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This paper examines the effects of happiness on income and income inequality. We postulate that happiness impacts upon the income generating capacity of individuals directly by stimulating work efficiency, and indirectly by affecting their allocation of time for paid work. These direct and indirect effects of happiness on income are tested in a regression model and the implication of these effects for income distribution is explored using an inequality decomposition framework. An empirical exercise based on Australian HILDA panel survey data (2001–2014) reveals that happiness has a positive and significant effect on income generation and contributes to the reduction of inequality.

This paper addresses the issue of financing the excess costs of electricity generation from currently installed renewable energy production capacity. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Portuguese economy. We consider three issues: the effects of the excess-costs; the effects of annuitizing the costs; and, the effects of different financing mechanisms. Following the logic of the tariff deficit, we recommend the annuitizing of these excess costs. This strategy is justified on distributional grounds. We also find that financing through carbon taxation is a better alternative than passing these excess costs to electricity consumers in the form of higher future prices. This is consistent with the idea that renewable production is not an issue pertaining to the electricity market but rather a part of the national quest for decarbonization. Finally, we show that there is little reason to extend such preferential financing to future renewable capacity installation.

Arc lighting powered from central stations preceded the better-known incandescent electric lighting powered from central stations and thrived well into the 20th century. After its introduction in 1880, incandescent electric lighting began to displace gas lighting in small indoor environments, but it failed to make inroads into arc lighting for streetlights and large indoor areas before high-intensity light bulbs were developed. In 1887, one-half of the generating capacity of central stations in the United States came from arc light dynamos [1] . In 1900, only 158 000 arc lamps valued at $1.8 million were in use in the United States, compared to about 25 million incandescent bulbs valued at $4 million, but that comparison is incomplete because 173 million arc carbons were consumed that year, with a total price tag of $1.3 million [2] , each carbon burning only for about 8 h, compared to hundreds of hours per incandescent bulb.

Localized muscle fatigue (LMF) manifests as a reduction in muscle force generating capacity, an increase in electromyography signal amplitude and a decrease in mean power frequency (MnPF). Estimate...

The article examines the impact of provision of infrastructure on the economic growth dynamics of Russian regions, taking into account spatial externalities. The main hypothesis of the study is that the characteristics of provision of transport, energy, and telecommunications infrastructure affect the growth rates of the real GRP of Russian regions, but the nature of this impact depends on their specialization and level of development. The results of panel regression estimation have shown that development of the road network and mobile communications has a significant impact on the economic growth dynamics in Russian regions, and the external effects from development of the corresponding infrastructure in neighboring regions are positive. Infrastructural restrictions affect the economic growth dynamics in the less developed eastern part of the country to a greater extent than in the western part. Regions with specialization in the manufacturing benefit the most from the development of transport infrastructure in neighboring regions, as well as from the increase in the volume of generating capacity in their territory. Although in 2001–2017 the development of mobile communications had a positive impact on the economic growth dynamics in many Russian regions, due to the completion of the process of expanding mobile communications throughout the country, the possibilities of using this growth factor in the future have been all but exhausted.

Energy markets are changing because of (1) the addition of nondispatchable wind and solar electric generating capacity and (2) the goal of a low-carbon energy system. The large-scale addition of wi...

Due to its complicated market mechanisms, conventional economic metrics such as Levelised Cost of Electricity may not be able to accurately represent the economic performance of nuclear fusion power plants on deregulated electricity markets. For this reason, this paper quantitatively analyzes the economic performance of steady-state fusion power plants on deregulated electricity markets for the first time with a newly constructed Simplified PJM Market Model. PJM is a successful regional transmission organization in the United States with approximately 180 GW of generating capacity. The results show that the economic performance of fusion power plant has higher sensitivity to the frequency of unplanned outages (including ones from plasma disruptions) on deregulated electricity markets. It is also indicated that the energy storage for plasma startups could be monetized through deregulated market mechanisms, which could turn into a unique advantage of future nuclear fusion power plants. The paper presents a case-study on a vital new area for the economic assessment of fusion power plant: the economic performance on the deregulated electricity market.

