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Background: Deficits in cognitive functions are observed in various diseases. The term “nootropics” refers to the compounds that increase mental functions, including memory, motivation, concentration and attention. Given the complexity and vastness of the processes involved in cognition, developing an appropriate animal model for the screening of nootropic agents still remains a daunting task. Objectives: This review attempts to elicit the current trends in the animal models being used for screening of nootropic agents and effectively use this knowledge to improve prospects embarking on this area of research. Methods: Electronic searches were carried out on PubMed using the keywords “nootropic agents”[MeSH Term] OR “nootropic drugs” [MeSH Term] AND “animal model” [MeSH Term] OR “animal model, experimental” [MeSH Term]. All relevant studies from 2016 to 31st August, 2021, were then reviewed to meet the stated objective. Results: The most commonly used disease model for screening of nootropic agents was found to be the animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Disease models of vascular dementia or stroke, depression or anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy or seizure, diabetes and traumatic brain injury, among others, have also been used. There exists a wide variety of behavioral tests to assess cognition. Conclusion: Since a variety of etiologies can affect cognitive processes. Hence, a nootropic agent may be screened in a variety of disease models. The most widely used and appropriate method to assess cognition would be by combining the behavioral and biochemical assays so that a more comprehensive profile of the nootropic effects of a drug can be elicited.

Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) may coexist with other genetic disorders, such as tuberous sclerosis, when deletion in TSC2/PKD1 genes occurs. Recently, the effect of tolvaptan has been explored in ADPKD patients alone, but its safety and efficacy on TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome is unknown. Case Presentation: This report describes the case of an asymptomatic patient with TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome that fulfills the imaging criteria for initiating the treatment with tolvaptan. After twelve months, the patient did not exhibit severe adverse effects and blood pressure control improved. Conclusion: In this TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome single case report, tolvaptan was safe and well-tolerated. More extensive experimental studies are needed to deeply understand the therapeutic implications of vasopressin V2-receptor inhibition in the TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome patients.

Abstract: Glucocorticoid steroids play cardinal roles during the life span of an individual, modulating almost all aspects of the physiology, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, as well as the immune response, neurological biology, stress adaptation, apoptosis, cell division, cell fate, inflammatory responses, etc. Glucocorticoids exert their biological effects by activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a bona fide ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. The GR is expressed in virtually all cells of the human body showing isoformic versions and also transcription variants. GR forms oligomeric heterocomplexes that include the 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) as an essential hub of the chaperone oligomer. The nature of chaperones associated with this heterocomplex is responsible for the modulation of the subcellular localization of the GR and its biological actions in a given tissue or cell type. In this sense, the discovery that immunophilins containing tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) domains are responsible for the GR cytoplasmic transport mechanism and the nuclear retention half-time of the receptor opened new trends in our understanding of its complex mechanism of action. Because the properties of GR ligands influence these protein-protein interactions, specific steroid•receptor complexes may confer the GR different features providing new therapeutic opportunities to manage the disease. In this article, we analyze multiple aspects of the GR mechanism of action, some properties of the GR isoforms, and the latest findings revealing the roles of Hsp90-binding immunophilins to manage the glucocorticoid biological response.

Background: The use of nanoparticle drug delivery systems to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side effects of anticancer drugs is taken into consideration. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a natural xanthophyll carotenoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties used to prevent and treat some cancers. Objectives: In the present study, the antioxidant effect of beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG) nanocapsules containing ATX and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; the first-line therapy for colorectal cancer) on the antioxidant enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line was examined. Methods: In this experimental study, HCT116 cells were treated with different treatments of encapsulation of ATX in β-LG, encapsulation 5-FU in β-LG, co-encapsulation of ATX and 5-FU in β-LG, free ATX, free 5-FU, free ATX and free 5-FU, or β-LG nanocapsules without drugs for 24, 48 and 72 hours. There is a control group in which HCT116 cells were not treated with any drug. Then, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and cell viability were determined using an MTT assay. The antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX was measured by a colorimetric method in HCT116 cells. Results: Different treatments reduced the cell viability and increased apoptotic cells in a timedependent manner, which was significant for beta-lactoglobulin nanocapsules treatment (P Conclusion: Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes in addition to the induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by various treatments of beta-lactoglobulin nanocapsules indicates more effective drug administration in encapsulated form as well as synergistic thera[peutic effects of ATX and 5-FU. Moreover, the main increase in antioxidant enzyme activity may be related to ATX.

Background: Fascioliasis is a worldwide parasitic infection caused by a food-borne trematode called Fasciola, and Fasciola infection has been reported in more than 80 countries. Recently, the WHO has presented a roadmap for overlooked diseases from 2021 to 2030, which aims to increase the prevention and control of overlooked different diseases such as Fascioliasis. Methods: Our main objective was to conduct a systematic review aiming to summarize recent knowledge on the antiparasitic compounds against human fascioliasis. A keyword search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, to gather relevant literature published between the 17th of April 1992 and the 23rd October 2022. A total of 329 records were initially retrieved, with 28 full-text articles retained for the qualitative synthesis. Results: Up to now, various antiparasitic drugs have been used to treat human fascioliasis, the most important of which are: Triclabendazole, Albendazole and Bithionol, Praziquantel, Emetine and Dehydroemetine, Mebendazole in combination with Metronidazole and Nitazoxanide, Chloroquine, Hexylresorcinol. From the past to the present, natural herbal medicines have traditionally been used in most countries to treat various parasitic diseases in humans and animals so that these are known as active anthelmintic phytochemicals such as Artemisinin, Mirazid, Plumbagin, Lycium chinense. Conclusion: Although Triclabendazole is an effective and useful drug of choice for the treatment of human fascioliasis, but due to the gradual resistance of fasciolas to Triclabendazole, further research is needed to find new drugs. Despite many advances in antiparasitic compounds used against human fascioliasis, a number of integrated control measures should be implemented as strong management strategies for fascioliasis.

Abstract: Secondary metabolites of natural origin exhibit numerous pharmacological activities, like anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Lipid peroxidation has been observed to be prevented by terminating free radical chains and chelating redox active metal ions. These properties of the secondary products can also aid in preventing carcinoma. Many traditional and emerging plants are blessed with plenty of unexplored phytometabolites, which contain the probability to carry huge antineoplastic potential. Acetogenins are anticancer compounds that kill tumor cells through a variety and series of developmental methods. They are very powerful apoptosis inducers that can regulate the exclusion of chemotherapy medicines from cancer cells. Chalcone is a pharmacologically active molecule that can be found in both natural and manufactured products. Marine species, which are also examples of naturally derived drug sources, such as algae, sponges, tunicates, and bryozoans, have emerged as important components of choice for the separation of novel anticancer drugs obtained from marine sources. Bacteria of marine origin are the source of new drug discoveries and therapeutic targets, which are being explored to unprecedented heights, and they have proven to be sources of various medicinal agents, such as antibiotics, etc. Numerous secondary metabolites have been isolated from marine fungi that were active biologically, structurally unique, and also therapeutically beneficial. So far, almost 1000 secondary metabolites have been found, the majority of which are exclusive to lichens. This mini-review discusses different aspects related to the natural derivatives obtained from various sources, which play a pivotal role as anti-neoplastic agents.

Background: Febuxostat is a BCS class-II drug, used in the treatment of gout. However, because of its lower solubility, a higher and more frequent dose of the drug is required in the treatment. Objective: The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate febuxostat-loaded floating beads as a gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) to target drug release up to 24hr in order to enhance bioavailability. Methodology: Gastro-retentive floating beads were formulated using the ionotropic gelation method. Screening of lipids was carried out based on the shape and texture of floating beads. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using DSC analysis. Further optimization of gastro-retentive floating beads of febuxostat was performed by Box-Behnken design using gelucire 43/01, lactose, and soluplus as independent variables and %drug entrapment and %drug release after 24 hr as dependent variables. Evaluation of the optimized batch was performed for in vitro buoyancy, %drug entrapment, %drug release, FTIR, and SEM study. Result and Discussion: In the ANOVA, contour plots, and 3D surface plots, the optimized batch showed 93.95±0.29 % drug entrapment and 88.14±0.58 % drug release after 24 hr with 98%±1% invitro buoyancy. Overlay plots and checkpoint batches were accompanied to confirm the optimization. Polynomial equations proved the positive effect of lipids on drug entrapment and drug release. SEM images explained porous and microstructures on beads. Conclusion: In conclusion, gastro-retentive febuxostat floating beads were successfully developed and characterized for once a daily dose with enhanced bioavailability and reduced cost of therapy.

Abstract: The green synthesis approach using plants for the formation of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles is biologically safe and environment-friendly as compared to various physical and chemical methods. Various phytoconstituents present in the plants, such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and proteins, act as potential bioresources for the formation of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. The most common metals/metal oxides used are silver (Ag), copper (Cu), zinc, iron, and gold. Amongst them, copper is a comparably cheap metal than gold and silver. Copper oxide nanoparticles have diverse applications in various fields of therapeutics. This review provides insights regarding the bio-mediated synthesis of copper/copper oxide nanoparticles, factors affecting the synthesis, their characterization, and the biomedical applications, mainly the antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity. Although many trials and research have already been conducted, indicating the potential for developing copper and copper oxide nanoparticles as a future drug, still, more research is needed focusing on different ways to minimize their toxicity and improve biological efficacy.

Background: Presently, only four drugs have been approved by FDA for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A drug repurposing approach can be fruitful in searching for promising candidates for AD. Objective: The objective of the work was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of levetiracetam (LEV) in combination with berberine (BER) in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice by applying a drug repositioning approach owing to their antioxidant potential. Methods: Cognitive impairment was induced in mice by scopolamine. Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and Y-maze were used to evaluate behavioral parameters. Assays for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, nitrite, TNF-α, and brain histopathology were performed. Results: The transfer latency time and percentage of spontaneous alternation were significantly reduced and significant alterations in AChE and MDA levels, GSH concentration, and improvement in nitrite and catalase levels were also evidenced after the treatment of mice with a combination of LEV and BER in comparison to independent drugs, standard and disease control groups. The antioxidant defense was also improved and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced by a combination of LEV and BER. Improvement in neuronal damage by restoration of the cytoarchitecture of the brain was also seen in the histopathological study of the brain of treatment groups. Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated that the combination of LEV and BER has significantly improved cognition in mice by lipid peroxidation inhibition, augmentation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, the decline in TNF- α levels, and AChE activity in the brain when compared to individual drugs, standard and disease control owing to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Background: Skin pigmentation is one of the most serious problems in the adult population of all races. The underlying factors of skin pigmentation are excessive exposure to UV radiation, oxidative stress, and other provocative causes that cause melasma, black spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Hence, treating hyperpigmentation disorders is challenging. Objective: Skin pigmentation occurs as a process of melanin biosynthesis triggered by UV exposure. Tyrosinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-confining step in melanogenesis, if inhibited, can cause skin hypopigmentation. This has evoked an interest in reviewing plant extracts/ phytoconstituents, which can serve the purpose of sun protection and treat hyperpigmentation, ensuring skin glow for a better quality of life. Method: A literature search on Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases was done using various keywords like hyperpigmentation, melasma, skin-lightening agents, and sunscreen. Result: Sun protection products for canopy with photo-aging and skin pigmentation are recommended. Tyrosinase inhibitors are first-line topical medicines available as single or combined topical formulations. Hydroquinone, retinoids, corticosteroids, and kojic acid are clinically proven as exceptionally powerful. However, the adverse effects reported with these small molecules largely impact skin appearance, dermatitis, and exogenous ochronosis. Currently, there is a rising trend towards comfortable, fascinating, and well-endured skin depigmenting agents from natural products that might be utilized by a wide populace. Conclusion: This present study aimed at exploring plant and fruit extracts together with their active ingredients as potential multitargeted anti-hyperpigmentation agents with sunscreen properties, tyrosinase inhibition, and skin whitening effects.

Background: Saraca asoca (Ashoka, family; Caesalpiniaceae) is an indigenous sacred tree, native to India. It has been used in various traditional medicinal systems and is one such plant that is highly therapeutic but its use in disease management is underrated in today’s era and has lost its importance. Objective: This narrative review is written to provide the information on medicinal importance of S. asoca and the significance of S. asoca in various traditional medicinal systems. Methods: Different databases were searched to gather information. Research articles, abstracts, and reviews are included in this review. Results: Saraca asoca is known for its unique pharmacological role in treating various uterine complications, menstrual disorders, and bacterial infections, bleeding hemorrhoids, urinary and dermatological problems. The stem bark of the tree is the principal constituent for treating menorrhagia and genito-urinary disorders. The stem bark, leaves, and seeds of S. asoca are known to contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenolics, fatty acids, and saponins. The reported major phytoconstituents responsible for its therapeutic uses are epicatechin, procyanidin B2, lyoniside, nudiposide, catechin, leucocyanidin, and leucopelargonidin. Various pharmacological activities of this plant are discussed in this review. Conclusion: It has been proved that Saraca asoca possesses several pharmacological properties and is useful in treating various diseases. More studies on quality control, standardization, and clinical trials on S. asoca should be performed, so that this plant could be utilized as an effective anti-cancer drug which could be a promising source for the herbal and pharmaceutical industry.

Introduction: Candidiasis is a disease with serious problems in women. With the increasing drug resistance and risks of the drugs, we investigated the effect of different cone extracts of Pinus eldarica and Pinus longifolia against Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients. Materials and Methods:: Candida species isolated from 50 patients were identified by routine mycological methods, including morphology of corn mil agar, chromium agar, germination, and biochemical methods. The anti-candida properties of the extracts and essential oils of Pinus eldarica and Pinus longifolia were investigated using agar diffusion and microdilution test. The essential oil was then analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The major constituents of Pinus longifolia essential oil included 23.16% alpha-pinene, 2.59% beta-caryophyllene, 23.61% delta-3-carene, 0.24% carcin-4-hydroxy, 13.56% m-cymene, 0.45% alpha-humulene, and 2.12% junipene. The major constituents of Pinus eldarica essential oil included 29.13% alpha-pinene, 14.22% beta-caryophyllene, 11.70% delta-3-carene, -14.22% carcin-4-hydroxy, 4.29% beta-pinene, 3.59%, alpha humulene, and 8.86% junipene. The results of antifungal tests showed that aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts had a weak anti-candida effect. By changing the solvent and using petroleum ether solvent, it was found that petroleum ether extract and cone essential oil of Pinus longifolia and Pinus eldarica exhibited a relatively strong anti-candida effect. Discussion and Conclusion: Comparison of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of four extracts of Pinus longifolia and Pinus eldarica against different Candida showed that the lowest MIC and MFC were related to essential oil, petroleum ether extract, methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, and aqueous extract, respectively.

Abstract: As the human race evolves, numerous diseases have dominated humans, causing scientists to encounter myriad challenges with formulations. To rectify these issues, Nanoparticle (10-9 m) formulation approach or nanotechnology has been developed. Since nanoparticles have legion benefits, encompassing better bioavailability, target-specific, confined, accurate dose delivery, and increased surface area, are pertinent for effective treatment. Toxicity, inflammation, limited penetrating ability, accumulation, and aggregation are some of the downsides of nanoparticles. Picoscale along with nanoparticle technology in drug delivery, will enhance the permeability and myriad factors. Also, picometer (10-12 m) and futuristic femtometer (10-15 m) particles will allow scientists to deal with atomic and subatomic levels in some cases and improve the properties of nanotechnology in others. Herein, picotechnology, formulation, synthesis, and some unique properties concluding with femtotechnology have been addressed.

Abstract: The tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), a member of the Myrtaceae family, is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant. Tea Tree essential oil (TTO) has many medical applications, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Although the concentration of TTO in a microemulsion is of economic interest, very few studies on this product have been conducted. In this study, we look at how different tea tree oil concentrations in microemulsion formulations affect susceptibility to various bacteria and fungi. TTO susceptibility in a diverse range of microbial species has now been studied using data from a previously published literature review survey. Most bacteria are resistant to TTO at concentrations as low as 1.0 percent, but mucosal skin staphylococci and micrococci, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have minimum inhibitory concentrations much higher than 2 percent. TTO susceptibility in fungi has only recently been scrutinized. Fungicidal dosages range from 0.12 to 2 percent, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 percent and the only notable exception is Aspergillus niger, which contains fungicidal concentrations of up to 8%. The review emphasizes the importance of new antibacterial and antifungal formulations, as well as the role of natural essential oils in the discovery of new antibacterial and antifungal agents, and discusses, in brief, all constituents derived from the essential oil (tea tree) that are in preclinical and clinical development. This paper summarizes human and food-borne bacteria and fungi susceptibility to tea tree essential oils and their constituents. Among the many tested, essential oils of spices and herbs (Melaleuca alternifolia) were found to have the strongest antimicrobial properties. This review looks at a wide range of scientific literature, including Sci-hub, Google Scholar, Pub, Chem, NCBI, and web books.

Abstract: The last two years from 2020 to 2022 have seen the world face an unparalleled crisis in the form of the corona virus, which has challenged mankind as never before. The struggle and race to find a cure for the disease kept medical professionals, pharmacists, and scientists on their toes. Drug discovery by de novo approach was not an option due to its obvious downside of the enormous time required for the process. Hitherto unknown in public parlance, repurposing existing drugs showed the way forward for scientists. Drug repurposing involves redefining medical use for drugs that have crossed the drug discovery process and were approved, discontinued, or shelved. Drug repurposing or repositioning has shown effective results in treating several diseases. This review traces the journey of some repurposed drugs and provides an overview of computational methods used for repurposing, which include signature mapping, molecular docking, and in silico approaches. The review also highlights repurposed drugs for cancer, one of the most dreaded diseases, and how repurposing can prove to be a boon for many types of cancers. Concerted efforts to study this modality of drug discovery are the need of the hour. The article discusses various drugs which have been successfully repurposed for the treatment of a plethora of diseases. Drug repurposing is a silver lining that can reduce the arduous journey of discovering a definitive cure for a disease and has the potential to change the landscape of the drug discovery process.

