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The elastoplastic shock compression, unloading, and steplike shock compression of titanium at room temperature and in the vicinity of 600°C are measured. The dependences of the dynamic yield strength on the pressure of shock compression and temperature are determined, and the dependences of the strain rate in shock waves in the range 105–107 s–1 on the shear stress and temperature are obtained. In contrast to the data obtained for fcc metals, the yield strength of titanium behind a shock wave is found to decrease. The decrease in the yield strength is thought to be caused by a decrease in the plastic flow stress during the growth of twins and their reversibility.

The influence of consecutive shock-wave and gigacycle fatigue loads on the lifetime of titanium alloy VT6 (Ti-6A1-4V) was investigated. An experimental methodology for estimating the ultra-high cycle lifetime was developed with reference to accidental high-speed collision of solid particles with fan blades and subsequent fatigue failure under the flight cycle conditions normal for operating aircraft engines. The program of ultra-high cycle loading (the number of cycles is 107-109) of specially made specimens was implemented experimentally. In these experiments, massive flat targets made of titanium alloy VT6 after shock-wave loading were impacted by a flat striker (explosive generator method), which initiated controlled damage in the material. Ultra-high cycle loading tests were carried out on the Shimadzu USF-2000 ultrasonic testing machine, which made it possible to conduct fatigue loading tests up to 108-1010 cycles and frequency of 20 kHz. The "in situ" method of determining the accumulation of irreversible fatigue damage was applied. It is based on the analysis of nonlinear features of the feedback signal in a closed system of an ultrasonic fatigue installation, which allowed us to relate the microscopic mechanisms of fatigue with model representations, as well as to consider the stages of damage evolution based on the nonlinear kinetics of defect accumulation during cyclic loading in high - and gigacycle fatigue modes. In the mode of ultra-high cycle (gigacycle) fatigue, the material exhibits abnormalities of elastic properties, which lead to the effect of non-linearity in the oscillation amplitude.

Using high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy methods, the morphological and size characteristics of the structural components of the composites synthesized on the basis of aluminum with a graphene microadditive in a commercial aluminum melt under a layer of molten salt are studied. An experiment on the dynamic compression of a composite by the Kolsky method was performed, the evolution of a cast structure during high-rate deformation is studied, and mechanical characteristics in the range of deformation rates έ = 1.8–4.7 × 103 s–1 were measured. The dynamic characteristics of the composite were measured under conditions of loading with planar shock waves (έ = 5 × 105 s–1) for the first time. The dynamic properties of the composite are compared as functions of the graphene content in the aluminum matrix.

New experimental data on the dynamic strength of the lead-antimony (2.77%) alloy comprised of different structures formed after thermal treatment in various regimes are presented in this work. The optimal alloy thermal treatment regime (quenching from 250°C) providing the best strength characteristics under explosion or high-speed impact is revealed.

For the first time, joint experiments have been conducted with samples of A356-TiB2 cast aluminum alloy under quasi-static and plane shock-wave loading. Alloys were obtained by introducing TiB2 particles using a master-alloy, combined with the effect of vibration treatment on the melt in order to fragment the dendritic structure and prevent its branching during solidification. The melt treatment and introduction of TiB2 particles allowed the average grain size to reduce to a third of that of the base cast alloy. During the experiments the strain rate and the shock-wave compression pressure were varied. It was shown that introducing particles affected the strain-rate sensitivity of the alloy. The best elastic–plastic and strength characteristics at increased strain rates of over 0.01 s−1 were demonstrated by an A356 alloy without TiB2 particles.

—The dynamic properties of commercial copper (99.8 wt % purity) with a submicrocrystalline and nanocrystalline structure obtained by high-strain-rate deformation using the dynamic channel-angular pressing (DCAP) method have been studied in this work. The tests were carried out under conditions of shock compression at a pressure of 5.6−6.8 GPa at a strain-rate of (0.9−2.0) × 105 s–1. The analysis of the evolution of the structure and mechanical properties, namely, the dynamic elastic limit, dynamic yield stress, and the spall strength of copper before and after DCAP in different regimes, made it possible to evaluate the influence of the dispersity and imperfection of the crystal structure on its resistance to the high-strain-rate deformation and fracture. It has been shown that the grain refinement from 100 to 0.5−1.0 μm increased the dynamic elastic limit and the dynamic yield stress of copper by six times, but only slightly decreased the spall strength. The further refinement of the structure (up to 0.05−0.40 μm) increases the spall strength of copper by 1.4 times as compared to its value in the initial coarse-grained state.

