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The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and chemical composition of three forage species at different regrowth intervals. A 3 x 4 randomized-block factorial design with three forage species (Andropogon, Buffel, and Massai) and four regrowth intervals (21, 35, 49, and 63 days) was used. There was no interaction (p > 0.05) between forage species and regrowth interval on any of the chemical components evaluated. The crude protein content decreased but the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose increased with increasing regrowth interval (p > 0.05). Only the contents of crude protein and ether extract were similar (p > 0.05) among grasses. A significant interaction was observed (p < 0.05) between forage species and regrowth interval on forage mass. Andropogon grass had the highest forage mass at 63 days (3,270.1 kg ha-1 DM cut-1) and the highest productivity regardless of the regrowth interval (19.1 t ha-1 DM year-1). Therefore, Andropogon grass was the most productive forage among the tested species. Pastures should be managed with shorter growth intervals due to the highest crude protein level and the lowest contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of tropical grasses managed under different regrowth periods. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Science and Technology Education of Rio Grande do Norte, located in the municipality of Apodi-RN, Brazil. The study design was in randomized blocks and the treatments were allocated in a 3x4 factorial arrangement, with three cultivars (Andropogon, Buffel and Massai) in four regrowth periods (21, 35, 49 and 63 days). The interaction between cultivar and age was significant for all studied variables, with the exception of leaf blade width and accumulation rate. The highest leaf appearance rates were observed in Buffel grass, regardless of the regrowth age. This characteristic was not influenced by age only in Andropogon grass. Higher stem elongation rates were observed in Buffel grass, while the lowest were observed in Massai grass until 35 days of regrowth, attributed to the presence of inflorescences. Canopy heights in Massai and Andropogon grass were greater than Buffel grass until 35 days of regrowth, Andropogon grass had higher height from 35 days of regrowth than the others. Andropogon grass showed higher rates of accumulation than Massai grass only at 21 days of regrowth, and no effects of regrowth age were observed for this variable. Buffel grass should be defoliated at 21 days, while Andropogon and Massai grass can be managed without losses between 21 and 63 days of regrowth.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and protein and carbohydrate fractions in three forage species (Andropogon gayanus Kunth, Cenchrus ciliares L. and Panicum maximun x Panicum infestum) at four cutting ages: 21, 35, 49 and 63 days. Experiments were carried out at the Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte - IFRN, located in the municipality of Apodi- RN, Potiguar West Meso-region. Materials collected in the field were analyzed in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition (LANA), Federal Rural Semiarid University (UFERSA), Campus Mossoró, RN. Samples were processed, phenated, and analyzed. The analysis conducted included fractionation of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates and chemical composition (dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein, lipids and fibers) was determined. The forages evaluated showed decreasing crude protein content with increasing cutting age, ranging between 14.9 and 6.2%. Andropogon grass showed the highest crude protein content. The fiber content increased with age. Fiber consisted of 62.4%–70.0% NDF and 30.07%–33.03% ADF. Highest fiber content was recorded for Massai grass, in which case, these two component species showed the highest fractions of intermediate degradation protein (B2), while Andropogon and Buffel Capins showed higher fractions of non-fibrous carbohydrates (A and B1). An increase in the concentration of cell-wall material in the detriment of the cellular content with increasing plant age was observed in the fodder studied. We also observed an increase in the indigestible fraction (C) of proteins and carbohydrates in the species studied.