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This study evaluates the effectiveness of Saudi Arabia's legal framework in promoting the rights of women and girls with disabilities through a comparative analysis with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Sweden's disability policies. Employing legislative texts and policy documents, the research identifies gaps and benchmarks against international norms to propose necessary enhancements. The findings indicate that while Saudi Arabia has established a comprehensive legal structure focused on non-discrimination, accessibility, and reasonable accommodation, there are significant shortcomings in enforcement and gender-specific protections. Recommendations include enhancing legal protections for gender-specific needs, improving enforcement mechanisms via independent monitoring bodies, expanding reasonable accommodation provisions, and fostering social inclusion policies. The study highlights the need for strategic implementation involving training, awareness initiatives, and international cooperation better to integrate girls and women with disabilities into Saudi society. Keywords: Women's rights, Persons with disabilities rights, Legal framework, Saudi Arabia, Accessibility, Gender equality, Gender and disability, Introduction Advancing the rights of women and girls with disabilities represents a critical intersection of gender and persons with disabilities (PWD) rights, emphasizing the necessity for inclusive policies and legal [...]

Women face unprecedented challenges of gender inequality despite representing half of the world's population, yet increasingly, they are entering physically demanding professions such as policing. Underlying police culture is a normative power structure defined by hegemonic masculinity. Discrimination, sexual harassment, and inadequate maternity and parental leave are some of the issues that women police officers face. Despite these limitations, there is a growing demand for women police officers. This study contributes to a better understanding of the issues that women police officers face in their work. It also sheds light on the psychology of women police officers and their approach in confronting these issues. A review of the existing statistics reveals that women are underrepresented and undervalued in policing in the Union Territory of Puducherry. To understand their experiences and viewpoints, the author conducted interviews with women police officers in the Union Territory of Puducherry. Keywords: Women police, Policing, Gender inclusiveness, Leadership roles, India, Puducherry, 'Law enforcement is most effective when it reflects the communities it serves, and a gender-inclusive workforce is a fundamental part of strategic policing' (INTERPOL, 2021) Introduction In India, female police [...]

This article examines the impact of the Anglophone conflict on the achievement of Cameroon's goal of gender equity and equality. Since 2016, when the conflict between the Cameroonian central government and separatists took a violent turn, civilians in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon have been subjected to acts of violence by both non-state and state actors. Like in most conflicts, women and girls have been disproportionately affected; however, even though women bear the heaviest brunt of the crisis, their voices have mostly been missing from debates about the conflict and its devastating effect. This article, therefore, gives attention to the lived experiences of women in the regions affected by the Anglophone conflict in Cameroon. This is to help make sense of the conflict's psychosocial impact on civilians, especially women and girls. The study is qualitative; it adopts a contextually grounded, intersectional approach which allows women to give an account of how the conflict has affected their lives and exacerbated forms of violence such as gender-based violence (GBV). Keywords: Cameroon, Anglophone Conflict, Gender-based violence, Sexual gender-based violence, Gender Equality, Gender Equity, Introduction Since the beginning of the conflict between the Cameroonian government and armed separatist groups of the Anglophone regions in 2016, the country's progress towards gender equality and equity has [...]

On 1 March 2014, the first Zero Discrimination Day was established as a call for eradicating discrimination in all forms and promoting social inclusion and tolerance. Now, 10 years later, [...]

In comparison to other countries in East Asia in which a significant gender gap can be identified, Taiwan is reported to have an exceptionally high level of gender equality. However, Taiwan's fertility rate is notably low (1.05 in 2019), even among East Asian countries with declining fertility rates. Childbirth outside marriage is rare in Taiwan; hence, the marriage rate directly affects the number of newborn babies. This implies that Taiwan's gender equality index does not properly reflect the actual situation in society and that the situation may not be so different from in other East Asian countries. Namely, invisible forms of gender inequality may exist in Taiwan, and traditional gender roles may affect women's lives, including their willingness to start a family. To examine this proposition, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 43 women aged 30-40 years old, with a focus on those with a basic university education or higher who are most likely to experience gender equality. Results show that Taiwanese women-especially highly educated women-enjoy superficially equal positions and avoid traditional contexts in order to protect their rights and avoid the gender roles associated with traditional families. Welfare that the state should be responsible for, such as childcare and nursing care, is supplied by women in the name of tradition, but the willingness of females to start a family is declining. Promoting family participation for males and supporting more comprehensive equality are two of the keys to increasing the marriage/fertility rate and closing the gap between public and private equality., Author(s): Aki Iida [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.17127.32, 0000 0000 9234 5858, Doctoral School of Sociology, Corvinus University of Budapest (CUB), , Kerület; Közraktár utca 4, 1093, Budapest IX, Hungary [...]

This study explores the perceptions of female middle managers of academic faculties at three universities in Zimbabwe to ascertain their lived experiences, feelings, opinions, and views regarding gender equality in the discharge of their duties. Open-ended, semi-structured, and in-depth interviews were employed for data collection. This method enabled the female deans to describe and reflect on their experiences. Engagement with the female deans of academic faculties revealed that: a) Promotion of women into deanship positions did not translate into eradication of gender-based discrimination against them; b) A lack of a broader vision of gender equality was observed which limited conscious efforts to address all facets of gender equality. Gender equality, as enshrined in some of the universities' mission statements, remains just rhetoric rather than reality; c) No gender training, sensitization, or awareness was conducted at the institutions; hence a culture of conscious gender inclusion was not cultivated; d) The mainstream attitudes and relations that once kept women at bay were never interrogated when these female deans were hired. This indicated that the integrationist strategy of mainstreaming women into leadership lacked a transformative ethic or revolutionary potential e) Gender inequality tended to lower self-esteem, productivity, and efficiency of the female deans. This study concluded that hegemonic masculinity was very alive, strongly felt, and experienced by women deans despite the strides to achieve gender parity. This article--which brings out the nature, context, and consequences of the exclusionary tendencies towards female deans--ends by providing a prescription that could see universities' aspirations for gender equality turned into accomplishments and excellence as far as middle-level leadership is concerned. This prescription is the novelty of the study. Keywords: Gender equality, Gender mainstreaming, Higher education, Introduction Zimbabwe is heralded as one country where men's vis-a-vis women's education has progressed tremendously, and great strides are being made to achieve parity in the various sectors of the [...]

Despite the United Nations (UN) efforts to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, gender discrimination remains visible in most regions of Cameroon. Traditional practices such as female genital cutting/mutilation and early marriage violate the human rights of their victims and continue to perpetuate gender gaps, leaving women vulnerable and dependent on their male counterparts for their daily needs. The aim of this ethnographic study is to examine the influence of the traditional practice of female genital cutting/mutilation (FGC/FGM) in the face of modernity and as a driver of gender inequality. Study participants were girls and women from the Far North Region of Cameroon and activists and academics involved in the study of FGC/FGM. A total of 36 participants were interviewed. This study shows that within these communities, the practice of FGC/FGM contributes to constructing gaps between men and women in education, empowerment, and offspring gender preference. By examining how these gaps are perpetuated, this study highlights the reasons for the region's high illiteracy rate among women, the lack of female empowerment, and why parents prefer having male children over female children. This study also reveals that women in this part of Cameroon are primarily recognized only in specific areas of life, such as in the 'housewife' role, their ability to satisfy their husbands, start biological reproduction, and perform household chores. Victims of FGC/FGM are often limited to household roles, thereby depriving them of fundamental human rights and opportunities. This study contributes to the existing research on how the practice of FGC/FGM promotes gender inequalities in different areas of life. This work is rooted in the shared experiences of women themselves, revealing how they conceptualize the practice of FGC/FGM. Keywords: Female genital cutting/mutilation, Marginalization, Feminism, Violence, Gender inequality, Women in Cameroon, Introduction The practice of female genital cutting, and mutilation (FGC/FGM) affects not only the health and psychological well-being of women, it also profoundly affects their socio-economic life. In the words [...]

The main objectives of this study were to assess current gender mainstreaming practices and to identify opportunities and challenges in mainstreaming of gender issues in selected government offices in Fogera district, Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the study were to assess and analyze the practice of gender mainstreaming, to identify the existing opportunities for gender mainstreaming and to examine the major practical problems that inhibit gender mainstreaming. The study used qualitative research methods and case study research design. Consequently, purposive sampling was used to select the informants and discussants of the study. The findings showed that most participants of the study who are currently working in study offices are clear with the concepts of gender and gender mainstreaming, but they did not have clear understanding on the point that promoting gender equality. Besides, the study offices did not fully employ different tools and techniques for gender mainstreaming practice. The finding also showed that the participants of the study offices have less access to training and retraining opportunities of gender and gender mainstreaming. Lack of commitment and attention on the part of decision-making bodies, lack of continuous access to gender awareness and sensitivity training were identified as the major challenges. Keywords: Challenges, Gender, Gender mainstreaming, Government agency, Opportunities, Introduction In recent years, the concept of gender mainstreaming has been widely accepted by national governments, international institutions, and development agencies in most parts of the world as an international [...]

Several traditionally male-dominated professions, including law and medicine, have experienced an influx of women over the last 30 years. We extend research on gender equality in the professions, which has often examined segmentation and stratification, by examining the integration of men and women into a traditionally male-dominated profession in terms of the emotional and instrumental support they receive from colleagues. We examine veterinary medicine as a case study because interestingly this profession has seen the most dramatic growth in the representation of women over the last 30 years--more than law or medicine. We also explore whether traditional masculine control tasks (clinic ownership and autonomy) and traditional female care tasks (animal care and client interactions) are related to integration. We analyze survey data from 384 Canadian veterinarians. Findings show that practice ownership and challenging client interactions are associated with reduced support for women, but not for men. In contrast, directly caring for animals is associated with more support for men, but this is not the case for women. We discuss the implications of differential levels of social support for the integration of women into traditionally male-dominated professions. Plusieurs professions traditionnellement dominees par les hommes, dont le droit et la medecine, ont connu un afflux de femmes au cours des trente dernieres annees. Nous etendons la recherche sur l'egalite des sexes dans les professions, qui a souvent examine la segmentation et la stratification, en examinant l'integration des hommes et des femmes dans une profession traditionnellement dominee par les hommes en termes de soutien emotionnel et instrumental qu'ils recoivent de leurs collegues. Nous prenons la medecine veterinaire comme etude de cas car, fait interessant, cette profession a connu la croissance la plus spectaculaire de la representation des femmes au cours des trente dernieres annees--plus que le droit ou la medecine. Nous cherchons egalement a savoir si les taches de controle traditionnellement masculines (propriete de la clinique et autonomie) et les taches de soins traditionnellement feminines (soins aux animaux et interactions avec les clients) sont liees a l'integration. Nous analysons les donnees d'une enquete menee aupres de 384 veterinaires canadiens. Les resultats montrent que la propriete du cabinet et les interactions difficiles avec les clients sont associees a un soutien reduit pour les femmes, mais pas pour les hommes. En revanche, le fait de s'occuper directement des animaux est associe a un soutien plus important pour les hommes, mais ce n'est pas le cas pour les femmes. Nous discutons des implications des niveaux differentiels de soutien social pour l'integration des femmes dans des professions traditionnellement dominees par les hommes., INTRODUCTION Over the last 30 years, gender-based occupational segregation has markedly declined in North America (Pearlman, 2019; Roos & Stevens, 2018; Taylor et al., 2019). Women are now entering professions [...]

The late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg famously recalled being turned away from a library at Harvard because it didn't allow women inside. In 2022, such stories reflect lack of gender [...]

We investigated the sports coverage of over 300 boys' and girls' high school basketball games between 2000 and 2010 by two west-central Ohio newspapers. Unlike previous investigations on media reports of high school sports, we restricted our sample to actual games and did not include feature articles about individual athletes, coaches, or booster clubs; and we determined article length by counting the number of words used in each article. We found that boys' games received two to three times the length of coverage of girls' games. Media coverage of girls' games was less likely to include a photograph and tended to begin lower on the sports page. We discuss the potential implications of ignoring girls' high school athletics within community media. Date of Publication: August 2016, INTRODUCTION With the passage of Title IX legislation in 1972 --requiring equal access to equipment, practice facilities and coaches of the same quality at the K-12 level, and scholarship money [...]

