Search

The latitudinal richness gradient is a frequent topic of study on the modern landscape, but its history in deep time is much less well known. Here, we preliminarily evaluated the paleolatitudinal richness gradient of vascular plants for the Eocene (56-33.9 million years ago) and Oligocene (33.9-23 million years ago) epochs of North America north of Mexico using 201 fossil floras. We calculated the direction and shape of the gradient using quadratic regression to detect linear and curvilinear trends. We performed regressions for the Eocene and Oligocene as well as for informal time intervals within the Eocene: early, middle, and middle + late. We found that quadratic models better explain the data than linear models for both epochs as well as for the early Eocene. A roughly linear trend in the middle and middle + late intervals may reflect limited sampling of high latitude floras for those times. The curvilinear relationship was weak for the Eocene and the model showed a peak in richness at 45.5°N. The curvilinear relationship was much stronger for the Oligocene and the peak occurred at 48.5°N. In the Eocene, the mid-latitude peak in richness may be explained by mean annual temperature, which was probably higher at some mid-latitudes than at lower ones. For the Oligocene, the peak in richness at mid-latitudes may be explained by evolutionary diversification within the temperate zone or by increased aridity at low latitudes. We also assessed the latitudinal richness gradient of genera within modern floras in North America north of Mexico and we found a weak, curvilinear trend with a peak in richness at 31.5°N. Our results suggest that the latitudinal genus richness gradient of vascular plants in North America continued to develop into its modern structure following the Oligocene.

We investigated long-term trends in brown macroalgal assemblages inhabiting shallow subtidal rocky bottoms under the influence of thermal effluent discharge from the Brazilian nuclear power plant (BNPP). Three operational periods based on the units of the BNPP were analysed: T0 = pre-operational, between the years 1980 and 1983; T1 = operational period of unit 1, between 1988 and 1999; and T2 = operational period of units 1 and 2, between 2005 and 2012. Using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), we found significant declines in the numbers of genera and species over time. More than half of the species of brown macroalgae disappeared during T2. In addition, the numbers of macroalgal genera and species were inversely related to the local surface seawater temperatures. Multivariate analyses revealed a clear separation between the years of T2 and those of T0, indicating long-term changes in the community assemblages. Among the most common species in the area, the frequencies of Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyopteris delicatula , Hincksia mitchelliae , Sargassum spp. and Sphacelaria tribuloides decreased during T2, while Padina gymnospora maintained rather high yearly frequencies during T2 (>40%). Our data suggest that seawater temperatures consistently higher than 30 °C together with peaks higher than 35 °C may have triggered the decline in the brown algae on rocky bottoms under the influence of the BNPP discharge. These results from southern Brazil are consistent with studies from other locations that ascribe changes in seaweed diversity to increasing seawater temperatures, highlighting the sensitivity of brown macroalgae to thermal stress and demonstrating their effectiveness as an ecological indicator for monitoring the effects of nuclear power plant effluents on coastal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG)—the pattern of increasing taxonomic richness with decreasing latitude—is prevalent in the structure of the modern biota. However, some freshwater taxa show peak richness at mid-latitudes; for example, extant Testudines (turtles, terrapins and tortoises) exhibit their greatest diversity at 25° N, a pattern sometimes attributed to recent bursts of climatically mediated species diversification. Here, we test whether this pattern also characterizes the Mesozoic distribution of turtles, to determine whether it was established during either their initial diversification or as a more modern phenomenon. Using global occurrence data for non-marine testudinate genera, we find that subsampled richness peaks at palaeolatitudes of 15–30° N in the Jurassic, 30–45° N through the Cretaceous to the Campanian, and from 30° to 60° N in the Maastrichtian. The absence of a significant diversity peak in southern latitudes is consistent with results from climatic models and turtle niche modelling that demonstrate a dearth of suitable turtle habitat in Gondwana during the Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. Our analyses confirm that the modern testudinate LBG has a deep-time origin and further demonstrate that LBGs are not always expressed as a smooth, equator-to-pole distribution.

Copyright of Contributii Botanice is the property of Contributii Botanice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of water transfers between two reservoirs on the phytoplankton community of the receiving reservoir was investigated over a 9-year period. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to demonstrate the significance of water transfers as an anthropogenic disturbance to the phytoplankton community and its diversity. A mass balance associated with a Granger causality test was applied to discriminate between the cell transport effect from the upstream reservoir and internal processes within the receiving reservoir, and to quantify the net phytoplankton growth in the receiving reservoir. Low and high disturbance regimes were identified and diversity was maximised during low disturbance conditions. The decrease of diversity during high disturbance conditions was explained by decreasing retention time, increasing silica loads and by the transport of specific phytoplankton genera, i.e. diatoms, from the upstream reservoir. Disturbance regimes significantly affected the relationship between phytoplankton production and diversity. Low disturbance regimes were described by phytoplankton dynamics likely influenced by complementarity effects, while high disturbance regimes were characterised by a phytoplankton community dominated by highly productive species and increased productivity, thus indicating an advantage of selection behaviour over complementarity effects. The phytoplankton diversity, expressed as evenness, was identified as a key variable explaining the relationship disturbance-diversity-phytoplankton production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG)-the pattern of increasing taxonomic richness with decreasing latitude-is prevalent in the structure of the modern biota. However, some freshwater taxa show peak richness at mid-latitudes; for example, extant Testudines (turtles, terrapins and tortoises) exhibit their greatest diversity at 25° N, a pattern sometimes attributed to recent bursts of climatically mediated species diversification. Here, we test whether this pattern also characterizes the Mesozoic distribution of turtles, to determine whether it was established during either their initial diversification or as a more modern phenomenon. Using global occurrence data for non-marine testudinate genera, we find that subsampled richness peaks at palaeolatitudes of 15-30° N in the Jurassic, 30-45° N through the Cretaceous to the Campanian, and from 30° to 60° N in the Maastrichtian. The absence of a significant diversity peak in southern latitudes is consistent with results from climatic models and turtle niche modelling that demonstrate a dearth of suitable turtle habitat in Gondwana during the Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. Our analyses confirm that the modern testudinate LBG has a deep-time origin and further demonstrate that LBGs are not always expressed as a smooth, equator-to-pole distribution.

The latitudinal richness gradient is a frequent topic of study on the modern landscape, but its history in deep time is much less well known. Here, we preliminarily evaluated the paleolatitudinal richness gradient of vascular plants for the Eocene (56-33.9 million years ago) and Oligocene (33.9-23 million years ago) epochs of North America north of Mexico using 201 fossil floras. We calculated the direction and shape of the gradient using quadratic regression to detect linear and curvilinear trends. We performed regressions for the Eocene and Oligocene as well as for informal time intervals within the Eocene: early, middle, and middle + late. We found that quadratic models better explain the data than linear models for both epochs as well as for the early Eocene. A roughly linear trend in the middle and middle + late intervals may reflect limited sampling of high latitude floras for those times. The curvilinear relationship was weak for the Eocene and the model showed a peak in richness at 45.5°N. The curvilinear relationship was much stronger for the Oligocene and the peak occurred at 48.5°N. In the Eocene, the mid-latitude peak in richness may be explained by mean annual temperature, which was probably higher at some mid-latitudes than at lower ones. For the Oligocene, the peak in richness at mid-latitudes may be explained by evolutionary diversification within the temperate zone or by increased aridity at low latitudes. We also assessed the latitudinal richness gradient of genera within modern floras in North America north of Mexico and we found a weak, curvilinear trend with a peak in richness at 31.5°N. Our results suggest that the latitudinal genus richness gradient of vascular plants in North America continued to develop into its modern structure following the Oligocene.