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the structure and production of Panicum maximum cv. Massai forage. The experiment was conducted at the teaching farm of Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Apodi Campus. The treatments evaluated were organic sources of nitrogen (wastes of pig, poultry and sheep farming) and a mineral source (urea), set at 150 kg N/ha. Forage production, morphological components, pasture height, light interception, leaf area index, and chlorophyll content were evaluated in samples obtained at intervals of 60 days. Canopy height was affected by the type of fertilizer applied and the greatest height was observed for pasture fertilized with urea (50.97 cm). The highest light interception by the canopy was observed for pastures receiving urea, but 95% light interception was not reached. The leaf area index was higher for pastures fertilized with urea compared to the other treatments and the values obtained for pastures receiving organic fertilizers were considered very low. Forage, leaf blade, stem and dead material mass was affected by the type of fertilizer and was higher for pastures receiving urea. The total chlorophyll content of leaf blades did not differ between the types of fertilizer evaluated. Forage structure or production in massai grass pastures is not affected by the type of animal manure used as nitrogen source. The efficiency of these organic fertilizers as a nitrogen source is lower than that of mineral fertilization. The animal manures evaluated can be used as nitrogen sources for massai grass pastures to reduce costs and environmental impacts.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química e os fracionamentos protéicos e de carboidratos em três espécies forrageiras (Andropogon gayanus Kunth , Cenchrus ciliares L. e Panicum maximun x Panicum infestum) em quatro idades de corte: 21,35,49 e 63 dias. O procedimento experimental foi realizado no Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte – IFRN, localizado no município de Apodi- RN, Mesorregião Oeste Potiguar. O material coletado no campo foi analisado no Laboratório de Nutrição Animal (LANA), da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido (UFERSA), Campus Mossoró, RN. As amostras foram processadas e fenadas e posteriormente analisadas. As análises realizadas foram: fracionamento de compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos e a composição química (Matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta, lipídeos e fibras). As forrageiras apresentaram teor de proteína bruta decrescentes com o aumento da idade de corte, variando entre 14,9 e 6,2%. O capim Andropogon apresentou o maior teor de proteína bruta. O teor de fibra aumentou com o avanço da idade, correspondendo de 62,4 a 70,0% de FDN e 30,07 a 33,03% de FDA; sendo observado o maior teor no capim Massai, onde estas duas espécies apresentaram as maiores frações de proteína de degradação intermediária (B2); e Os Capins Andropogon e o Buffel apresentaram maiores frações de carboidratos não fibrosos (A e B1). O aumento da concentração de parede celular em detrimento ao conteúdo celular com o avanço da maturidade das plantas, foi evidente nas forrageiras estudadas. Observando-se também o aumento na fração indigestível (C) de proteínas e carboidratos nas espécies.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do uso de adubos orgânicos e mineral na estrutura e na produção de forragem do Panicum maximum cv. Massai. O experimento foi desenvolvido na fazenda escola do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, campus Apodi. Os tratamentos avaliados foram fontes orgânicas de nitrogênio (dejetos da suinocultura, da avicultura e da ovinocultura) e uma fonte mineral (ureia), fixados em 150 kg/ha de N. Avaliou-se a produção de forragem e de componentes morfológicos, a altura do pasto, a interceptação luminosa, o índice de área foliar e o teor de clorofila, em cortes realizados a cada 60 dias. A altura do dossel foi afetada pelo tipo de adubo aplicado, e maior altura foi observada no pasto adubado com ureia (50,97 cm). A maior interceptação de luz (IL) pelo dossel foi observada nos pastos que receberam ureia, porém não alcançaram 95% de IL. O índice de área foliar nos pastos adubados com ureia foi maior que nos demais, e os valores observados nos pastos que receberam adubos orgânicos foram considerados muito baixos. As massas de forragem, de lâmina foliar, de colmo e de material morto foram afetadas pelo tipo de adubo, e foram maiores nos pastos que receberam ureia. Os teores de clorofila total nas lâminas foliares não diferiram entre os adubos avaliados. A estrutura e a produção de forragem em pastos de capim-massai não são afetadas pelo tipo de dejetos de produção animal utilizado como fonte de nitrogênio. A eficiência destes adubos orgânicos como fonte de nitrogênio é inferior à da adubação mineral. Os dejetos de produção animal avaliados podem ser utilizados como fonte de nitrogênio para pastos de capim-massai em condições de baixo custo e para diminuir os impactos ambientais.

The objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing concentrate by flor-de-seda hay under the levels of 0; 15; 30; 45 and 60 % on the fatty acids profile of goat milk. Five multiparus goats of the alpine origin were used with 106 days on lactation at the beginning of the trial, being milked twice daily (06:00 and 16:00 hs). The goats were allotted into a 5 x 5 Latin Square, consisted of five periods of 13 days which, in which the first 10 days were for adaptation of the animals to the new diet and the other three days used to collect the milk from the animals. It was identified the presence of 13 fatty acids, being 8 saturated, small, medium and large chain (C6 to C20), 3 monounsaturated of medium and long chain (C14 to C18) and 2 polyunsaturated of long chain (C18:2 and C18:3). There was not detected any significant difference (P>0.05) on the variables evaluated but on miristoleic acid (P

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar de forma descritiva a composição do leite (gordura, proteína, lactose e extrato seco) de um rebanho Gir leiteiro no município de São Gonçalo do Amarante – RN. A qualidade do leite é definida por parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos. A presença e osteores de proteína, gordura, lactose, sais minerais e vitaminas determinam a qualidade e composição, que serão influenciadas pelo manejo, genética e alimentação do animal. Os dados para a avaliação e análise do leite foram fornecidos pela EMPARN (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte), aanálise foi feita no período de março de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006, e enviadasao Laboratório de Qualidade do Leite, da EMBRAPA, em Juiz deFora/Minas Gerais. As análises apresentaram, em sua maioria, valores dos parâmetrosfísico-químicos dentro dos padrões exigidos, porém será necessário rever os procedimentos de ordenha e higienização de equipamentos, como também aplicar um manejo mais adequado.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Calotropis procera hay in the diet of dairy goats at different levels (0, 9, 18, 27 and 36%), on intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), total carbohydrates (TC), and water consumption. Five multiparous goats of were used, weighing 42 ± 0.59 kg BW, in a 5 x 5 latin square design. Animals were fed twice meals daily, after milking, at 6 and 16 hours. A surplus of 20% was offered in relation to the previous day. The inclusion of Calotropis procera hay had a quadratic effect on the consumption of almost all nutrients, except for NFC and water. The highest DM intake was 1.66 kg/day, 3.95% of BW, or 100.66 g/kg0,75 when 22% of Calotropis procera hay was included in the diet. The average water consumption was 7.07 kilograms. There was an improvement in nutrient digestibility, although not significant. Under the conditions of this research, it was concluded that the addition of Calotropis procera hay in dairy goat diets may be beneficial up to 0.397 kg per day by increasing intake and nutrient digestibility.Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização do feno de flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera Ait.Br.) na dieta de cabras leiteiras, em diferentes níveis (0, 9, 18, 27 e 36%), sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), do extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro ( FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidrato não fibroso (CNF), carboidratos totais (CHOT) na matéria seca, além do consumo de água. Utilizaram-se cinco cabras multíparas do tronco alpino, com 42±0,59kg de peso vivo (PV), em delineamento quadrado latino 5 x 5. A alimentação foi fornecida em duas refeições diárias, logo após as ordenhas, às 6 e 16 horas. Trabalhou-se com uma sobra de 20% do ofertado, em relação ao dia anterior. Os níveis de inclusão do feno de flor-de-seda exerceram efeito quadrático para o consumo de quase todos os nutrientes, com exceção do consumo de CNF e água. O consumo máximo de MS estimado foi 1,66kg/dia, 3,95% PV e 100,66g/kg0,75 e atingiu o nível de 22% de inclusão do feno de flor-de-seda na dieta. O consumo médio de água foi de 7,07kg. Observou-se uma melhoria na digestibilidade dos nutrientes, apesar de não significativa, com a inclusão do feno de flor-de-seda na dieta. Nas condições da presente pesquisa, a adição do feno de flor-de-seda em dieta para cabras leiteiras pode ser utilizada até a quantidade de 0,397kg/dia sem prejuízo para o desempenho dos animais e promove um aumento do consumo e da digestibilidade.