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Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an essential role in tumor progression and reoccurrence and drug resistance. Multiple signaling pathways have been revealed to be critically participated in CSC development and maintenance. Emerging evidence indicates that numerous chemopreventive compounds, also known as nutraceuticals, could eliminate CSCs in part via regulating several signaling pathways. Therefore, in this review, we will describe the some natural chemopreventive agents that target CSCs in a variety of human malignancies, including soy isoflavone, curcumin, resveratrol, tea polyphenols, sulforaphane, quercetin, indole-3-carbinol, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, withaferin A, apigenin, etc. Moreover, we discuss that eliminating CSCs by nutraceuticals might be a promising strategy for treating human cancer via overcoming drug resistance and reducing tumor reoccurrence.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in the world due to the lack of early symptoms, metastasis occurrence and chemoresistance. Therefore, early diagnosis by detection of biomarkers, blockade of metastasis, and overcoming chemoresistance are the effective strategies to improve the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Accumulating evidence has revealed that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) play essential roles in modulating chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer. In this review article, we will summarize the role of lncRNAs in drug resistance of pancreatic cancer cells, including HOTTIP, HOTAIR, PVT1, linc-ROR, GAS5, UCA1, DYNC2H1-4, MEG3, TUG1, HOST2, HCP5, SLC7A11-AS1 and CASC2. We also highlight the function of circRNAs, such as circHIPK3 and circ_0000284, in regulation of drug sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, we describe a number of compounds, including curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, and salinomycin, which may modulate the expression of lncRNAs and enhance chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancers. Therefore, targeting specific lncRNAs and cicrRNAs could contribute to reverse chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. We hope this review might stimulate the studies of lncRNAs and cicrRNAs, and develop the new therapeutic strategy via modulating these noncoding RNAs to promote chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells.

A significant burden is placed on the lives of females due to cervical cancer, which is currently the leading cause of cancer death among women. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) belongs to the CTA gene family and was found to be abnormally expressed among different types of cancers. Our previous research also indicated that PRAME was highly expressed in cervical cancer compared with normal tissues. However, the roles and detailed mechanisms of PRAME have not been explored in cervical cancer. In the present study, the expression of PRAME in cervical tissues and cells was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. Additionally, CCK-8, BrdU, scratch, transwell, and flow cytometry assays were conducted to explore the function of PRAME in regulating the malignant biological behaviors of cervical cancer cells. Nude mice were used to confirm the role of PRAME in tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, the Wnt inhibitor MSAB was used to verify the role of PRAME in regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway both in vitro and in vivo. The results of IHC, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting showed that PRAME was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and cells. PRAME knockdown attenuated cell growth, migration, and invasion; induced G0/G1 arrest; and increased cell apoptosis in C33A and SiHa cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulation. However, the upregulation of PRAME exhibited the opposite effects accordingly, which could be partly reversed via MSAB treatment. The growth rate of xenograft tumors was enhanced when PRAME was overexpressed via Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. Taken together, PRAME is associated with cervical cancer occurrence and progression mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling, suggesting that PRAME might be a factor in manipulating cervical carcinogenesis and a potential therapeutic target.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of pancreatic oncogenesis and malignant progression are not fully elucidated. Several key signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt and hedgehog pathways, are important to drive pancreatic carcinogenesis. Recently, noncoding RNAs, especially circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been characterized to participate into pancreatic cancer development. Therefore, in this review article, we describe the association between circRNAs and pancreatic cancer prognosis. Moreover, we discuss how circRNAs are involved in regulation of cellular processes in pancreatic cancer, including proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, invasion, EMT, metastasis, angiogenesis, drug resistance and immune escape. Furthermore, we mention that several compounds could regulate the expression of circRNAs, indicating that targeting circRNAs by compounds might be helpful for treating pancreatic cancer patients.

Multiple studies have confirmed that programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 play pivotal roles in the treatment of numerous tumors. Patients suffering from cancer are provided hope in the form of immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the finding that high PD-L1 expression is associated with poor clinical outcomes in prostate cancer patients. Some molecules exert their antitumor effects by downregulating PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer. Additionally, we discuss and summarize the important roles played by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and its combination with other drugs, including chemotherapy and vaccines, in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Bioleaching of valuable metals (Ga, Ge, V, Sc, La, Eu, Yb) from red mud was examined. Batch and continuous leaching experiments were deployed by using the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus niger. The leaching results showed that there was a strong negative relation between biomass and pH value. In batch leaching test, the best leaching performance was achieved under spent medium process at 2% pulp density. And in continuous leaching test, the system can reach a steady state at high red mud pulp densities (10%) with a pH value below 3.0. Comparing to organic and inorganic acids leaching, the continuous leaching mode which produces organic acids through glycometabolism by using A. niger is cost effective in a laboratory scale.

Telomere clustering is a widespread phenomenon among eukaryotes. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate formation of telomere clustering in mammalian meiotic prophase I, are still largely unknown. Here, we show that CDK2, especially p39cdk2, as a potential meiosis-specific connector interaction with SUN1 mediates formation of telomere clustering during mouse meiosis. The transition from CDK2 to p-CDK2 also regulates the progression from homologous recombination to desynapsis by interacting with MLH1. In addition, disappearance of CDK2 on the telomeres and of p-CDK2 on recombination sites, were observed in Sun1−/− mice and in pachytene-arrested hybrid sterile mice (pwk×C57BL/6 F1), respectively. These results suggest that transition from CDK2 to p-CDK2 plays a critical role for regulating meiosis progression.

Incompatibilities in interspecific hybrids, such as reduced hybrid fertility and lethality, are common features resulting from reproductive isolation that lead to speciation. Subspecies crosses of house mice produce offspring in which one sex is infertile or absent, yet the molecular mechanisms of hybrid sterility are poorly understood. In this study, we observed extensive asynapsis of chromosomes and disturbance of the sex body in pachytene spermatocytes of sterile F1 males (PWK/Ph female × C57BL/6J male). We report the high-confidence identification of 4005 proteins in the pachytene spermatocytes of fertile F1 males (PWK/Ph male × C57BL/6J female) and sterile F1 males (PWK/Ph female × C57BL/6J male), of which 215 were upregulated and 381 were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis of the proteome led to the identification of 43 and 59 proteins known to be essential for male meiosis and spermatogenesis in mice, respectively. Characterization of the proteome of pachytene spermatocytes associated with hybrid male sterility provides an inventory of proteins that is useful for understanding meiosis and the mechanisms of hybrid male infertility.

The DDK strain (Mus musculus domesticus) of inbred mouse has a unique peculiarity known as DDK syndrome. The DDK females are mostly infertile when crossed with males of other inbred strains, while DDK males exhibit normal fertility in the reciprocal crosses, as intrastrain matings. This DDK syndrome has been demonstrated to be caused by an incompatibility system between DDK ooplasmic factor and the sperm gene of other strains owing to the ovum mutant (Om) locus on mouse Chromosome 11. Recently, it was reported that DDK females are fully fertile when crossed to males of MOM (M. m. molossinus) and CASP (M. m. castaneus) strains, indicating that no incompatibilities exist between DDK ooplasmic factor and sperm gene of MOM or CASP males. In the present study, DDK females were found to be also fully fertile when crossed to the males of PWK wild-derived inbred strain (originated from Czech Republic wild mice, M. m. musculus). The crosses of DDK females×F(1) (DDK♀×PWK♂) males also resulted in normal fertility. Furthermore, the transmission ratios of Om alleles from these F(1) males to their backcross N(2) offspring are 50%:50% as genotyped by microsatellite markers closely linked to Om locus. Moreover, it was demonstrated that PWK females are also fully fertile when crossed to DDK males. All above results indicated that no incompatibility exists between ooplasmic factor and sperm gene in the intersubspecific crosses with DDK and PWK strains. PWK strain would also be useful for further investigations on the DDK syndrome, and DDK strain can be used more widely for various studies in the mouse.

In mammalian meiosis, the X and Y chromosomes are largely unsynapsed and transcriptionally silenced during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase (meiotic sex chromosome inactivation), forming a specialized nuclear territory called sex or XY body. An increasing number of proteins and noncoding RNAs were found to localize to the sex body and take part in influencing expression of sex chromosome genes. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2 −/−) spermatocytes show incomplete sex chromosome pairing. Here, we further showed that phosphorylation of CDK2 isoform 1 (p-CDK239 [39 kDa]) on threonine 160 localizes to the sites of asynapsis and the sex body, interacting with phosphorylated gamma-H2AX. Meanwhile, p-CDK239 is frequently mislocalized throughout the sex body, and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation is disrupted in PWK×C57BL/6J hybrid mice. Furthermore, pachytene spermatocytes treated with mevastatin (an inhibitor of p-CDK2) showed overexpression of sex chromosome-linked genes. Our results highlight a...

In mammalian meiosis, the X and Y chromosomes are largely unsynapsed and transcriptionally silenced during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase (meiotic sex chromosome inactivation), forming a specialized nuclear territory called sex or XY body. An increasing number of proteins and noncoding RNAs were found to localize to the sex body and take part in influencing expression of sex chromosome genes. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2 (-/-)) spermatocytes show incomplete sex chromosome pairing. Here, we further showed that phosphorylation of CDK2 isoform 1 (p-CDK2(39) [39 kDa]) on threonine 160 localizes to the sites of asynapsis and the sex body, interacting with phosphorylated gamma-H2AX. Meanwhile, p-CDK2(39) is frequently mislocalized throughout the sex body, and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation is disrupted in PWK×C57BL/6J hybrid mice. Furthermore, pachytene spermatocytes treated with mevastatin (an inhibitor of p-CDK2) showed overexpression of sex chromosome-linked genes. Our results highlight an important role for p-CDK2(39) in influencing silencing of the sex chromosomes during male meiosis by interacting with gamma-H2AX.

The DDK syndrome is known as the polar-lethal embryonic death that occurs at the morula-blastocyst stage when female mice of the DDK strain are mated with males from many other inbred strains (alien males). Embryonic death is interpreted to be caused by incompatibility between a DDK oocyte factor and the product from male pronucleus, both of which map to the Om locus on mouse chromosome 11. We compared development of DDK♀×DDK♂ embryos (high viability) and DDK♀ × BALB/c♂ embryos (low viability) before the morula stage (as 2 cell, 4 cell and 8 cell), there was no any morphological manifestations of DDK syndrome are observed. To make sure if the transcripts that are differentially in the DDK♀×BALB/c♂ embryos, we selected a series reference genes such as proto-oncogenes, growth factors, and growth and apoptosis genes and confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR that numbers of genes in those stages are down regulated in the DDK♀×BALB/c♂ embryos. However, except the LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) was negative expressed and the other genes all detected in three stages. The expression of EGF (epidermal growth factor), EGF-R (epidermal growth factor receptor), Bcl-2 were significant variations (P< 0.01) at the early 4 cell and 8 cell stage, and also the test was significant variations (P