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The lipid content of a high mountain lake (Lake Isoba) allowed the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental changes and anthropic influence in Northern Spain during the last 550 years. Fatty acids (FAs) and n-alkan-2-ones indicate little degradation of OM. Three units were delimited. During Unit A (ca. 1460–1780 CE) high carbon preference index values, predominance of high-molecular-weight saturated FAs, and good correspondence between the predominant n-alkane and saturated FA chains indicate higher OM input and evidence of minimal degradation, linked to the cold and dry Little Ice Age, that favoured the OM input derived mainly from land plants, and the reduced bacterial activity. In Unit B (ca. 1780–2006 CE) the n-alkane and saturated FA profiles showed a remarkable mismatch suggestive of preferential microbial synthesis of long chain saturated FAs from primary OM and/or bacterial activity (predominance of low-molecular-weight saturated FAs but with a bimodal distribution), in coincidence with a decrease in OM input, which could be linked to the global warming that started in the second half of the 19th century. Although OM continued deriving mainly from terrigenous plants, aquatic macrophytes increased their contribution to the OM indicating the amelioration of environmental conditions. Evidence of considerable phytoplankton productivity and microbial activity was significant in Unit C (ca. 2006–2018 CE) coinciding with the highest concentrations of n-alkanes and saturated FAs, linked to warmer and drier conditions, and to greater anthropogenic influence. In addition, organic sulfur and gammacerane indicates loss of oligotrophy, and the record of faecal stanols, particularly that of 24-ethylcoprostanol, strongly evidences notable and rising water pollution associated with increasing cattle ranching in the lake catchment during the past 10–15 years., AEI/FEDER, UE, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, University of Bern, Ministerio de Universidades/Universidad de Alcalá/European Union, Gobierno del País Vasco, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

New gravimetric data are improving our understanding of the Palomares Fault Zone (PFZ) that accommodates the Águilas Arc tectonic indentation (eastern Betic Cordillera, SE Iberia) in the context of the Eurasia-Africa convergence. The PFZ limits the sedimentary infill geometry of the Vera and Pulpí Basins, and the western Guadalentín Corridor, which are located along the western boundary of the arc. Gravity anomaly models are in agreement with previous tectonic interpretations that suggest that the PFZ fragments and bends the depocenters of those basins, as it has been proposed for the antiforms (ranges) that are located eastwards. Furthermore, the gravity anomaly models show that the PFZ extends from the Cabrera Range to the Almagrera Range and ends in the north at the Pulpí Basin, where the basin infill is only deformed by a gentle symmetrical synform. As a consequence, the PFZ is (i) confined to the southern zone, where the deformation is most intense due to the displacement of the tectonic indenter, and (ii) disconnected from the front of the Águilas Arc and the Alhama de Murcia Fault (part of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone, EBSZ). The new extend of the PFZ we have documented supposes the structural segmentation of the EBSZ and reduces both seismotectonic and structural significances of the PFZ. The study of the PFZ shows that the boundaries of the indenter are the locus for diffused deformation accommodated by local-scale faulting along with structural rotations and deflections, rather than localized strike-slip faulting along the whole indenter margin., AEI /FEDER, Junta de Andalucía/FEDER, ICM-CSIC, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

At the northern tip of the Betic realm (SE Iberian Peninsula), some troughs (synclines) and elevations (anticlines) alternate, marking the present-day coastal lobed morphology of cape-bounded bays, where subsidence and uplift conditions prevailed, respectively. In this study, we were able to establish a clear coastal evolution. To this end, we considered the sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental conditions, the palaeogeographical reconstruction, and recent tectonics until Middle Pleistocene times (MIS 5) through the interpretation of onshore cores, raised marine deposits and geophysical profiles. In this regard, as reflected by both onshore and offshore information, there seems to be a stratigraphical gap from the end of the Pliocene to MIS 15 (Middle Pleistocene). In areas under uplift conditions, linked to tardive Alpine tectonics, the deposits of ancient shorelines and raised beaches were located at different post-depositional elevations, which were dated from odd MIS 15 to MIS 5 using amino acid racemization. Only deposits aged MIS 7 and MIS 5 are roughly at the present-day sea level or some meters above. In the troughs, which remain mostly as lagoons and salt marshes, subsidence did not allow the sedimentary record to be discerned. However, many borehole cores were recovered, attesting lagoonal, marsh, sabkha, or alluvial environmental conditions, which were usually unconnected from the sea. Micropaleontological and amino acid racemization dating revealed these cores to be of MIS15 to MIS5 age. Offshore seismic research revealed five erosive-bounded deposits that are stacked accretionary prisms corresponding to highstands between odd MIS 15 and MIS 5. In contrast, even MISs can be correlated to the erosive horizons that separated the seismic units, reflecting lowstands. In this regard, some bars, at a range of distances from the present-day coastline, protected wetlands from marine influence, allowing the development of diverse sub-environments under changin, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

This study presents the analysis of surficial strip footing on sloping frictional ground for an easy estimation of its seismic bearing capacity (by means of a seismic slope coefficient) to be used in conjunction with any other analytical solution provided for the static case. The influence of the slope angle and height, proximity of the slope to the crest, and value of the pseudo-static seismic coefficient is presented. A parametric study performed for the range of these geometrical and geotechnical parameters is conducted by the finite element method, also presenting the analysis of failure modes. The results are summarized in the form of non-dimensional charts that could be easily used for the estimation of the seismic bearing capacity by practitioners. An example of the application of charts is presented. It can be concluded that there is no influence of the sloping ground when the distance of the footing is greater than four times the width. For the horizontal seismic coefficients greater than 0.3 g, the shallow foundations should not be placed near the slope., CRUE-CSIC, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

El sector de Honrubia-Sepúlveda (Norte del Sistema Central) se caracteriza por presentar una serie de cabalgamientos imbricados con basamento implicado y vergencia hacia el norte. Estos cabalgamientos desarrollan pliegues de propagación de falla en la cobertera mesozoica con flancos largos de bajo buzamiento hacia el sur (entre 2 y 5º). Dada la ausencia de datos en profundidad, y debido a su estilo “de piel fina con basamento implicado”, algunos autores interpretan la presencia de un nivel de despegue relativamente somero en profundidad. Para discutir esta estructura se han analizado y modelizado con el método de trishear uno de estos pliegues que presentan mejor desarrollo (Allmendinger, 1998). Los resultados de la modelización sugieren desechar la presencia de geometrías rampa-rellano, y la ausencia de un nivel de despegue común superficial para los cabalgamientos. Los resultados obtenidos también descartan otras geometrías de la rampa, como son las de un aumento del buzamiento de los cabalgamientos en profundidad, o rampas con geometrías lístricas. Los modelos que mejor explican la geometría del pliegue de propagación se generan mediante fallas inversas de buzamiento constante (entre 40 y 50º), valores de p/s entre 1.5 y 1.8 y ángulos de trishear estrechos (de unos 60º)., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

La utilización sistemática, por primera vez en Tenerife, de edades radiométricas 40Ar/39Ar, junto con la realización de nuevos estudios sobre el terreno, permiten identificar y situar temporalmente las principales unidades vulcanológicas que constituyen el Edificio Cañadas y definir las sucesivas fases de construcción y destrucción que le han afectado y que han generado la presente morfología de la depresión de Las Cañadas. La primera fase, Cañadas I, (>3,5-2,7 Ma) dio lugar a un primer edificio central, en la parte Oeste de la isla. Cubriendo los depósitos de avalancha de Tigaiga, generados en un primer episodio destructivo, tuvo lugar la segunda fase de construcción entre 2,4 y 1,3 Ma, en la que se formó el edificio Cañadas-II. Las primeras erupciones ignimbríticas aparecen en el Norte a los 2,1 Ma, pero los depósitos piroclásticos más importantes aparecen en el flanco SO y corresponden a la Fase ignimbrítica de Adeje (1,8-1,5 Ma), procedente de un centro eruptivo occidental (C2). Entre 1,2 Ma y 0,15 Ma se construye el edificio Cañadas-III, con una nueva e importante fase ignimbrítica (la Fase de las Bandas del Sur), de edad 0,7 a 0,15 Ma, generada en un centro eruptivo oriental (C3) y emplazada esencialmente en el flanco SE. Algunas de estas erupciones piroclásticas son de un volumen suficiente como para poder haber dado lugar a una caldera (o calderas) de colapso vertical en las partes más altas del edificio, pero su tamaño, geometría y posición dentro de los edificios Cañadas-II y III son desconocidos, debido, en gran medida, a los repetidos episodios de "debris-avalanche" dirigidos hacia el Norte, que destruyeron esas posibles estructuras: el episodio destructivo de Los Roques (>0,43 y <1,4 Ma); el de La Orotava (~_0.6 Ma) y el de Icod (<0.15 Ma). Estos episodios destructivos han generado progresivamente la forma actual de la depresión de Las Cañadas., New 40Ar/39Ar ages and the structural relationships between the identified volcanological units of the Cañadas Edifice allow to define successive constructive and destructive phases which shaped the present Cañadas Caldera. The mostly basaltic Cañadas I phase (3.5-2.7 Ma) formed a first shield volcano in the W part of the island. Overlying a first debris avalanche deposit (Tigaiga breccia), a second volcanic phase built a Cañadas II edifice between 2.4 and 1.4 Ma. The oldest ignimbritic eruptions are recorded in the N at 2.1 Ma, but the pyroclastic series well exposed in the SW lower slopes were emplaced from an western C2 eruptive centre during the main (1.8-1.5 Ma) Adeje ignimbritic phase. Then the volcanic activity resumed at about 1.2 Ma and built a new Cañadas III edifice until 0.15 Ma. The later stages are strongly marked by a second main (0.7-0.15 Ma) Bandas del Sur ignimbritic phase from an eastern C3 eruptive centre; the associated pyroclastites are widespread on the SE lower slopes. Several of these pyroclastic eruptions were of sufficient large volume to trigger the formation of a complex vertical collapse caldera(s) in the summital region of the successive volcanic edifices, but their geometry and location within the Cañadas II and III edifices are poorly defined because several N directed debris avalanche events broke down these structures: the 0.43

The object of this paper is to present an exhaustive analysis of power quality measurements performed in an arc furnace. Main disturbances produced by the arc furnace are taken into account in accordance with IEC recommendations. In this way, the typical magnitudes of power quality analysis are evaluated using a statistical treatment. Other magnitudes such as different power components and power factors are also calculated in order to provide a scheme by which the disturbances of the arc furnaces can be characterized., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

La problemática morfo-sedimentaria se trabajará desde una red que reúne a los científicos y expertos en el tema con los organismos de gestión del medio fluvial., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Using Gondwana as an example, we show how the geological record can be interrogated to detect significant changes in mantle convection patterns at critical junctures in Earth’s evolution. Evidence of major changes in mantle circulation in the aftermath of late Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic Gondwana assembly is provided by widespread (i) plume-related magmatism around Gondwana’s periphery, (ii) ironstone deposits related to mantle plume-ocean ridge interaction and enhanced hydrothermal activity, and (iii) super-mature clastic deposits that reflect epeirogenic uplift triggered by mantle upwelling beneath Gondwana combined with deep tropical weathering. In our model, Gondwana assembled above a region of mantle downwelling in which subducted slabs between the converging Gondwanan continents descended to the core-mantle boundary. Renewed subduction along Gondwana’s periphery yielded early arc magmas. But as downwelling beneath Gondwana evolved into upwelling as a result of the ponding of subducted slabs at the base of the mantle, mantle plumes rose from the margins of the nascent upwelling to interact with the edges of Gondwana, where they penetrated the peripheral subduction zones via slab windows, tears and transform faults to generate voluminous calc-alkalic crustal melts in hydrated arc regions and A-type magmas in dry back-arc regions. The plumes also underplated oceanic lithosphere and interacted with adjacent ocean ridges, thereby enhancing hydrothermal activity and the flux of bioessential nutrients, leading to the recurrence of marine iron-rich sedimentary rocks in the geological record. At the same time, upwelling beneath a tropical to equatorial Gondwana led to epeirogenic uplift, deep weathering and erosion, resulting in the production of widespread super-mature clastic deposits. We contend that major changes in mantle convection patterns were encoded into the geological record of Gondwana assembly, influenced global-scale mantle convection patterns, and sho, NSERC, Australian Research Council, Czech Operational Programme Research, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/Agencia Estatal de Investigación/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, St. Francis Xavier University, NSERC Canada, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO), TRUE, pub

Flooding is a highly destructive natural disaster affecting millions of people annually, causing substantial global economic losses. Especially in the Global South, vulnerable populations with limited resources for flood protection and recovery suffer the most. However, effective flood impact analysis and standardized geospatial data processing and visualization is lacking, hindering effective disaster risk reduction. This study employs Python to develop a standardized, automated analysis and visualization model to address flood impacts after a high magnitude event anywhere in the world by using global geospatial data sets. In order to test its applicability two relevant cases, with different locations and scales, were selected, (Bangkok, Thailand, and Tula de Allende, Mexico). In both cases the automated flood model efficiently processed flood extent and depth data from ICEYE SAR images, added the population estimates from the German Aerospace Center, and key infrastructure elements from OpenStreetMap. The output of the automated process is presented as web-based interactive maps, offering insights into flooding severity and impacts with minimal user input. This quick approach (processing time between 41 s and 10,5 min) facilitates timely responses by first responders, with great potential to aid and improve the efficiency of international humanitarian efforts. By leveraging global high-resolution geospatial data for local-level analysis, this study demonstrates the versatility and time-saving benefits of this automated analysis and visualization. Automated models standardize results, minimizing human errors, and enabling consistent historical flood data comparison. Even though the databases are gathered from trusted sources, additional evaluation of uncertainties of the results with field data should be considered in further development of this tool. Nevertheless, this research highlights the worldwide potential, and especially the Global South, of automated globa, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Past global changes are typically registered in both natural (e.g., geologic-geomorphological, atmospheric-climatic, hydrologic-glacial and biological) and cultural records (e.g., archaeological, historical and documentary sources). Nevertheless, there are few sites in the world where sedimentary and archaeological evidence combine to provide information about two or more past millennial climate changes. In this regard, the Roman city of Guadix (Granada, SE Spain) represents a singular location, whose Roman theatre (1st century CE), recently discovered in 2007, contains palaeo-flood evidences that can be related to the two latest global warm periods: the Roman and Medieval epochs. In this research, detailed geological analyses are carried out. These analyses consisted in careful descriptions of vertical stratigraphic sections (lithology, structures…) and lateral correlation panels; as well as fluvial facies models to interpret the sedimentary environments for each sequence. This sedimentological information was combined with the study of archaeological remains, radiocarbon dating and optically stimulated luminescence, and three major flood events have been identified: two of them dating back to the beginning of the 1st century CE (period of the Pax Romana Empire); and the other occurring at the end of the 12th century (Islamic Almohad period). Such extreme hydrological events were synchronous with two warm periods: the Roman Climatic Optimum and the Medieval Warm Period. This seems to suggest that the meteorological fluctuations associated to climate changes during warming periods (such as the current one associated with present-day climate change) very likely produce such extraordinary or extreme events, which can mobilise large amounts of solid load (sands, silts and clays) and trigger sudden changes in the configuration of the river system (channel avulsions, meander cut-offs and captures among tributaries) and alluvial fans (at tributary mouths). We believe that, Interreg SUDOE programme, Dirección General del Agua, IGME-CSIC, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Within the Variscan Belt of Morocco, the Central Massif preserves Early Carboniferous rift basins. The Lower Carboniferous Khenifra and Qasbat-Tadla basins are aborted rifts, developed just before the Variscan orogenesis in Morocco that occurred during the Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian in NW Africa. Due to both weak inversion of these basins during the Variscan orogeny and limited burial afterwards, these basins offer the opportunity to study the Early Carboniferous pre-orogenic thermal regimes. In the Khenifra basin, 77 samples collected across the basin and its basement's boundaries, allowed the determination of the maximal temperature reached during the rocks burial by means of Raman spectroscopic analyses. The Ordovician basement shows mean temperatures between 230 and 300 °C whereas the upper Visean/Serpukhovian infill has a wide range, from temperatures <160 °C to 250–260 °C. This thermal variation within the basinal series has been evidenced from west to east and cannot have been acquired during the Variscan events. The acquisition of these maximal temperatures occurred between Late Devonian to Upper Visean/Serpukhovian and is thought to result from the formation of an extended rift. In the Qasbat-Tadla basin, Rock-Eval data from Ordovician to Devonian source-rocks indicate significantly lower maximal temperatures reached by pre-Carboniferous samples that are within the oil window. Our results are in favor of a heterodox model for the Variscan belt in Morocco and NW African in general, suggesting that no pre-Variscan compressional events are needed. Instead, the development of the intraplate Variscan belt in NW Africa was permitted through the development of hot and weak Lower Carboniferous basins, subsequently inverted in a far-field stress field. The striking thermal differences between the Khenifra and Qasbat-Tadla basins suggest that important tectonic segmentation must have shaped the area during the Early Carboniferous extensional phase., CergyParis Université, INSU,Tellus Syster, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

A successful management of a show cave requires knowledge of cave dynamics and the main risk factors. Show caves close to the water table are prone to sporadic flooding, which can threaten visitor safety and result in severe economic losses. Las Güixas cave, located in the Collarada Massif (Pyrenees - Spain), is representative of a show cave close to the water table that is exposed to energetic flash floods. We conducted a five-year comprehensive cave monitoring study including air temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration and water level. Additionally, we measured outside temperature and precipitation. Air temperature variations and ventilation dynamics occurring in most of the cave are controlled by the outside temperature due to entrances at different elevations, except in a non-ventilated area showing more stable hygrothermal characteristics and higher summer values of CO2 concentration. The study also identifies distinct CO2 sources related to the degassing of water and visitors’ breathing. Monitoring data show that the rapid degassing of cave water during flooding may increase subsurface CO2 concentrations to levels well above the exposure limits. However, the strong ventilation observed inside the cave rapidly removes CO2 peaks produced by flooding and limits the anthropic CO2 rise to ∼100 ppm. Hydrograph analysis revealed a response time of 8–12 h in the cave water levels to external rainfall/snowmelt events. Based on these results, a flood alarm system supports sustainable show cave management and the number of visitors is optimized according to the environmental conditions of the cave. This monitoring study has greatly contributed to our knowledge of cave dynamics, which can serve to improve flood risk management and increase the profitability of the show cave. Nonetheless, extreme floods remain a significant concern for potential economic losses in the future, considering current climate change scenarios. Hydrological studies together with a long, Ayuntamiento de Villanúa, CSIC, European Commission, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

A new well-dated (18 14C dates on short-lived terrestrial plant macrofossils, 210Pb and 137Cs dating) fine-resolution palaeoecological sequence (pollen, coprophilous fungi, conifer stomata, macrofossils, charcoal) from Lago de Isoba (1400 m a.s.l.) spanning the past c. 17,000 years provides novel insights into the long-term dynamics of the high-elevation Cantabrian landscape in response to climate variability and human activities. Vegetation changes were mainly climate-driven during the Late-glacial and the Early Holocene. Thus, steppe-like environments prevailed during the Greenland Stadial 2.1a (GS-2.1a ‘Oldest Dryas’). Warmer and moister conditions during the Greenland Interstadial 1 (GI-1 ’Bølling-Allerød’) enabled successive expansions of Juniperus, Betula and Pinus. Steppe-like vegetation re-expanded during the cooler and drier Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1 ‘Younger Dryas’). Afterwards, the Early Holocene warming triggered the rapid spread of mixed pine-broad-leaved deciduous mountain forests. Pollen, stomata and macrofossils indicate continuous, long-lasting (c. 10,850–1250 cal yr BP) local occurrence of Pinus sylvestris stands. The records of Cerealia and Plantago lanceolata pollen types (first Holocene occurrences dated at c. 5100 cal yr BP) evidence increased land use during the Late Holocene, which triggered substantial changes in forest ecosystems. Following a phase of intensified arable and pastoral farming, which involved the use of fire to create and maintain forest clearings, pinewoods expanded and reached their maximum development between c. 3600 and 3300 cal yr BP. Pinus probably outcompeted temporarily other woody taxa thanks to its resilience to low-intensity disturbances. Later, pinewoods underwent a stepwise, human-induced decline ending in their final massive collapse after c. 1150 cal yr BP. The highest intensity of agricultural and pastoral farming took place during the Middle Ages, following maximum fire occurrence. We conclude that the present, Ministerio de Universidades, Universidad de Alcalá, FEDER, EU, Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

La Falla de Santa María del Espino se localiza en la Rama Castellana de la Cordillera Ibérica (CI). Se orienta en dirección NO-SE, buzando hacia el SO. Superpone, en su parte central, el basamento Paleozoico (pizarras y cuarcitas del Ordovícico y pizarras del Silúrico) sobre los materiales sedimentarios del Triásico (areniscas, arcillas y conglomerados del Buntsandstein). Se ha determinado la orientación y cinemática de las estructuras generadas por la falla en ambos bloques, que incluyen pliegues a distintas escalas, kink bands y un conjunto de fallas menores. Se han aplicado distintas técnicas de análisis estructural con objeto de determinar tanto la cinemática de la falla principal como la orientación de los ejes principales del esfuerzo. El resultado muestra la actuación de una transpresión lateral derecha triclínica, con una vorticidad cercana a la transición entre el dominio de la cizalla pura y de la cizalla simple, y una convergencia NNO-SSE entre los bloques separados por la falla. La máxima compresión horizontal (S1) se sitúa en dirección NO-SE. Estos resultados confirman la naturaleza transpresiva de las estructuras de la Rama Castellana de la CI., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Numerous landslides, either natural or produced by excavations in road works, occur in the intramontane Neogene Loja basin (southern Ecuadorian Andes) and can be associated with the clayey silts, low plasticity soils (ML). Thirty-two undisturbed samples from eight sites were tested in laboratory to characterize the stress-strain geotechnical soil response, showing a higher internal friction angle and higher cohesion with respect to the standard ML soil values. A testing profile of a road constructed on these soils has been modeled using finite element methods to calculate both the safety factor and the mechanism of evolution. Anomalous behavior is evidenced when a standard ML soil type is considered in the model, with a higher security factor than the less stable and more susceptible ML soils of Loja basin. Therefore, this contribution may serve as a warning to designers and engineers when constructing new structures on these soils. Additionally, it enables the identification of the most effective test for assessing high susceptibility in ML soils, contributing to the refinement and enhancement of methodological procedures during project execution., MICIU/AEI 10.13039/501100011033, European Commission, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

En el presente trabajo, hemos utilizado la integración de varias metodologías con el fin de relacionar la morfología actual de la zona del sur de Almería con las tasas de elevación neotectónica. Para ello, se ha realizado una cartografía de carácter neotectónico del sector Adra-Berja-Dalías y un análisis de la geomorfología de la zona mediante la interpretación de modelos digitales del terreno, y características de la red fluvial. Se han calculado tasas de movimiento desde el Mioceno medio a partir de las alturas de afloramiento de determinadas formaciones y unidades superficiales miocenas, pliocenas y cuaternarias. Independientemente de los efectos indudables que los fenómenos eustáticos e isostáticos inducen en los movimientos verticales (fundamentalmente en su velocidad), el carácter regional de éstos, favorece que las variaciones laterales locales observadas en las tasas de elevación a la escala de este trabajo, puedan ser relacionadas con la tectónica de bloques identificada en el estudio estructural. La morfología de la zona sur de Almería está controlada por movimientos diferenciales en la vertical de bloques limitados por fallas normales de dirección NO-SE. Se identifican asimismo procesos de basculamiento regional que afectan a las sierras de Gádor y Alhamilla y al Campo de Dalías. Esta tectónica de bloques parece haber sido activa de forma bastante continua durante todo el período neotectónico (Mioceno superior-actualidad)., In order to understand the genetic relations between neotectonic deformation rates and the morphology of the southern Almería region, we have integrated a pluridisciplinary methodology. Morphological aspects of the area Adra-Berja-Dalías have been analysed by using neotectonic mapping, digital elevation models and fluvial network features. Using the topographic position of some stratigraphic markers several uplift rates associated to the neotectonic structure of the area have been estimated. Lateral variations of these rates are consistent with block movements controlled by NW-SE normal faults. Regional tilting processes, linked with these movements, are identified in the Sierra de Gádor, Sierra de Alhamilla and Campo Dalías. These tectonic blocks seem to be active during the current tectonic regime., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

