas semiestructuradas y el análisis cartográfico, lo que permitió en primer lugar reconstruir el proceso de ocupación de la orilla de la Laguna. Destacar que la Laguna de Bacalar ha sido un elemento clave tanto en la configuración del paisaje como en la dinámica turística de la zona, así como en relación con el desarrollo inmobiliario de viviendas de segundas residencias y el surgimiento de un espacio imaginario comercializado como un producto turístico que se relaciona con la creación forzada de un “Pueblo Mágico”. En este sentido, se ha desarrollado una configuración turística residencial a orilla de la Laguna como resultado de una constante especulación inmobiliaria que inició en los años de 1960. Como resultado de este proceso especulativo, el uso de suelo para el turismo ocupa actualmente el 45% del, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

En este artículo se analizan los impactos en la accesibilidad territorial en Andalucía de las actuaciones en carreteras planificadas por la Consejería de Fomento y Vivienda de la Junta de Andalucía. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una herramienta informática basada en Sistemas de Información Geográfica, y se han calculado una serie de indicadores de accesibilidad y cohesión territorial. Para llevar a cabo el análisis de los efectos del Plan de Infraestructuras para la Sostenibilidad del Transporte en Andalucía, se han contemplado dos escenarios: uno sin las actuaciones previstas y otro con todas las actuaciones planeadas implementadas. También se han estudiado los efectos de dicho plan sobre la accesibilidad a hospitales, universidades y centros logísticos, así como las mejoras inducidas por cuatro importantes actuaciones concretas. Los resultados muestran mejoras significativas, como una reducción media en los tiempos de viaje del 3,6%, y que las actuaciones del plan de infraestructuras potencian la cohesión territorial., Junta de Andalucía, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

City borders perform an essential role in connecting towns and their surroundings. Being more a fuzzy area than a thin line, these urban borders gather together residential, tertiary and infrastructural uses, places awaiting development, agricultural fields, brown-field sites, abandoned areas etc. all named as ‘b-sites’. Within this context, we propose a method to identify places for strategic urban-rural interventions based on the assessment and identification of centralities in the urban-rural transition. Multiple centrality assessment is here presented as an innovative application considering both urban streets and rural road networks as a mixed network with identified central nodes. This innovative method has been tested in the city of Granada (Spain) allowing us to identify high centrality ‘b-sites’ where landscape project design and, urban-rural interventions could contribute to creating urban-rural transition continuity., Universidad de Granada, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

The Olympic Games have a huge impact on the cities where they are held, both during the actual celebration of the event, and before and after it. This study presents a new approach based on spatial analysis, GIS, and data coming from Location-Based Social Networks to model the spatiotemporal dimension of impacts associated with the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Geolocalized data from Twitter are used to analyze the activity pattern of users from two different viewpoints. The first monitors the activity of Twitter users during the event—The arrival of visitors, where they came from, and the use which residents and tourists made of different areas of the city. The second assesses the spatiotemporal use of the city by Twitter users before the event, compared to the use during and after the event. The results not only reveal which spaces were the most used while the Games were being held but also changes in the urban dynamics after the Games. Both approaches can be used to assess the impacts of mega-events and to improve the management and allocation of urban resources such as transport and public services infrastructure., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

The analysis of complex networks has been carried out in different fields using an ample variety of method and concepts. Recently, in the general literature of regional economics, the concepts of resilience, connectivity, vulnerability and criticality have been gaining their momentum. The aim of this paper is to provide an analytical framework, using well-known accessibility indicators, in order to calculate the critical links or road sections of the Spanish high-capacity road network. Our analysis will be based on approximately four hundred sections that will be classified in five different groups according to their criticality degree in the whole network. Our analysis will be complemented with the comparison of the results obtained in five different scenarios, namely the average criticality using the effects on the whole country, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Pontevedra. Furthermore, the paper will also analyze what kind of intrinsic characteristics of the sections favor or not the links’ criticality using a method based on a classification and regression tree. This analysis is crucial to understand other important concepts that are recently being studied in network and spatial economics, like, for example, resilience and vulnerability. It is concluded that the number of relations or routes, being a trunk or not, the road density and the time to Madrid capital play an important role in the criticality of the roads section in the high capacity road network., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

This paper analyzes the changes in spatial–temporal job accessibility by car in the Netherlands during the economic crisis (2009–14). It also assesses which component change is the most determinant in accessibility changes per municipality and part of the day. The paper shows that changes in job distribution reduced accessibility in almost the entire country, except around Amsterdam. Improvements in the road network capacity increased accessibility in the central provinces, particularly during peak hours. In summary, the values of job accessibility by car in the Netherlands became more transport dependent, except in the Amsterdam region., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

