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Contents: Introduction Part I General and Introductory: Islamic book history: parameters of a discipline, Michael W. Albin 'Of making many books there is no end': the classical Muslim view, Franz Rosenthal. Part II Manuscripts: The script and book craft in the Hebrew medieval codex, Malachai Beit-Arie Between the lines: realities of scribal life in the 16th century, Cornell H. Fleischer Early Islamic bookbindings and their Coptic relations, Theodore C. Petersen The human element between text and reader: the ijaza in Arabic manuscripts, Jan Just Witkam Technical practices and recommendations recorded by classical and post-classical Arabic scholars concerning the copying and correction of manuscripts, Adam Gacek The copyists' working pace: some remarks towards a reflexion on the economy of the book in the Islamic world, Francois Deroche. Part III Introduction of Printing: From the manuscript age to the age of printed books, Muhsin Mahdi A virgin deserving Paradise or a whore deserving poison: manuscript tradition and printed books in Ottoman Turkish society, Orlin Sabev (Orhan Salih) Mass producing houri's moles: or aesthetics and choice of technology in early Muslim book printing, Ian Proudfoot Medieval Arabic tarsh: a forgotten chapter in the history of printing, Richard W. Bulliet Islamic reformist discourse in the Tulip period (1718-30): Ibrahim Muteferriqa and his arguments for printing, Stefan Reichmuth The beginnings of Hebrew printing in Egypt, Diana Rowland-Smith. Part IV Printing Development and Print Culture: Hebrew printing houses in the Ottoman empire, Yaron Ben Na'eh Arab booksellers and bookshops in the age of printing, 1850-1914, Ami Ayalon On the question of lithography, Brinkley Messick Rich men, poor men: Ottoman printers and booksellers making fortune or seeking survival (18th-19th centuries), Orlin Sabev (Orhan Salih) Functional perspectives on technology: the case of the printing press in the Ottoman empire, J.S. Szyliowicz The birth of tradition and modernity in 18th and 19th century Islamic culture - the case of printing, Reinhard Schulze The printing press and change in the Arab world, Geoffrey Roper Islam and the art of printing, H.A. Avakian Mass culture and Islamic cultural production in 19th century Middle East, Reinhard Schulze Who read what in the Ottoman empire (19th-20th centuries)?, Johann Strauss The beginnings of publishing in pre-1948 Palestine, Ami Ayalon Mesrop's heirs: the early Armenian book printers, Meline Pehlivanian Edward Breath and the typography of Syriac, J.F. Coakley Name index.

Printed book production in the languages of the Ottoman Empire originated in sixteenth-century Europe, developing there to produce Christian texts, partly for Ottoman readers. They were printed and published by Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant presses in several European countries, and were used among Christian and Jewish communities at a time when printing was not available locally. Occasional attempts were also made to develop a commercial export trade and engage the majority Muslim community. Most of the texts were in Arabic, Armenian, Greek, Syriac and Turkish. Some were first editions of locally produced texts; others were translations of European works. The author traces these activities, the motives behind them and the characteristics of the books supplied, as well as their readership and possible effects on Ottoman society.

The aim of this manuscript is to demonstrate that the known hormonally driven development of the male amygdalae, requires the vital use of stored memory in order that they are able to complete their recognised full structural architectonics. The hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex are strongly involved in the reception of testosterone which is the responsible hormone. The transfer of testosterone into memory and the mode of consolidation and storage of that memory are discussed. In regard to this activity, there have been suggestions concerning the possible effect of immune processes and also epigenesis and these are discussed. Finally, the controlled transfer to the male amygdala and the anabolic effect upon it are elucidated. The understanding of the hippocampal memory system is challenged by new evidence that has arisen.

This hypothesis clearly proposes the true and previously undiscovered cause of male homosexuality or bisexuality and in most cases the predictability in infancy of the development of this sexuality in adulthood. It is based on compelling new evidence which has accumulated over many years. The fetal and neonatal periods are of the utmost importance in human development because they encompass critical periods which must be adhered to, for normal development. Biological variations may occur during these times, without implying the process of disease. This paper takes into account new paediatric hormonal and other evidence which has accumulated in the past two decades concerning the causation of male homosexuality or bisexuality. It includes indirect genetic influence which has now been shown to be present. It also includes the implications of infant male breast development in regard to sexuality. It is asserted that the major cause of male homosexuality is due to failure of masculinisation of the male brain due to temporary but critical prolactin secretion from microprolactinoma present in their pituitary glands. Genes appear to be involved in the production of these tumours and sometimes in their demise. The assessment of their numbers at any one time in infancy has not been correctly addressed. Secondly, there is absolutely compulsive evidence concerning increased male infant breast development and the true nature of "Witch's Milk" and how it is produced and the profound implications of its presence in male neonates. It adds much persuasion to the causation of male homosexuality as enunciated in this paper. Measurement of testosterone levels at exactly and precisely the right time, are able to predict homosexual or bisexual development in adults. This knowledge would be of great help to parents.

(1985). Arabic printing and publishing in England before 1820. British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Bulletin: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 12-32.