In this study, we present the results of the recording of shock-wave phenomena in 15Kh2NMFA steel at room temperature and 504 ± 5°C. Based on measurements of the free surface velocity histories, the dependences of the material resistance to deformation and fracture on the strain rate are determined. 15Kh2NMFA steel was found to be characterized by a twice higher dynamic tensile strength than iron, with almost equal values of the Hugoniot elastic limit. At increasing temperature, the Hugoniot elastic limit of steel decreases faster than that of iron while the dynamic tensile strength varies slightly.

In this work, the critical fracture stresses during spalling of high-strength steel 09CrNi2MoCu samples obtained by direct laser deposition (DLD) were measured under shock compression of up to ~5.5 GPa. The microstructure and mechanical properties of DLD steel samples in the initial state and after heat treatment were studied and compared to traditional hot rolled one. The microstructural features of steel before and after heat treatment were revealed. The heat treatment modes of the deposit specimens on their strength properties under both static and dynamic loads have been investigated. The spall strength of the deposited specimens is somewhat lower than the strength of steel specimens after hot rolling regardless of their heat treatment. The minimum elastic limit of elasticity is exhibited by the deposit specimens. After heat treatment of the deposit samples, the elastic limit increases and approximately doubles. Subsequent heat treatment in the form of hardening and tempering allows obtaining strength properties under Hugoniot loads in traditional hot-rolled products.

The effect of low concentration of fullerene, graphene oxide and their combinations at an 85/15 ratio as additives on structure and mechanical properties of cross-linked polyurethanes has been studied at static and dynamic loading. Structure of nanocomposites has been determined from X-ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that the presence of carbon nanoparticles in a composite results in its lower strength under both static and shock-wave loads. The synergetic effect of carbon nanoparticles mixture is revealed to have 1.25 times higher Young's modulus as compared with native polymer.

Two series of shock-wave experiments have been conducted in order to measure the Hugoniot elastic limit and determine the strain rate dependence of critical fracture stress for tantalum experiencing spall fracture. Tantalum specimens have been preannealed in vacuum at 1000°C. The evolution of elastoplastic compression shock waves at room and elevated up to 500°C temperatures has been presented from complete wave profiles recorded by a VISAR laser Doppler velocimeter. The spall strength dependence on the strain rate during the expansion of the material in a rarefaction wave has been determined.

The dynamic tensile strength (spall strength) of a eutectic bismuth–lead alloy is measured in the solid and liquid states in the temperature range from room temperature to 102°C for the solid phase and in the range 130–150°C for the melt. Melting is found to be accompanied by a decrease in the dynamic tensile strength by almost an order of magnitude. The Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of the alloy in the solid state decrease with increasing test temperature.

In order to determine the compressive and tensile strength of concrete under conditions of explosive loading, and to develop a methodological framework in this regard, three types of concrete have been investigated: concrete with fine-grained granite in the form of crushed stone having a static compressive strength of 47 MPa, the same concrete with the addition of steel fibers and also the same concrete reinforced by steel bars. The samples were rods of 50 and 100 mm diameter and five to ten diameters in length. The compressive fracture occurs at a relatively small distance of propagation of the load pulse along the rod and is accompanied by fast decay. The measurements of parameters of the compression pulse at the end of the fracture zone allowed us to determine the values of the dynamic compressive strength of the concrete while measurements of the free-surface velocity history at long distances were used for determining the dynamic tensile strength or spall strength values. The values of the dynamic compressive strength were found to be 2.5 times higher than the static strength. The steel fibers increased the dynamic compressive strength by about 10%. The obtained values of the dynamic tensile strength are 3–8 times higher than the values of the static tensile strength. The steel fibers increase the tensile strength by 20–50%. The reinforced sample has shown an increase of dynamic tensile strength by a factor of about 30.

The spall strength and dynamic yield stress of polycrystalline hafnium have been measured in a series of plane-wave shock loading experiments using flat sample–transparent window composite targets, with the transparent windows representing polymethyl methacrylate or lithium fluoride plates arranged on the rear side of a hafnium sample. The front side of the target was subjected to shock impact of a copper striker, the rear surface velocity was measured, and the sample was recovered for subsequent metallographic examination. The results were also used for evaluation of the accuracy of spall strength measurements and the analysis of features of high-rate deformation of hafnium.