In recent years, what has become known as collaborative consumption has undergone rapid expansion through peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms. In the field of tourism, a particularly notable example is that of Airbnb. This article analyses the spatial patterns of Airbnb in Barcelona and compares them with hotels and sightseeing spots. New sources of data, such as Airbnb listings and geolocated photographs are used. Analysis of bivariate spatial autocorrelation reveals a close spatial relationship between Airbnb and hotels, with a marked centre-periphery pattern, although Airbnb predominates around the city's main hotel axis and hotels predominate in some peripheral areas of the city. Another interesting finding is that Airbnb capitalises more on the advantages of proximity to the city's main tourist attractions than does the hotel sector. Multiple regression analysis shows that the factors explaining location are also different for hotels and Airbnb. Finally, it was possible to detect those parts of the city that have seen the greatest increase in pressure from tourism related to Airbnb's recent expansion., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the economic context on traffic congestion and its consequential effects on private vehicle accessibility. We conduct a long-term analysis of spatiotemporal traffic congestion patterns in Madrid (Spain), comparing two urban realms: the 2008 economic crisis and the following post-crisis situation. We apply TomTom Speed Profiles data to assess daily variations in traffic congestion and their changes between both periods, and Twitter data to capture spatial patterns of the daily pulse of the city. Increased traffic, a by-product of economic recovery, resulted in higher congestion, particularly during peak hours. Nevertheless, these changes are spatially uneven. In the city core, an increase in congestion is relatively temporally homogeneous, while in the peripheral suburban zones, there has been only a marginal increase in travel times. On the other hand, in the urban outskirts, increased traffic congestion is more severe but visibly different between north and south. These differences have strong social connotations: over 40% of the population experienced a dramatic increase in travel times (more than 25%) during peak hours. Moreover, low-income groups are more likely to live in the more affected southern districts, suffering most the negative consequences of increased congestion., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Comisión Europea, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Accessibility by high-speed rail (HSR) depends not only on station-to-station travel time, but also on access and egress times, which can be determining factors in total journey travel time. However, studies focusing on accessibility analyses of access/egress times to/from stations are less extended in the literature and centre mainly on the influence of access times to stations on HSR accessibility levels on a regional scale. This paper's aim is to evaluate the importance of access and egress times to/from HSR stations in an urban context. We carry out a spatiotemporal accessibility analysis that considers the temporal variations of both taxi and public transport travel times. General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) files for public transport and TomTom Speed Profiles data for cars are used to measure access/egress times. These kinds of data allow for the calculation of travel times from/to HSR stations through network analysis GIS tools at different times of the day, and thus a spatiotemporal accessibility measure can be obtained. This accessibility measure is complemented by a mass factors representing the activity ‘hotspots’ in the visited city throughout the workday, which is derived from Twitter data, while population is considered for city of residence. This method was applied to the two largest metropolitan areas in Spain: Madrid and Barcelona, where the influence of access/egress times acquires a higher relevance for rail-based trips. The results obtained show that access and egress times vary significantly during the day, depending on the levels of traffic congestion and the frequency of public transport services, which are always more favourable for taxis. In addition, weighted average access and egress times at the home end are higher than those at the activity end since population tends to show more dispersed spatial patterns than activities. Another interesting finding is that the first and last mile of the HSR trip usually account for a high percent, Ministerio de Educación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Over the past decades, a large number of Spatial Planning Observatories (SPOs) have emerged in Europe in response to certain factors, such as the growing complexity of urban systems, the development of GIScience or European Union territorial policies. Previous studies have shown that SPOs have little effect when confronted with planning practice. It is believed that one of the main reasons is that the maps held by SPOs are not always focused on decision making; however, this argument has not yet been sufficiently proven. To address this problem and inspired by the doctrine of performance-based evaluation for spatial planning, we assess the performance for planning that a relevant number of European SPOs have according to their maps. The assessment takes into consideration two assumptions: (A) maps must be of continuing relevance to the situation as it evolves; (B) maps must help in defining operational decision situations for different focus groups (decision makers, planners, the public). We find that SPO maps could be excellent tools for planning, although an important number of improvements are still needed. In this sense, we discuss the potential role of SPO maps in addressing a collaborative dialogue between key planning agents in analysing urban dynamics, as well as in fostering new urban governance processes through the consideration of public participation., Junta de Andalucía, Gobierno de Aragón, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

