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The leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja, an endemic tree with a scattered distribution in subtropical China, are rich in flavonoids with beneficial, health-promoting properties. To understand the impact of environment and genetic similarity on the variation pattern of flavonoids in this species, we analyzed C. paliurus germplasm resources from 26 different populations previously sampled from the main distribution area. Environmental, genetic and biochemical data was associated by genetic structure analysis, non-parametric tests, correlation analysis and principal component analysis. We found that populations with higher flavonoid contents were distributed at higher elevations and latitudes and fell into two groups with similar genetic diversities. Significant accumulations of isoquercitrin and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside were detected in the higher flavonoid-content resources. In addition, the genetic clusters with higher flavonoid contents exhibited broader environmental-adaptive capacities. Even in the presence of environmental factors promoting C. paliurus flavonoid accumulation, only those populations having a specific level of genetic similarity were able to exploit such environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Yersiniosis is one of the most significant intestinal disorders caused by Yersinia enterocolitica and affects both humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in New Valley Governorate, Egypt in animals, humans, fresh milk and dried milk. Additionally, this study analyzed the presence of virulence genes, including ail and Yst in tested isolates and conducted a phylogenetic analysis to determine the genetic similarity between human, and animal Y. enterocolitica isolates. Finally, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were examined. Results: Among the 982 samples examined, the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica based on ISO10273-2017 was 11.7% in animal samples including 12.8% of animal faeces, and 10.4% in milk samples. Moreover, the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was 13.2% in human stool, and 9.5% in dried milk samples. The molecular characterization of the six randomly selected isolates showed that the 16S rRNA, ail and Yst genes were found in 50, 33.3 and 100% of the examined Y. enterocolitica isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of animal and human isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed a high degree of similarity between the isolates. All the tested animal and human Y. enterocolitica isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime, but highly sensitive to norfloxacin. Conclusions: The high prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in animal and human samples with high degrees of genetic similarity poses a threat to public and animal health. Animal faeces, milk and milk powder represent the main sources of Y. enterocolitica infection in humans. Additionally, high levels of antibiotic resistance of Y. enterocolitica can cause public health hazards by leading to the failure of disease prevention and treatment programs in humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja, an endemic tree with a scattered distribution in subtropical China, are rich in flavonoids with beneficial, health-promoting properties. To understand the impact of environment and genetic similarity on the variation pattern of flavonoids in this species, we analyzed C. paliurus germplasm resources from 26 different populations previously sampled from the main distribution area. Environmental, genetic and biochemical data was associated by genetic structure analysis, non-parametric tests, correlation analysis and principal component analysis. We found that populations with higher flavonoid contents were distributed at higher elevations and latitudes and fell into two groups with similar genetic diversities. Significant accumulations of isoquercitrin and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside were detected in the higher flavonoid-content resources. In addition, the genetic clusters with higher flavonoid contents exhibited broader environmental-adaptive capacities. Even in the presence of environmental factors promoting C. paliurus flavonoid accumulation, only those populations having a specific level of genetic similarity were able to exploit such environments.

The article assesses the genetic diversity of wild edible mushrooms (WEM) in the East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh using simple sequence repeat markers. The study analyzes the polymorphism among the strains of WEM, including polymorphic alleles and polymorphic information content, as well as the genetic variation and similarity among WEN varieties.

Background: Maternal genetic risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with fetal growth, but the influence of genetic ancestry is not yet fully understood. We aimed to investigate the influence of genetic distance (GD) and genetic ancestry proportion (GAP) on the association of maternal genetic risk score of T2D (GRST2D) with fetal weight and birthweight. Methods: Multi-ancestral pregnant women (n = 1,837) from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies – Singletons cohort were included in the current analyses. Fetal weight (in grams, g) was estimated from ultrasound measurements of fetal biometry, and birthweight (g) was measured at delivery. GRST2D was calculated using T2D-associated variants identified in the latest trans-ancestral genome-wide association study and was categorized into quartiles. GD and GAP were estimated using genotype data of four reference populations. GD was categorized into closest, middle, and farthest tertiles, and GAP was categorized as highest, medium, and lowest. Linear regression analyses were performed to test the association of GRST2D with fetal weight and birthweight, adjusted for covariates, in each GD and GAP category. Results: Among women with the closest GD from African and Amerindigenous ancestries, the fourth and third GRST2D quartile was significantly associated with 5.18 to 7.48 g (weeks 17–20) and 6.83 to 25.44 g (weeks 19–27) larger fetal weight compared to the first quartile, respectively. Among women with middle GD from European ancestry, the fourth GRST2D quartile was significantly associated with 5.73 to 21.21 g (weeks 18–26) larger fetal weight. Furthermore, among women with middle GD from European and African ancestries, the fourth and second GRST2D quartiles were significantly associated with 117.04 g (95% CI = 23.88–210.20, p = 0.014) and 95.05 g (95% CI = 4.73–185.36, p = 0.039) larger birthweight compared to the first quartile, respectively. The absence of significant association among women with the closest GD from East Asian ancestry was complemented by a positive significant association among women with the highest East Asian GAP. Conclusions: The association between maternal GRST2D and fetal growth began in early-second trimester and was influenced by GD and GAP. The results suggest the use of genetic GD and GAP could improve the generalizability of GRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research is to isolate mycotoxin-producing fungus from the Nagavali River. Examining isolated fungi involved analyzing their mycelium growth on culture media and detailed microscopic inspection. We employed PCR analysis utilizing universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 to accurately identify the species. Furthermore, we sequenced the amplified ITS region and rigorously analyzed the sequences using NCBI-BLASTn and the ITS2 database. The analysis found a high 96.38% genetic similarity to the Aspergillus flavus strain, resulting in a 600-base pair fragment size. The sequence was given the accession number OR536222 in the NCBI GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to ascertain the particular strain of A. flavus and its source. Remarkably, this analysis led to the identification of a single new strain gene, which represents a novel discovery in the field of fungal research. These results underscore the vital significance of molecular techniques in promptly and precisely identifying organisms. This research enhances our understanding of mycotoxin contamination in water, providing valuable insights to improve detection and prevention strategies. It accentuates the overarching importance of conserving our water resources and upholding ecological equilibrium, ultimately safeguarding the well-being of both humanity and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys were carried out to enable comparative assessment of allele frequencies in DNA pools of the New Altai horse breed and the breeds used to create it. The experimental sample involved 5736 horses, including 363 New Altai, 39 Altai, 159 Lithuanian Heavy Draft, 617 Russian Heavy Draft, 288 Soviet Heavy Draft, 4177 Orlov Trotter, and 93 Budyonny breed horses. Population genetic analysis was performed to determine parameters, including the total number of alleles for 17 loci, the average number of alleles at a locus, the degree of polymorphism, the observed and expected heterozygosity, intrapopulation coefficients for inbreeding, and the genetic similarity and distance. The New Altai breed horses had the highest levels of genetic diversity (154 alleles) and polymorphism (Ae = 4.909). The analysis of genetic differentiation showed the absence of intrapopulation inbreeding in the Altai, Lithuanian Heavy Draft, and Budenny breed horse groups. Cohorts of animals of the New Altai, Orlov Trotter, and Russian and Soviet Heavy Draft horse breeds showed insignificant deficiencies of heterozygotes. High frequencies of occurrence of the HTG6 O allele were typical for the horses of the New Altai and Heavy Draft breeds, while the Altai breed horses were characterized by a high frequency of allele HTG4 M. A number of loci identical in their range of allele frequency variation in the Altai breed and Russian and Soviet Heavy Darft breed horses were revealed in the New Altai horse. Cluster analysis demonstrated high levels of genetic similarity between the New Altai horses and the Russian Heavy Draft (0.903) and Altai (0.899) breed horses. Therefore, selective breeding programs for horses may be improved through better use of new information on horses of the seven tested breeds, allowing us to manage biodiversity and genetic similarity in populations and to preserve the particular allelic heterogeneities of horses of different breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study investigates the genetic characteristics of Capillaria isolates from the infected fish, Bagrus bajad, and their relation to human Capillaria philippinensis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis. Fifteen fish Capillaria were isolated and compared to identified human C. philippinensis using six primers: M-are, M-1, G-7, G-11, G-15, and G-18. Results All six primers successfully amplified DNA, highlighting their efficacy in distinguishing between human and fish Capillaria isolates. The analysis revealed distinctive banding patterns between fish and human isolates, with variations in size and number of DNA fragments. Additionally, genetic similarity analysis showed intriguing patterns of relatedness, with certain pairs exhibiting high similarity percentages. Comparative assessment of RAPD polymorphism demonstrated consistent findings of 100% polymorphism across all primers. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) evaluated the closest relationship between human and fish isolates. These results underscore the utility of RAPD analysis in delineating the genetic diversity among Capillaria isolates from different hosts. Conclusion Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the genetic variability and relatedness among Capillaria isolates, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics and zoonotic potential.