The Foreign Object Damage problem is considered as the damage tolerance statement for consecutive loading tests, which include the shock-wave loading (by explosive generator) of massive planar targets (aluminum alloy AlMg6) to provide a billet for the specimen machining with controlled damage that is the analogous material of the fan blades subjected to high-speed collision with solid particles. These samples were used to perform high cycle fatigue and very high cycle fatigue tests with the ultrasonic testing machine, which allows fatigue loading for 108–1010 cycles with an amplitude of up to several tens of micrometers and a frequency of 20 kHz. It is shown that the fatigue strength of AlMg6 alloy specimens pre-loaded by shock in the 109 cycle regime reduces by 24%. The fatigue damage-failure transition and crack initiation were studied by the amplitude–frequency analysis of higher harmonics associated with the influence of defects on the effective elastic properties. The structural study of the fracture surface for the specimens after consecutive loading was conducted using the profilometry data to identify the roughness scale invariants induced by defects for corresponding areas responsible for the staging of fatigue damage-failure transition. The scale invariants and corresponding lengths were used for the formulation of the generalized Paris law for the crack advance in the damaged material.

The microstructure of an ML5 commercial magnesium alloy reinforced by aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles with an average size of 80 nm at an amount of 0.5 wt % has been studied. Comparative data on strength and plasticity of the initial ML15 alloy and AlN-reinforced metal-matrix composite were obtained using Instron 3369 universal testing machine. The influence of material microstructure on the resistance of samples to high-rate deformation and fracture was determined by analysis of the full wave profiles measured using a VISAR laser Doppler velocimeter.

Experimental evaluation of the viscosity of 56.5% Bi–43.5% Pb eutectic melt at 150°С in a pressure range from 3 to 32 GPa on the basis of measurement of the shock wave width has been carried out. It was found that melt viscosity increases by 3–4 orders of magnitude under compression as compared to standard measurements at atmospheric pressure.

Using a VISAR laser interferometer , experimental study of the shock compressibility and spall strength of a Kevlar/epoxy composite was performed for two orientations of the fibres. In the experiments, a single stage gas gun (low pressures tests) and explosive driver system (high pressures up to 30 GPa) were used. Hugoniot parameters of Kevlar/epoxy composite were obtained with a kink in the vicinity of 17 GPa which can be associated with a phase transition. It is shown that the shock compressibility and spall strength of composite are almost independent of the fibre orientation. The influence of the anisotropy of the studied material is manifested in the formation of a two-wave configuration at the shock wave propagation along the fibres.

Measurement results for the shock wave compression profiles of 12Cr19Ni10Ti steel and its dynamic strength in the strain rate range 105–106 s−1 are presented. The protracted viscous character of the spall fracture is revealed. With the previously obtained data taken into account, the measurement results are described by a polynomial relation, which can be used to construct the fracture kinetics. On the lower boundary of the range, the resistance to spall fracture is close to the value of the true strength of the material under standard low-rate strain conditions; on the upper boundary, the spall strength is more than twice greater than this quantity. An increase in the temperature results in a decrease in both the dynamic limit of elasticity and the spall fracture strength of steel. The most interesting result is the anomaly in the dependence of the spall fracture strength on the duration of the shock wave compression pulse, which is related to the formation of deformation martensite near the growing discontinuities.

Measurements of the width of a shock wave in glycerol dependent on the pressure of shock compression were taken to improve the method of determination of liquids viscosity. It was found that the time of growth of parameters in a shock wave decreases to the limit of time resolution of modern measurements, which is approximately 1 ns at the shock compression pressure of around 2.5 GPa. The values of viscosity, obtained at these parameters, are in agreement with experimental data. The transition to stepwise shock compression expands the pressure range, available for measurement by this method, and also makes possible the opportunity to vary the temperature.

The influence of a small addition of 0.5 wt.% aluminum nitride nanoparticles with an average size of 80 nm on the mechanical properties of a cast magnesium alloy under quasi-static tensile (strain rate 10&minus, 4 s&minus, 1) and plate impact loading (strain rate 105 s&minus, 1) was investigated. The composites were obtained by casting with a special mixing vortex device. After casting, some samples were subjected to heat treatment. The introduction of a small number of particles into the liquid metal led to a decrease in matrix grain size and a change in elasto-plastic and strength properties. Compared to quasi-static loading, the pre-heat treatment of tested alloys does not significantly affect the dynamic properties of a reinforced magnesium alloy under shock compression.

