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1. L’élevage de poulets biologiques : les verrous à lever et les opportunités offertes par cette production

Author

Karine GERMAIN, Claire BONNEFOUS, Ludovic CALANDREAU, Geoffrey CHIRON, Brieuc DESAINT, Elisabeth LE BIHAN-DUVAL, Vitor FERREIRA, Vanessa GUESDON, Laurence A. GUILLOTEAU, Sarah LOMBARD, Bertrand MÉDA, Anne SILVESTRE, and Anne COLLIN

Subjects
Animal culture, SF1-1100, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract

La France est actuellement au premier rang des productions européennes de poulets biologiques. Cette production ne représente toutefois encore que quelques pourcents de la production nationale. L’élevage avicole biologique est souvent considéré comme respectueux du bien-être animal et de l’environnement. Cependant, au-delà de ces images positives que l’élevage avicole biologique et les produits biologiques véhiculent, certaines contraintes déjà identifiées limitent leur développement. Le contact avec la faune sauvage présentant un risque sanitaire, la gestion du parcours, les tensions sur l’environnement dues à une excrétion des déjections sur le parcours difficilement maîtrisables et la sensibilité au contexte économique et aux comportements de consommation sont autant d’obstacles. L’élevage biologique offre néanmoins des opportunités 1) pour l’animal : le parcours facilite l’expression de nombreux comportements et permet la consommation d’insectes et de plantes possédant diverses propriétés (nutritionnelle, médicinales…) ; 2) pour l’éleveur : une amélioration des conditions de travail ainsi qu’une plus grande satisfaction sont mises en avant ; 3) pour l’environnement : le parcours constitue une source de biodiversité. Après une présentation des conditions d’élevage des poulets biologiques en France et en Europe, nous proposons d’identifier les barrières à l’extension de l’élevage biologique et les leviers/opportunités pour les dépasser.

Published
2024
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2. Managing genetic diversity in breeding programs of small populations: the case of French local chicken breeds

Author

Gwendal Restoux, Xavier Rognon, Agathe Vieaud, Daniel Guemene, Florence Petitjean, Romuald Rouger, Sophie Brard-Fudulea, Sophie Lubac-Paye, Geoffrey Chiron, and Michèle Tixier-Boichard

Subjects
Animal culture, SF1-1100, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Abstract Background On-going climate change will drastically modify agriculture in the future, with a need for more sustainable systems, in particular regarding animal production. In this context, genetic diversity is a key factor for adaptation to new conditions: local breeds likely harbor unique adaptive features and represent a key component of diversity to reach resilience. However, local breeds often suffer from small population sizes, which puts these valuable resources at risk of extinction. In chickens, population management programs were initiated a few decades ago in France, relying on a particular niche market that aims at promoting and protecting local breeds. We conducted a unique comprehensive study of 22 French local breeds, along with four commercial lines, to evaluate their genetic conservation status and the efficiency of the population management programs. Results Using a 57K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip, we demonstrated that both the between- and within-breed genetic diversity levels are high in the French local chicken populations. Diversity is mainly structured according to the breeds’ selection and history. Nevertheless, we observed a prominent sub-structuring of breeds according to farmers’ practices in terms of exchange, leading to more or less isolated flocks. By analysing demographic parameters and molecular information, we showed that consistent management programs are efficient in conserving genetic diversity, since breeds that integrated such programs earlier had older inbreeding. Conclusions Management programs of French local chicken breeds have maintained their genetic diversity at a good level. We recommend that future programs sample as many individuals as possible, with emphasis on both males and females from the start, and focus on a quick and strong increase of population size while conserving as many families as possible. We also stress the usefulness of molecular tools to monitor small populations for which pedigrees are not always available. Finally, the breed appears to be an appropriate operational unit for the conservation of genetic diversity, even for local breeds, for which varieties, if present, could also be taken into account.