We explore how different socioeconomic groups adapt to the snowstorm Filomena that occurred in Madrid in 2021. A reverse interpretation of the resilience triangle is proposed, where smaller triangle areas indicate less resilient populations continuing to travel despite disruptions, while larger demand losses indicate greater adaptability. Using Google Popular Times data, the study measures activity levels in neighborhoods, focusing on essential and non-essential trips. Vulnerable groups with lower incomes show limited adaptability, resulting in a smaller reduction in commercial activities compared to affluent neighborhoods. The study emphasizes the significance of considering demand adaptability and socioeconomic factors in assessing resilience., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, JST SICORP, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Governance of the commons depends on the capacity to generate collective action. Networks and rules that foster that collective action have been defined as social capital. However, their causal link is still not fully understood. We use social network analysis to assess social capital, decision-making, and collective action in a forest-based common pool resource management in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve (Chiapas, Mexico). Our research analyzes the productive networks and the evolution of coffee groups in one community. The network shows some centrality, with richer landholders tending to occupy core positions and poorer landless peasants occupying peripheral ones. This has fostered the community’s environmentally oriented development but has also caused internal conflicts. Market requirements have shaped different but complementary productive networks, where organic coffee commercialization is the main source of bridging ties, which has resulted in more connectivity and resilience. Conservation attitudes, along with the institutional setting of the community, have promoted collective action. The unresolved conflicts, however, still leave some concerns about governance in the future., AECID, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

There is little knowledge available on the spatial behaviour of urban tourists, and yet tourists generate an enormous quantity of data when they visit cities. These data sources can be used to track their presence through their activities. The aim of this paper is to analyse the digital footprint of urban tourists through Big Data. Unlike other papers that use a single data source, this article examines three sources of data to reflect different tourism activities in cities: Panoramio (sightseeing), Foursquare (consumption), and Twitter (being connected-accommodation). The results show that the data from the three activities are partly spatially redundant and partly complementary, and allow the characterisation of multifunction tourist spaces and spaces specialising in one or various activities. The main conclusion is that it is not sufficient to use one data source to analyse the presence of tourists in cities; several must be used in a complementary manner., Comisión Europea, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Conservation and enhancement of biodiversity inside cities are increasingly acknowledged as important as well as urgent issues. To date, several landscape planning and design paradigms have been set up for the creation of biodiverse urban landscapes. However, only few of such paradigms adequately stress the necessity to focus both on the ‘place-making’ dimension, namely the planning and design phase, and on the ‘place-keeping’ dimension, namely the management phase. The latter is often conceived as the final and separate phase of the creative process. On the contrary, to pursue an effective urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement, ‘place-keeping’ should act as a framework both for planning and design actions and for all those actions related to long-term open space management, such as maintenance, evaluation, and governance. The integration of these ‘material’ and ‘immaterial’ actions is crucial for the effectiveness of every landscape projects, but even more for projects explicitly addressed at improving urban biodiversity through the design of new urban habitats. In this article, we present a successful case of design of a new urban wetland habitat situated along the Spanish coast, the Charca de Suárez. Both landscape design choices and management actions are presented. We argue that an important driver of the Charca success is the actual embedding of ‘place-making’ dimension into the ‘place-keeping’ dimension – which has been conceived as long-term management of the site – and the consequent effective integration between scales, tools, actors and disciplines., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Understanding the impact of climate change on cities is fundamental to address the increasing occurrence of extreme weather events. This research aims to raise awareness and emphasise the need and potential of proactive measures to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. To do so, this article conducts a case study for a huge snowfall that occurred in the city of Madrid (Spain) in January 2021, blocking the city for several days. The analysis is based on geolocated big data sourced from Google Popular Times (GPT), which captures the occupancy of establishments throughout the city over the entire study period. An exploratory spatial-temporal analysis has been conducted to examine the impact of the snowfall on the daily activities of the city, taking into consideration the demographic characteristics. The findings reveal a distinction in the impact of the snowfall on activities. Essential activities experience less impact compared to leisure activities. Furthermore, at the socio-economic level, the impact on low-income neighbourhoods is observed to be less affected than on high-income neighbourhoods. The implications of this research contribute to the body of knowledge on climate change resilience and adaptation, providing valuable insights for urban management strategies and informing future research in this field., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, JST SICORP, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

As a consequence of the accelerated globalization process, today major cities all over the world are characterized by an increasing multiculturalism. The integration of immigrant communities may be affected by social polarization and spatial segregation. How are these dynamics evolving over time? To what extent the different policies launched to tackle these problems are working? These are critical questions traditionally addressed by studies based on surveys and census data. Such sources are safe to avoid spurious biases, but the data collection becomes an intensive and rather expensive work. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study on immigrant integration in 53 world cities by introducing an innovative approach: an analysis of the spatio-temporal communication patterns of immigrant and local communities based on language detection in Twitter and on novel metrics of spatial integration. We quantify the Power of Integration of cities –their capacity to spatially integrate diverse cultures– and characterize the relations between different cultures when acting as hosts or immigrants., Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) and FEDER (EU), EU Commission, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub