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This paper develops a bottleneck model in which the capacity of the bottleneck is assumed to be stochastic and follow a general distribution that has a positive upper bound. The user equilibrium principle in terms of mean trip cost is adopted to formulate commuters’ departure time choice in the stochastic bottleneck. We find that there exist five possible equilibrium departure patterns, which depend on both commuters’ unit costs of travel time, schedule delay early and late, and the uncertainty of the stochastic capacity of the bottleneck. All possible equilibrium departure patterns are analytically derived. Both the analytical and numerical results show that increasing the uncertainty of the capacity of the bottleneck leads to an increase of commuters’ individual mean trip cost. In addition, both a time-varying toll scheme and a single-step coarse toll scheme are designed within the proposed stochastic bottleneck model. We provide an analytical method to determine the detailed toll-charging schemes for both toll strategies. The numerical results show that the proposed toll schemes can indeed improve the efficiency of the stochastic bottleneck in terms of decreasing mean total social cost, and the time-varying toll scheme is more efficient than the single-step coarse toll scheme. However, as the uncertainty of the capacity of the bottleneck increases, the efficiency of the time-varying toll scheme decreases, whereas the efficiency of the single-step coarse toll scheme fluctuates slightly.

The article deals with risk assessment of mass development of a toxic dinoflagellate species Prorocentrum cordatum (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) in various regions of the Black Sea by applying ecological niche modeling. Niche modeling was developed using the MaxEnt algorithm. The MaxEnt model training was based on the data of P. cordatum general distribution according to the GBIF source, along with the data on 8 environmental variables retrieved from the Bio-Oracle database. Quality evaluation of the obtained model was executed with the values of AUC statistics, and relative contribution of selected environmental variables to the model was also estimated. In order to additionally assess the applicability of the model, analyses of literature data (from 1886 through 2020) together with original data on the distribution of P. cordatum in the Black Sea (from 1986 to 2020) were carried out. Response curves of environmental variables with the highest permutation importance are given. Map projections of MaxEnt habitats suitability scores for P. cordatum in the Black Sea area are presented. According to our estimates, about 16 percents of the whole Black Sea area are in the high or very high risk zone of P. cordatum mass outbreaks. Maximum values of predicted suitability were obtained for the northwestern part of the Black Sea, while in other regions of the sea they coincided with location of large sources of anthropogenic eutrophication and further distribution of polluted waters by currents. The proposed mathematical model can be used to predict the appearance and mass development of other toxic species.

We study arithmetic distribution relations and the inverse function theorem in algebraic and arithmetic geometry, with an emphasis on versions that can be applied uniformly across families of varieties and maps. In particular, we prove two explicit versions of the inverse function theorem, the first via general distribution and separation inequalities that may be of independent interest, the second via a careful implementation of classical Newton iteration., Comment: 49 pages

An annotated list of seed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) of the Northeast of European Russia is presented, comprising 36 species from 22 genera of 7 subfamilies and summarizing the original and literature data on the regional records of species, their zonal and biotopic preferences, ecology, and general distribution. Ischnodemus sabuletii (Fallen, 1826), Geocoris ater (Fabricius, 1787), Oxycarenus modestus (Fallen, 1829), Gastrodes abietum Bergroth, 1914, Pachybrachius luridus Hahn, 1826, Peritrechus geniculatus (Hahn, 1832), Rhyparochromus phoeniceus (Rossi, 1794), and Stygnocoris rusticus (Fallen, 1807) are recorded for the first time from the Northeast of European Russia. The subfamily Rhyparochrominae includes 24 species while other subfamilies are represented by 1–4 species in the region. The core of the fauna consists of species with Holarctic (30%), trans-Eurasian (25%), and trans-Palaearctic (16%) distribution; by the type of latitudinal extension, most of the species have boreal-subtropical ranges (84%).

Background Several nonendodontic diseases can occur in the periapical region, resembling endodontic inflammatory conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of nonendodontic periapical lesions diagnosed in a Brazilian population. Material and Methods The files of two Oral Pathology laboratories were reviewed and all cases including at least one clinical diagnosis of endodontic periapical lesions were selected for the study. After initial selection, demographic and clinical data, clinical diagnosis and final diagnosis were reviewed and tabulated. Final diagnosis included endodontic periapical lesions, and benign and malignant nonendodontic periapical lesions. Data were descriptively and comparatively analyzed among the three groups, with a significance level of 5% (p0.05). Conclusions The frequency of nonendodontic periapical lesions was high and, although the general distribution was similar to the results from other populations, some features were probably associated with the profile of the studied populations and to the methods applied in the present study. Knowledge on differential diagnosis of endodontic and nonendodontic periapical lesions is essential to avoid unnecessary treatments and diagnostic delay in routine dental practice. Key words:Differential diagnosis, nonendodontic, periapical lesion, pulp necrosis.

Many beam structures suffer from gradual performance degradation with the increase of service life. To recover the bearing capacity of these beams, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates are developed to attached on the beam bottom. To check the structural performance of the CFRP reinforced beams, smart CFRP plate with FBGs in series is designed and LVDTs are adopted to measure the deformations. The deflection of the reinforced beam is given based on the elastic conversion cross-section method. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The study shows that the CFRP reinforced zone has a larger flexural rigidity than the pure steel beam zone. The general distribution of the deflection along the span of the CFRP reinforced beam can be described by the proposed formula. It provides a scientific design guidance for the deflection control of CFRP reinforced structures.

Ultrareliable and low-latency communications (uRLLC) is one of the most significant requirements for future wireless networks. The conventional terrestrial base stations cannot always provide the required uRLLC for emerging applications and scenarios, e.g., Tactile Internet services or when a large number of users get connected during an event. Therefore, multilayer airborne networks with low/medium/high altitude platforms can be deployed as an effective solution to offer capacity and coverage along with required latency and reliability for wireless networks. In this article, we propose three layers of the airborne network to support the uRLLC requirement in wireless networks. Optimized link selection schemes have been provided based on polychromatic sets (PSets) theory to focus on the uRLLC. With the optimized link selection algorithm, multiple properties of the airborne platforms are exploited, and the links are selected based on the multiconstrained requirements to support the desired performance of the airborne network. Moreover, two links distribution schemes have been proposed as distributed greedy scheme and centralized greedy scheme to demonstrate the deployment of the proposed airborne network. Numerical results show that both PSets-based links distribution schemes outperform the general distribution schemes on average latency and overall reliability also known as the unassociated ratio, which strongly supports the uRLLC in considered airborne networks.

A general distribution matching architecture based on a multi-level structure is presented. It allows to generate arbitrary symbol distributions using simple binary distribution matchers. This is particularly advantageous for large symbol alphabets, where non-binary distribution matching algorithms tend to have high complexity. Some examples for possible implementations are provided, and a specific realization based on polar codes, which enables joint shaping and channel coding for reliable data transmission with higher-order modulation, is discussed and evaluated in detail.

"This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Scientometrics. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-020-03652-w”., Open access (OA) to every research result supported by funding bodies is a medium to long term goal. This work aims to find out whether OA publication is useful for all research fields, regardless of their specific features. As a sample, articles from the WoS databases from two disparate disciplines (one from SSCI and another from SCIE) are selected, and several hypotheses related to the presence of funding acknowledgements, cooperation and citations are tested. A first look at the general distribution of publications shows that collaborative and funded research obtains a higher proportion of cited articles, and that this proportion increases in the case of OA publications. Moreover, the logistic regression reveals that the probability of finding an OA publication is significantly increased in the SCIE discipline, and by the presence of EU funding, international collaboration and citations. This probability rises with some interactions (e.g. presence of international funding and international collaboration, or international funding and citations). Regarding OA types, Green OA publications are the most related to fund recognition, although Gold OA/Bronze OA articles in international collaboration are also significantly related to financing. Concerning impact, the most likely cited OA type is the Hybrid OA. However, if papers include funding acknowledgements, the Bronze OA and Green OA publications increase their citation likelihood. Similarly, when Gold OA articles include international collaboration, there is a greater chance of citation. With these findings, it is possible to venture that OA publishing will be useful for all research fields, although their specific features should be considered. Consequently, funders should be aware of these particularities to stimulate OA without compromising the quality of the research., This work is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant CSO2014 57826 P).

Several genera of Nyctaginaceae, currently merged underPisonia, have been described for the Indo-Pacific region. Results from a recent molecular phylogenetic study of tribe Pisonieae showed thatPisoniais non-monophyletic and comprises three well-supported lineages: one including typicalPisoniaand allies (Pisonias.str.), a clade of species which corresponds to the original description ofCeodesand a third lineage whose single representative was formerly treated under the monotypic genusRockia. Thus, as part of an effort to achieve a natural classification for tribe Pisonieae, this work proposes to re-establishCeodesandRockiato accommodate taxa with inconspicuous glands on anthocarps, recognising 21 species (20 for the former and one for the latter), of which 16 are new combinations:Ceodes amplifoliacomb. nov.,Ceodes artensiscomb. nov.,Ceodes austro-orientaliscomb. nov.,Ceodes browniicomb. nov.,Ceodes caulifloracomb. nov.,Ceodes coronatacomb. nov.,Ceodes diandracomb. nov.,Ceodes gigantocarpacomb. nov.,Ceodes gracilescenscomb. nov.,Ceodes lanceolatacomb. nov.,Ceodes merytifoliacomb. nov.,Ceodes muellerianacomb. nov.,Ceodes rapaensiscomb. nov.,Ceodes sechellarumcomb. nov.,Ceodes taitensiscomb. nov.andCeodes wagnerianacomb. nov.A general distribution of each species recognised in this work is also included, along with line drawings and colour pictures of representative species ofCeodes,PisoniaandRockiaand an updated dichotomous key based on reproductive characters for the nine genera (Ceodes,Cephalotomandra,Grajalesia,Guapira,Neea,Neeopsis,Pisonia,PisoniellaandRockia) comprising the tribe Pisonieae.RésuméPlusieurs genres de Nyctaginaceae actuellement fusionnés sousPisoniaont été décrits pour la région Indo-Pacifique. Les résultats d’une récente étude phylogénétique moléculaire de la tribu Pisonieae ont montré quePisoniaest non monophylétique et comprend trois lignées bien supportées: une comprenantPisoniatypique et ses alliés (Pisonias.str.), un clade d’espèces qui correspond à la description originale deCeodeset une troisième lignée dont l’unique représentant était auparavant traité sous le genre monotypiqueRockia. Ainsi, dans le cadre d’un effort pour parvenir à une classification naturelle de la tribu Pisonieae, ce travail proposons de rétablir lesCeodesetRockiapour accueillir des taxons avec des glandes discrètes sur les anthocarpes, reconnaissant 21 espèces (20 pour les premières et une pour les dernières), dont 16 sont de nouvelles combinaisons:Ceodes amplifoliacomb. nov.,Ceodes artensiscomb. nov.,Ceodes austro-orientaliscomb. nov.,Ceodes browniicomb. nov.,Ceodes caulifloracomb. nov.,Ceodes coronatacomb. nov.,Ceodes diandracomb. nov.,Ceodes gigantocarpacomb. nov.,Ceodes gracilescenscomb. nov.,Ceodes lanceolatacomb. nov.,Ceodes merytifoliacomb. nov.,Ceodes muellerianacomb. nov.,Ceodes rapaensiscomb. nov.,Ceodes sechellarumcomb. nov.,Ceodes taitensiscomb. nov.etCeodes wagnerianacomb. nov.Une distribution générale de chaque espèce reconnue dans ce travail est également incluse, ainsi que des dessins au trait et des images en couleur des espèces représentatives deCeodes,PisoniaetRockia, et préparé une clé dichotomique mise à jour basée sur les caractères reproductifs des neuf genres (Ceodes,Cephalotomandra,Grajalesia,Guapira,Neea,Neeopsis,Pisonia,PisoniellaetRockia) comprenant la tribu Pisonieae.

The 6 February 1971 Tuscania (central Italy) earthquake belongs to a peculiar family of destructive seismic events that have occurred in an area classified as low-seismic hazard, causing heavy damage and tens of casualties. However, this earthquake took place at the dawn of modern seismology in Italy and is far from being fully characterized from an instrumental and macroseismological point of view. This article aims at bridging the gap of information that affects that earthquake, through a twofold research path: (1) with an archival investigation looking for new available sources and with the use of the European Macroseismic Scale-98 (EMS-98) intensity scale, and (2) with the calculation of a more constrained hypocentral location. The results of this investigation can be summarized as follows: the reappraisal of the earthquake in terms of EMS-98 provides a maximum intensity 8 in Tuscania (previously quoted 8–9 Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg [MCS] in the catalog), and a general decrease of intensity in many damaged localities. The new epicenter location is shifted almost 10 km southeast of the old one, at about 3 km depth. This new location is more robust than the previous one and is consistent with the general distribution of the most damaged localities; however, we cannot exclude that effects of directivity might have played a role in the peculiar pattern of damage caused by the event. Finally, we provide new values of magnitude (MD 4.9 and ML 5.1) that point to an upward scaling of the earthquake. The ultimate lesson of this work is that a deepening of the research can always provide room for an improvement of our knowledge even for significant earthquakes that have occurred relatively recently.

This paper presents the study of reliability measures of a complex system consisting of three computer labs connecting to a server in the parallel configuration under 2-out-of-3: G operation policy. The system is assumed to work if at least two labs are in good operative condition. The server failure brings the system to a complete failed state. The failure rates of all labs are different and assumed to follow an exponential distribution, but their repair supports two types of distribution, namely general distribution and Gumbel–Hougaard family copula distribution. The system of three labs with the server studied using the supplementary variable technique, laplace transform, expressions of reliability measures such as system availability, system reliability, MTTF, and cost analysis as incurred profit by operations have been computed. The numerical results for relevant measures like availability, reliability, MTTF, and profit function are also obtained by taking particular values of various failure and repair rate as stated. Tables and figures demonstrate the computed results.

There is a growing interest to consider energy storage (ES) and other non-wires alternatives (NWAs) to conventional distribution system solutions in applications such as distribution capacity, feeder reliability and integration of distributed energy resources. However, as ES is not a very common grid asset, yet, distribution system operators do not have well-established practices to evaluate ES as NWA. In particular, it is not clear how ES will influence the various aspects of the general distribution planning process and what new assessments distribution planners may need to perform. This study discusses the additional considerations and analytics that distribution planners need to perform at various stages of the general distribution planning process when considering ES as an NWA for distribution capacity. These discussions are related to defining the planning criteria and inputs, assessing the distribution system capacity needs, designing the ES NWA solution, stacked services, and economic comparison of ES NWA designs and conventional distribution capacity solutions. Streamlining the use of planning resources with the aid of screening criteria and methods is also discussed.

HE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION is central to much of statistics. In this chapter and the two following, we develop the normal model from the univariate, bivariate, and then, finally, the more general distribution with an arbitrary number of dimensions.

The Amphipalaearctic tiger moth species Diacrisia metelkana (Lederer, 1861) is reported for Kazakhstan for the first time. Data on species’ bionomics in Kazakhstan and general distribution are provided. Species’ habitats in Kazakhstan are illustrated.

This paper deals with the study of a complex system which consists of two subsystems in a series configuration (subsystem 1 and subsystem 2). The subsystem 2 is connected to subsystem 1 in a series configuration. The subsystem 1 has three identical units in parallel configuration and working under 2-out-of-3: G policy and its units are controlled by an instantaneous change over switch. Subsystem 2 has two identical units and uses 1-out-of-2: G scheme. A human operator operates the system, and human failure is considered to damage the entire system completely. All failure rates are assumed to follow exponential distribution and repairs follow two types of distribution (general distribution and Gumbel–Hougaard family copula) distribution. The system is analyzed using Supplementary variables technique, and the various measures of reliability have discussed. The computations for availability, reliability, MTTF, and profit benefit by operation of the system have done for different values of failure and repair rates. Graphs demonstrate results, and consequently, conclusions have done.

The finding in 2017 of a female of Lethocerus patruelis, a species rarely collected in the Aegean Islands, is documented from Rhodes (Greece), more than 160 years after its first record in the same island. The general distribution of the giant water bug and its occurrence in the area are briefly discussed.Keywords: Belostomatidae, giant water bug, Lethocerus patruelis, Aegean Sea, Rhodes, Greece

In this study, it was aimed to determine the workable days in agriculture using meteorological parameters, and a databank was formed obtaining the inputs from all weather stations in Central Anatolia Region, which cover a 20-year period, from 1986 to 2006. Running a mathematical model in a computer software specifically designed for this purpose, the data of this databank were exploited to calculate the workable days on a land for soil treatment, crop care and harvest for any given region and to show these data with graphs on monthly or yearly basis. This software may help to use time more economically and reduce the system costs directly or indirectly. Moreover, the data collected are quite necessary to prepare some national or local charts and graphs related to the general distribution of various climate factors.

En esta segunda parte, presentamos la subfamilia Pteromalinae en Marruecos, que incluye 86 especies pertenecientes a 50 géneros. Quince géneros y 37 especies se enumeran por primera vez en la fauna marroquí, de las cuales 9 han sido recientemente identificadas, 24 se han encontrado en la bibliografía y 4 están depositadas en museos de historia natural. Se proporciona una lista actualizada de especies marroquíes, incluida su distribución por regiones, su distribución general y sus huéspedes.

Background To analyze and summarize the etiological distribution of pertussis-like syndrome in children and to provide a basis for clinical treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of 756 children with pertussis-like syndrome hospitalized at the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine of Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, 2015 to 2019. The etiological features were classified and reviewed. Results Among 756 children with pertussis-like syndrome, 439 cases were positive for etiological agents Among the 439 cases, 268 cases were positive for bacterial agents (positive rate 35.45%), including 174 cases (65.25%) positive for Haemophilus influenza (H. influenza). There were 75 cases (9.92%) positive for viral antibodies, including 29 cases (accounting for 38.67% of all cases positive for viral infection) positive for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). There were 243 cases (32.14%) positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) antibodies. As to the general distribution of infections, cases with infections caused by a single type of bacteria accounted for 20.63%; cases with M. pneumoniae infection accounted for 18.78%; and cases with bacterial infection combined with M. pneumoniae infection accounted for 8.73%. Conclusions H. influenza, RSV, and M. pneumoniae were important pathogens causing pertussis-like syndrome in children. Bacterial infection, M. pneumoniae infection, and mixed infection caused by the two pathogens were the primary causes of pertussis-like syndrome in children.

The short-palped crane fly, Antocha (Antocha) pulchra Markevičiūtė & Podenas sp. nov. is described from specimens collected in Sichuan, China. Antocha (A.) quadrifurca Alexander, 1971 is reported for the first time in China through our research efforts. This article includes illustrations of distinguishing morphological features, an updated checklist, a general distribution and an identification key to species of Antocha Osten Sacken from Sichuan, China.

Cephalopods are important members of deep-sea communities. However, the preference of many incirrate octopods for rocky substrate makes them largely unavailable with traditional sampling methods such as trawls. Therefore, much remains to be discovered about their diversity. This study focuses on the diversity and distribution of bathyal incirrate species in the western North Atlantic. We used observations from remotely operated vehicle (ROVs) videos, augmented by museum specimens and records from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), to compile a summary of the diversity of bathyal incirrates in the study area and their general distribution. In 22,861 approximately 5-min ROV video clips, we counted 2017 unique incirrate octopod individuals representing at least seven different species. Across observation types, the most common species we recorded were Bathypolypus bairdii Verrill, 1873, Graneledone verrucosa Verrill 1881, Muusoctopus spp., Scaeurgus unicirrhus Delle Chiaje in Ferussac & Orbigny, 1841, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus Delle Chiaje, 1830, and Tetracheledone spinicirrus Voss, 1955.

A general distribution function is suggested to predict both symmetrical and asymmetric diurnal global solar irradiance q (t) W/m2 received on a horizontal surface, where “t” is the local day time "h" .The distribution is given in terms of well-established parameters, namely: td :- the length of the solar day expressed in term of the solar angles. tmax :- the time of the day at which the irradiance reaches its maximum value qmax W/m2 for symmetrical distribution tmax = i.e. it occurs at the midday time. td , tmax and qmax are taken as parameters. The suggested expression can be easily integrated along the length of the day time. This gives the daily totals of the received solar energy per unit horizontal area.This is of vital technical importance for solar energy exploitations and applications. Comparison between computed according to the present model and published experimental meteorological data in Barcelona (Spain), Hong Kong (China), Jeddah and Makah (Saudi Arabia) is given as illustrative examples. Comparison with the published trials for the same locations is also clarified. The introduced model itself gives good fitting for the intermediate interval points of the local day time which is the more effective region.

A method was presented for calculating the melting rate of ice crystals in different axial positions in a compressor. The volume of fluid model and enthalpy-porosity model were used to simulate the melting process of single ice crystal. The result was validated by experimental data from literature. The change of the liquid fraction of the ice crystals with the axial position was obtained when the temperature distribution inside the compressor was introduced into the melting process. The liquid fraction of the spherical ice crystals was fitted with the ice crystal diameter as a variable, and the general distribution function for computing liquid fraction in any axial position in the compressor was obtained. The function of axial position as a variable for non-spherical ice crystal was also got.

—A new classification of the predominantly Neotropical tribe Myrteae is proposed to replace Berg’s three traditional subtribes, the Myrciinae, Eugeniinae, and Myrtinae. Nine subtribes are here proposed that are supported by molecular and morphological data. In addition to the three traditionally recognized but modified here, subtribe Pimentinae (originally described as Pimentoideae) is reinstated and five new subtribes are proposed: Blepharocalycinae, Decasperminae, Luminae, Pliniinae, and Ugninae. A key to the nine subtribes is followed by descriptions of each, listing genera included, approximate species numbers, general distribution patterns, and notes. The genera Feijoa O. Berg and Temu O. Berg are reinstated. Morphological structures of importance for classification of Myrteae subtribes are illustrated.

The catalogue of cyclopoid copepods collected by A. Damian-Georgescu in Romania and deposited in “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History is presented. It includes 39 species and subspecies belonging to family Cyclopidae (Crustacea: Copepoda). Type material of Eucyclops graeteri intermedius Damian, 1955 is designated. For each species the following information is presented: collecting sites, data on general distribution in Romania and worldwide, and types of inhabited biotopes. Species names are listed in systematical order with indication of current taxonomic status.

This work is the first study of the Curculionoidea fauna from Kurdistan region of Iraq, based on the intensive survey in different localities of Kurdistan from March 2016 to November 2017. In total, 41 species belonging to 28 genera, 21 tribes and 3 families were collected and identified, including 25 species newly recorded for the Iraqi fauna. General distribution, collecting localities and methods, with plant association data for each species are given.

Data on the first recorded marine alga Prorocentrum leve Faust, Vandersea, Kibler, Tester & Litaker (Dinophyceae) in a Russian inland waterbody, the hypersaline Lake Manych-Gudilo, are given. As a result, in May, July, and October 2016 and February 2017 it was revealed that the species was found in small quantities, mainly in the northwestern part of the lake. Its morphology, studied with an electron scanning microscope, is largely consistent with that described in the literature. The presence of marine species P. leve can serve as indirect evidence of the fragmentation of marine algal areas as a result of paleobasin regression. The results expand information on the composition of the algal flora of inland water bodies in Russia, as well as on the environmental opportunities and general distribution of P. leve.

The variability of the arrival and service processes has a strong impact on the performance of supply chain networks (SCNs), especially when the reverse flow to the manufacturer is considered. This paper proposes to use approximate analytical models to quickly evaluate the performance of SCN configurations during the design phase of the forward and reverse supply chains. The models are applied to the case of scrap-based steel production in which the role of the reverse flow is higher compared to the other reverse supply chains since a higher proportion of the raw material is provided by the reverse flow. As the solution methodology, an approach based on the queueing network model has been developed to represent general distributions of the stochastic parameters (i.e. arrival and processing rates). The accuracy of the proposed analytical models is assessed by comparing the results of numerical experiments against discrete-event simulations.