The study of genetic resources using prolamin polymorphism in wheat cultivars from countries with different climatic conditions makes it possible to identify and trace the preference for the selection of the alleles of gliadine-coding loci characteristic of specific conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the “gliadin profile” of the collection of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan by studying the genetic diversity of allelic variants of gliadin-coding loci. Intrapopulation (μ ± Sμ) and genetic (H) diversity, the proportion of rare alleles (h ± Sh), identity criterion (I) and genetic similarity (r) of common wheat from eight breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the samples of common wheat bred in Kostanay region (Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Kazakhstan) and Chelyabinsk region (Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia) had the highest intrapopulation diversity of gliadin alleles. The proportion of rare alleles (h) at Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 loci was the highest in the wheat cultivars bred by the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region (Saratov region, Russia), which is explained by a high frequency of occurrence of Gli-B1e (86 %) and Gli-D1a (89.9 %) alleles. Based on identity criterion (I), the studied samples of common wheat from different regions of Kazakhstan and Russia have differences in gliadincoding loci. The highest value of I = 619.0 was found when comparing wheat samples originated from Kostanay and Saratov regions, and the lowest I = 114.4, for wheat cultivars from Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions. Some region-specific gliadin alleles in wheat samples have been identified. A combination of Gli-A1f, Gli-B1e and Gli-Da alleles has been identified in the majority of wheat samples from Kazakhstan and Russia. Alleles (Gli-A1f, Gli-A1i, Gli-A1m, Gli-A1o, Gli-B1e, Gli-D1a, Gli-D1f, Gli-A2q, Gli-B2o, and Gli-D2a) turned out to be characteristic and were found with varying frequency in wheat cultivars in eight regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The highest intravarietal polymorphism (51.1 %) was observed in wheat cultivars bred in Omsk region (Russia) and the lowest (16.6 %), in Pavlodar region (Kazakhstan). On the basis of the allele frequencies, a “gliadin profile” of wheat from various regions and breeding institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan was compiled, which can be used for the selection of parent pairs in the breeding process, the control of cultivars during reproduction, as well as for assessing varietal purity.