I must, at the outset, disclose my "multiple partiality" ... I have been an unconditional admirer of Justice Ginsburg and her jurisprudence since she was appointed to the Supreme Court [...]

What have courts done to women? What can courts do for women? And what does it mean to do something for women without being paternalistic, or, eventually, maternalistic, which may [...]

In 1904 the first liberal feminist association is formed at the Normal de Profesoras (Normal School for Women) in Mexico City. The article profiles the first generation of feminists (writers, [...]

This paper examines the growing influence of religious-based social conservatives on Canadian public policy. The increased influence of social conservatism poses new and formidable challenges to the formation of social [...]

Although Haiti's 2010 earthquake brought to light the inconceivable poverty existing in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti's struggle for economic development long pre-dated that earthquake. One problem in Haiti is the high level of gender inequity, and we argue that human development theory is the best mode for change. We provide a brief background of Haiti's economic development over the last several decades, along with the status of women's rights and gender-differentiated socioeconomic outcomes. We analyze the ways that policy neglect of gender equity in Haiti has contributed to failed economic development in the past. Finally, we identify ways that other developing countries have successfully incorporated a focus on gender equity in their development strategy, particularly in the face of natural disaster and financial crisis. Our goal is working toward a set of leading practices consistent with institutionalism that can be used in relating gender (in)equality to economic development. Keywords: crisis, economic development, gender, Haiti, human development JEL Classification Codes: J16, O15, B52, B54, With graffiti and protests, from sweltering tents to air-conditioned offices, Haitians are desperately trying to get a message to their government and the world: enough with the status quo.... The [...]

Counselors, psychologists, and evaluators of intervention programs for youth increasingly view the promotion of connectedness as an important intervention outcome. When evaluating these programs, researchers frequently test whether the treatment effects differ across gender and ethnic or racial groups. Doing so necessitates the availability of culturally and gender-invariant measures. We used the Hemingway: Measure of Adolescent Connectedness to estimate the factor structure invarianee and equality of means across gender and 3 racial/ethnic groups with a large sample of middle school adolescents. From a practical perspective, the 10-scale model suggested factor structure invariance across gender and racial or ethnic (i.e., African American, Caucasian, and Latina/o) groups of adolescents. However, tests for partial invariance revealed some group difference on the factor loadings and intercepts between gender and ethnic/racial groups. When testing for mean equivalence, girls reported higher connectedness to friends, siblings, school, peers, teachers, and reading but lower connectedness to their neighborhoods. Caucasians reported higher connectedness to their neighborhoods and friends but lower connectedness to siblings than African Americans and Latinos. African Americans reported the highest connectedness to self (present and future) but lowest connectedness to teachers. Latinos reported the lowest connectedness to reading, self-in-the-present, and self-in-the-future. Overall, this study reveals racial/ethnic and gender mean differences on several connectedness subscales and suggests the Hemingway subscales are, from a practical perspective, invariant across gender and ethnicity and therefore appropriate for most assessment and evaluation purposes. Keywords: factor analysis, invariance, school connectedness, adolescence, cross-cultural Supplemental material: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019357.supp DOI: 10.1037/a0019357

[Young women] have been trained to accept that to be equal to men, they must be the same in every respect; and they, and the men, are worse off for [...]

INTRODUCTION In Ephesians 5, we encounter the celebrated analogy of the love between Christ and the Church and the love between husband and wife. Seen in the light of Christ, [...]

Gender equality in science made headlines repeatedly this year. Nobel-prizewinning biochemist Tim Hunt made his ill-advised quip about women in labs; Shrinivas Kulkarni, an astrophysicist at the California Institute of [...]

Despite the increasing commentary and debate on gender disparities in science (1,2), equality will not be achieved without proactive support from key institutions. One of the key drivers of academic [...]

Part-time work schedules are a popular option for many women struggling to reconcile the competing demands of employment and motherhood. They are controversial among feminists because they are associated with job penalties that promote gender inequality. Previous research on this topic has focused on issues confronting women workers in professional and managerial jobs. In this article, we compare and contrast the experiences of women in professional and secondary, part-time jobs, drawing on 60 in-depth interviews with mothers working in such 'good' and 'bad' jobs. We find that mothers at the top and at the bottom of the employment hierarchy face unique disadvantages from their part-time employment to which they respond in different ways. Yet in both instances, mothers assume responsibility for their 'choices,' which absolves organizations of blame for exploitation and discrimination against part-time workers. We suggest alternative possibilities for the organization of work in the conclusion. Keywords: part-time work; motherhood; gender equality; alternative work arrangements

LEAH RUPPANNER, Department of Sociology, SST-640A, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. Fairness and Housework: A Cross-National Comparison Using 2002 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) data, the relationship of individual level characteristics with the division of labor was examined for three countries with different patterns of female labor force participation and country-specific gender equality. The impact of two theories, distributive justice and relative resources, was assessed for Sweden, the Netherlands, and Hungary. The author finds that the distributive justice theory had a strong relationship in these three countries in relation to husband and wives' housework hours and husbands' participation in core "female" household chores. The Netherlands proves anomalous as wives' gender role ideologies and housewife status had significant associations with fairness. Relative resources had some association in Hungary as wives' who earn more than their husbands report less fairness than spouses with equal earnings. The results demonstrate that country context is an important consideration for studying the fairness. LEAH RUPPANNER, Department of Sociology, SST-640A, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. Fairness and Housework: A Cross-National Comparison En utilisant 2002 donnees International Social Survey Program (ISSP), le rapport de differentes caracteristiques de niveau avec la division du travail a ete examine pour trois pays avec differents modeles de participation de main-d'oeuvre feminine etd' egalite pays-specifiquede genre. L' impact de deux theories, justice distributive et ressources relatives, a ete evalue pour la Suede, les Pays Bas, et la Hongrie. L'auteur constate que la theorie distributive de justice a eu un rapport fort dans ces trois pays par rapport participation de mari et de maris d'epouses a la' d'heures des travaux domestiques et' aux travaux du menage [much less than] des femmes [much greater than] de noyau. Les Pays Bas s'averent qu' anormal ideologies de role de genre comme epouses et le statut de femme au foyer ont eu des associations significatives avec 1'equitabilite. Les ressources relatives ont eu une certaine association en Hongrie car des epouses qui gagnent a plus que leurs maris le rapport moms d'equitabilite que des conjoints avec des revenus egaux. Les resultats demontrent que le contexte de pays est une consideration importante pour etudier 1'equitabilite du travail de menage. LEAH RUPPANNER, Department of Sociology, SST-640A, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. Fairness and Housework: A Cross-National Comparison Usando 2002 datos del International Social Survey Program (ISSP), la relacion de caracteristicas llanas individuales con la division del trabajo fue examinada para tres paises con diversos patrones de la participacion de la mano de obra femenina y de la igualdad pais-e specifica del genero. El impacto de dos teorias, justicia distributiva y recursos relativos, fue determinado para Suecia, los Paises Bajos, y Hungria. El autor encuentra que la teoria distributiva de la justicia tenia una relacion fuerte en estos tres paises en lo referente a la participacion del marido y de los maridos de las esposas' de las horas del quehacer domestico y en tareas de casa "femeninas" de la base. Los Paises Bajos prueban que anomalo como ideologias del papel del genero de esposas las' y el estado del ama de casa tenian asociaciones significativas con la imparcialidad. Los recursos relativos tenian cierta asociacion en Hungria pues las esposas' quienes ganan a mas que sus maridos informe menos imparcialidad que esposos con ganancias iguales. Los resultados demuestran que el contexto del pais es una consideracion importante para estudiar la imparcialidad del trabajo de la casa., INTRODUCTION The division of household labor is a source of dissatisfaction in many marriages (Glass & Fujimoto 1994; Rosenfield 1992). If household arrangements are viewed as inequitable, wives report lower […]

INTRODUCTION Historically, researchers from various social disciplines (sociologists, geographers, demographers and others) have observed important differences between urban and rural populations in many parts of today's developed countries. Compared with […]