El texto completo de este trabajo no se encuentra disponible por no haber sido facilitado aún por su autor, por restricciones de copyright, o por no existir una versión digital, The diffusive plate boundary between Iberia and Africa has been analyzed by means of already published and new 28 multichannel seismic profiles covering most of the Atlantic margins of SW Spain and NW Morocco. This region includes the prolongation of the Betic-Rifean tectonic units along the Gibraltar Arc. One of the most characteristic units in the study area is the Miocene seismically chaotic unit that has been divided in a tectonic and a gravitational domains in accordance to previous interpretation by Torelli et al. [Torelli, L., Sartori, R., Zitellini, N., 1997. The giant chaotic body in the Atlantic Ocean off Gibraltar: new results from a deep seismic reflection survey. Marine and Petroleum Geology 14, 125-138.]. In this work we redefine the limits of both domains and rename them as the Gulf of Cadiz Imbricate Wedge and the Horseshoe Gravitational Unit. We interpret the Gulf of Cadiz Imbricate Wedge as a west-migrating thick thrust system that build up in a relatively short period of time. This unit constitutes the continuation of the Miocene chaotic units observed onshore to the front of the External Units in the Belies and the Rif (the Guadalquivir Allochthonous Unit and the Rides Prerifaines). The Horseshoe Gravitational Unit, covering an approximate area of 18 000 km(2) with a volume of around 23 000 km(3), is interpreted as giant submarine debris flows sourced from the up-building of the Gulf of Cadiz Imbricate Wedge, surrounding basement highs and the continental Iberian Slope. The fast westward migration of the Flysch units, the External Units and the Gulf of Cadiz Imbricate Wedge, from the Early Miocene to the Late Tortonian corresponds to a different tectonic process than the protracted but slow NNW to NW convergence of Africa. Our interpretation favours the westward slab retreat theory to form the arcuate shape of the Atlantic side of the Iberia-Africa plate boundary. The subduction mechanism as well as potential roll-over was only active from late E, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The 2021 Navalacruz wildfire occurred in a mountainous area in the Sistema Central (Spain). Despite having an average low severity index (dNBR), the loss of vegetation cover associated with the fire was responsible for a high rate of sedimentation in the rivers and streams. Additionally, the burned area affected up to 60 cultural heritage sites, including archaeological and ethnological sites, and damage ranged from burnt pieces of wood to the burial of archaeological sites. In the present work, we document and analyze the post-fire evolution in several rivers and streams. This is based on a field survey of infiltration rates, hydrodynamic modeling, and the study of channel morphological changes. Our analysis revealed how the first post-fire rains caused the mobilization and transport of ashes. This created hydrophobicity in the soils, resulting in large amounts of materials being transported to rivers and streams by subsequent medium- and low-magnitude storms. A hydrological and hydraulic model of the study catchments under pre- and post-fire conditions suggests that these trends are a consequence of a post-fire increase in flow rates for similar rainfall scenarios. In this respect, our estimates point at a significant increase in sediment transport capacities associated with this post-fire increase in flow rates. The combination of locally steep slopes with high-severity fire patches, and a considerable regolith (derived from pre-fire weathering), resulted in a series of cascading responses, such as an exacerbated supply of sand to the drainage network and the triggering of debris flows, followed by erosion and entrenchment., MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The central Betic Cordillera, southern Spain, is affected by an uplift related to the NNW–SSE Eurasia-Nubia convergence and shallow ENE–WSW orthogonal extension accommodated by the extensional system of the Granada Basin. The combination of geophysical, geodetic, and geological data reveals that the southwestern boundary of this extensional system is a seismically active compressional front extending from the W to the SW of the Granada Basin. The near-field Global Navigation Satellite System data determine NNE–SSW shortening of up to 2 mm/yr of the compressional front in the Zafarraya Polje. In this setting, the normal Ventas de Zafarraya Fault developed as a result of the bending-moment extension of the Sierra de Alhama antiform and was last reactivated during the 1884 Andalusian earthquake (Mw 6.5). The uplift in the central Betic Cordillera together with the subsidence in the Western Alborán Basin may facilitate a westward to southwestward gravitational collapse through the extensional detachment of the Granada Basin. The heterogeneous crust of the Betic Cordillera would generate the compressional front, which is divided into two sectors: thrusting to the west, and folding associated with buttressing to the south. Our results evidence that basal detachments, linking extensional fault activity with compressional fronts, may determine the activity of local surface structures and the geological hazard in densely populated regions., A combination of geological, geophysical, and geodetic methods is used to understand the evolution in the frontal area of the extensional system of Granada Basin, near the Zafarraya Polje. In particular, this approach improves our knowledge of the Ventas de Zafarraya Fault (VZF) that hosted the 1884 Andalusian earthquake. Seismic data provide information on the distribution of stress and deformation in the region and made it possible to identify a compressional front linked to the extensional system of the Granada Basin. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data accurately locate the sites of the Zafarraya GNSS network surrounding the VZF, and repeated measurements provide deformation rates of the area that suggests shortening. Thus, we locate the VZF within the former compressional setting. Meanwhile, electrical-resistivity tomography images sub-surface structures given its electrical properties and, together with the field geological observations, suggests the extensional behavior of the fault. Therefore, it is considered to be a fold-related fault formed due to the extension of the outer arc of the Sierra de Alhama antiform. As in the research presented here, a joint interpretation of data from different methods makes it possible to propose active seismic tectonic extensional models in a compressional setting applicable to other regions., Junta de Andalucía/FEDER, Universidad de Jaén, Universidad de Granada / CBUA, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

España es un país con una enorme riqueza en sistemas fluviales y torrenciales, sobre todo de montaña. Los ríos desarrollados sobre roca resistente (ríos en roca) encierran muchas respuestas aplicables a los interrogantes de los ríos aluviales. La baja tasa de erosión y su buena preservación hacen de ellos unos excelentes laboratorios naturales. Su morfología general y las formas menores aparecen como respuesta a condiciones locales como la pendiente y los aportes líquidos y sólidos. El sustrato juega un papel importante, pero no fundamental, en el desarrollo de la morfología. Es el régimen de caudales el más importante de los factores que condicionan las formas, y las crecidas y avenidas el instrumento del que se vale para realizar los cambios a nivel puntual. El equilibrio no se alcanza a escala de cuenca o de río al completo, más bien parece obedecer a tramos de tamaño pequeño o inclusive a nivel puntual. Podemos entender un río en roca como un sistema con múltiples niveles de base (sistemas de poza y escalón) en el que la hidráulica y el clima, las lluvias fundamentalmente, condicionan la forma final y en el que la degradación o erosión se produce a lo largo de múltiples tramos y no de forma unidireccional aguas arriba (erosión remontante). En los dos ejemplos estudiados aparecen a lo largo de un tramo de pocos kilómetros, zonas con morfología y funcionamiento distintas y que no obedecen a una gradación normal en la evolución o madurez fluvial., Spain has an important diversity and richness of fluvial systems, specially mountain rivers. Bedrock Rivers have the response to many questions applied to alluvial rivers. Low erosion rates and good preservation make of these fluvial systems an excellent natural flume of experimentation. General morphology and small forms appear punctually doubt to local conditions like slope, discharge and bedload. Substrate plays an important role but not essential in morphology development. Hydraulic conditions is the most important factor that controls bedrock forms and floods are the instrument that realize punctual changes. We can understand the canyons like a river with different base levels in which both, hydraulics and climate (rainfall) help to morphology´s building and in which degradation appears in multiple fronts., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The Bransfield Basin, a marginal basin located northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula, has been habitually considered as a backarc basin associated with the rollback process that took place along an inactive plate boundary, the South Shetland Trench, where the Antarctic and the Phoenix plates meet. New geophysical and structural data discussed in this paper show that the basin opening is related to a sinistral simple-shear couple between the Scotia and the Antarctic plates, and not to the previously suggested rollback mechanism. The widening of the Bransfield Basin and the lack of trench retreat are causing compression in the South Shetland Islands. Two different neotectonic stress directions, with interchanged stress axes, are found in the area of the South Shetland block., Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT) [ANT98-0225 y ANT94-0666], Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Permafrost study in the Spanish Central System (~41°N) has remained elusive in past decades. Although numerous periglacial features have been described, none has yielded conclusive information about the existence/distribution of permafrost across these mountains. This work focuses on integrating light detection and ranging and unmanned aerial vehicle data with geophysical methods and sedimentary records, along with preliminary thermal information, for the comprehensive study of a frost mound. The singularity of this feature resides in its location, currently dominated by a seasonal frost regime, and its size reaching 59 m long, 22.5 m wide and 4 m high, representing the largest landform of this type in Iberia. From top-to-bottom, the internal structure comprises three resistivity units (G1, G2 and G3). The most superficial unit (G1) consists of a sequence of burial soils alternating with sand and silts, with pebbles and gravel at the bottom, followed by a high porous layer that belongs to a landslide deposit (G2), likely composed of gravel and pebbles laying over unit G3 (bedrock). Calibrated 14C ages suggest this landform formed at least ~4300 years ago during the mid-Holocene. Finally, the preliminary surface thermal map indicates the presence of sectors affected by strong thermal gradients likely driven by water table variations. Our results conclude that the dynamics are primarily controlled by the seasonal frost regime influencing local subsurface drainage, which allows us to classify this landform as a hydrodynamic pingo-like structure. We also demonstrate that our approach is suitable for assessing the evolution of this type of periglacial landform. Implementing long-lasting annual monitoring programmes would help to understand local periglacial dynamics better., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

This paper focuses on one orogenic belt that formed during the Rinconada phase on the final stage of the Famatinian orogeny, between 445 and 410 Ma, which is well exposed at Sierra de Ramaditas and neighbouring ranges in western Argentina. The Ramaditas Complex is formed by metasedimentary and meta-ultrabasic rocks and amphibolites. This complex forms the upper nappe of a thrust stack resulting from westward thrusting. Deformation consists of an early high-temperature S1 foliation (stromatic migmatites), coeval with thrusting and metamorphism. Metamorphism attained peak P–T conditions of 6.0–6.9 kbar and 795–810 °C, at c. 440 Ma, i.e. coincident with the Rinconada orogenic phase. The lower unit and intermediate nappes crop out in the nearby sierras of Maz and Espinal and underwent low- to medium-grade Silurian metamorphism, respectively, together with the upper nappe, defining an inverted Barrovian-type metamorphism with T decreasing and P increasing downwards across the thrust stack (i.e. westward). We argue that the Rinconada orogenic phase developed near the continental margin of SW Gondwana, during a magmatic lull following accretion of the Precordillera terrane to the continental margin at c. 470 Ma. The active margin jumped to the west after accretion, and flat-slab subduction resumed in the early Silurian, provoking thrusting and imbrication of nappe stack under the still hot root (800–900 °C) of the older Famatinian magmatic arc. This ‘hot-iron’ process explains both the inverted Barrovian-type metamorphism and the missing overburden of 21 to 24 km implied by the P estimate., CONICET, FONCYT, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The Lousal mine rehabilitation project proactively planned strategic milestones around key local geomorphic landforms and geochemical characteristics. GeoFluv™ method was used to design a rehabilitation topography mimicking natural landforms, on which a built-up soil cover with chemical buffering capabilities and open limestone channels were implemented across the intervention areas. Once these landform restoration works were completed, positive effects are observed in March 2022, with the native vegetation cover (the third main component of the restoration plan) established in most of the recovered area and a visible water quality improvement to the AMD treatment system water. Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) concentrations have reduced significantly after the reclamation actions, especially Fe (404 to 34 mg L−1), Zn (65.7 to 15.8 mg L−1) and Cd (122 to 0.8 µg L−1) concentrations. Minor problems detected have been processes of rill erosion associated with the inflow of adjacent watersheds, and the creation of ephemeral reducing conditions resulting from the leaching of the organic amendment of the topsoil. The Lousal mine reclamation project is the first built example in Europe where the concept of geomorphic reclamation has been combined with geochemical remediation in an area with intense acid mine drainage formation. Detailed monitoring of this project’s restorative progression throughout 2024 and beyond, should offer learning opportunities and innovations which will benefit future rehabilitation projects, with comparable underlying features., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Monitoring bedload transport in rivers is a challenging research domain teeming with technical innovations and methodological developments aimed at improving our knowledge and models of bedload processes at different spatial–temporal scales. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has improved sediment tracking, allowing the characterisation of transport processes of individual particles at flood-event scales. Meanwhile, geophone sensors have enabled the long-term continuous monitoring of seismic signals that can provide surrogate measures of bedload fluxes at local scales, during flood events and at sediment-pulses. The combination of these two techniques could allow sediment transport processes to be linked with both flood events and sediment pulses. In this study, we used a combination of active ultra-high frequency RFID technology and geophone monitoring stations to link the virtual velocity of tracers with seismic activity, hydraulic forcing, and the properties of the tracked particles. Single and multiple regression models show that seismic activity best explained the observed variance (81%) of the virtual velocity of particles, in comparison with discharge (58%) and stream power (63%). Furthermore, when several control variables (seismic activity and particle properties) were combined in an empirical model, the model explained 89% of the variance and allowed quantification of the portions of the variance explained by hydraulic forcing, geophonic activity and tracked particles. These results show the high potential of these combined monitoring techniques for future in-field experiments to investigate bedload processes at different spatiotemporal scales in rivers of different morphologies., Université de Lyon, French National Research Agency, CNRS, INRAE, Électricité de France - EDF, GeoPeka, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) region includes the Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Great Meteor, and Madeira hotspots. These hotspots exhibit a large variety of characteristics and are rooted in the lithosphere ranging in age from newly created at the Mid Atlantic Ridge to Jurassic at the NW Africa Atlantic margin. Therefore, the ECA region represents an excellent scenario to investigate in an integrated way the effects of hotspots on the mechanical structure of oceanic lithosphere. Here, we calculate the effective elastic thickness (Te) of the lithosphere from an analysis of gravity and topography. Azores hotspot is characterized by a Te < 10 km, whereas the Great Meteor, Cape Verde, and Madeira hotspots have intermediate Te (15–30 km) values. In contrast, the Canary hotspot is characterized by a much higher Te (>50 km), forming the largest and most prominent mechanical feature in the ECA. All the hotspots except Canary show standard elastic thickness values when compared to average values for the same age lithosphere and to other oceanic areas in the world. The high strength of the Canary hotspot may be related to the highly depleted mantle composition in the area. The comparison between the elastic thickness distribution and the upper mantle seismic velocity structure shows no correlation between the Te estimated at the ECA hotspots (with the exception of Azores) and the presence of low shear-wave velocity anomalies in the underlying mantle. This lack of correlation suggests a negligible effect of upper mantle temperature anomalies on the flexure of the ECA region., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Comunidad de Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