Purpose. The place of the renewable energy production in the overall energy production in Russia and abroad is identified for the last decade and for the near future. Methodology and Approach. The data of the EU statistical services and the information generated by the state statistics bodies of Russia and by the Russian Ministry of Energy together with the plans and the forecasts of the industry bodies are analyzed. Results. The study reveals the real scale of the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES’s) in the energy sector of Russia and foreign countries, their place in certain Russian regions, and the dynamics of their part in meeting the demand for power and generating capacity. The study demonstrates a rather modest role of the RES’s in the global energy balance and the energy balance of Russia, including medium-term period. Theoretical and Practical implications. This study generalizes a significant amount of the statistical data, including those difficult to obtain, concerning the RES-based power production; the problem of lacking commercial justification for the widespread construction of the RES-based generating capacities is considered.

Deep decarbonization of electricity systems raises concerns about the need for generating capacity that can maintain reliable energy supply. Given this concern, we explore the ability of concentrating-solar-power plants with thermal energy storage to provide a carbon-free source of such capacity. We develop an approach to assessing the capacity contribution of concentrating-solar-power plants that considers future systems. Such considerations are important, because of potential differences in net-load patterns compared to today (e.g., due to higher renewable-energy penetrations). Using historical data spanning an 18-year period, we demonstrate that concentrating-solar-power plants with thermal energy storage can provide this necessary capacity with little impact on their financial viability. We examine the impact of myopic decisions and imperfect foresight of future system conditions on the operation of concentrating-solar-power plants and the resultant impact on their capacity contributions. We find that imperfect foresight can have limited impacts on such a use of concentrating-solar-power plants, so long as proper forecasting techniques are developed and used. Overall, our work shows that concentrating-solar-power plants with thermal energy storage may have a role to play in delivering reliable electricity supply in a decarbonized energy system.

The electric power system network must be maintained in its operation. The stability of the frequency in the balance between the power supply and the load is the main thing. In the event of a major disturbance, where many generating units are out of operation so that the system's generation capability is much lower than the load requirement, it can cause blackouts in the system. If this happens, the power system must immediately restore its generating capacity so that it can immediately serve the load or electricity users. In the simulation using DIgSILENT, it was found that the amount of load that must be sent by the Saguling PLTA to the Suralaya PLTU for the start-up process is 52.22 MW. And after the Suralaya PLTU is ready to operate, a recovery process is carried out on the 500 kV network by restoring GITET on the western system by paying attention to the frequency so that it returns to normal frequency. By using the software DIgSILENT 15.1.7. From the simulation results, the results showed that the Suralaya GITET recovered at a frequency of 50.072 Hz, 49.825 Hz at the Cilegon Baru GITET, 49.825 Hz at the Cibinong GITET, 49.953 Hz at the Bekasi GITET, and 50.064 Hz GITET in Cawang. While GITET Gandul at 49.866 Hz and GITET Kembangan at 50.078.

This paper presents a long-term deterministic linear simulation model for the Ethiopian hydropower system, intending to utilize the water stored in the rainy season throughout the year with minimum load shedding. Two cases are simulated and compared to historical data. The base case represents current load levels, and the second case represents a load level increase. The results show that the Ethiopian hydropower system has a great deal of flexibility to be operated in a more efficient way to minimize load shedding. The results also show that the system can support a 50% load increase with minimum load shedding, mostly when the load demand exceeds the total generating capacity. The contribution of this paper is to apply a standard hydropower model for Ethiopia to estimate the potential of the Ethiopian hydropower system to avoid or minimize load shedding with improved generation and operation planning.

The maximal power generating capacity of a muscle declines with age and has a negative impact on the performance of daily life activities. As muscle power is the product of force and velocity, we recruited 20 young (10 men, 10 women: 20–31 years) and 20 older (10 men, 10 women: 65–86 years) people to investigate which of these components contributes to the lower power and performance in old age. After determination of the maximal isometric knee extension torque (MVC), they performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) in 1) the normal situation (normal), 2) with an extra load of 15% body weight (loaded) and 3) 15% lower body weight (unloaded with a pulley system), and a timed up-and-go test (TUG) in the normal or loaded condition. The TUG and CMJ performance was lower in old than young participants (p-1 TUG showed a progressive decrease. The CMJ take-off velocity (Voff) in the normal condition was lower in old than young participants (poff vs. body weight/MVC relationship of the normal, loaded and unloaded data combined was similar in the old and young participants and fitted the Hill equation (R2 = 0.396). This indicates that 1) only when peak power drops below a critical threshold TUG becomes impaired and 2) there was no evidence for intrinsic slowing of the muscle contractile properties in older people, but rather the older people were working on a slower part of the force-velocity relationship due to weaker muscles.

The Pomegranate is cultivated as a commercial crop because of its high income generating capacity. The pomegranate needs a critical care at the production level and it enhances the need of consultancy service for the production. Hence, there are number of Private people working as consultants along with public extension personnel. The affordability of the growers to pay is a key factor for private extension in the area. The study was conducted in Hiriyuru, Chitradurga and Challakere taluks of Chitradurga district with a total sample size of 120 comprising 60 growers each under public extension and private extension systems. The “Ex-post fact” research design was used in the study. The 40 per cent of the growers were under medium adoption category in public extension services and under private extension service 40 per cent growers were found in high adoption category. The growers who were availed public extension services belonged to medium income category (43.33%). Whereas 45 per cent of growers from private extension service fall under high income category. The Benefit to cost ratio was highest in Challakere taluk (3.47) in case of private extension and in Public Extension the highest return was found in Hiriyuru (3.05). The results indicated that the farmers under private extension services obtained higher income by adoption of improved practices. This may be attributed to the facts that the private extension offer recent and competent technological information including marketing services on payment basis.

For the wheelchair racing population, it is uncertain whether musculoskeletal models using the maximum isometric force-generating capacity of nonathletic, able-bodied individuals are appropriate, as few anthropometric parameters for wheelchair athletes are reported in the literature. In this study, a sensitivity analysis was performed in OpenSim, whereby the maximum isometric force-generating capacity of muscles was adjusted in 25% increments to literature-defined values between scaling factors of 0.25x and 4.0x for 2 elite athletes, at 3 speeds representative of race conditions. Convergence of the solution was used to assess the results. Artificially weakening a model presented unrealistic values, while artificially strengthening a model excessively (4.0x) demonstrated physiologically invalid muscle force values. The ideal scaling factors were 1.5x and 1.75x for each of the athletes, respectively, as was assessed through convergence of the solution. This was similar to the relative difference in limb masses between dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry data and anthropometric data in the literature (1.49x and 1.70x), suggesting that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry may be used to estimate the required scaling factors. The reliability of simulations for elite wheelchair racing athletes can be improved by appropriately increasing the maximum isometric force-generating capacity of muscles.

Patients with schizophrenia have impaired physical health. However, evidence of how skeletal muscle force-generating capacity (FGC), a key component of functional performance, may contribute to the impairment is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the patient groups' skeletal muscle FGC and its association with functional performance. Leg-press FGC was assessed along with a battery of functional performance tests in 48 outpatients (28 men, 34 ± 10 years; 20 women, 36 ± 12 years) with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (ICD-10, F20-29), and compared with 48 healthy age- and gender-matched references. Results revealed reduced one-repetition maximum (1RM) in men (-19%, P < .01) and a trend toward reduction in women (-13%, P = .067). The ability to develop force rapidly was also impaired (men: -30%; women: -25%, both P < .01). Patients scored worse than healthy references on all physical performance tests (stair climbing: -63%; 30-second sit-to-stand (30sSTS): -48%; six-minute walk test (6MWT): -22%; walking efficiency: -14%; and unipedal stance eyes open: -20% and closed: -73%, all P < .01). 1RM correlated with 6MWT (r = .45), stair climbing (r = -.44), 30sSTS (r = .43), walking efficiency (r = .26), and stance eyes open (r = .33) and closed (r = .45), all P < .01. Rapid force development correlated with 6MWT (r = .54), stair climbing (r = -.49), 30sSTS (r = .45), walking efficiency (r = .26), and stance eyes open (r = .44) and closed (r = .51), all P < .01. In conclusion, skeletal muscle FGC and functional performance are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and should be recognized as important aspects of the patient groups' impaired health. Resistance training aiming to improve these components should be considered an important part of clinical treatment.

This study aims at analyzing the spatial patterns of domestic air passenger traffic generated by the interacting city-pairs in Nigeria’s air transportation system at five points in time – 2003, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 to establish the spatial and temporal changes that have taken place over time. It also examined the relationships between the populations of the cities and the volumes of domestic air passenger traffic generated by the cities to establish the impact of population on the traffic generating capacity of the cities. The volumes of domestic air passengers handled by each city, the percentage share of total traffic, the populations of the cities, the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and the student’s ‘t’ test were used for the analyses. The study revealed that Lagos was the dominant domestic air passenger traffic generation centre. It established that few centres generated most of the domestic air passenger traffic in Nigeria and that the spatial pattern of traffic generation tended more towards concentration than dispersal. The study also found that there were statistically positive relationships between the populations of the cities and the volumes of traffic generated by the cities. Balanced regional development is recommended, among others, to help redistribute population among the cities in the air transportation system in Nigeria so as to increase their air passenger traffic generating capacity.

The influence of grey accumulation generation operator on the memory of time sequence is discussed. Generalized Hurst exponent (GHE) approach is used to calculate the memory in three cases, namely, the M3-Competition data, the air quality index in Beijing, Xingtai, and Handan, and the power generating capacity, and car production index in Hebei province. The result indicates that one order accumulation generation operator (1-AGO) can weaken the volatility and strengthen the memory of time sequence. It also explains the reason that one-order accumulation can be used in grey prediction.

Determine how the strength and endurance of the plantar flexors are affected by Achilles tendinopathy and whether one muscle is more affected than another.Case control study.University Laboratory.39 Runners with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and 38 healthy runners participated in this study.Isokinetic dynamometry was completed bilaterally in two knee positions on all subjects to assess the torque and endurance capacity of the plantar flexors.Subjects with Achilles tendinopathy were statistically weaker (by 26.1Nm Concentric 90°/sec, 14,8Nm Concentric 225°/sec and 55.5Nm Eccentric 90°/sec for knee extended testing and 17.3Nm, 10.1Nm and 52.3Nm for the flexed knee respectively) than healthy controls at all isokinetic test speeds and contraction modes irrespective of knee position (p value =0.001). The endurance capacity of the plantar flexors was significantly reduced (Total work done 613.5Nm less) in subjects with Achilles tendinopathy when compared to the healthy controls (p value =0.001).Achilles tendinopathy is associated with large deficits in plantar flexor torque and endurance. The deficits are bilateral in nature and appear to be explained by a greater loss of the soleus force generating capacity rather than the gastrocnemius.

The muscle and tendon complex of the foot helps to support the foot arch and generates the muscle force of the foot. The present study investigated the force‐generating capacity of the toe flexor muscles and the dynamic function of the foot arch when standing upright, and the relationships between these indices. The maximum toe flexor force and foot arch height in the sitting and standing positions were studied in the left and right feet of 224 healthy young individuals. To measure the maximum isometric force of the toe flexor muscles, the subjects exerted maximum force on a toe grip dynamometer. Measurements were repeated three times with at least a 1‐min rest period between bouts, and the maximum value among the measurements for each foot was used for further analysis. The absolute value of the toe flexor strength was normalised by body mass. The foot arch height was measured the distance between the tuberosity of the navicular bone and the floor, and normalised by height. The relative foot arch height difference between the sitting and standing positions was evaluated as the foot arch dynamics. The maximum isometric toe flexor strength was 42% higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. There was no relationship between the relative toe flexor strength and the relative foot arch height in either the sitting or standing positions; however, the relative increase in toe flexor strength from sitting to standing (the force amplification factor) was related to the foot arch dynamics, and the flexible foot arch showed a greater increase in the toe flexor strength from sitting to standing compared with the strength in the stiff foot arch. The results of this study suggest that the force‐generating capacity of the toe flexor muscles is augmented by bodyweight bearing in upright standing. Additionally, the force amplification mechanism is mechanically regulated by the dynamic function of the foot arch in conjunction with the stretching of the muscle–tendon complex of the foot.