Background: Skin cancer is one of the most life-threatening and progressive diseases nowadays, majorly resulting from the cumulative effect of genetic and environmental exposure including UV rays and numerous pollutants. UV radiation stimulates the excessive generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), altering numerous signaling and inflammatory pathways and cumulatively causing alteration at numerous genetic and inflammatory levels. Numerous treatment strategies have been proposed for this purpose, and it has been found that antioxidants could play a crucial role in regulating inflammation at certain levels. Among numerous treatment strategies, natural flavonoid quercetin could play a vital role in protecting cells from oxidative stress as it is enriched with anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The activities of quercetin could be further enhanced by administrating it through novel systems. Objective: Thus, the present article focuses on the delivery of natural flavonoid quercetin via novel carrier noisome to enhance targeting potency and safety efficacy. Method: Optimized quercetin-loaded niosomes were prepared by mechanical shaking method followed by solvent evaporation and altering the ratio of cholesterol and span 80. In vitro characterization was performed for morphology, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency and drug release. Result: The optimized niosome was reported to have a size range of 120 nm, entrapment efficiency (80%-85%) and followed zero order kinetics. Conclusion: Optimized quercetin-loaded niosomes were successfully formulated and characterized for controlled drug delivery.

Background: Sanfilippo syndrome, commonly known as mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III), is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that primarily affects the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by a deficiency of enzymes involved in the catabolism of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and heparin sulfate (HS). Although Genistein has been presented as a potential therapeutic, its safety and efficacy for the treatment of Sanfilippo syndrome are not well established. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Genistein with a primary endpoint of providing an inference whether the medication is producing any improvements when administered in patients suffering from Sanfilippo syndrome. Methods: An intensive computerized literature search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines in major databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science until 30 April 2022. Studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of genistein in patients with Sanfilippo Syndrome were included. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the New Castle Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 558 studies were identified in the initial search. After removing duplicates, 25 studies were screened based on title and abstract, of which 06 studies were included in this systematic review. Among them, 02 studies were of high quality and 04 studies were of moderate quality. After administration of genistein, a decrease in urinary GAG levels and HS levels was observed. Conclusion: Based on the limited evidence present in the literature, this systematic review suggests that genistein can be safely used to treat Sanfilippo syndrome as it lowers GAG levels. However, data on the long-term benefit profile of genistein and high-quality evidence are still needed as a conclusive result could not be withdrawn. PROSPERO Registration No: CRD42022310933

Aim: Various research was conducted during the last decade, with inconsistent findings regarding iron death anaemia (IDA) perils vis-à-vis utilization of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Consequently, recent systematic review and meta-analysis were implemented to evaluate IDA-related perils concerning the utilization of proton-pump inhibitors. Methods: The databases of EBSCOhost, PubMed® and Cochrane Central were searched from the research outset until February 28, 2021 purposely to identify all research with objectives that align with the present research investigation. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was utilized for the evaluation of the research investigation standard. The prime (1º) goal of the research was to gauge IDA peril among users of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI). For data processing, RevMan (Review Manager) version 5.4 was employed. Results: In total, fourteen investigations research was employed in this systematic review and metaanalysis. The combined relative risk of nine research exhibited a numerically consequential interrelation betwixt the utilization of proton-pump inhibitors and IDA peril (RR 2.56 [95% CI 1.43–4.61], p < 0.00001). Contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis examination posit that proton-pump inhibitor consumers are prone to greater peril of coming down with IDA in comparison to non-PPI users. Conclution: In keeping with the findings of my research, prescriber physicians should exercise caution when prescribing PPIs to individuals taking it for a long time to avoid the peril of IDA. Additionally, their serum iron level should be checked to ensure that proton-pump inhibitors are safe.

Backgrounds: Imatinib is one of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. The exact association of imatinib with anemia in CML patients is still unclear. Aim: The current study aimed to find the prevalence of anemia in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib. Methods: The relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Google scholar, and Clinical trials registries till 31st July, 2021. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The prevalence rate with 95% CI was calculated using StatsDirect Statistical analysis software V.3. Results: A total of 18 studies containing 3537 patients were found relevant for the analysis. The pooled prevalence of anemia in CML was found to be 34% (95% CI: 23%-46%). However, the heterogeneity among studies was found to be high. Conclusion: The monitoring of hemoglobin levels and identifying the cause of anemia are major concerns for the CML patients treated with Imatinib.

Background: Cognitive impairment is one of the most common problems experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy, and evidence suggests that cytokines might play an important role. Various studies were conducted to evaluate the role of cytokines in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). However, the association between CRCI due to cytokines is not well-established. Thus, this systematic review aims to assess the role of cytokines in CRCI in breast cancer patients. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. An intense literature search was carried out for inclusion criteria in major databases, including PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov, in August 2021. Studies assessing cognitive parameters through objective and subjective assessment in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were included. Results: A total of 4052 studies were identified, and 15 studies were included in this systematic review. We found that IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were associated with varying degrees of cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Conclusion: This systematic review showed a correlation between various cytokines and chemotherapy- associated cognitive decline in breast cancer patients.

Background: H. pylori infection, one of the most prevalent infectious diseases, can cause severe health problems. Therefore, it seems to be crucial to effectively counter the H. pylori infection with a well-tolerated eradication regimen. However, since the discovery of H. pylori, the optimal treatment for this disease is still unclear and remains controversial. Objectives: The present study aims to estimate the efficacy of standard triple therapy for eradicating H. pylori by systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We identified randomized clinical trials [RCTs] involving triple therapy PPIAC/M [Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin/Metronidazole] in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection and reported eradication rate through electronic and manual searches in PubMed, ISI, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register, and Scopus databases. Data were analyzed using the random effect model, and the Cochrane Q test and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12. Results: Forty-seven RCTs [PPIAC: 40 RCTs and PPIAM: 7 RCTs] with 4,938 patients selected as eligible for the final analysis. Per-protocol eradication rate was 80% [95% CI: 74-84] and 80% [95% CI: 73-87] for PPIAC and PPIAM regimens, respectively. The eradication rate for PPIAC and PPIAM regimens was 83% [95% CI: 70%-95%] and 83% [95% CI: 75%-90%] and also 77% [95% CI: 68%- 88%] and 78% [95% CI: 69%-88%], respectively. Based on different treatment durations, the pooled estimates of PP [per-protocol analysis] treatment outcomes were found the highest in 14-day treatment in both regimens. Conclusion: Standard triple therapy PPIAC/M is recommended to be an effective and safe regimen, although adequate data are not available to suggest PPIAC/M as the first-line therapy for H. Pylori infection. Interestingly, our analysis demonstrated that PPIAC/M regimens were more effective in Asian than European populations.

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death for people worldwide, in addition to the rise in mortality rates attributed to the Covid epidemic. This allows scientists to do additional research. Here, we have selected Integerrimide A, cordy heptapeptide, and Oligotetrapeptide as the three cyclic proteins that will be further studied and investigated in this context. Methods: Docking research was carried out using the protein complexes 1FKB and 1YET, downloaded from the PDB database and used in the docking investigations. Cyclopeptides have been reported to bind molecularly to human HSP90 (Heat shock protein) and FK506. It was possible to locate HSP90 in Protein Data Banks 1YET and 1FKB. HSP90 was retrieved from Protein Data Bank 1YET and 1FKB. Based on these findings, it is possible that the anticancer effects of Int A, Cordy, and Oligo substances could be due to their ability to inhibit the mTOR rapamycin binding domain and the HSP90 Geldanamycin binding domain via the mTOR and mTOR chaperone pathways. During the calculation, there were three stages: system development, energy reduction, and molecular dynamics (also known as molecular dynamics). Each of the three compounds demonstrated a binding affinity for mTOR's Rapamycin binding site that ranged from -6.80 to -9.20 Kcal/mol (FKB12). Results: An inhibition constant Ki of 181.05 nM characterized Cordy A with the highest binding affinity (-9.20 Kcal/mol). Among the three tested compounds, Cordy A was selected for MD simulation. HCT116 and B16F10 cell lines were used to test each compound's anticancer efficacy. Doxorubicin was used as a standard drug. The cytotoxic activity of substances Int A, Cordy A, and Oligo on HCT116 cell lines was found to be 77.65 μM, 145.36 μM, and 175.54 μM when compared to Doxorubicin 48.63 μM, similarly utilizing B16F10 cell lines was found to be 68.63 μM, 127.63 μM, and 139.11 μM to Doxorubicin 45.25 μM. Conclusion: Compound Cordy A was more effective than any other cyclic peptides tested in this investigation.

Background: As the COVID era unfolds, researchers reveal that rapid changes in viral genetic material allow viruses to circumvent challenges triggered by the host immune system and resist anti-viral drugs, potentially leading to persistent viral manifestations in host cells. Molnupiravir (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor) is a novel anti-viral medicine promising a vital role in coming setbacks. Objectives:: This review aims to clarify the safety and efficacy of the molnupiravir molecule in light of existing case studies. As a result, it is intended to explore and discuss the molecular structure, mechanism of action, discovery and development process, preclinical research, clinical investigations, and other subtopics. Methods: A total of 75 publications were searched using multiple engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and others, with a constraint applied to exclude publications published over 11 years ago. Molnupiravir, safety, efficacy, COVID- 19, RdRp, PK-PD, and clinical study were utilized as keywords. Result: Clinical results on molnupiravir are supported by investigations that were recently disclosed in a study on both sex volunteers (male and female) with an age restriction of 19 to 60 years, followed by a Phase-3 Clinical Trial (NCT04575584) with 775 randomly assigned participants and no fatalities reported due to treatment. Conclusion: Molnupiravir proved a high level of safety, allowing it to be tested further. This review supports the safety and efficacy of this molecule based on the established evidence, which claims the most anticipated employment of molnupiravir in COVID protocol.

Background: Methotrexate is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent that has severe side effects, such as nephrotoxicity. Momordica charantia is a bright yellow-orange fruity plant that has been shown to have antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study scrutinized the protective effects of Momordica charantia extract against methotrexate- induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: 24 Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into three experimental groups (8 rats in each): Control (C); Methotrexate (MTX); and Methotrexate plus Momordica charantia (MTX+MC). All rats were fed ad libitum and tap water. Methotrexate was administered at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally as a single dose. In the MTX+MC group, MC was administered at a dose of 50mg/kg for 5 days orally. At the end of the 5th day, the rats were decapitated and kidney samples were taken to analyze glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and caspase-3 activity. Data was analyzed with GraphPad Prism 5.0. Results: Findings showed that while there was a significant increase in MDA, MPO, 8-OHdG levels, and an essential reduction in GSH levels in the MTX-treated group when compared with the control group, bitter melon treatment significantly reversed MDA, MPO, and 8-OHdG levels (p< 0.001). GSH level elevation was observed in the MTX-MC group when compared to the MTX-treated group (p< 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that bitter melon is thought to have a protective effect against kidney damage caused by methotrexate. With future studies, we believe that the use of bitter melon extract as a protective agent in kidney damage caused by drug-induced oxidative damage will bring an innovative approach to treatment.

Background: Nanotechnology is moving toward future goals in the field of medicines, cosmetics and hospitality due to the size reduction of material in the range of 1-100nm, enhancing the stability and bioavailability of the material. Objective: This review includes the progress in the field of nanotechnology, its advantages, understanding and applications in antimicrobial therapy. Methods: The manuscripts were collected in the field of antimicrobial research with the help of nanotechnology platforms from different sources like PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google. A total of 236 manuscripts were collected and analyzed, out of which 93 were relevant and considered for the present manuscript. Results: There are diverse forms of metallic nanomaterials that show antimicrobial properties, such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, titanium and many such metal oxides. Various carriers are used to deliver the drug at targeted sites via encapsulating the nanomaterial in polymers, liposomes or in the lipoidal structure. The inhibition of microorganism growth may be attributed to different mechanisms like destroying the synthesis of a cell wall, nucleic acid, injury to the bacteria cell wall and inhibiting the metabolic pathways in bacteria. This enhanced the antimicrobial activity and reduced the toxicity that could be significant due to a reduction in the dose proportionality. Conclusion: The recent advances in drug delivery with the help of liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, and various nanoparticles led to effective prevention, treatment and diagnosis of various microbial infections and this could dramatically change the way antimicrobial therapy explored for reducing drug resistance.

Introduction: Yellow fever is an infectious disease endemic to Africa, and Central and South America with a significant impact on public health, causing outbreaks and epidemics. Clinical manifestations can vary from asymptomatic to more severe and lethal disease outcomes. The primary prevention of yellow fever occurs through the vaccination of individuals, which confers immunity for life. Patients with chronic kidney disease, especially those undergoing dialysis, have low vaccination and seroconversion rates. As mentioned above, this research aimed to perform a systematic review of the yellow fever vaccination protocol in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A systematic review on vaccination against yellow fever in hemodialysis patients using databases, PubMed and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), was performed. For data collection, combinations were made using the following descriptors: protocols, vaccination, yellow fever, kidney dialysis, chronic kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, and group risk included in the title and abstract description. Articles with no subject related to the search were excluded and also if they were duplicated. Results: In this review, 90 scientific articles were identified in both databases. After applying exclusion criteria, a total of 3 articles were selected. Conclusion: We recommend carefully assessing the risk-benefit and contraindications for the patient, emphasizing the risk groups. There is an evident lack of studies on the subject, and there is a need to broaden investigations related toimmunization for patients on dialysis. The review is registered in the PROSPERO system with the number 323550.

Background: The present work describes the systematic development and optimization of cyclosporine-A loaded biodegradable polymeric nanoparticulate system using quality by design paradigm, to achieve an effective and sustained release of the cyclosporine-A to the targeted lesion of plaque psoriasis. Methods: The polymeric nanoparticles were formulated using the solvent emulsification method using Polycaprolactone and Hyaluronic acid as polymers. An Ishikawa fishbone diagram was constructed for risk assessment and to describe various plausible product and process variables influencing the quality target product profile. Critical process and product parameters were further optimized by Response surface methodology using Central Composite Design by Minitab 19 Software. The development and optimization of cyclosporine-A loaded biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles were further carried out by developing the relationship of independent variables viz. amount of polymers polycaprolactone and hyaluronic acid on dependent variables viz. particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency and exploring their interactions. Validation of the model was done by checkpoint analysis method. Results: The particle size, zeta potential, and Entrapment efficiency of the optimized polymeric nanoparticles were found to be 317.2 ± 1.271, -0.249 ± 0.903 mV and 83.33 ± 1.124%, respectively. SEM images of the lyophilized nanoparticles showed spherical particles. In-vitro drug release study showed a slow and sustained release of 88.52 ± 1.10% of drugs up to 14 days. Conclusion: The nanoparticulate system would also help in overcoming the problem associated with poor water solubility and low permeability of the drug and will explore drug loaded biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as a novel platform for effective therapy of psoriasis.

Background: Untreated cardiovascular disease (CVD) can commonly cause disability and morbidity and increase the mortality risk. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the pain-relieving effects of aromatherapy with medicinal plants on patients with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Several keywords were explored using an extensive search of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), EMBASE, and Scopus, on May 15, 2022. In addition, an excel form was designed for recording the data of the RCT studies. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate the overall effect size. The Cochran Q test and the statistic I2 were used to evaluate the heterogeneity of studies. Lastly, Egger's and Begg's tests were used to assess potential publication bias. Results: We included studies examining the effect of inhalation aromatherapy on pain in patients with CVD after 5 minutes (five papers) and 15-30 minutes (six papers) of intervention. The results showed a significant decrease in pain in the intervention group compared to the control group after 5 minutes (SMD = -2.25, 95% CI = -3.21 to -1.29, P < 0.001) and after 15-30 minutes (SMD = -3.22, 95% CI = - 4.41 to -2.03, P < 0.001) of intervention in CVD patients. No publication bias was observed related to the association between inhalation aromatherapy and pain relief. Conclusion: In CVD patients, inhalation aromatherapy could significantly reduce pain severity and can be used as a complementary medicine for pain reduction.

Background: This study aims to develop a new hepatoprotective drug from common plants and vitamins that are potent, nontoxic, and cost-effective. The literature search found that Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Terminalia, chebula, and Vitamin A (Vitamin C + Vitamin E) provide hepatoprotective action against drugs-induced hepatotoxicity. A major side effect of antitubercular drugs (ATD) is liver toxicity, which reduces their effectiveness. Aim: In this study, Vitamins and Phytoconstituents (Combined extract) were evaluated for their potential hepatoprotective effects against hepatotoxicity induced by antitubercular drugs in Wistar albino rats of either sex. Materials and Methods: In the study, ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale, fruits of Terminalia chebula, and vitamins C and E were used. As a standard drug, silymarin was also used. For 30 days, albino rats received 7.5 mg/kg isoniazid, 10 mg/kg rifampicin, and 35 mg/kg pyrazinamide orally as a suspension in distilled water. Result: A combined extract plus vitamins (500mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the hepatic toxicity caused by antitubercular drugs (P Conclusion: As a result of this study, extracts+vitamins provide protection against liver injury attributed to their hepatoprotective activity, which supports their traditional use.

Background: Since patients admitted to the intensive care unit have a compromised immune system and are more prone to infection than other patients, timely diagnosis and treatment of corneal ulcers among this group of patients can prevent vision loss. Therefore, it is necessary to treat eye infections and corneal ulcers promptly and economize prohibitive costs. Objective: Appropriate treatment with the most effective antibiotic before the answer is available to prevent corneal ulcer complications and blindness. Methods: This study was conducted from November 2019 to November 2020 and after approval by the ethics committee of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences with the code of ethics: IR.UMSHA.REC.1398.716. First, the corneal secretions of 121 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Sina Hospital are prepared by an ophthalmologist (after anesthetizing the cornea with tetracaine drops and sterile swabs) and culture in four growth mediums (blood agar, chocolate agar, thioglycolate, and EMB). Microbial cultures are examined after 48 hours and a fungal culture is examined one week later. Disc diffusions are placed in positive microbial cultures. Antibiotic susceptibility or resistance of the antibiogram was recorded. Other demographic data, including patients' age and sex, are extracted from ICU files. Also, test results and patient identifications are recorded in a checklist designed for this purpose. Results: Of all the antibiotics used against common bacteria, vancomycin (84%), colistin (80.43%), cefazolin (80%), and levofloxacin (60%) had the highest sensitivity and gentamicin (93.75%), ceftazidime (86.42%) Erythromycin (85%) had the highest resistance against isolated bacteria. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study showed that the most common microorganisms in the age group under the age of 30 years were Acinetobacter Baumannii, in the group of 30-60 years old was Klebsiella pneumonia, and age group over 61 years old was Staphylococcus aureus, and the most sensitive antibiotics in the age group under 30 years were vancomycin and levofloxacin and the age group30-60 were colistin and vancomycin and in the age group over 61 years were vancomycin and cefazolin.

This survey paper investigates the empirical findings of academic work that explores the nexus between the highly innovative Twitter happiness sentiment index and a range of financial assets. An integrated overview of econometric outcomes and the relevant investment policy implications are provided. It is revealed that investor happiness reinforces the safe haven abilities of gold. Moreover, major stock indices are highly influenced by the happiness index especially at higher quantiles. Reverse causality between the happiness index and stock indices is also detected but in a weaker level. This survey contributes to better understanding investment decisions based on behavioural finance and provides evidence about the nexus of investor sentiment estimation with the financial sector nowadays. JEL Classification numbers: G15, G40, Q02. Keywords: Investor happiness, Investor sentiment, Twitter, Survey, Gold, Stock prices.

One of the mechanisms used by epigenetic therapy is the elevation of host cell-derived double stranded RNA (dsRNA) baseline levels through overexpression of genomic repetitive elements especially Alu retroelements. The dsRNAs trigger immunogenic responses since immune system cannot distinguish between endogenous and exogenous dsRNAs derived from viral infections; hence called “Viral mimicry response”. These dsRNAs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as MDA-5 which further induce inflammatory responses through interferon secretion. However, the response is limited through the function of some editing enzymes such as ADAR1 which destabilizes the formation of dsRNAs and renders the therapy less efficient through attenuating interferon secretion by immune cells. Since, some cancer cells can survive even after ADAR1 inhibition, it is speculated that there might be other mechanism which contribute to dsRNA destabilization. Since dsRNA formation derived from retroelement transcripts mimics viral infections, we tried to review the mechanistic approaches applied during host-pathogen interaction to highlight a possible candidate which might be cogitable for further investigations in epigenetic therapy. dsRNAs produced by RNA viruses are sensed by PRRs and activate nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) which further downregulates STING protein and attenuates IFN release. RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to impair NRF2 signaling and eliminate its inhibitory effect from STING, leading to excessive release of IFNs and destroy pulmonary cells through cytokine release storm (CRS). Here, we briefly explain that NRF2, in a very downstream side of anti-viral response, might be a potential candidate target in combination with epigenetic therapy to circumvent the limitations in cancer epigenetic therapy.

The current review sought to highlight the significance of nanotechnology in food systems with the most recent developments in nanotechnology applications in the oil and fat industries. The definition and classification of nanotechnology (using bottom-up and top-down approaches) are covered first, followed by its importance to the food industry and food safety. The authentication and detection of adulteration are a few applications of nanotechnology that have been addressed in the oils and fats industry. The presence of dangerous chemicals and food packaging byproducts, including, plasticizers, was identified. Some applications of nanotechnology in lipids systems were mentioned.

Objectives: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been suggested as a non-invasive stimulation treatment modality in bipolar disorder. However, the efficacy of repetitiver TMS in acute phase mania is unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of theta burst stimulation (TBS) as an add-on therapy in the treatment of acute phase mania stimulation both right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in a randomized and sham-controlled design. Material and Methods: Forty right-handed patients between 18 and 59 years were randomly allocated to active and sham groups. Then, intermittent TBS (right DLPFC) and cTBS (left DLPFC) sessions (half an hour apart) were delivered in two sessions per day for 5 days in a week. Youngs Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical global impression-Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP) were assessed at baseline and at 7th and 21st days. Results: Our study fails to show a significant effect on of active stimulation in comparison to sham over psychopathology YMRS (F = 0.300; P ≤ 0.612), CGIBP-S (F = 0.432; P = 0.562), CGIBP-P (F = 0.202; P = 0.701), and CGIBP-W (F = 200; P = 0.705) in intention to treat protocol across 21 days. Minimal side effects were reported and none of the patients discontinued TBS citing side effects. Conclusion: We conclude that it is safe and well tolerated yet has inconclusive short-term therapeutic benefits. Trials using better localization technique with large sample, longer duration, and better dosing protocols are needed.

Objectives: Depression is theorized to result from “cognitive constriction” and problem-solving deficits, making an individual vulnerable to suicidal thoughts and acts. The present study explored the relationships between metacognitive beliefs, ruminations, and executive functions in patients with depression with suicidal ideation and without suicidal ideation. Material and Methods: Fifty patients of clinical depression (n = 25 depression with suicidal ideation, n = 25 depression without suicidal ideation) were recruited using purposive sampling. All participants completed the sociodemographic data sheet, Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Metacognition Questionnaire 30, Ruminative Response Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and executive functions tests such as Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Eriksen Flanker Test. Results: Metacognition and rumination responses were significantly higher in patients with depression with suicidal ideation than in patients without suicidal ideation. In addition, cognitive flexibility is higher in patients with depression without suicidal ideation, and executive deficits were higher in depression with suicidal ideation than without suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The findings support the role of metacognitive beliefs, ruminations, and executive deficits in maintaining suicidal ideations in depression.

Human dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) is one of the neurotransmission genes that plays an important role in controlling the behavior and psychological reactions toward various physical activities. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the associations between SLC6A3 3’-UTR VNTR (3’VNTR) genotypes and eight personality traits in Egyptian athletes. One hundred athletes (50 males and 50 females) and one hundred non-athletes participated in this investigation either in individual or team games. The Freiburg Personality inventory-Revised questionnaire was applied to athletes to evaluate personality traits according to the scale, at a scheduled time, using descriptive analysis. Genotyping for SLC6A3 3’-UTR VNTR polymorphism in athletes was realized to detect the different genotypes by PCR amplifications using desired primers. Three different genotypes of the 3’VNTR polymorphism; namely (9/9), (9/10), (10/10) were identified. The 9/10 and 10/10 genotypes of SLC6A3 gene were significantly higher in players than those in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in personality traits values among males and females. The Cronbach’s alpha stability coefficient for four items is higher than 0.7 suggesting that these items (Neuroticism, Aggressiveness, Depression and Excitability) have a good reliability and support the used personality dimensions for this investigation. Our findings revealed a significant association between the genotypes of 3’VNTR and the personality traits in Egyptian athletes. These data shed light on the role of SLC6A3 gene in athletes’ behavioral performance and could serve as the basis for further characterization in the large number of Egyptian athletes.

Background: Calcium channel blocker (CCB) is a common antihypertensive agent for the treatment of hypertension. There are inconsistent data of an association of CCB and lung cancer in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate this association by a case-control design. Methods: The inclusion criteria were adult patients 18 years or over, diagnosed with hypertension, lung cancer or pulmonary tuberculosis, and presenting with one of the suggestive symptoms of lung cancer. Those who were pregnant or had a diagnosis of lung cancer or pulmonary tuberculosis prior to the diagnosis of hypertension were excluded. Diagnosis of lung cancer was made pathologically, while tuberculosis was made by positive acid-fast bacilli on sputum examination, sputum culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or polymerase chain reaction positive for M. tuberculosis with a chest x-ray compatible with tuberculosis. Cases were those diagnosed with lung cancer, while controls were those diagnosed with tuberculosis. Factors associated with lung cancer were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Results: There were 178 patients who met the study criteria. Of those, 69 patients (38.8%) were in the case group. The lung cancer group had EGFR gene mutation in 21 patients (52.5%) and adenocarcinoma was the most common cell type of lung cancer (55 patients; 79.7%). There were two factors independently associated with lung cancer including dyslipidemia and family history of lung cancer. Conclusions: CCB was not associated with lung cancer in patients with hypertension but dyslipidemia and family history of lung cancer were independently associated with lung cancer in this setting.

Background. Recently, there is a lack of studies comparing the renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. This study therefore aimed to investigate the renoprotective effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors on Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. Patient medication records of all patients who used those two antidiabetic classes at Fort Wachirawut Hospital were reviewed. Renal function tests, blood glucose levels, and other baseline characteristics were collected. Continuous variables were compared within the group using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and between groups using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results. There were 388 and 691 patients with SGLT-2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of the SGLT-2 inhibitor group was significantly lower from baseline at 18 months of treatment, as well as the DPP-4 inhibitor group. However, the trend of eGFR reduction in patients with baseline eGFR

Introduction. Limited aqueous solubility and subsequent poor absorption and low bioavailability are the main challenges in oral drug delivery. Solid dispersion is a widely used formulation strategy to overcome this problem. Despite their efficiency, drug crystallization tendency and poor physical stability limited their commercial use. To overcome this defect, ternary solid dispersions of glyburide: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG), were developed using the fusion (F) and solvent evaporation (SE) techniques and subsequently evaluated and compared. Materials and Methods. Physicochemical and dissolution properties of the prepared ternary solid dispersions were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dissolution test. Flow properties were also assessed using Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. The physical stability of the formulations was evaluated initially and after 12 months by comparing dissolution properties. Results. Formulations prepared by both methods similarly showed significant improvements in dissolution efficiency and mean dissolution time compared to the pure drug. However, formulations that were prepared by SE showed a greater dissolution rate during the initial phase of dissolution. Also, after a 12-month follow-up, no significant change was observed in the mentioned parameters. The results of the infrared spectroscopy indicated that there was no chemical interaction between the drug and the polymer. The absence of endotherms related to the pure drug from thermograms of the prepared formulations could be indicative of reduced crystallinity or the gradual dissolving of the drug in the molten polymer. Moreover, formulations prepared by the SE technique revealed superior flowability and compressibility in comparison with the pure drug and physical mixture (ANOVA, P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Efficient ternary solid dispersions of glyburide were successfully prepared by F and SE methods. Solid dispersions prepared by SE, in addition to increasing the dissolution properties and the possibility of improving the bioavailability of the drug, showed acceptable long-term physical stability with remarkably improved flowability and compressibility features.

Purpose. This study assessed the awareness, actions, and predictors of actions on adverse drug reaction reporting among patients attending a referral hospital in southern highland Tanzania. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2022 at Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital (MZRH) in Mbeya, Tanzania. A total of 792 adult patients with chronic conditions attending outpatient clinics at MZRH were recruited consecutively. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect demographic characteristics, ADR awareness, and actions when encountering ADR. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23 and results are summarized using frequency and percentages. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the predictors associated with reporting ADR among patients. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Out of 792, 397 (50.1%) were males and 383 (48.6%) had a primary education level. Only 171 (21.6%) participants previously experienced ADR, and 111 (14.1%) were aware that ADR is an unexpected harm that occurs after medication use. The majority 597 (70.3%) of the participants said will report ADR to healthcare providers, 706 (88.9%) prefer reporting ADR to healthcare providers, and 558 (69.1%) said patients are not aware of the importance of reporting ADR. Patients aged below 65 years of age, unemployed ((AOR (95% CI) = 0.4 (0.18–0.87), self-employed ((AOR (95% CI) = 0.5 (0.32–0.83)), and those who ever encountered ADR ((AOR (95% CI) = 0.1 (0.05–0.11)) were more likely to report the ADR to HCPs compared to the rest. Conclusions. The majority of patients are not aware of what is ADR and the importance of ADR reporting. Most of the patients prefer to report ADR to healthcare providers. We recommend an awareness campaign to raise awareness of the patients on ADR and other methods of ADR reporting.