Published
2022
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3. Evaluating the link between predation and pest control services in the mite world

Author

Lise Roy, Adrien Taudière, Julien Papaïx, Rumsais Blatrix, Geoffrey Chiron, Ghais Zriki, Olivier Bonato, and Jean‐Yves Barnagaud

Subjects
animal farming, assemblage dynamics, biological control, ecosystem services, predation, trophic interactions, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Pest regulation by natural enemies has a strong potential to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides in agroecosystems. However, the effective role of predation as an ecosystem service remains largely speculative, especially with minute organisms such as mites. Predatory mites are natural enemies for ectoparasites in livestock farms. We tested for an ecosystem level control of the poultry pest Dermanyssus gallinae by other mites naturally present in manure in poultry farms and investigated differences among farming practices (conventional, free‐range, and organic). We used a multiscale approach involving (a) in vitro behavioral predation experiments, (b) arthropod inventories in henhouses with airborne DNA, and (c) a statistical model of covariations in mite abundances comparing farming practices. Behavioral experiments revealed that three mites are prone to feed on D. gallinae. Accordingly, we observed covariations between the pest and these three taxa only, in airborne DNA at the henhouse level, and in mites sampled from manure. In most situations, covariations in abundances were high in magnitude and their sign was positive. Predation on a pest happens naturally in livestock farms due to predatory mites. However, the complex dynamics of mite trophic network prevents the emergence of a consistent assemblage‐level signal of predation. Based on these results, we suggest perspectives for mite‐based pest control and warn against any possible disruption of ignored services through the application of veterinary drugs or pesticides.

Published
2020
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4. Possibilities for IPM Strategies in European Laying Hen Farms for Improved Control of the Poultry Red Mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): Details and State of Affairs

Author

Eva Decru, Monique Mul, Alasdair J. Nisbet, Alejandro H. Vargas Navarro, Geoffrey Chiron, Jon Walton, Tomas Norton, Lise Roy, and Nathalie Sleeckx

Subjects
Dermanyssus gallinae, integrated pest management, poultry red mite, sustainable control, prevention, non-chemical, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

The Poultry Red Mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, causing serious problems to animal health and welfare, and huge economic losses. Controlling PRM infestations is very challenging. Conventionally, D. gallinae is treated with synthetic acaricides, but the particular lifestyle of the mite (most of the time spent off the host) makes the efficacy of acaracide sprays often unsatisfactory, as sprays reach only a small part of the population. Moreover, many acaricides have been unlicensed due to human consumer and safety regulations and mites have become resistant to them. A promising course of action is Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is sustainable for animals, humans and the environment. It combines eight different steps, in which prevention of introduction and monitoring of the pest are key. Further, it focusses on non-chemical treatments, with chemicals only being used as a last resort. Whereas IPM is already widely applied in horticulture, its application is still in its infancy to control D. gallinae in layer houses. This review presents the currently-available possibilities for control of D. gallinae in layer houses for each of the eight IPM steps, including monitoring techniques, established and emerging non-chemical treatments, and the strategic use of chemicals. As such, it provides a needed baseline for future development of specific IPM strategies, which will allow efficient and sustainable control of D. gallinae in poultry farms.

Published
2020
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5. Evaluating the link between predation and pest control services in the mite world

Author

Adrien Taudière, Ghais Zriki, Julien Papaïx, Geoffrey Chiron, Lise Roy, Olivier Bonato, Jean-Yves Barnagaud, Rumsaïs Blatrix, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux (BioSP), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ITAVI, UMR - Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (UMR IPME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Dermanyssus gallinae, Biological pest control, biological control, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, 03 medical and health sciences, assemblage dynamics, lcsh:QH540-549.5, parasitic diseases, Mite, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Trophic level, Original Research, trophic interactions, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, integumentary system, business.industry, Pest control, animal farming, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Agriculture, PEST analysis, lcsh:Ecology, predation, business, ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

Pest regulation by natural enemies has a strong potential to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides in agroecosystems. However, the effective role of predation as an ecosystem service remains largely speculative, especially with minute organisms such as mites.Predatory mites are natural enemies for ectoparasites in livestock farms. We tested for an ecosystem level control of the poultry pest Dermanyssus gallinae by other mites naturally present in manure in poultry farms and investigated differences among farming practices (conventional, free‐range, and organic).We used a multiscale approach involving (a) in vitro behavioral predation experiments, (b) arthropod inventories in henhouses with airborne DNA, and (c) a statistical model of covariations in mite abundances comparing farming practices.Behavioral experiments revealed that three mites are prone to feed on D. gallinae. Accordingly, we observed covariations between the pest and these three taxa only, in airborne DNA at the henhouse level, and in mites sampled from manure. In most situations, covariations in abundances were high in magnitude and their sign was positive.Predation on a pest happens naturally in livestock farms due to predatory mites. However, the complex dynamics of mite trophic network prevents the emergence of a consistent assemblage‐level signal of predation. Based on these results, we suggest perspectives for mite‐based pest control and warn against any possible disruption of ignored services through the application of veterinary drugs or pesticides., In vitro tests have been confronted with mite inventories and airborne DNA analyses. Three out of seven taxa of native predatory mites are able to feed on Dermanyssus gallinae. The same three predators are associated with the parasite in poultry houses. We've detected no obvious signals from any pest control service. This may be due to the ubiquity of predators or to prey–predator dynamics.

Published
2020
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6. Population-level impact of native arthropod predators on the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae

Author

David Degueldre, Anne-Sophie Soulié, Ghais Zriki, Nathalie Sleeckx, Lise Roy, Geoffrey Chiron, Olivier Gimenez, Liza Dadu, Dominique J. Bicout, Rumsaïs Blatrix, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity / Recherche Translationnelle et Innovation en Médecine et Complexité - UMR 5525 (TIMC ), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Mite Infestations, mites, Dermanyssus gallinae, Physiology, Population, Zoology, [SDV.SA.ZOO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Zootechny, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, bird ectoparasite, Predation, 03 medical and health sciences, prey-predator interactions, Genetics, Mite, population dynamics, Animals, education, native assemblages, Pest Control, Biological, Molecular Biology, Predator, Arthropods, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Poultry Diseases, education.field_of_study, biology, business.industry, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Pest control, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Predatory Behavior, Animal Science and Zoology, Prey switching, PEST analysis, business, Chickens, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

International audience; Stimulating the regulation of pests by their natural enemies is a way to improve the sustainability of agriculture and respect for the environment. However, the presence of natural enemies does not guarantee the existence of a pest control service. To what extent are predatory mites commonly found in henhouses actually able to regulate a major egg industry pest mite, Dermanyssus gallinae? To answer this question, we have experimentally recreated portions of a poultry house ecosystem allowing the development of the pest over several generations in the presence of a chick and detritivorous mites (Astigmata) that are ubiquitous and abundant in layer farms. In these conditions, we compared the growth of D. gallinae populations in the presence and absence of native predatory arthropods. No effect of native predators on the growth of the D. gallinae population could be detected despite high initial predator-to-prey ratios and satisfactory growth of predator populations. Prey switching to the alternative prey Astigmata likely dilutes the effect of predation on the target prey. Further exploration is needed to see whether action could be taken to enhance the effect of top-down regulation.

Published
2021
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7. Management programs as a key factor for genetic conservation of small populations : The case of French local chicken breeds

Author

Agathe Vieaud, Gwendal Restoux, Geoffrey Chiron, Michèle Tixier-Boichard, Lubac S, Xavier Rognon, Florence Petitjean, Brard-Fudulea S, Daniel Guemene, and Rouger R

Subjects
Genetic diversity, Geography, Agriculture, business.industry, Agroforestry, Context (language use), Small population size, Runs of Homozygosity, business, Inbreeding, Selection (genetic algorithm), Diversity (business)
Abstract

On-going climate change will drastically modify agriculture in the future, with a need for more sustainable systems, for animal production in particular. In this context, genetic diversity is a key factor for adaptation to new conditions: local breeds are likely to harbor unique adaptive features and represent a key component of diversity to reach resilience. Nevertheless, they are often suffering from small population size putting these valuable resources at risk of extinction. In chickens, management programs have been initiated a few decades ago in France, relying on a particular niche market aiming at promoting and protecting local breeds. We conducted a unique comprehensive study of 23 French local populations, along with 4 commercial lines, to evaluate their genetic conservation status and the efficiency of management programs. Using a 57K SNP chip we demonstrated that both between and within breeds genetic diversity were high in French populations. Diversity was mainly structured according to selection and breeds’ history. Nevertheless, we observed a prominent sub-structuring of breeds according to farmer’s practices in terms of exchange, leading to more or less isolated flocks. Analysing demographic parameters as well as molecular information, we showed the efficiency of consistent management programs to conserve genetic diversity, since the earlier the breeds integrated programs the lower was the inbreeding. Finally we stressed that management programs can benefit from molecular markers and runs of homozygosity, ROH, in particular, as a valuable and affordable tool to monitor genetic diversity of local breeds which often lack pedigree information.

Published
2021
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8. Arthropod communities of laying hen houses : an integrative pilot study toward conservation biocontrol of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae

Author

Etienne Villeneuve de Janti, Guénolé Le Peutrec, Geoffrey Chiron, Marine El Adouzi, María L. Moraza, Lise Roy, Olivier Bonato, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona] (UNAV), ITAVI, UMR - Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (UMR IPME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), The FEADER (Fonds Européen Agricole pour le DéveloppementRural) European funds, the French Rhone-Alpes-Auvergne Region[grant number RRHA 160116CR0820011], as well as the CNPO(Comité National pour la Promotion de l'Œuf, France) supported thiswor, and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Dermanyssus gallinae, Arthropoda, Biological pest control, 03 medical and health sciences, Mite, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Community ecology, Community, biology, Ecology, Poultry farming, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Pyrethroid, Habitat, Insect Science, Mesostigmata, Biological dispersal, Arthropod, PEST analysis, Conservation biological control, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

International audience; he poultry red mite (PRM),Dermanyssus gallinae(de Geer), is a hematophagous mite of economic importance inthe poultry industry. Because PRM lives off-host in habitats potentially shared by many micropredators, bio-control agents have potential to regulate this pest in poultry buildings. The present pilot study was conducted toobtain afirst insight into predatory and parasitic arthropod communities that naturally occur on layer farms inFrance. Species composition and sensitivity to insecticides were determined to estimate the feasibility of con-servation biological control (CBC) of PRM based on a 2-scale concept (regional and local effects). A morpho-molecular approach was used to characterize the taxonomic composition of manure-dwelling arthropod com-munities, with a focus on mesostigmatid mites, that naturally occur in free-range layer farms. Additionally, thesensitivity of some dominant mite species to a common insecticide (deltamethrin) was measured via bioassays.The putative roles of recorded taxa within ecological guilds and their dispersal habits are discussed based on theresults of multivariate and univariate analyses. Local and regional factors had significant effects on both high-level taxonomic arthropod groups and mesostigmatid morphospecies. In addition to documenting the occurrenceand apparent establishment of highly mobile arthropods in hen houses, these results are considered promisingfor the development of CBC against PRM. Populations of two recurrent mesostigmatid morphospecies demon-strated an extreme sensitivity to the pyrethroid, suggesting that even very low levels of insecticide use are likelyto have unnoticed deleterious effects on natural regulation processes in layer buildings. Lastly, a robust methodfor exploring mesostigmatid mite communities in manure is provided.

Published
2017
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