A detailed analysis of the Viñales National Park (VNP) was carried out to evaluate the main geosites of geomorphological interest inside the park. This allowed the selection of areas (AIG) and localities (LIG) with 20 geosites of geological interest (PIG) suitable to evaluate their importance as geoheritage. Moreover, three field trips and one virtual itinerary encompassing the park aimed to improve the geological–geomorphological knowledge to be used in geotouristic and preservation issues. The methodology included preparing five maps: relief, drainage pattern, slopes, lithology and geomorphology (forms and structures) and representing them on a digital terrain model (DTM) for a better visualisation and selecting the geosites (poljes, valleys and mountain fronts). The evaluation of the selected PIG is based on the criteria proposed by Spanish Institute of Geology and Mining, grouping them in places and areas of interest. The virtual itinerary favour real-time usage of web sites and geoportals. As a result, this paper presents map layers and geomorphological descriptions of the AIG and LIG with the most relevant aspects and valuations of the PIG, AIG and LIG. The PIG reached values between 1050 (Viñales Valley) and 365 (La Jutia Valley). The AIG and LIG ranged between 2190 (Santo Tomás Polje) and 675 (La Cuevita Polje)., FEDER-MINECO, MCIN/AEI, Universidad de Salamanca, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The well-known 1755 CE Lisbon tsunami caused widespread destruction along the Iberian and northern Moroccan coastlines. Being affected by the powerful 1755 CE Lisbon tsunami, the southwestern Algarve shelf provides environments for detecting offshore tsunami imprints. Our multidisciplinary investigations (hydroacoustics, sedimentology, geochemistry, radiocarbon dating) of the Holocene sediments have revealed tsunami deposits linked to this tsunami and a ca. 3600 cal yr BP event. The latter event is until now unidentified in Portugal. Both event deposits contrast with the background shelf sedimentation by their coarser grain size, element composition, internal structure, and erosive base, making them discernible in the sub-bottom data and cores. Especially the ca. 3600 cal yr BP deposit is exceptionally well-preserved at one of the coring sites. The clear differentiation into several sections enables further insights into offshore tsunami transport and depositional processes. This study demonstrates that the record and preservation of tsunami deposits were possible on the Algarve shelf in specific locations sheltered from possible alterations. Our findings extend the tsunami catalogs of Portugal with a previously unknown tsunami dated to ca. 3600 cal yr BP., German Research Foundation, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, German Research Fleet Coordination Centre, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Although it is generally recognized that geomorphic work is tied to bedrock channel reshaping, the importance of low vs. high flow stages that cause the most geomorphic impact remains unclear. The objective of the research is to study the concept of “formative flow” in bedrock channels and determine, through morphological studies, if those flows have any impact on sculpted features such as potholes and how this relationship relates to various inputs such as flow stages (magnitude and frequency), shear stress, and sediment size. Here, we studied the distribution of the main pothole typologies and tried to understand why potholes are found along bedrock river channels. Specifically, we examined stream potholes from three locations along the Spanish Central System: Alberche, Tietar, and Manzanares rivers. We conducted the research by taking precise geometric measurements, classifying potholes, analyzing flow magnitude and frequency, and using a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model to assess key variables in Manzanares river. This research demonstrated that bankfull depths completely cover all pothole typologies in all the analyzed sites but are not sufficient to achieve its formative flow depth (FFD). Using a detailed 2D hydrodynamic model in Manzanares river, we discovered that dimensions of cylindrical potholes are closely related to bankfull discharge and that this depth is connected to FFD. Other potholes, such as erosive-compound and erosive-lateral, are historical remnants, and their shapes are not related to any particular FFD and are likely associated with rare events and catastrophic breaks. A collection of laterals that exhibit FFD near bankfull flows appear to represent a part of the recent evolution of a knickpoint. To summarize, it can be inferred from the findings that the utility of morphological analysis in conjunction with the 2D hydrodynamic model is to examine the fraction of erosional/active features to determine the degree of senescence and/or c, Regional Government of Madrid (Spain), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Extreme floods are anticipated to become more frequent in a future warmer climate. However, the long-term alterations in flood patterns across different regions of Europe remain unclear. In this study, we present a 15,000-year record of extreme floods in the Duero River, located in the southwestern Atlantic region. We analysed slackwater flood sediments, quantified the discharge and timing of individual flood beds over millennial time scales, and identified their potential climate influences. The composite record includes at least 62 floods grouped into ten flood-rich periods (with an average duration of 230 years). A high-frequency phase of moderate-magnitude floods (>10 events) occurred at ∼11.6–11.5 ka, following a period of reduced flood activity during the Younger Dryas. Similar clusters of Early Holocene floods (10.8–10.3 ka, 9.5 ka) coincided with or preceded meltwater pulses from the North Atlantic. The absence of palaeoflood records with discharges exceeding 6100 m3/s during the Mid-Holocene suggests a decline in winter hydro-meteorological extremes. High flood magnitudes were recorded during transition periods toward cooler and wetter conditions at 4.4, 2.3, 0.5, and 0.11 ka with discharges ranging from 7600 to 10,000 m3/s. These periods were interpreted as indicative of a southward shift in cyclone tracks in Europe driven by negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Conversely, flood magnitudes decreased during past warmer climate conditions (1.7 ka, 0.9 ka, and the present), although flood frequency remained high. The current decline in flood frequency reflects an increase in flood regulation due to dams, but it is also consistent with the prevailing positive trend in the NAO observed over the last 40 years., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Dirección General del Agua, Fundación Biodiversidad, Union Europea, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The access road to the powerhouse’s hydraulic system’s facilities in Guarumales (Azuay, Ecuador) presents a medium-sized landslide. Geophysical tests were conducted in the initial research stage, combining electrical and seismic methods. A vertical electrical sounding (VES) and horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) survey campaign have been taken as a reference for the analysis of the landslide area. The distribution of these test points has been at three different levels along the landslide where the access road crosses it, trying to cover the area’s most extensive possible length and width. In the area, we find the geology dominated by the presence of schists, altered to different degrees and presenting blocks of material with a lower degree of alteration within colluvium formed by a clayey matrix and coarse material of the exact nature. There is also observed runoff water and groundwater in the area. The results obtained through SEV tests have allowed for defining the separation zone of the mobilized or sliding materials compared to the fixed or immobile ones (potentially, the sliding surface was marked). Using the HVSR technique, the natural vibration frequencies of the ground associated with the sliding mass (separation of seismic impedances between a two-layer model: mobile and fixed) have been determined. Previous authors proposed an empirical relationship establishing the exponential relationship, already proposed by previous authors, between sediment thickness and natural frequencies. It has been possible to determine the depth of the position of the loosely compacted sediment zone (and probably moving or mobilized) compared to that of compact materials (immobile) and thereby define the potential rupture surface., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Land surface deformation created by mining activities can have negative impacts on the environment. Measuring them can be a tool for managing the environmental impacts of mining. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry is a remote sensing method for measuring deformations. The main aim of this research is to investigate the deformation phenomenon on a region scale and extend our understanding of it to all mining deformation areas across the country. This paper used Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar technology to obtain deformations information in the Sangan mine based on mining activities. We used 48 scenes of Single Look Complex(SLC) data acquired by the Sentinel-1A, C-band of the European Space Agency descending orbit paths from 2014 to 2020. The Time Series of SBAS results show that the deformation velocity rate is about –20 to –35 mm/yr, and the displacement is attributed to approximately –120 mm in the Line of Sight direction. The main deformation zone is situated in the mining area on the main alluvial fan. This study presented the relationship between deformations and mining activity's effects on the ground. Mining activities were accompanied by ground deformation in the mining area: the ground deformation is exacerbated by the increasing mining quantity, and as a result will cause erosion, flood, and other geomorphologic phenomena in the area. We compared the results of the SBAS technique with leveling data for validating the data of SBAS. Their comparison shows approximately suitable agreement with the results of SBAS., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 4.5–5 induce massive rockfalls close to the fault rupture zone. Driven by seismic shaking, the blocks collapse through the hillslope, which yields a fresh surface that is unbeatable for new lichen colonization. The lichenometric technique involves dating lichens developed on the surfaces of rockfall blocks induced by earthquakes. This study is focused on Cejo de Cano (Lorca, Spain), which is an earthquake-prone landslide scarp, as shown after the 2011 Lorca shaking (Mw 5.2). After this event, the possibility that the rocky volume at the foot of its slope could have a seismic origin started to be considered. In this research, lichenometry is used to date lichens on rock surfaces and test a possible correlation with the cataloged historical earthquakes. This research is important because of the large number of rockfall earthquakes found at this site by applying lichenometry compared to other studies in the literature. This technique allows us to extend the regional seismic catalog because the oldest lichens are older than the documented catalog of historical earthquakes. An oriented rockfall pattern that correlates with the location of epicenters is observed. In addition, the parallel and oblique previous fracturing of Cejo de Cano makes this scarp a suitable place to test whether the fracturing direction of the scarp could control a greater volume of rockfalls. This research opens up a new field of study to evaluate this correlation in larger areas., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