Background: This study investigates the genetic characteristics of Capillaria isolates from the infected fish, Bagrus bajad, and their relation to human Capillaria philippinensis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis. Fifteen fish Capillaria were isolated and compared to identified human C. philippinensis using six primers: M-are, M-1, G-7, G-11, G-15, and G-18. Results: All six primers successfully amplified DNA, highlighting their efficacy in distinguishing between human and fish Capillaria isolates. The analysis revealed distinctive banding patterns between fish and human isolates, with variations in size and number of DNA fragments. Additionally, genetic similarity analysis showed intriguing patterns of relatedness, with certain pairs exhibiting high similarity percentages. Comparative assessment of RAPD polymorphism demonstrated consistent findings of 100% polymorphism across all primers. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) evaluated the closest relationship between human and fish isolates. These results underscore the utility of RAPD analysis in delineating the genetic diversity among Capillaria isolates from different hosts. Conclusion: Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the genetic variability and relatedness among Capillaria isolates, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics and zoonotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is a drought-resistant warm-season turfgrass adapted to the southern and transitional zones in the United States. Multiple hybrid cultivars have been developed and released for use as turfgrass, and others are still undergoing development. Increasing genetic diversity of commercial cultivars is vital to stress tolerance. A DNA profiling study of 21 experimental selections from the Oklahoma State University turfgrass breeding program and 11 cultivars was conducted using 51 simple sequence repeat primer pairs across the bermudagrass genome. A pairwise genetic relationship analysis of the genotypes using 352 polymorphic bands showed genetic similarity coefficients ranging from 0.59 to 0.89. The average pairwise population differentiation values were 0.012 for the 11 cultivars and 0.169 for the 21 selections. A cluster analysis using the unweighted paired group with the arithmetic average method grouped the entries into six clusters. A correlation analysis identified different levels of pairwise genetic relationships among the entries that largely reflected parental relationship. Directional breeding and selection for cold hardiness or drought resistance created progeny that had distinct genetic diversity in the tested bermudagrasses. It is evident that an increase in genetic diversity of the existing cultivar pool with the release of one or more experimental selections for commercial use will strengthen and improve bermudagrass systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficiency of the ISSR molecular marker in distinguishing the studied watermelon populations, to determine the degree of similarity and genetic distance of the populations in order to use the phenomenon of heterosis and to select suitable parents in watermelon hybrid seed production programs. Materials and methods In this research, the genetic diversity of 24 different watermelon populations from all over Iran was investigated using 10 ISSR primers. DNA extraction was done using the CTAB method. After PCR, molecular data were scored as zero and one. Indexes related to markers include total number of bands, number of polymorphic bands, polymorphic percentage, marker index (MI), resolution strength index (RP) and polymorphic information content (PIC). It was measured. In order to perform cluster analysis, NTSYS and Excel software were used, and GenALEx software was used to analyze the molecular variance and to analyze the main coordinates. Results In this research, a total of 202 bands were produced, of which 184 were polymorphic bands. The average number of total bands and polymorphic bands in this study was 20.2 and 18.4, respectively. The highest percentage of polymorphism was related to the ISSR6 primer with 100% and the lowest polymorphism was related to the ISSR5 primer with 80%. The average percentage of polymorphism in this study was also 0.90. The value of PIC index in this research varied between 0.26 and 0.44 and the average PIC was 0.35. After cluster analysis, the studied populations were divided into five groups at a similarity level of 55%. The results of molecular variance analysis in the studied populations showed that 14% of the variation is between the studied populations and 86% of the variation is within the studied populations. The results of analysis to main coordinates also confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Conclusions According to the obtained results, the ISSR molecular marker has the necessary efficiency to distinguish the studied populations, and on the other hand, considering the considerable genetic diversity between and within the studied populations, the genotypes used in this research can be considered as the population The first one was used in watermelon hybrid seed production programs and also Faryab and Minab populations can be used as cross parents considering that they had the least genetic similarity in order to use heterosis in watermelon hybrid seed production projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Matoa (Pometia pinnata), comprising three cultivars, i.e., green matoa (Emme Anokhong), yellow matoa (Emme Khabelaw), and red matoa (Emme Bhanggahe), belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The three cultivars have similar morphological characteristics. However, the analysis of DNA banding patterns can provide information on the genetic diversity of matoa. The presented research sought to examine the genetic diversity of matoa based on the DNA banding pattern of green, yellow, and red matoa using the RAPD technique. DNA isolated from green, yellow, and red matoa leaves' amplification used the RAPD method with primers OPA 19, OPB 15, OPD 08, OPD 11, and OPD 13. The results showed that green and yellow matoa had a closer genetic similarity, with a coefficient of 0.698. The most distant genetic similarity came from yellow and red matoa, with a coefficient of 0.566. The number and pattern of DNA bands produced from each primer occurred at different loci among the one and other cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding and various aspects such as ‎selection of cross parents, protection of germplasm and prevention of genetic erosion are important. The ‎purpose of this research is to evaluate the genetic diversity and investigate the genetic relationships in ‎the native ecotypes of marigold in Iran in order to be used in breeding projects and to protect the ‎genetic reserves of this plant. ‎‎ ‎Materials and methods: In this research, after extracting DNA from young leaves by CTAB method, ‎the molecular diversity of 18 ecotypes of three species of marshmallow bud was investigated using 10 ‎ISSR primers. ‎‎ ‎Results: The total number of bands formed by the primers studied in this research varied between 11 ‎and 23 for each primer. The number of polymorphic bands in this research for ‎the primers was at least 7 and at most 21 bands. In this research, the PIC ranged between 0.19 and 0.42 ‎and its average was 0.29. The highest PIC was related to the ISSR2 marker and the lowest PIC was ‎related to the ISSR4 marker. Cluster analysis showed that at the similarity level of 65%, the ecotypes ‎related to each species were in one group and the ecotypes related to different species were placed in ‎separate groups, so that the ecotypes of Qazvin, Taft, Yazd, Sari, Kerman and Shiraz which All of them ‎belonged to the Althaea Rosea species and were placed in one group. In the second group, the ecotypes ‎belonging to the Althaea Ficifolia species, which included Behshahr, Gorgan, Bam, Rafsanjan, ‎Hamadan and Mashhad, were placed.The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 28% of the variation is within the ‎species and 72% of the variation is Among the studied species. The results of analysis to main ‎coordinates also confirmed the results of cluster analysis. ‎‎ ‎Conclusion; According to the obtained results, the ISSR marker and the primers investigated in this ‎experiment have the necessary efficiency to distinguish the ecotypes and the species of khatami ‎flowers, and on the other hand, due to the genetic diversity of the ecotypes studied in this experiment, ‎it can be The title of the parents was used in the breeding projects of this plant, and in order to preserve ‎the germplasm and prevent genetic erosion, it is suggested to keep the ecotypes studied in this research ‎in plant gene bank ‎.

Interferon-gamma is an important innate immunomodulatory inflammatory cytokine, whose molecular characterization can demonstrate how this gene may or may not be conserved in populations throughout the evolutionary process. Thus, the study aimed to characterize the 3'-UTR of the Interferon gamma gene and determine its expression profile in the ocular conjunctiva of Amazon buffaloes. For this, blood and ocular conjunctival tissue samples were collected from two hundred and five healthy slaughtered buffaloes in the State of Amapa, Brazil. For the conventional polymerase chain reaction, primers for the 3'UTR region of the Interferon-gamma gene were used and the products were purified, sequenced and edited by comparing the corresponding sequences from buffalo species and other domestic, wild and human mammals. They were aligned and compared using genetic similarity analysis and phylogenetic analysis, using Network 5.0 program and MrBayes, version 3.1.2, respectively. Conjunctival samples were submitted to mRNA quantification of the interferon-gamma to profile gene expression relative to the endogenous gene GAPDH and β-ACTIN. The study demonstrates high-level interferon-gamma genetic similarity between ruminants, with a network of haplotypes forming groups of ruminants, primates, carnivores, bats, cetaceans and isolated individuals such as suiformes and rhinos. Ruminants and cetaceans have a close phylogenetic relationship, while there were different evolutionary distances between buffalo and other mammalian species. The interferon-gamma gene was expressed in all animals in relation to endogenous genes. The results served to better understand the immune system of Amazonian buffaloes and to determine the evolutionary profile in relation to other mammalian species.

In Syria, there are ancient wild, and cultivated mulberry trees, traditionally used to feed the silkworm Bombyx mori L., and cultivated for their edible fruits. Evaluating genetic relationships is imperative for the identification, conservation, and improvement of mulberry germplasm. The present study addresses the use of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to estimate genetic diversity within and between two different mulberry species (49 genotypes of Morus nigra cultivar. El-Shami) and (8 genotypes of Morus alba) from different regions of Syria (Al-Qunaitra, Tartus and Latakia). Fifteen ISSR primers and six SSR primer pairs were used in the analysis. Overall, genetic diversity within M. alba and M. nigra was low (0.22). The genetic distance between the two species (M. nigra and M. alba) was higher (0.72) than that within the species (0.3). A dendrogram based on SSR and ISSR results showed the clustering of samples according to the species and to their geographic collection sites. The level of polymorphism detected between samples using the ISSR marker (90.31%) was higher than that detected with SSR marker (68.05%). The genotypes collected from Al-Qunaitra were very similar as the coefficient of genetic distance -CGD- was less than 0.1, while genotypes from Latakia were more distant (CGD is 0.33). In general, the level of genetic diversity between the analyzed genotypes of M. nigra cv. El-Shami was lower than between the samples of M. alba.

Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is a drought-resistant warm-season turfgrass adapted to the southern and transitional zones in the United States. Multiple hybrid cultivars have been developed and released for use as turfgrass, and others are still undergoing development. Increasing genetic diversity of commercial cultivars is vital to stress tolerance. A DNA profiling study of 21 experimental selections from the Oklahoma State University turfgrass breeding program and 11 cultivars was conducted using 51 simple sequence repeat primer pairs across the bermudagrass genome. A pairwise genetic relationship analysis of the genotypes using 352 polymorphic bands showed genetic similarity coefficients ranging from 0.59 to 0.89. The average pairwise population differentiation values were 0.012 for the 11 cultivars and 0.169 for the 21 selections. A cluster analysis using the unweighted paired group with the arithmetic average method grouped the entries into six clusters. A correlation analysis identified different levels of pairwise genetic relationships among the entries that largely reflected parental relationship. Directional breeding and selection for cold hardiness or drought resistance created progeny that had distinct genetic diversity in the tested bermudagrasses. It is evident that an increase in genetic diversity of the existing cultivar pool with the release of one or more experimental selections for commercial use will strengthen and improve bermudagrass systems.

Objective Marshmallow is a medicinal plant from the Malvaceae family and belongs to the Althaea genus. Knowledge of genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding and various aspects such as selection of cross parents, protection of germplasm and prevention of genetic erosion are important. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the genetic diversity and investigate the genetic relationships in the native ecotypes of marigold in Iran in order to be used in breeding projects and to protect the genetic reserves of this plant. Materials and methods In this research, after extracting DNA from young leaves by CTAB method, the molecular diversity of 18 ecotypes of three species of marshmallow bud was investigated using 10 ISSR primers. Results The total number of bands formed by the primers studied in this research varied between 11 and 23 for each primer and its average was 17.10. The number of polymorphic bands in this research for the primers was at least 7 and at most 21 bands. In this research, the PIC ranged between 0.19 and 0.42 and its average was 0.29. The highest PIC was related to the ISSR2 marker and the lowest PIC was related to the ISSR4 marker. Cluster analysis showed that at the similarity level of 65%, the ecotypes related to each species were in one group and the ecotypes related to different species were placed in separate groups, so that the ecotypes of Qazvin, Taft, Yazd, Sari, Kerman and Shiraz which All of them belonged to the Althaea Rosea species and were placed in one group. In the second group, the ecotypes belonging to the Althaea Ficifolia species, which included Behshahr, Gorgan, Bam, Rafsanjan, Hamadan and Mashhad, were placed. In the third group, the ecotypes of Althaea Officinalis, which included the ecotypes of Beshrouye, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Jiroft, Faryab and Bushehr, were included. The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 28% of the variation is within the species and 72% of the variation is among the studied species. The results of analysis to main coordinates also confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Conclusions According to the obtained results, the ISSR marker and the primers investigated in this experiment have the necessary efficiency to distinguish the ecotypes and the species of khatami flowers, and on the other hand, due to the genetic diversity of the ecotypes studied in this experiment, it can be The title of the parents was used in the breeding projects of this plant, and in order to preserve the germplasm and prevent genetic erosion, it is suggested to keep the ecotypes studied in this research in plant gene banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty Egyptian date palm cultivars were collected from different locations in three governorates: Assiut, New Valley, and Aswan. Physical characteristics of the Fruit were studied, such as fruit dimensions, fruit weight, seed weight, and flesh weight. Moreover, genetic diversity among cultivars was studied using RAPD-PCR molecular marker. Physical characteristics results of the fruit showed significant differences among the tested cultivars. Samani and Magdool showed the highest values for both fruit dimensions and weight characteristics. All 5 tested RAPD primers were able to differentiate among the tested date palm cultivars and showed high polymorphism percentage ranging from 75-100%. Thirteen different specific positive and negative markers associated with some cultivars were obtained. The genetic similarity among cultivars ranged from 40% to 100% and the highest genetic similarity value was observed between Nawashf Red and Nawashf White. The results showed that the cultivars with the same name from different geographical locations are genetically different and showed significant differences in fruit physical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial genome is an ideal model to study evolution and phylogenetic relationships. In this study, complete mitochondrial genomes of six species of Caspian sea sturgeon including Persian sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, Ship sturgeon, Sterlet sturgeon, Starry sturgeon and Beluga sturgeon along with separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences of 13 PCGs per each genome including ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND5, ND6, ATP6, ATP8, COX1, COX2, COX3, ND4L and CYTB were retrieved from NCBI database and compared. The results obtained from sequence distance analysis by DNAStar software based on complete mitochondrion genome showed high genetic similarity (99 %) between Persian and Russian sturgeon. Also, the lowest similarity (95 %) was observed between Sterlet and Starry sturgeon. In phylogenetic analysis by MEGA7 software, two main clusters with two sub-clusters for one of the main clusters were identified. Persian and Russian sturgeon species were grouped in first sub-cluster, Ship and Sterlet species fall in the other sub-cluster and Starry sturgeon with Beluga formed a different distinct cluster. The results obtained from the comparison of the 13 PCGs sequences were similar to the sequences of the complete mitochondrial genomes. The most difference in nucleotide sequences were observed in CYTB, ATP6, ND2, ND5 and ND6 genes and the lowest difference for ND4L gene. The results obtained from the comparison of the 13 genes amino acid sequences were different as the order of the species was changed and 100 % genetic similarity were observed for some genes such as COX3 and ND4L genes. Based on the results of the present study, mitochondrial genome sequences could be used for phylogenetic analysis and clustering of different species of sturgeons. However, the accuracy of investigations by complete mitochondrial genomes is higher than the nucleotide sequences of the genes, and using the amino acid sequences is not suggested due to their codon nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Syria, there are ancient wild, and cultivated mulberry trees, traditionally used to feed the silkworm Bombyx mori L., and cultivated for their edible fruits. Evaluating genetic relationships is imperative for the identification, conservation, and improvement of mulberry germplasm. The present study addresses the use of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to estimate genetic diversity within and between two different mulberry species (49 genotypes of Morus nigra cultivar. El-Shami) and (8 genotypes of Morus alba) from different regions of Syria (Al-Qunaitra, Tartus and Latakia). Fifteen ISSR primers and six SSR primer pairs were used in the analysis. Overall, genetic diversity within M. alba and M. nigra was low (0.22). The genetic distance between the two species (M. nigra and M. alba) was higher (0.72) than that within the species (0.3). A dendrogram based on SSR and ISSR results showed the clustering of samples according to the species and to their geographic collection sites. The level of polymorphism detected between samples using the ISSR marker (90.31%) was higher than that detected with SSR marker (68.05%). The genotypes collected from Al-Qunaitra were very similar as the coefficient of genetic distance -CGD- was less than 0.1, while genotypes from Latakia were more distant (CGD is 0.33). In general, the level of genetic diversity between the analyzed genotypes of M. nigra cv. El-Shami was lower than between the samples of M. alba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Diospyros genus contains approximately 400 to 500 species, among which D. kaki is cultivated as the edible persimmon. Knowledge about the genetic diversity of Diospyros genotypes is of high significance for breeding programs. In this research, the genetic diversity of 57 Diospyros genotypes collected from different regions of Iran was evaluated using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Seven ISSR and 10 SCoT markers produced a total of 42 and 75 fragments with the averages of 6 and 7.5 fragments per primer, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) for ISSR markers was 0.3 and for SCoT markers was 0.36. The average marker index (MI) for ISSR and SCoT markers were 1.81 and 1.79, respectively. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient and UPGMA method classified 57 Diospyros genotypes into four main groups based on ISSR and SCoT markers. However, the clustering pattern based on the combination of ISSR and SCoT markers data separated the species genotypes better than each marker alone. Accordingly, groups 1 and 2 contained all D. kaki genotypes, both encompassing various subgroups, group 3 included D. lotus and group 4 included D. virginiana genotypes. Genotype distribution visualized with principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was in accordance with the cluster analysis. Based on our results Iran is a rich source of Diospyrus germplasm, and a combination of ISSR and SCoT markers can be used as an accurate technique for evaluating genetic diversity among the Diospyros genotypes.

Brassica napus is an important oil source. Its narrow gene pool can be widened by interspecific hybridization with the Brassicaceae species. One of the agronomically important traits, that can be transferred through the hybridization, is the resistance to blackleg, a dangerous disease mainly caused by Leptosphaeria maculans. Hybrid individuals can be analyzed with various molecular markers, including Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). We investigated the genetic similarity of 32 Brassicaceae hybrids and 19 parental components using SSR markers to reveal their genetic relationship. Furthermore, we compared the field resistance to blackleg of the interspecific progenies. The tested set of 15 SSR markers proved to be useful in revealing the genetic distances in the Brassicaceae hybrids and species. However, genetic similarity of the studied hybrids could not be correlated with the level of field resistance to L. maculans. Moreover, our studies confirmed the usefulness of the Brassicaceae hybrids in terms of blackleg management.

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The continuous emergence of Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs) in the process of tea tree breeding will endanger and affect the innovation ability and development potential of tea tree breeding. In this study, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) technology was used to screen high-quality genomic SNPs for the first time to investigate the derived relationships of 349 tea trees from 12 provinces in China. A total of 973 SNPs uniformly covering 15 tea tree chromosomes with high discrimination capacity were screened as the core SNP set. A genetic similarity analysis showed that 136 pairs of tea trees had a genetic similarity coefficient (GS) > 90%, among which 60 varieties/strains were identified as EDVs, including 22 registered varieties (19 were indisputably EDVs). Furthermore, 21 SNPs with 100% identification of 349 tea trees were selected as rapid identification markers, of which 14 SNP markers could be used for 100% identification of non-EDV. These results provide the basis for the analysis of the genetic background of tea trees in molecular-assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic selection is a promising breeding methodology that could increase selection accuracy and intensity and reduce generation interval. As the cost of genotyping decreases, it will be important to optimize training populations for costly phenotypic experiments for many complex traits. The aim of this research was to evaluate different optimization strategies, by using historical data from the Norwegian oat breeding programme at Graminor. In this paper, we focus on the optimization criteria: genetic diversity, phenotypic variance and genetic similarity between the training and testing populations. The four training population strategies—prediction core, diversity core, phenotypic selection and random selection—were applied to an oat candidate population of 1124 lines. An independent testing population was used to calculate the mean prediction abilities for the traits days to heading and plant height. Moreover, the strategies were tested in three independent wheat populations. The results showed that prediction core was the most promising strategy to select training populations with high genetic similarity to the testing set, high genetic diversity, and high phenotypic variance, which resulted in higher prediction ability across population sizes and traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are often confounded by population stratification and structure. Linear mixed models (LMMs) are a powerful class of methods for uncovering genetic effects, while controlling for such confounding. LMMs include random effects for a genetic similarity matrix, and they assume that a true genetic similarity matrix is known. However, uncertainty about the phylogenetic structure of a study population may degrade the quality of LMM results. This may happen in bacterial studies in which the number of samples or loci is small, or in studies with low-quality genotyping. In this study, we develop methods for linear mixed models in which the genetic similarity matrix is unknown and is derived from Markov chain Monte Carlo estimates of the phylogeny. We apply our model to a GWAS of multidrug resistance in tuberculosis, and illustrate our methods on simulated data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an economically valuable spice crop with a wide range of applications. Crop improvement efforts in this crop had led to identification, selection, and release of several varieties with desirable traits for yield, curcumin content etc. Understanding of genetic variation is a pre-requisite for any crop improvement programme. In this study, we examined the genetic variation present in prominent 18 improved varieties of turmeric in India using morphological and microsatellite markers. We studied 12 morphological characters including 11 quantitative traits, and curcuminoid content following the DUS guidelines of turmeric. For molecular characterization, we used 56 molecular markers including SSRs, and ISSRs to determine the genetic polymorphism among the genotypes. PIC value of these markers ranged from 0 to 0.5. Our study thus confirms the reliability of these molecular markers to study the genetic variation of turmeric varieties. The combination of methods i.e., cluster analysis based on morphological characterization and the UPGMA dendrogram based on molecular characterization revealed both the phenotypic and molecular variation among the improved turmeric varieties. This has helped us to understand pattern of variation, the level of genetic similarity and the genetic divergence among them. It was found that the varieties Varna, Megha Turmeric and Suvarna were the most divergent while Punjab Haldi 1 and Sudarsana were the least divergent among the improved varieties. The results from this study can be used in designing breeding programmes in turmeric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in May 2022, a novel cluster of monkeypox virus infections was detected in humans. This virus has spread rapidly to non-endemic countries, sparking global concern. Specific vaccines based on the vaccinia virus (VACV) have demonstrated high efficacy against monkeypox viruses in the past and are considered an important outbreak control measure. Viruses observed in the current outbreak carry distinct genetic variations that have the potential to affect vaccine-induced immune recognition. Here, by investigating genetic variation with respect to orthologous immunogenic vaccinia-virus proteins, we report data that anticipates immune responses induced by VACV-based vaccines, including the currently available MVA-BN and ACAM2000 vaccines, to remain highly cross-reactive against the newly observed monkeypox viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant variety protection is one of the important approaches for plant intellectual property protection. The distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and essentially derived variety (EDV) are two major concepts in plant variety protection. DUS-EDV has been evaluated largely through morphological traits and pedigrees at the very beginning, to an integrated approach using morphological traits, pedigrees and molecular marker information and now to a stage largely driven by molecular diagnostics. Molecular diagnostic technology has been evolved from RFLP to SSR and SNP marker systems. The liquid SNP chip, represented by genotyping by target sequencing through capture in solution, has advantages of low cost, high flexibility in marker combinations and wide suitability for DUS-EDV evaluation across plant species. There are two important strategies in DUS-EDV evaluation, one being examined based on the analysis and comparison at the whole genome level and the other being examined at specific genomic regions for target functional loci associated with important phenotypes. Evaluation criteria should be established separately for DUS and EDV. The former can be evaluated based on the criteria constructed for specific fingerprint maps, haplo-types, unique alleles, genomic regions, target functional markers, minimum genetic homozygosity, and within-variety variation, whereas the latter can be examined by the genetic similarity between the potential EDV and check variety estimated using a large number of molecular markers evenly distributed across the genome, rather than by the number of markers. The number and the genomic coverage of molecular markers are two key factors affecting the efficiency and reliability in DUS and EDV assessment. Using only a small number of markers in such assessment will likely result in a large sampling error for the estimates. The threshold of genetic similarity required for distinguishing EDV and non-EDV can vary greatly across plant species and with the levels of plant variety protection. After reviewed the current status of plant variety protection across countries, the authors proposed that a national consultant expert committee should be established for consistent support to implement and improve DUS-EDV system, and an official database system should be constructed for public service and comparison of variety DNA fingerprint data to facilitate innovative activities in plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra‐pair paternity (EPP) has been broadly reported in socially monogamous bird species and it has been hypothesized that females engage in extra‐pair copulations to increase the genetic variability of the offspring and to reduce the risk of inbreeding and genetic incompatibilities. This hypothesis makes two predictions: within populations, females should engage with more dissimilar/heterozygous males and, among populations, females should pursue more frequently EPP in populations characterized by a lower genetic variability and a higher homozygosity. However, support is still unclear throughout literature, and usually involves the study of a single population. We compared a peripheral population of rock sparrow Petronia petronia living at the marginal distribution of the species and characterized by a high EPP level (> 50%) (Italian Alps) with a population located in the centre of the species' distribution (central Spain), to understand if variations in EPP could be linked to differences in mean heterozygosity and genetic similarity both between and within populations. EPP in the Spanish population was 18.1%, three times lower than that observed in the Alpine one (51.2%), and this difference remained fairly constant across different years. Supporting the between populations prediction, we found lower heterozygosity and reduced allelic richness in the Alpine population compared to the Spanish one. In contrast, social and extra‐pair males, as well as within and extra‐pair offspring, did not significantly differ in terms of genetic similarity and heterozygosity within brood in either population. Social and extra‐pair males did not differ in tarsus size, body weight or yellow badge size, suggesting that females were not choosing extra‐pair partners based on heterozygosity, genetic similarity or phenotypic quality. Although based on a limited sample in the within population analysis, our results indicate that EPP may evolve in response to a low level of genetic variability in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra‐pair paternity (EPP) has been broadly reported in socially monogamous bird species and it has been hypothesized that females engage in extra‐pair copulations to increase the genetic variability of the offspring and to reduce the risk of inbreeding and genetic incompatibilities. This hypothesis makes two predictions: within populations, females should engage with more dissimilar/heterozygous males and, among populations, females should pursue more frequently EPP in populations characterized by a lower genetic variability and a higher homozygosity. However, support is still unclear throughout literature, and usually involves the study of a single population. We compared a peripheral population of rock sparrow Petronia petronia living at the marginal distribution of the species and characterized by a high EPP level (> 50%) (Italian Alps) with a population located in the centre of the species' distribution (central Spain), to understand if variations in EPP could be linked to differences in mean heterozygosity and genetic similarity both between and within populations. EPP in the Spanish population was 18.1%, three times lower than that observed in the Alpine one (51.2%), and this difference remained fairly constant across different years. Supporting the between populations prediction, we found lower heterozygosity and reduced allelic richness in the Alpine population compared to the Spanish one. In contrast, social and extra‐pair males, as well as within and extra‐pair offspring, did not significantly differ in terms of genetic similarity and heterozygosity within brood in either population. Social and extra‐pair males did not differ in tarsus size, body weight or yellow badge size, suggesting that females were not choosing extra‐pair partners based on heterozygosity, genetic similarity or phenotypic quality. Although based on a limited sample in the within population analysis, our results indicate that EPP may evolve in response to a low level of genetic variability in the population.

In this study, genetic diversity among watermelon accessions was studied by analyzing morphological and physiological traits using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Thirty-seven morphological and physiological traits showed significant variation among the accessions. Some watermelon accessions showed typical attributes of seed characters and fruit flesh and skin color. Principle component analysis allocated the high variance percentage for fruit and seed characters. Cluster analysis of morphological and physiological characters separated Citrullus colocynthis in one independent cluster clearly. The 18 RAPD markers represented 126 polymorphic bands of 154 total bands. Cluster analysis using RAPD markers at similarity 0.54 also clarified colocynth genotypes in one separated group. Three main clusters distinguished for other accessions that were classified mainly by fruit shape and flesh color, then, by fruit skin color. The most similarity (1) was observed among three accessions in the same cluster, contrary to the different collecting areas, which may indicate that accessions were distributed in different areas from the same genetic sources. The Genetic Similarity coefficients (GS) among evaluated accessions ranged from 0.45 to 1.00, indicating that they had relatively high genetic diversity. Altogether, the high variation, especially for phenotypic traits, of watermelon accessions in Iran could be considered as a good resource for selection and breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family-based association studies are commonly used in genetic research because they can be robust to population stratification (PS). Recent advances in high-throughput genotyping technologies have produced a massive amount of genomic data in family-based studies. However, current family-based association tests are mainly focused on evaluating individual variants one at a time. In this article, we introduce a family-based generalized genetic random field (FB-GGRF) method to test the joint association between a set of autosomal SNPs (i.e., single-nucleotide polymorphisms) and disease phenotypes. The proposed method is a natural extension of a recently developed GGRF method for population-based case-control studies. It models offspring genotypes conditional on parental genotypes, and, thus, is robust to PS. Through simulations, we presented that under various disease scenarios the FB-GGRF has improved power over a commonly used family-based sequence kernel association test (FB-SKAT). Further, similar to GGRF, the proposed FB-GGRF method is asymptotically well-behaved, and does not require empirical adjustment of the type I error rates. We illustrate the proposed method using a study of congenital heart defects with family trios from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS).

The genetic backgrounds of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and goldfish are highly similar, and these fish are often considered a single variety. It is therefore difficult to distinguish crucian carp using traditional genetic and molecular methods. In this study, we developed microsatellite markers for the laboratory red crucian carp (C1HD strain) by analyzing its genome sequence using a Perl script. We investigated the polymorphism of these potential markers in the C1HD strain, two other crucian carp lineages (DLCC strain and red crucian carp-like fish, RCC-L), and two other cyprinid species (Ryukin and koi carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, KOC). Among nine screened loci, two loci (SSR-4, SSR-21) showed specific genotypes to C1HD, SSR-4, and SSR-21 observed in C1HD with 209/238 and 214/238, respectively. Additionally, one locus (SSR-763) presented one private allele in C1HD (389) and other locus (SSR-228) detected with one private allele in C1HD (135). Across the five strains, a total of 42 alleles were identified in the nine microsatellite markers. Nei's unbiased genetic distances revealed a close relationship between the C1HD strain and the red crucian carp-like fish. The laboratory red crucian carp was recovered on an independent branch in the evolutionary tree drawn based on genetic distance. Our microsatellite makers clearly distinguish the laboratory crucian carp for RCC-L, DLCC, and Ryukin lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Diospyros genus contains approximately 400 to 500 species, among which D. kaki is cultivated as the edible persimmon. Knowledge about the genetic diversity of Diospyros genotypes is of high significance for breeding programs. In this research, the genetic diversity of 57 Diospyros genotypes collected from different regions of Iran was evaluated using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Seven ISSR and 10 SCoT markers produced a total of 42 and 75 fragments with the averages of 6 and 7.5 fragments per primer, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) for ISSR markers was 0.3 and for SCoT markers was 0.36. The average marker index (MI) for ISSR and SCoT markers were 1.81 and 1.79, respectively. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient and UPGMA method classified 57 Diospyros genotypes into four main groups based on ISSR and SCoT markers. However, the clustering pattern based on the combination of ISSR and SCoT markers data separated the species genotypes better than each marker alone. Accordingly, groups 1 and 2 contained all D. kaki genotypes, both encompassing various subgroups, group 3 included D. lotus and group 4 included D. virginiana genotypes. Genotype distribution visualized with principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was in accordance with the cluster analysis. Based on our results Iran is a rich source of Diospyrus germplasm, and a combination of ISSR and SCoT markers can be used as an accurate technique for evaluating genetic diversity among the Diospyros genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Species of Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammtidae) are frequently used as biological control agents against Lepidoptera, but practical application of these egg endoparasitoids are complicated because of their complex taxonomy. This study aimed to compare sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS2-rDNA) of Trichogramma accessions with those deposited in GenBank in order to access the reliability of the ITS2 as a barcode for discriminating species and evaluating the genetic diversity. ITS2-rDNA sequences obtained from seventeen specimens of Trichogramma confirmed previous identifications based on morphological characteristics. Multiple sequence alignment revealed the existence of highly conserved regions in ITS2 sequences while the neighbour-joining dendrogram indicated that the specimens formed three clusters comprising T. manicobai and T. marandobai (group I), T. galloi (group II) and T. pretiosum (group III). The ITS2 marker was shown to be a powerful DNA barcode for discriminating Trichogramma species and could be used to complement the morphological approach.

Forty-eight wing vein blood samples were collected from different locations of poultry rearing farms and back yard chickens of Nineveh governorate from the of local and exotic chicken. The chicken divided into twelve groups four birds each according to colors and phenotype for the local and exotic chicken respectively. Blood DNA was extracted and amplified by thermocycler apparatus and the electrophoresis was done using 1.2% agarose gel for DNA bands exhibiting. The results showed high genetic similarity within the local chickens ranged between 0.78- 0.96 at an average of 0.88, while it ranged between 0.73- 0.86 at an average of 0.78 in exotic breeds. The degree of similarity between Iraqi and exotic breeds was 0.74-0.88 at average of 0.80. The calculated average of differences among each of Iraqi and exotic chickens and in between were 0.12, 0.22 and 0.20, respectively. However, the genetic distance within the local chicken, exotic breed and in between them was 0.128, 0.24 and 0.21 respectively. The study concluded that the genetic similarity was higher within local chicken groups than those of exotic breeds.