The evolution of elastic-plastic shock compression waves in a VT6 titanium alloy is measured at a distance of 0.16–17 mm at room temperature and 600°C. The results of measuring the decay of an elastic precursors and the compression rate in a plastic shock wave are used to determine the temperature–rate dependences of the flow stress in the strain-rate range 103–107s–1. New data for the spall strength of the alloy at normal and elevated temperatures are obtained.

The paper presents the results of measurements of shock-wave compression profiles of VT1-0 titanium samples after rolling and in the annealed state. In the experiments, the pressure of shock compression and distance passed by the wave before emerging to the sample surface were varied. From measurements of the elastic precursor decay and compression rate in a plastic shock wave of different amplitudes, the plastic strain and the corresponding shear stresses in the initial and subsequent stages of high-rate deformation in an elastoplastic shock wave are determined. It is found that the reduction in the dislocation density as a result of annealing reduces the hardness of the material but significantly increases its dynamic yield strengh, corresponding to the strain rate above 104 s–1. With a reduction in the strain rate, this anomalous difference in the flow stresses is leveled off.

Elastic–plastic shock compression, unloading, and the stepwise shock compression of copper were investigated at room temperature, 710 °C, and 850 °C to expand the measurement range of high-rate deformations. The dependences of the dynamic yield stress on the temperature and pressure of shock compression were determined from an analysis of the free-surface velocity histories. Although the initial resistance to high-rate deformation increases anomalously with increasing temperature, even a small strain in the shock wave can change the sign of the temperature dependence of the flow stress. Using these data, the dependence of the plastic strain rate on the shear stress in shock waves and temperature was obtained in the range 105–107 s−1. It was found that at room temperature, the ratio between the shear stress and the plastic shear strain rate in a shock wave practically does not depend on the loading history, whereas at 850 °C, the parameters of the plastic flow in the second shock wave deviates significantly from the initial dependence for lower stresses and higher strain rates.

Using measurements of the evolution of shock compression pulses and the rise time of plastic shock waves, the dependences of the yield stress and dynamic tensile strength (spall strength) of lead were determined depending on the strain rate in a range of 104 to 107 s−1 at room temperature and at 280–310 °C. Similar to other metals with a face-centered cubic structure, the dynamic yield stress of lead under these conditions increased abnormally as the temperature increased. At room temperature, the plastic strain rate in the shock wave did not significantly differ from the initial rate in the elastic precursor wave at the same value of the shear stress, but significantly exceeded it at 280 °C.

Influence of small additives of fullerene, graphene oxide, and their combinations in the ratio of 85 : 15 on the structure and mechanical properties of cross-linked polyurethanes under static and dynamic loads has been investigated. Nanocomposite structures have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that the presence of carbon nanoparticles in the composite reduces its strength under both static and shock-wave loads. The synergistic effect of the mixture of carbon nanoparticles manifests itself as an increase in the elastic modulus by a factor of 1.25 in comparison with the initial polymer.

This paper presents the results of comparative experiments with commercial aluminum AD1 and aluminum A999 of high purity which were designated for measurements of spall strength of these materials at room temperature and at $$640\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ . The measurements confirmed a sharp drop of the spall strength of commercial aluminum when approaching the melting temperature, which probably is associated with an earlier beginning of melting on the grain boundaries with higher concentration of impurities. The pure aluminum A999 maintains high spall strength near the melting temperature.

The results obtained from investigations into the special features inherent in the mechanical characteristics (Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength) observed under shock-wave loading of Al–Al2O3 composite samples produced by an explosive powder compaction technique are presented. Embedding 10 wt.% of aluminum oxide in the aluminum matrix has been found to increase the Hugoniot elastic limit as opposed to the commercialgrade AD1(Al 1013) aluminum alloy.

Full wave profiles are used to determine the Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of armco iron samples with an as-received structure and the samples recovered after preliminary loading by plane shock waves with an amplitude of 8, 17, and 35 GPa. The measurements are performed at a shock compression pressure below and above the polymorphic a–e transition pressure. Metallographic analysis of the structure of armco iron shows that a developed twinned structure forms inside grains in the samples subjected to preliminary compression and recovered and that the twin concentration and size increase with the shock compression pressure. The spall strength of armco iron under shock loading below the phase transition pressure increases by approximately 10% due to its preliminary deformation twinning at the maximum shock compression pressure. The spallation of samples with various structures at a shock compression pressure above the phase transition proceeds at almost the same tensile stresses. The polymorphic transition in armco iron weakly affects its strength characteristics.