This work is focused on the Almonte-Marismas aquifer located within Doñana Natural Space (SW Spain); this aquifer is threatened by droughts, irrigation-driven groundwater overexploitation, urban use, and the potential reactivation of gas extraction and storage projects. We present ground deformation measurements from Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data ranging from 1 to 2.5 cm, covering ∼2,500 km2 from 2014 to 2020. Detecting spatially distributed ground deformation over this agricultural area is challenging due to the low-coherence radar signals; consequently, the ground movement results are on the same order of magnitude as the errors associated with InSAR data. We have approached this issue by considering auxiliary information such as groundwater levels, climatic time series, and pumping rates and analyzing their spatio-temporal connections to ground displacements. We correlate InSAR and hydrogeological information through wavelet analysis, developing a Python package that allows applying the same methodology in other similar study areas. For the first time in the Doñana area, a significant relationship between distances to pumping wells and the displacement extent is detected. Moreover, other subsidence-related triggering factors are identified, such as the soil moisture balance, clay shrinking-swelling processes, and creep of geological formations. These results are highly valuable to support aquifer management decisions in the Doñana Natural Space; in this border region, three groundwater bodies were officially declared overexploited in 2020. Our findings provide a ground motion baseline assessment to help differentiate historical variations from any future anthropogenic effect in this complex marsh land ecosystem., National Youth Guarantee System, Tripartite Foundation for Training in Employment, Youth Employment Initiative (YEI), European Social Fund (ESF), European Union, Ministry of Ciencia e Innovación, IGME-CSIC, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Sediment transport is a key process that affects the morphology and ecological habitat diversity of rivers. As part of a gravel augmentation program to mitigate sediment deficit below a dam, gravel mobility in the Ain River in Eastern France was investigated by tracking of a large amount (n = 1,063) of PIT-tagged gravels in the field, conducting a probabilistic approach based on published tracer studies, and performing two-dimensional (2D) numerical modeling of flow and bedload transport. This comparative study highlights the strengths, weaknesses, and complementary aspects of the three approaches to the understanding of river gravel mobility. Thanks to recent technological improvements, PIT-tagged gravels provide an increasingly reliable and accurate representation of bedload movement in the field, although it remains limited in spatio-temporal resolution. Based on an exponential distribution, the probabilistic approach correctly reproduces the average trend in travel distances by the different classes of particles over hydrological periods, including one or several significant floods. Furthermore, the 2D numerical modeling accounts for the variability of local hydrodynamic conditions and can simulate realistic displacement distributions for the different classes of particles with high spatio-temporal resolution. Numerical modeling is a very encouraging approach, which makes our study original because it is the first time that the estimation of mean travel distances, the application of an exponential distribution, and the comparison with a hydrodynamic model are combined. A more effective modeling strategy involves incorporating a probabilistic transport model in the 2D numerical model to reproduce the observed scatter of the individual particle trajectories., LTSER Zone Atelier Bassin du Rhône, Électricité de France, Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse Water Agency, EcoFlowS research team in INRAE, Université de Lyon, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Sinkholes are a severe problem in urban areas located in karstic regions, especially where evaporitic rocks such as gypsum exist. Identification and proposal of mitigation measures are needed to reduce this geo-hazard effect on buildings and social urban living. This paper presents a case study of the town of Alcalá de Ebro (Spain), which is located in the highest sinkhole risk region of Europe. The identification and mitigation of a series of sinkholes that appeared are analyzed. The former involves a geological investigation, including boreholes, field tests and geophysics. The latter is addressed by the use of geogrids, mortar injections and polyurethane injections. A complementary finite element analysis is carried out to set the ground behavior associated with the sinking process and assess its future evolution. The Ebro River appears to be the main cause of sinkholes, and results show that ground treatments applied were successful in their purpose, as there are no apparent deformations indicating that the subsidence or sinking process is still active in the area. The use of different techniques depending on the size of the sinkhole, the objectives pursued and the element affected is discussed., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Sulfide mining wastes may lead to severe environmental and human health risks. This study aims to use geochemical and ecotoxicological indicators for the assessment of the ecological risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the San Quintín mining group to categorize wastes prior to mining restoration. Ecotoxicity was evaluated using crustacean (Dahpnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus) and algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) bioassays. The geochemical and mineralogical results suggested that the mining residues underwent intense weathering processes, with active processes of acidity generation and metal mobility. Total PTEs concentrations indicated that the mining materials were extremely polluted, with Pb, Zn and Cd geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values higher than 5 in more than 90% of the samples. The pollution load index (PLI) showed average values of 18.1, which classifies them as very highly polluted. The toxicity tests showed a higher toxicity for plants than crustaceans, being the highest values of toxicity related to toxic elements (Pb, Cd and Zn), electrical conductivity and to pH. This paper presents for the first time the combination of indices in the categorization of mining waste prior to its restoration. The combination of them has made it possible to categorize the waste and adapt the restoration and remediation procedures., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Large thrust faults on Mars are caused by lithospheric planetary contraction. The geometry of these faults is linked with the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere. Tharsis, the largest volcano-tectonic province on Mars, controls the global tectonic pattern of the planet. Here, we present a study of five large thrust faults concentric to Tharsis, located between the Thaumasia Highlands and the Argyre impact basin. We applied a 3D structural modeling, using a combination of fault-parallel flow and trishear algorithms to estimate the geometry and kinematics of the faults at depth. The modeled faults show an upper planar part dipping 33° to 40°, rooting with a listric geometry into horizontal levels at 13–27 km depth, with fault slips of 801–3366 m. The general out-of-Tharsis vergence, the listric fault geometries and the deepening of the depth of faulting toward Thaumasia outline an incipient thrust wedge architecture. Assuming that the largest faults rooted at the Brittle-Ductile Transition, we calculate a heat flow at the time of faulting of 24–54 mW m−2. The obtained strength envelopes for dry and wet conditions show that all the strength of the lithosphere was located in the upper half of the crust., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

High-mountain peatlands are essential ecosystems for habitats, biodiversity, water, and carbon cycling, but there is little comprehensive information in central Iberia. We present results of research concerning the distribution, geormorphology, floristic, geobotany, and habitat diversity of peatlands in the Gredos Regional Park (Iberian Central System).We identified 72 peatlands covering 117 ha and ranging in size from 0.01 to 17.34 ha. Peatlands occur primarily in the upper orosubmediterranean bioclimatic belt at 1775–2230 m asl. From a geomorphological point of view, 9 different peatland typologies have been defined. Multivariate analyses (agglomerative cluster analysis and principal component analysis) of 103 relevés allowed us to classify the sampled peatland stands into 7 plant communities and 4 European habitats that formed along complex hydrogeomorphic conditions, and to propose a new subassociation of other community previously described (Caricetum echinato-nigrae lycopodielletosum inundatae). The main threat to Gredensean peatlands is pastoral pressure, which affects 15 of them intensively, mainly between the upper supramediterranean and the lower orosubmediterranean bioclimatic belts (~1314–1700 m asl). Seven bryophytes and three vascular plants documented in the Gredos Regional Park peatlands are included in the IUCN Red List. From the point of view of conservation priority, the most threatened correspond to transition mires communities (Habitat 7140) growing in oligotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands (Caricion nigrae vegetation). Particularly, the Iberian Central System endemic Sedo lagascae-Eriophoretum latifolii association is the one that has achieved the highest score in the five criteria considered in this regard because Meesia triquetra, a species with the category of “critically endangered”, inhabits it., Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa (España), Diputación de Ávila, Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes (España), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