Johnson, M, Baudin, P, Ley, AL, and Collins, DF. A warm-up routine that incorporates a plyometric protocol potentiates the force-generating capacity of the quadriceps muscles. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 380-389, 2019-This study was designed to investigate whether a warm-up routine that incorporates drop jumps, induces post-activation potentiation (PAP), and if so, assess the magnitude and time course of the induced PAP. Participants performed a standard warm-up that incorporated either drop jumps (plyometric protocol) or a low-paced walk (control protocol). Post-activation potentiation was assessed by changes in electrically evoked isometric muscle twitches recorded throughout both protocols. The plyometric protocol increased peak twitch torque (PTT), rate of torque development (RTD), and impulse significantly (by 23, 39, and 46%, respectively) with no change in the amplitude of simultaneously evoked M-waves, indicating that the augmented torque was due to PAP. These increases returned to baseline within 6 minutes, and PTT and RTD fell below baseline values at 11-16 minutes after the drop jumps. Peak twitch torque, RTD, and impulse decreased significantly after the standard warm-up. These results provide evidence that drop jumps induce PAP, markedly enhancing the force-generating capacity of the muscle. By contrast, the standard warm-up did not potentiate, but rather reduced, the force-generating capacity of the muscle. We suggest that drop jumps be incorporated into warm-up routines directly before athletic performance to maximize the force-generating capacity of muscle.

The paper considers the impact of electricity on the environment. The method of selection of the operational reserve of generating capacity taking into account solar energy is offered.

There are some environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, dust, etc., which cause a reduction in the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Installation of PV panels on the water surface, commonly known as Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems, is one solution to employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency. Since the FPV system is an almost new concept, its cleaning techniques have not been comprehensively studied. While FPV systems are located on the surface of water resources and reservoirs, the water quality can limit the application of different cleaning techniques. Therefore, this paper investigates different techniques of FPV systems cleaning and categorizes them into water-based and water-free approaches. In addition, their cleaning frequencies, as well as economic aspects, are presented and discussed to determine their merits and demerits for using them in FPV systems.

Данная работа посвящена анализу развития Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ€ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹, перспективам развития электроэнергетики в России и рассмотрение стратегии развития электроэнергетики. Задачи, которые решались в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования: 1. Дать общую Ñ Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐºÑ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÐºÑƒ Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ€ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹ в России; 2. Проанализировать состояние Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ€ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹; 3. Выделить и проанализировать перспективы развития Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ€ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹; 4. Провести обоснование развития Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ€ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹ на примере компании. В результате было проанализировано развитие Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ€ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹ в России, Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¸Ð²Ñ‹ и стратегии развития до 2035 года, были выведены цели и задачи развития, основные причины снижения экономической эффективности функционирования отрасли, рассмотрены базовые положения развития, также были рассмотрены лидирующие компании по установленной мощности и объёму выработки электроэнергии., This work is devoted to the analysis of the development of generating capacities, the prospects for the development of the electric power industry in Russia and the consideration of the strategy for the development of the electric power industry. Tasks that were solved in the course of the study: 1. Give a general description of the generating capacity in Russia; 2. Analyze the state of generating capacity; 3. Identify and analyze the prospects for the development of generating capacities; 4. To justify the development of generating capacities on the example of the company. As a result, the development of generating capacities in Russia, their prospects and development strategies until 2035 were analyzed, the goals and objectives of development, the main reasons for the decline in the economic efficiency of the industry were derived, the basic provisions of development were considered, and the leading companies in terms of installed capacity and volume of electricity generation were also considered.

During the decade from the late 1990s to the late 2000s, successive Spanish governments of different parties developed and refined a generous system for promoting investment in renewable power. This support system, the “special regime,” was based primarily on a combination of regulated tariffs and premiums on top of the market price of electricity that facility owners could choose between. It was designed to ensure that investors would receive a reasonable return on their investments while trying to minimize the financial burden on electricity users, who would ultimately pay the costs of the support system. Under the special regime, Spain saw its first significant buildup in renewable generating capacity and electricity output, first in wind power and then in solar.

Water is essential for human survival and is considered as the most essential for our daily life. The major problem in the modern world is water scarcity and contamination of existing water resources. This study proposed a solar-based water generating device from moist air of the hot and humid region. The device is compact with high-water generating capacity per unit volume. The condensing substrate is a super-hydrophobic copper substrate which is cooled by solar-based DC power supply Peltier modules. It is demonstrated in climatic condition of July–August month in Noida and it generated 7.6 ± 2 L of freshwater per day from the atmospheric air. The device is suitable in the areas with moist air all around the year.