A low-carbon metastable austenitic CrMnNi cast steel was investigated under shock conditions in a flyer-plate impact test. The samples were impacted by aluminum flyer-plates with impact velocities of 620 ± 30 m/s. Depending on deformation temperature and strain rate, the material exhibited different deformation mechanisms (dislocation glide, martensitic transformation, and mechanical twinning), which determined the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior. Flyer-plate impact tests were carried out at 213 K and 293 K (−60 °C and +20 °C). A soft recovered sample revealed microstructural changes directly after impact. The subsequent microstructural investigations via light-optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP effect) was the primary deformation mechanism. Moreover, it was possible to quantify the martensite volume fraction by different methods and to identify the hcp e-martensite phase as an intermediate transformation stage. A decrease in temperature also increased the driving force for the martensitic transformation.

The dynamic tensile strength (spall strength) of tin and lead melts has been measured by a found method. Comparison with similar measurements of the spall strength of these metals at room temperature shows that melting reduces the spall strength by at least an order of magnitude. The spall strength of liquid metals is a smaller fraction of the extremely possible (“ideal”) strength than that for water and organic liquids.

The influence of shock compression on the spall strengths of copper, brass, nickel, stainless steel, armco iron, and titanium nickelide Ti51.1Ni48.9 is studied in the pressure range 2–80 GPa at a strain rate higher than 104 s−1 by recording wave profiles with a VISAR laser velocimeter and subsequent analysis. The strengths of the metals subjected to strong twinning during shock compression are shown to increase with the pressure in a shock wave, and the dependence of the strength on the shock pressure has a threshold character due to thermal softening at the maximum shock wave amplitude. The metals that undergo phase transformations have a more complex relation between the spall strength and the shock compression intensity.

The shock compression wave profiles in three modifications of boron carbide ceramic are studied in the compressive stress range 3–19 GPa. The Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of the materials are determined. It is confirmed that the spall strength of high-hardness ceramic changes nonmonotonically with the compressive stress in a shock wave.

Specific features in the deformation of polycrystalline vanadium under shock-wave loading conditions have been studied by experimental and theoretical methods. Analysis of the full wave profiles was used to determine the dynamic elastic limit and spall fracture stress in a range of stain rates of 105–107 s−1. The laws of elastic–plastic transition at the shock-wave front, mechanisms of elastic precursor relaxation, and spall fracture development are discussed.

The elastic limit and tensile strength of deformed magnesium alloys Ma2-1 with different structures and textures were measured with the aim of finding a correlation between the spectrum of defects in the material and the resistance to deformation and fracture under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The studies were performed using specimens in the as-received state after high-temperature annealing and specimens subjected to equal-channel angular pressing at a temperature of 250°C. The anisotropy of strength characteristics of the material after shock compression with respect to the direction of rolling of the original alloy was investigated. It was shown that, in contrast to the quasi-static loading conditions, under the shock wave loading conditions, the elastic limit and tensile strength of the magnesium alloy Ma2-1 after equal-channel angular pressing decrease as compared to the specimens in the as-received state.

Full wave profiles were monitored by the laser interferometry method by means of a VISAR laser Doppler velocimeter under shock-wave loading of samples of AMg6 aluminum alloy. Analysis of these profiles was used to study the laws of elastic precursor formation and its amplitude variation during elastic–plastic transition front propagation in samples loaded by a shock wave of variable intensity. Critical stresses leading to the spall fracture of samples were determined as dependent on the strain rate under unloading.

The evolution of an elastoplastic waves of shock compression in VT1-0 titanium in the as-annealed state and after preliminary compression is measured. A preliminary strain of 0.6% and the related increase in the dislocation density are found to change the deformation kinetics radically and to decrease the Hugoniot elastic limit. An increase in the preliminary strain from 0.6% to 5.2% only weakly changes the Hugoniot elastic limit and the compression rate in the plastic shock wave. The measurement results are used to plot the strain rate versus the stress at the initial stage of high-rate deformation, and the experimental results are interpreted in terms of dislocation dynamics.