The aim of present study to determine DNA polymorphism, between and within two different color (white) and (black) guinea fowl lines. Blood samples were collected about 3 ml of 30 white guinea fowl and 30 black guinea fowl, in six different local farms. DNA was isolated, the purity of the DNA samples ranged from 1.8 to 1.9. RAPD – PCR was used to evaluate genetic similarity between the lines of guinea fowl. Using eighteen primers for amplification of RAPD, from Gen Script USA. A total of (14) primers out of (18) primers gave results to find Genomic DNA complementary sites. After electrophoresis the largest number of bands were appeared with OPA-03 primers, but the smallest was obtained when OPQ-15 primer used. Determined Genetic similarity as the mean for the primers used, between the black and white guinea fowl, was 0.76. The coefficient of genetic similarity within white guinea fowl line, was 0.78 and 0.73 within black guinea fowl line.

A number of studies have shown that the greater the genetic diversity of parental lines, the greater the heterosis effect. Genetic or phenotypic variation can be estimated by genotype testing on the basis of the observations obtained through prediction (a priori) or the observations and studies (a posteriori). The first method uses data such as the genealogy of a given subject and the information about its geographical origin. The second method is based on the phenotypic observation and studies, as well as on the molecular research. The development of molecular genetics and genotype testing methods at the DNA level has made it possible to rapidly assess the genetic variability regardless of the modifying effect of the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the degree of relatedness and the DNA polymorphism (determined using AFLP, RAPD, and SSR markers) of inbred maize lines and the effect of hybrid-form heterosis. Our analysis demonstrated that the parental components for heterosis crosses can be selected on the basis of the genetic similarity determined using the molecular SSR markers and the Jaccard, Kluczyński, Nei, and Rogers coefficients. Molecular AFLP markers proved less useful for selecting the parental components, but may be used to group lines with incomplete origin data. In the case of the RAPD markers, no clear relationship between genetic distance and the heterosis effect was found in this study.

Abstract Background Unintentional introgression from genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napus) to a relative is inevitable in the open field. A feasible and practical strategy for restricting the spread of GM offspring is to set a reasonable isolated distance between GM B. napus and the relatives. To define the isolated distance, a pollen donor/recipient pair is a prerequisite to conducting the field trial of pollen flow. However, because the cultivation of GM B. napus is prohibited in Taiwan, it is difficult to obtain relevant information. Thus, this study explored the morphological and genetic characteristics of five varieties of B. napus (donor), three varieties of B. rapa (recipient), and the 15 corresponding F1 hybrids, aiming to construct phenotypic data and genetic variation data and to select the most appropriate pollen donor/recipient for future field trials of pollen flow. Results The genome size of all F1 hybrids estimated using flow cytometry showed intermediate DNA content between B. napus and B. rapa varieties. Most of the F1 hybrids had intermediate plant height and blooming period, and the rosette leaves type and colors resembled those of B. napus varieties. The results of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) showed an average of 9.52 bands per primer combination and 67.87 polymorphic bands among the F1 hybrid population. Similarity and cluster analyses revealed higher similarity between F1 hybrids and B. napus varieties than between F1 hybrids and B. rapa varieties. Furthermore, we identified a specific 1100-bp band (LOC106302894) in F1 hybrids and B. napus varieties but not in B. rapa varieties. Conclusions The rosette leaves and the DNA marker LOC106302894 observed in F1 hybrids are consistent phenotypic and genetic characteristics that can be used to identify the presence of unintentional hybridization from B. napus to B. rapa in Taiwan. Due to the prohibition of GM crop cultivation, the hybridization system of non-GM Brassica species in this study can be utilized as a mimic scheme to conduct pollen flow trials, thus facilitating the determination of the proper isolated distance.

The study of genetic resources using prolamin polymorphism in wheat cultivars from countries with different climatic conditions makes it possible to identify and trace the preference for the selection of the alleles of gliadine-coding loci characteristic of specific conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the "gliadin profile" of the collection of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan by studying the genetic diversity of allelic variants of gliadin-coding loci. Intrapopulation (μ ± Sμ) and genetic (H) diversity, the proportion of rare alleles (h ± Sh), identity criterion (I) and genetic similarity (r) of common wheat from eight breeding centers in Russia and Kazakhstan have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the samples of common wheat bred in Kostanay region (Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Kazakhstan) and Chelyabinsk region (Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia) had the highest intrapopulation diversity of gliadin alleles. The proportion of rare alleles (h) at Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 loci was the highest in the wheat cultivars bred by the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region (Saratov region, Russia), which is explained by a high frequency of occurrence of Gli-B1e (86 %) and Gli-D1a (89.9 %) alleles. Based on identity criterion (I), the studied samples of common wheat from different regions of Kazakhstan and Russia have differences in gliadin-coding loci. The highest value of I = 619.0 was found when comparing wheat samples originated from Kostanay and Saratov regions, and the lowest I = 114.4, for wheat cultivars from Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions. Some region-specific gliadin alleles in wheat samples have been identified. A combination of Gli-A1f, Gli-B1e and Gli-Da alleles has been identified in the majority of wheat samples from Kazakhstan and Russia. Alleles (Gli-A1f, Gli-A1i, Gli-A1m, Gli-A1o, Gli-B1e, Gli-D1a, Gli-D1f, Gli-A2q, Gli-B2o, and Gli-D2a) turned out to be characteristic and were found with varying frequency in wheat cultivars in eight regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The highest intravarietal polymorphism (51.1 %) was observed in wheat cultivars bred in Omsk region (Russia) and the lowest (16.6 %), in Pavlodar region (Kazakhstan). On the basis of the allele frequencies, a "gliadin profile" of wheat from various regions and breeding institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan was compiled, which can be used for the selection of parent pairs in the breeding process, the control of cultivars during reproduction, as well as for assessing varietal purity., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © AUTHORS.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beginning in May 2022, a novel cluster of monkeypox virus infections was detected in humans. This virus has spread rapidly to non-endemic countries, sparking global concern. Specific vaccines based on the vaccinia virus (VACV) have demonstrated high efficacy against monkeypox viruses in the past and are considered an important outbreak control measure. Viruses observed in the current outbreak carry distinct genetic variations that have the potential to affect vaccine-induced immune recognition. Here, by investigating genetic variation with respect to orthologous immunogenic vaccinia-virus proteins, we report data that anticipates immune responses induced by VACV-based vaccines, including the currently available MVA-BN and ACAM2000 vaccines, to remain highly cross-reactive against the newly observed monkeypox viruses.