BACKGROUND: There is currently limited evidence available to support the use of the isometric mid thigh pull (IMTP) within professional soccer. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between IMTP variables, with common markers of athletic performance capability.METHODS: Eleven professional development soccer players (age: 20 ± 2 years, stature: 1.82 ± 0.10 m, mass: 76.4 ± 12.8 kg) performed IMTP, 5 m and 10 m accelerations, maximal sprint speed (MSS), countermovement jump (CMJ), and the 505 change of direction test (COD).RESULTS: Relative and absolute Peak force (PF) and force at 50, 100, 150 and 200 ms values were measured during the IMTP. Relative F150, F200, PF displayed large to very large correlations with MSS (r = 0.51, r = 0.66, and r = 0.76 respectively), while absolute PF also displayed a large correlation with MSS (r = 0.57). Relative and absolute PF showed large correlations with CMJ height (r = 0.54 and r = 0.55 respectively). Relative F150 and F200 highlighted large correlations with COD ability (r = -0.68 and r = -0.60 respectively). Relative F200 and PF had a large negative correlation with 10m acceleration (r = -0.55 and r = -0.53 respectively).CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an important contribution to knowledge within the area of IMTP testing in professional soccer by evidencing the prominence of the isometric force generating capacity as an underpinning factor in relation to athletic capability.KEY WORDS: Football; Force; Strength; Training

Consumers across the globe tend to store their small electronic devices when they reach their end of life instead of disposing of them. This is a problem because if end-of-life devices are not recovered from consumers&rsquo, homes, the devices cannot be re-used or recycled, leading to increased production. We study what motivates consumers to store their end-of-life devices by looking at how storage creates consumer value. Applying a practice-based understanding of value, we find that storage is a social practice that generates value by protecting consumers from four different kinds of risk: practical risks, existential risks, environmental risks, and moral risks. Storage gives consumers a sense of security in their everyday lives and thus generates what we call &lsquo, security value&rsquo, This notion implies that even though end-of-life devices sit idle in consumers&rsquo, homes, their value generating capacity remains active. The findings have implications for the role of consumers in reverse logistics strategies for sustainable systems.

Hypoxia within solid tumors severely limits the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Biocompatible calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CaO2 NPs) have superior oxygen generating capacity for hypoxia relief but the relatively slow release of O2 from CaO2 NPs hampers the PDT efficacy enhancement. Herein, manganese dioxide (MnO2) is applied as a nanozyme to facilitate O2 release from CaO2 NPs. It is disclosed that the accelerated O2 release ensures a rapid and efficient amplification of the O2 level for an increased cytotoxic singlet oxygen production with chlorin e6 and leads to a down-regulated hypoxia-responsive protein expression, which eventually translates to a super-efficient PDT as evidenced by the complete eradication of mice bearing subcutaneous 4T1 tumors. Meanwhile, MnO2 imparts an MR T1 imaging modality for tumor detection and treatment planning. These findings signify the essential role of accelerated and efficient hypoxia relief in PDT efficacy enhancement and provide an effective paradigm to overcome hypoxia-associated resistance for an enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Рассмотрены способы противоаварийного управления и технические средства противоаварийной автоматики для обеспечения устойчивой работы генерирующего оборудования и энергопринимающих установок, например подсистемы ЛАПНУ1 и АОСЧ2, при возникновении аварийного дефицита активной мощности и снижения частоты в изолированной энергосистеме. Предложен альтернативный подход к реализации задачи сохранения живучести энергосистемы при возникновении в ней аварийного дефицита генерирующей мощности на основе применения адаптивной ДАР3 с пуском по частоте. Приведено техническое описание адаптивной ДАР с пуском по частоте, как мобильной структуры новой автоматики, синтезированной из функциональных частей АОСЧ: ДАР и АЧР-14, в том числе специальной очереди АЧР. Показано практическое применение адаптивной ДАР с пуском по частоте в Магаданской энергосистеме., Methods of emergency control and technical means of emergency automation for ensuring stable operation of generating equipment and power receiving installations, such as the local automatics prevent loss of stability (LAPLS) and automatic frequency reduction limitation (AFRL) subsystems, in the event of an emergency shortage of active power and frequency reduction in an isolated power system are considered. An alternative approach to the problem of maintaining the survivability of the power system in the event of an emergency shortage of generating capacity is proposed based on the use of an adaptive additional automatic unloading (AAAU) by frequency. The technical description of AAAU by frequency as a mobile structure of the new automation synthesized from the functional parts of the automatic frequency reduction limitation (AFRL): AAAU by frequency and automatic frequency load shedding (AFLS - 1), including a special AFLS. The practical application of AAAU by frequency in the Magadan power system is shown., №3 (2020)

Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) is important for cardiometabolic health. The enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway generates NO following oral microbiota-mediated production of salivary nitrite. We investigated the association between the abundance of genes in this pathway and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Hypothesis: Microbial genes favoring increased oral nitrite generation are associated with better cardiometabolic profile. Methods: We enrolled 784 diabetes-free adults in the Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS). Subgingival plaques were collected from 6-8 teeth/participant. 16S rRNA microbial genes (Illumina, MiSeq) were sequenced; PICRUSt2 estimated abundance of microbial genes in the nitrate-nitrite pathway associated with either nitrite generation or depletion. Gene abundance was summed within each group, and a ratio between nitrite generation to depletion (GDR) was calculated; higher levels suggest increased nitrite generating capacity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured and HbA1C, insulin, and glucose levels were determined in fasting blood. Z-scores were calculated for cardiometabolic biomarkers and averaged to form a cardiometabolic z-score (CMZ-score). Adjusted multivariable linear models were used to regress the CMZ-score and individual Z-scores on GDR. Results: Participants were 69% female and aged 19-58 years (mean=32±9). Mean CMZ-score was 0.00±0.7. Mean (range) GDR was 1.88 (0.22-7.84). Mean CMZ-scores (SE) across GDR quartiles were 0.17 (0.06), 0.01 (0.05), -0.04 (0.05), and -0.14 (0.05), p-value for trend=0.02. Linear regression coefficients summarizing associations between GDR and individual Z-scores (Table) show lower Z-score for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1C, and insulin levels in those with higher GDR. Conclusions: Increased capacity for nitrite production by oral bacteria, assessed through a metagenome estimation approach, is associated with lower levels of cardiometabolic risk.

This article represents the application of the thyristor controlled phase-shifting transformer (PST) capable to maintain the phase shift between the input and output voltage phasor within defined range during rapid transient. The positive influence was illustrated by PST installation in power distribution system of Boguchany Dam, which led to increasing of maximum generating capacity of Boguchany Dam, which was limited due to dynamic transient instability of generators.

The Economic load dispatch (ELD) problem considering valve-point effects, power balance constraint and the generating capacity constraint is a high-dimensional, discontinuous, non-different...

Emission inventory of pollutants is essential for the environmental fate study and management of the pollutant. To construct a reasonable PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) inventory in China, this study estimates PCB usage and emission using power generating capacity, installed capacity of power plants and transformer substations, population density and GDP as surrogates. Inventory of representative PCB (PCB-153) with a resolution of 1/4(degrees) latitude x 1/4(degrees) longitude in China from 1952 to 2005 was generated and assessed as an example. Totally, about 20.3 kt PCBs were applied in China, of which 179 t were PCB-153. By the end of 2005, most of them (56.4%) were emitted into the soil, 2.7% entered the air, and about 20.8% was sealed in storage site or still in service. Historical emissions exhibited increasing trends after 1968, 1984 and 1994, which were mainly associated with usage or disposal processes. Although primary emission has been declined since 2005, the influence of secondary emission from soils, unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCB), and reemission from storage sites could be a longlasting issue in the future. This new emission inventory improves previous PCB emission inventory significantly, which underestimated PCB emission in China considerably.

Background Mosquitoes are responsible for spreading many diseases and their populations are susceptible to environmental changes. The ecosystems in the Three Gorges Region were probably altered because of changes to the environment during the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), the world's largest hydroelectric dam by generating capacity. Methods We selected three sites at which to monitor the mosquitoes from 1997 to 2009. We captured adult mosquitoes with battery-powered aspirators fortnightly between May and September of each year in dwellings and sheds. We identified the mosquito species, and examined changes in the species density during the TGD construction. We monitored changes in the species and density of mosquitoes in this area for 13 years during the TGD construction and collected information that could be used to support the control and prevention of mosquito-borne infections. Results We found that the mosquito species composition around the residential areas remained the same, and the density changed gradually during the TGD construction. The changes in the populations tended to be consistent over the years, and the densities were highest in July, and were between 3 and 5 times greater in the sheds than in the dwellings. Conclusions The mosquito species and populations remained stable during the construction of the TGD. The mosquito density may have increased as the reservoir filled, and may have decreased during the clean-up work. Clean-up work may be an effective way to control mosquitoes and prevent mosquito-borne diseases.