The interrelation between microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties under quasi-static and shock-wave (dynamic) loading was investigated in ultrafine-grained aluminum processed by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) for 4, 7, 10 and 14 cycles. The microstructural parameters such as the size of the elements of grain–subgrain structure, grain size and fraction of high-angle grain boundaries were obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). Indentation and tensile tests at the strain rate of 1 × 10−4 s−1 were applied as the quasi-static loading, the impact by aluminum flyer-plates with the impact velocity of 620 ± 30 m s−1 was the shock-wave loading. The strain rate in the rarefaction wave before spall fracture was 2 × 105–7 × 105 s−1 in the latter case. It is shown that the dislocation substructures and low-angle subboundaries significantly affect the strength properties under quasi-static conditions, while the grain size (the areas bounded by only high-angle boundaries) and fraction of high-angle grain boundaries mainly define the dynamic strength properties. The different influence of the microstructural characteristics on the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties is related to the easier dislocation cross-slip under high strain rates.

Within the framework of the search for the method of determination of the strength properties of concrete under the action of an explosion or high-velocity impact, suitable for large scale concrete samples, the evolution of the compression pulse in plates or rods made of concrete with compressive strength of 30 MPa was investigated. It was found that wave configuration consisting of the ramped elastic precursor with insignificant stress jump at the front followed by a dispersed plastic shock wave is formed in the plates under uniaxial shock compression. In this experimental configuration, the compressive strength of the material is not identified. Experiments with concrete rods of various diameters have demonstrated the scalability of the wave process. It was established that the compressive fracture of the rods occurs at a distance of around twice their diameters and is accompanied by the fast decay of the load pulse after that weakly decaying elastic wave was propagated along the rods. The measurements of parameters of the compression pulse at the end of the fracture zone allowed us to determine the value of the dynamic compression strength of concrete equal to $$105\pm 20~\hbox {MPa}$$ , which turned out to be 3.5 times higher than the static strength.

This paper presents two examples of significant departures from usual trends of varying the resistance to spall fracture (spall strength) with changing loading history, load duration and peak shock stress. In experiments with vanadium single crystals we observed an important decrease of spall strength when increasing the shock stress. This was interpreted in terms of disruption of the matter homogeneity as a result of its twinning at shock compression. In experiments with 12Kh18N10T austenitic stainless steel we observed a sharp increase of recorded spall strength value when short load pulses of a triangular profile were replaced by shock pulses of long duration having a trapezoidal shape. This anomaly is associated with formation of the deformation-induced martensitic phase.

We investigated the influence of consecutive shock-wave and gigacycle fatigue loads on the lifetime of aluminum-magnesium alloy AlMg6. An experimental methodology for estimating the ultra-high cycl...

The dynamic elastic limit and spall strength of high-alloy chromium-manganese-nickel steel in the martensitic-austenitic transformation induced by a change in the temperature from −120 to 200°C is measured by recording the complete wave profiles with a VISAR laser interferometer and subsequently analyzing them. The spall strength of the investigated steel in the martensitic phase is found to be 25–30% higher than the strength of steel in the austenitic phase. In this case, the strength decreases in a stepwise manner in a narrow temperature range approximately from −50 to 20°C, where, apparently, basic changes in the internal structure of steel occur due to the martensitic-austenitic transformation. The measured values of the dynamic elastic limit of high-alloy steel have a sufficiently large scatter and hardly decrease with increasing temperature without any features associated with the martensitic-austenitic transformation of the structure.

Elastic–plastic waves of shock compression and unloading in annealed AD1 aluminum were recorded at room temperature, 508 °C, and 610 °C. Using measurements of the parameters of the plastic shock waves and quasi-elastic rarefaction waves at the peak shock stresses from about 1.5 to 4.2 GPa, the strain rate dependences on the stress, the temperatures, and the loading histories were obtained in the range of 105–107 s−1. The initial resistance to high-rate deformation was found to increase anomalously with increasing temperature, but even a small deformation in the shock wave and the accompanying multiplication of dislocations changed the sign of the temperature dependence of the flow stress.

The results of measurements of shock compression wave profiles for three modifications of carbide ceramics in the stress range 3–19 GPa are presented. The dynamic elasticity and spall strength limits of the materials are determined. It is shown that these characteristics are sensitive to specific characteristics of reaction-sintered ceramics related to technological parameters of the process of their manufacturing. It is confirmed that the spall strength of highly rigid ceramics varies nonmonotonically with increasing compression stress in the shock wave.