En la isla de São Vicente (Cabo Verde) son muy frecuentes los diques básicos que atraviesan el edificio volcánico principal de la isla: el Edificio São Vicente. Éstos aparecen en dos enjambres principales: sills que se concentran en los niveles estratigráficamente más bajos del edificio y diques verticales que encajan en todos los niveles del Edificio São Vicente Inferior y que no atraviesan el Edificio São Vicente Superior. Los diques verticales se distribuyen según una pauta radial general, a la que se superpone una pauta en estrella de tres puntas, y convergen en el interior de la isla, al sur de la bahía de Mindelo, donde estaba situado el centro del edificio volcánico. El centro de convergencia de diques pudo emigrar a lo largo del tiempo hacia el sureste., Basaltic dikes and sills are very frequent in the main volcanic edifice of the island, the São Vicente Edifice. They can be arranged in two main systems: a system of sills concentrated in the lowermost levels of the edifice and a system of vertical or nearly vertical dikes crosscutting the entire sequence of the Lower São Vicente Edifice though these dikes are interrupted in the Upper São Vicente Edifice. The vertical dikes form two superimposed radial and three-armed patterns. The dikes converge inland south of Mindelo, an area where the main eruptive centre of the volcano must also have been situated. The centre inferred by the maximum convergence of dikes might have migrated towards the south-east., Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa (España), Comunidad de Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (España), Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Over the last two centuries, rivers worldwide have been affected by human interventions, including dams, river training, and gravel mining. Such actions have often involved river fragmentation and sediment starvation. In this regard, gravel augmentation is an increasingly common restoration practice for mitigating sediment starvation in gravel-bed rivers. However, uncertainties remain on how to better implement and design such operations. This is the case for the Rhône River at Péage-de-Roussillon, France, where 6885 m3 of gravels were augmented in 2017. This work raised some concerns from river managers about the potential threat posed to a downstream reservoir from the arrival of the sediment, and explains why they were interested in the timeframe of sediment propagation, and travel distances and velocities of the augmented sediment. To answer these questions, we propose a modelling framework for simulating the long-term downstream propagation of a pulse of augmented sediment, with this framework being based on a combination of particle tracking data collected in the field and bedload transport capacity estimates. This workflow allowed us to successfully model propagation of gravels along the study reach, and provided useful information on how the sediment wave would behave over the long term. We believe that the methodology proposed in this study has much potential for exploring and investigating the kinematics of sediment wave propagation in gravel-bed rivers., European Regional Development Fund, Agence de l'eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR), Electricité du France (EDF), Région Auvergne-Rhòne-Alpes, Région PACA, Région Occitanie, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The opening of the Scotia Arc resulted in the final breakup of the land bridge between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. The South Orkney Microcontinent (SOM) constituted part of this former connection and it is now the largest continental block in the Southern Scotia Arc. We present the first 3D model of the SOM that, given its strategic position and characteristics, allows us to advance the knowledge of the tectonic processes involved in the development of the Scotia Arc. Due to the scarcity of reliable geological data, the initial approximation of the deep structure of the SOM was supported by the calculation of three main geological boundaries from geophysical data: the acoustic basement, the boundary of the magnetic anomaly source and the Moho depth. The 3D model was built, refined and validated by forward modeling and joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. We have accurately defined the geometry of the sedimentary cover, determined the geometry of the intrusive igneous body causing the Pacific Margin Anomaly (PMA) and mapped the heterogeneity of the crustal thickness. These structural features show a clear relationship to each other and are consistent with an important E-W extension to the east of the SOM during early stages of the Scotia Arc formation, prior to the opening of the Powell Basin., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, European Union, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Along the northern littoral of the Iberian Peninsula, from Cuerres (Asturias) to Oyambre (Cantabria) there are caves, such as El Pindal (World Heritage List). Two geomorphologic maps have been prepared: a general scaled 1:25000, and a detail one of the cave, with erosional and depositional landforms geomorphologic units. A relative Quaternary chronology for the depositional landforms, uses colour spots. Marine morphologies suitable for determining past sea-level positions were surveyed to identify the elevation of past high-stands and reconstructing paleo-shorelines. As a result, the study of seven erosional surfaces (rasas) in quartzites and six on limestones led to reconstructing a general sequence between 275–120 m and 90–1 m above sea level (a.s.l.) respectively. Around the El Pindal cave there are four rasas cut on quartzites (171–160 m) and four cut on limestone (65–32 m). Other additional indicators of paleoshorelines are: 24–25 m entrance to the El Pindal cave, 20–21 m lower Pindal, 15–17 m marine terrace, 9–10 m shelter, 2–3 m notches and 0–1 m present rasa.Considering the elevation rates for the various rasas, an estimated value of 0.066 mm/y as the most probable, it is concluded that the beginning of Quaternary lays at 172 m a.s.l., MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

La sedimentación lacustre durante el Cretácico aparece en la Cordillera Ibérica relacionada principalmente con dos periodos: el comprendido entre el Berriasiense y el Aptiense (Cretácico inferior) y el Maastrichtiense (Cretácico terminal). El primero corresponde a una etapa de fracturación importante relacionada con una fase distensiva; se crean cuencas relativamente pequehas, pero muy subsidentes, con predominio de sedimentación continental. El segundo periodo corresponde a la etapa regresiva finicretácica, relacionada con una fase compresiva; se crean cubetas continentales aisladas., Lake deposits were important in the Iberian Ranges during two episodes of the Cretaceous time: from Berriasian to Aptians(Lower Cretaceous) and during the Maastrichtian (Uppermost Cretaceous). The first one was related to the fracturation stage of an extensional phase, resulting in the formation of medium size(althoughvery subsident) continental basins (Iberian s,s,,Maestrazgo and Cameros), The second period corresponds with the Late Cretaceous regressive stage, and was associated with acompresional phase. As a result, several small and isolated basins appeared, and were filled with continental deposits., Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Fecha de recepción: 8 de Febrero de 2011 / Fecha de revisión: 28 de Abril de 2011 / Fecha de aceptación: 27 de Mayo de 2011 Copyright© 2011 Sociedad Geológica de España / www.geogaceta.com, En la isla de São Vicente (Cabo Verde) son muy frecuentes los diques básicos que atraviesan el edificio volcánico principal de la isla: el Edificio São Vicente. Éstos aparecen en dos enjambres principales: sills que se concentran en los niveles estratigráficamente más bajos del edificio y diques verticales que encajan en todos los niveles del Edificio São Vicente Inferior y que no atraviesan el Edificio São Vicente Superior. Los diques verticales se distribuyen según una pauta radial general, a la que se superpone una pauta en estrella de tres puntas, y convergen en el interior de la isla, al sur de la bahía de Mindelo, donde estaba situado el centro del edificio volcánico. El centro de convergencia de diques pudo emigrar a lo largo del tiempo hacia el sureste., Basaltic dikes and sills are very frequent in the main volcanic edifice of the island, the São Vicente Edifice. They can be arranged in two main systems: a system of sills concentrated in the lowermost levels of the edifice and a system of vertical or nearly vertical dikes crosscutting the entire sequence of the Lower São Vicente Edifice though these dikes are interrupted in the Upper São Vicente Edifice. The vertical dikes form two superimposed radial and three-armed patterns. The dikes converge inland south of Mindelo, an area where the main eruptive centre of the volcano must also have been situated. The centre inferred by the maximum convergence of dikes might have migrated towards the south-east., Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

An aulacogen model is given for the Celtibenan Chain in Eastern Spain that undenvent a final strong deformation due to comprensive events that took place not only in its associated geosyncline, the Betic Cordillera, but also in some adjacents areas e. g. the Pyrenees. The identificationof the aulacogen is basedon the stratigraphic, volcanic and tectonic records and on its charactenstics as an intracontinental chain of intermediate type., Se establece la Cadena Celtibérica española como un aulacógeno que ha experimentado una deformación final enérgica debido a los fenómenos compresivos que tuvieronlugar no solo en el geosinclinal asociado, la Cordillera Bética, sino también en áreas adyacentes, los Pirineos. La identificación del aulacógeno se fundamenta mediante los registros estratigráficos, volcánicos y tectónicos, y en su carácter de cadena intracontinental, de tipo intermedio., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub