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Across four studies (N = 1544), we examined the relationship between individuals gender role mindsets, or beliefs about the malleability versus fixedness of traditional gender roles, and work-family conflict. We found that undergraduate women (but not men) business students holding a fixed, compared to growth, gender role mindset anticipated more work-family conflict. Next, we manipulated gender role mindset and demonstrated a causal link between womens growth mindsets (relative to fixed mindsets and control conditions) and reduced work-family conflict. We showed mechanistically that growth gender role mindsets unburden women from prescriptive gender roles, reducing work-family conflict. Finally, during COVID-19, we demonstrated a similar pattern among working women in high-achieving dual-career couples. We found an indirect effect of womens gender role mindset on job and relationship satisfaction, mediated through work-family conflict. Our preregistered studies suggest that holding the belief that gender roles can change mitigates womens work-family conflict.

Sex and gender are complex components of both individual and group identities, and examining them together with other aspects of identity is an important part of understanding larger social contexts. Historically, studies of sex and gender in society focused more on male roles and contributions, but recent research has become more inclusive and diverse in the examination of both female and nonconforming gender roles. This study examines the intersectionality of social roles, sex, and gender as expressed through funerary objects in the burial contexts of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. Using existing records of burials in two cemeteries, Coyo Oriental and Solcor 3, this project compares 184 sampled graves to determine similarities and differences in burials for male and female individuals. Results show that some burials may reflect gendered practices, though the degree to which these practices are associated with sex differs between the two cemeteries, suggesting that regional culture plays a role in the social construction and expression of gender.

Due to the current state of gender inequality, it is typical for both boys and girls to experience physical, sexual, or psychological harm based solely on their sex in both public and educational settings. This study aims to determine the students of Saint Mary's University Senior High School (SMU SHS) of their perception of gender equity. Additionally, this study seeks to determine the attitudes toward gender roles. The researchers used both qualitative and quantitative design and determined its research locale in Saint Mary's University Senior High School, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, and the SMU SHS student population, both Grade 11 and Grade 12 as research participants. Furthermore, the researchers made use of Stratified Random Sampling as the sampling method used in the Senior High School Department. The study used a mixed-method design and used various statistical tools to analyze data specifically, thematic analysis for qualitative data and inferential statistics. Results have shown that the respondents have a positive perception of gender equity, while a negative attitude toward gender roles. For the perception of the respondents towards gender equity when they were grouped according to their profile variable there is a significant difference in their perception, except for family type. For attitudes toward gender roles, there is a significant difference in attitude. Lastly, for relationships, there is a high positive correlation between a respondent's perception of gender equity and their attitudes towards gender roles. These findings may imply the urgency of promoting gender equity awareness and challenging restrictive gender roles in education. The findings also emphasize the need for proactive engagement with religious communities to foster a more inclusive understanding of gender, advocating for a delicate balance in restricting students' freedom while promoting awareness through educational initiatives and online promotion to create a more inclusive school culture help understand the influence of religious sects on respondents' attitudes towards gender roles and the administration of the school should advocate restricting students' freedom to express themselves, promoting awareness about gender roles and their negative impact, and highlighting the importance of inclusivity through online promotion and advertisement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores and reviews the literature from low‐ and middle‐income countries on the pathways of influence between women's empowerment and reproductive outcomes, specially focusing on contraception, and points to some outstanding gaps. We adopt a framework that assesses the influence of contextual factors, notably kinship structures, and marriage systems, on women's empowerment and agency and other transformational factors affecting women's agency and gender roles and wielding direct and indirect influences on empowerment and contraceptive outcomes. The review of around 80 studies highlights that even after other factors are adjusted, women's agency has a strong influence on contraceptive outcomes. Contraceptive use levels are likely influenced by community‐level factors above and beyond individual‐level factors. Transformational factors, especially exogenous factors such as education and family planning programs, have independent and direct effects on contraceptive outcomes, at times even weakening or canceling out the effects of women's agency. Comprehensive contraceptive transition theory must reserve a central place for women's empowerment through agency and gender roles, particularly the ability of women and girls to make independent and free contraceptive choices. Relatedly, progress in contraceptive transition should be assessed according to not only contraceptive prevalence but also women's ability to use their preferred choice of methods for achieving reproductive rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the intersection of gender roles, traditional Shona culture, and colonial legacies in Stephen Chifunyise’s play Oh My Grandfather (2018). Set in post-colonial Zimbabwe, the play highlights generational conflicts within the Matanga family, reflecting broader societal struggles. It explores how patriarchal Shona traditions continue to dictate gender dynamics, which are largely oppressive toward women. The article focuses on the roles of Morgan and Dorcas, who navigate between these traditional expectations and modern, Western values, creating what Homi K. Bhabha terms a ‘Third Space’ of cultural hybridity. The article discusses how Chifunyise critiques rigid gender norms while advocating for a balance between preserving cultural heritage and embracing modern ideals, such as gender equality. By highlighting characters like Dorcas and Tandi, who resist oppressive traditions, the play suggests that cultural practices can evolve without perpetuating injustice. Ultimately, Oh My Grandfather provides a nuanced exploration of the complexities of cultural identity in contemporary Zimbabwe, advocating for an integration of tradition and modernity that promotes a more equitable society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental psychologists have studied how toys shape gender schemas but have not focused exclusively on sport toys. Given persistent gender gaps in sport participation, it is important to understand how gendered meanings about sport are communicated and perceived through all kinds of play. This mixed methods research examined such meanings attached to sport toys using a content analysis and a survey. In Study 1, a content and descriptive analysis of toy listings (N = 107) on retail websites revealed that most toy names lacked explicit gender labels. However, toys were more likely to display masculine color schemes and boys outnumbered girls 2-to-1 in photographs of children playing with the toys. Boys were also depicted as more actively engaged, especially with highly physical sports. In Study 2, a correlational analysis of survey responses from 530 participants indicated that adults primarily viewed sport toys as masculine, though they saw dolls, aesthetic toys, and pink toys as appropriate for girls. Aggressive sport toys were linked to boys even when they were pink, indicating limits to the impact of implicit gender markers. Together, both studies show that sports toys are still viewed as (mostly) for boys and suggest that these messages may communicate gender stereotypes about sport. Evidence-based recommendations for toy sellers regarding toy color and gender representation are included, as is advice for toy purchasers who want to encourage gender inclusive play and flexible gender schemas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic violence is a major contributor to physical and mental malaise of women and is evident, to some degree, in every society in the world. To eradicate gender discrimination and all forms of violence against women, it is crucial to comprehend the pervasive culture of prejudice and violence. Using the case study method, the current study was undertaken in a rural area of Manipur using the narratives of ten women aged between 24 and 49. The primary cause of domestic violence was found to be an alcoholic husband. It was also typical for spouses' relatives to incite their wives to beat them. The respondents faced various forms of abuse such as physical, verbal and emotional from their spouse and relatives. The study's other findings showed that most of the women chose to remain silent despite experiencing abuse and were determined not to leave their abusive relationships due to financial instability, societal pressure, social stigma cultural beliefs and for the sake of their children's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay was presented at a conference on the Holy Spirit and the healing of the body sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Work and Ministry of the Holy Spirit Today at Biola University. It approaches the topic metaphorically and theologically. The body of Christ, made up of men and women who are God's image, is fractured by distrust, abuses of power, and a failure to partner well together. Many conservative evangelical churches in the United States are preoccupied with the task of circumscribing the participation of women in ministry roles. One reason is a neglect of the Bible's clear teaching about the Spirit's empowerment of women. A brief survey of the interaction of the Holy Spirit with women in the entire Bible uncovers key examples of the Spirit's empowerment of women for kingdom work. This essay examines three key areas: (1) the Spirit's interaction with women, both as vessels of the Spirit's empowerment and as recipients of bodily healing (2) the distribution of the gifts of the Spirit without regard to gender, and (3) prophecy as an illustration of an essential speaking role for women in the eschaton. The prophetic ministry of women alongside men is a key diagnostic marker of the restored kingdom of God, an observation with profound implications for church ministry today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate how gender roles are portrayed in Minangkabau kaba, which are traditional folktales from West Sumatra, Indonesia. The study investigates how gender norms are portrayed, perpetuated, and questioned within these cultural texts by qualitatively analyzing ten chosen kaba. These kaba include both traditional and contemporary storylines. This research uses structuralist and semiotic techniques to analyze themes, character roles, and symbolic representations associated with gender. The results of the study demonstrate that there has been a substantial change in the depiction of gender roles from the traditional to the contemporary kaba. Modern kaba, on the other hand, challenges these stereotypes by showing women in important roles who are empowered, in contrast to conventional tales, which often support preexisting gender standards. This study contributes to the knowledge of how folklore reflects and changes social values. It also provides insights into the dynamic interaction between cultural narratives and the debate on gender equality in Minangkabau culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to organize domestic care for relatives living with a disability and elderly family members is a major challenge for individual households, as it is for all European societies. Taking up current debates on the future of family care work, this special issue offers historical perspectives on family care for people with disabilities. It investigates the relationship between disability welfare and family dynamics in modern European history. By bringing together case studies from the 19th and 20th centuries and from Eastern and Western European states, the special issue offers a panorama of regional processes of negotiating intrafamilial gender roles, relationships between private care and public welfare, and discourses on disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the social well-being of healthcare professionals and their perception of gender roles. The correlational screening model was used in the research. The study group consisted of 247 healthcare professionals working in a university hospital. As a data collection tool in the research, the Social Well-Being Scale-Healthcare Professionals Version, Gender Roles Attitude Scale, and Demographic Data Form were used. Unrelated Samples t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. It was determined that the social well-being average of healthcare workers was 121.43 ± 24.46 and the gender role average was 99.48 ± 9.70. It was observed that the average social well-being of healthcare professionals differed at a statistically significant level according to family structure, length of service in the current institution, alcohol use, gender roles, gender, and profession (p < .05). As a result of the research, it was determined that there is a positive relationship between social well-being and gender roles. It was determined that gender roles, gender, length of service in the current institution and alcohol use status significantly predict social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the challenges faced by Chinese migrant families in Portugal as they navigate Western norms while preserving their cultural heritage. It examines shifting gender roles in childcare, with women increasingly entering the workforce and men's expectations influenced by education and finances. The study underscores the impact of Confucian culture on migrants' perspectives and proposes solutions to address gender disparities. It also explores household responsibilities among dual-income couples in China, highlighting the influence of family dynamics and cultural norms on gender roles. The research sheds light on the complexities of cultural adaptation and family dynamics within immigrant communities, emphasizing the need to reevaluate gender norms and childcare practices among Chinese migrants in Portugal. [Extracted from the article]

While numerous studies have examined menstrual product advertisements as cultural symbols of stigma, disgust, and shame, longitudinal analyses across many decades rarely appear in the existing literature. In this study, we performed a qualitative longitudinal thematic analysis of 229 advertisements for menstrual products (e.g., tampons, pads, panty liners, and cups) spanning the last 100 years from the 1920s to the 2020s. Patterns of continuity and the changes in the imagery, symbolism, and written texts in the advertisements were examined. Results suggest some consistent patterns across time, particularly around: (1) emphasis on concealment; (2) narratives of shame and disgust; (3) castigating the old-fashioned way of managing periods as bad; and (4) the need for protection from the menstruating body. That said, results also suggested shifting historical patterns that coalesced around: (1) shifting focus on idealized gendered features; (2) the language of menstruation; (3) portrayal of authority over menstruation; and (4) shifting social roles for women. Implications for how narratives of power and empowerment often get coded in neoliberal ways, alongside analysis of menstruation as a cultural story of stripping women of expertise, authority, agency, and language are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"We sent women first" could well describe Australian Baptist mission history. Australian Baptist State associations were formed in the crucible of 19th-century history, shaped by divisive issues of their British Baptist heritage and the colonial influences as each pursued an independent identity. Mission work in Bengal, India, inspired by William Carey, the BMS and BZA traditions, was the common factor, and in the six independent Australian Baptist Missionary Societies, women were sent first, starting with two from South Australia in 1882. The first man (also from South Australia) joined eleven of these women for their first 'Convention' in 1887. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of men and masculinities has examined rigid adherence to traditional masculine gender roles as a risk factor for sexual perpetration and as a vulnerability factor for sexual victimization. Very little research, however, has examined the role of masculinities in unwanted consensual sex (UCS). UCS is sex that is not wanted or desired by an individual but to which the individual consents or agrees—even though there is no immediate pressure from their partner to do so. UCS is sometimes called "sexual compliance" or "sexual acquiescence." This conceptual article reviews the literature on UCS, including describing the theoretical distinction between unwanted and nonconsensual sex, discussing sexual script theory as the predominate theoretical approach to research on UCS, summarizing the potential consequences of UCS, and addressing the—fairly limited—research on the intersections between masculinities and UCS. This article argues that traditional masculine ideologies may put men at risk for consenting to sex that they do want and may make them less sensitive to their partners' lack of desire during consensual sex. The article offers several future directions for research on men, masculinities, and UCS, and it discusses how research on UCS might guide prevention and therapeutic interventions to reduce rates of problematic UCS for men and their sexual partners. Public Significance Statement: Research has demonstrated that wanting (i.e., desiring or wishing for) sex and consenting (i.e., agreeing or giving permission) to sex do not always correspond. Adherence to traditional masculine gender roles may make men more likely to consent to unwanted sex, and it may make them more likely to have a partner who consents to unwanted sex, but these proposals have rarely been researched. The intersection of masculinities and unwanted consensual sex represents an important future research direction that could expand the understanding of men's sexuality. For example, understanding the role of traditional masculine ideologies in unwanted consensual sex may help to guide prevention and therapeutic interventions (e.g., involving deconstructing stereotypes of men's sexuality) to reduce negative sexual experiences among men and their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid changes in the North American socio-cultural/political and dating landscape, there exist questions about whether the sexual double standard and the inequality (e.g., of pleasure) in sex still exist for young women today. In this study, we explored the discourses that shape young women's navigation of and talk about heterosexuality, or heterosex. Young, heterosexual women of diverse demographic and relationship backgrounds aged 18–24 (N = 28) attended one of five online focus groups. Informed by feminist post-structuralism and discursive psychology, we analyzed women's talk about doing heterosex. Many participants mobilized a discourse of expectations of compulsory heterosex practices in casual and committed contexts. Within that discourse, young women were positioned as both constrained and regulated in their sexual lives and as needing to comply with unwanted sex. Risks of non-compliance included the risk of being perceived as being defective and/or "bad." Participants' talk also linked coercion, assault, and other male-perpetrated violence against women with how heterosex is done in today's context. Our findings suggest that despite #MeToo and other exposés of rape culture, young women remain constrained by heterosexual norms. However, their language, ability, and willingness to challenge the current situation concerning heterosex is more sophisticated than previously observed. These advancements are promising, as they suggest the importance of continued research and activism in this area and carry several practical implications, including for sex education programming and counselling and support services in sessions with young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine students' gender perspectives within the context of gender equality. Gender perceptions of students are typically investigated with application examples at a specific education level or within a specific field of education; however, this research will examine gender perceptions at all university education levels without a specific field and/or department restriction, and moreover, in relation to the age, residence status, and profession of the student's parents. The survey method and random sampling were used within the research that was authorized by the ethics council of Eskişehir Technical University. In total, 374 students were reached by using the Gender Perception Scale to evaluate individuals' gender perspectives. Of the participants, 60.16% were female and 39.84% were male. Secondly, of the participants, 31,82% had an associate's degree, 41,18% held a bachelor's degree, 17,11% held a master's degree, and 9,89% held a doctorate degree. In terms of gender perception levels, the findings showed that there is a statistically significant difference between gender and education levels. Moreover, while the fathers' professions of the students created a statistically significant difference in their gender perception, the same situation was not seen in their mothers' professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between trauma and adherence to gender roles among a sample of Hurricane Harvey survivors (N = 225). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from natural disasters has been associated with an increased risk of negative psychological outcomes. Previous studies have found increased risks of PTSD resulting from hurricane exposure, and there also appears to be a correlation between PTSD and gender. Specifically, women have been found to be more likely to endorse PTSD symptoms. However, this relationship has not yet been examined specifically among survivors of trauma from natural disasters. The Hayes Process Macro (v3.5) was utilized to test for the potential moderating effect of adherence to traditional gender roles on the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, as well as trauma exposure and depression. Results indicated that adherence to traditional female gender roles significantly moderated the relationships both between trauma severity and PTSD symptoms and between trauma severity and depression. Those with more androgynous gender roles have been found to have an increased ability to utilize more situation-specific coping skills. Future research could explore the specific aspects of traditional female and male gender roles that increase or decrease ability to cope with trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trakya Journal of Education is the property of Trakya Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to analyze pre-service science teachers' generosity, friendliness, wisdom, sensitivity, and tolerance as indicators of compassion skills, and explore gender roles on the characteristics of these skills. As 21st-century skills, compassion skills need to be conveyed through teachers' attention, affection, kindness, and gentleness toward their students. These skills are fundamental for pre-service science teachers' personality competence in supporting their role as future professional teachers. These skills also play an important role when there is interaction between teachers and students or among students during the learning process which affects learning outcomes. However, references concerning the characteristics of pre-service teachers' compassion skills and the role of gender in these skills are underexplored. To address this gap, this research employed an exploratory method involving 107 preservice science teachers at several state universities in Indonesia. Data was collected using a questionnaire that met validity and reliability criteria. The research results show that the teachers generally demonstrate a high/very high extent of compassion skills. The results also point to the fact that gender differences pose no significant influence on compassion skills. The implication highlights the necessity to focus on training pre-service science teachers' compassion skills, while undermining any anxiety due to gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Gender role stress emerges as a concept to try to explain the health difficulties presented by men and women due to gender socialization. Thus, gender role stress arises when individuals feel stressed due to their perceived inability to fulfill the demands of their gender role, or when they believe that a particular situation necessitates behavior traditionally attributed to the opposite gender. To evaluate the presence of gender role stress in individuals, two scales were developed: the masculine gender role stress scale and the feminine gender role scale. Objective: To identify the main thematic areas studied in the behavioral sciences with the feminine gender role stress scale (FGRSS) and the masculine gender role stress scale (MGRSS) as main variables, specifically examining their contributions to the understanding of the attitudes and behaviors of individuals who are affected by gender role stress. We also aimed to analyze the difference, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in terms of scientific literature produced between the scales. Method: We followed the preferred items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses (PRISMA) checklist. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using systematic techniques, resulting in the inclusion of 87 articles utilizing either of the two scales. Results: 80% (n = 72) of the articles employed the MGRSS, while 20% (n = 18) utilized the FGRSS. The MGRSS articles were also the most frequently cited in the literature. The FGRSS has been predominantly used to examine the implications for women's well-being, whereas the MGRSS has primarily been employed to predict disruptive behaviors in men. Conclusion: This scoping review highlights disparities in the scientific literature concerning the examination of feminine and masculine gender role stress and its consequences for people. Specifically, it points out the limited investigation into feminine gender role stress and its ramifications compared to masculine gender role stress. These findings indicates the lack of a gender perspective even in research intended to study it, and outline the importance of more research with a gender perspective where women are the aim of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAn essential component of healthy sexual exploration is the understanding of sexual consent. Unfortunately, sexual consent is not consistently taught in sex education programs developed for adolescents. Furthermore, although early adolescence is a critical developmental period for the formation of sexual identity, norms, attitudes, and relationships, this population is underrepresented in the sexual consent literature. To fill this important gap, this study examined the sexual consent beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of 254 middle school students from a large, urban city in the province of Ontario. Correlates and predictors of sexual consent endorsement were tested via bivariate and multiple regression analyses. Greater perceived negative sanctions of dating violence and higher endorsement of gender stereotypes emerged as variables significantly related to and predictive of sexual consent attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and affirmative consent norms. Gender was also a significant correlate, as girls were more likely than boys to endorse affirmative sexual consent beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The findings highlight important group differences and provide guidance for the design and implementation of sexual education and prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In postcolonial Pakistan, gender ideology is often oversimplified through a Eurocentric feminist lens. The web series “Churails” (2020), directed by Abbasi, subverts this narrative by exploring the complexities of gender discrimination within a patriarchal society. Through the stories of four diverse women forming a covert detective agency, the series critiques consumer culture, addresses gender-based violence, and challenges colonial legacies. Employing theories of hybridity and intersectionality, “Churails” presents a nuanced portrayal of Pakistani women’s struggles and resistances. This essay positions “Churails” as a significant cultural artifact that reimagines gender roles and contributes to the discourse on gender equality in a postcolonial context, highlighting the transformative potential of popular culture in feminist resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional masculine norms state men are tough, protective, and sexually assertive. Young Black men must weigh the rewards and costs of adhering to or deviating from these norms within the college environment, as their choices can be detrimental to their health. Using the ecological-exchange framework, we examined adherence to or deviation from traditional masculine norms from focus groups with 13 Black heterosexual men at two Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and one Minority-Serving Institution. Participants formed their masculinity through experiences with male role models and mothers but felt conflicted in their need to adhere to or deviate from norms. This reflects the processes men go through to develop their masculinity and highlights needed interventions focused on cultivating healthy masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor is a complex, subjective experience, and all factors that influence pain should be considered to ensure a comprehensive evaluation. This study aimed to determine whether gender roles were predictive of labor pain. The study has a descriptive and cross-sectional design. It was carried out in a delivery room of a city hospital in Turkey between September 2019 and September 2020. The study sample consisted of 231 primiparous women presenting for labor and delivery. Data were gathered with a descriptive characteristics form, Visual Analogue Scale and The Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Descriptive statistics and simple regression analysis were employed to analyze the obtained data. Regression analysis demonstrated that gender roles were predictive of labor pain in the latent, active, and transitional stages, but not in the second stage. Gender roles were most responsible for labor pain in the latent phase. Results of the study revealed that gender roles may be useful variables to predict women's labor pain, and contributed to the relevant literature. Nurses and midwives offering care for labor pain should consider gender roles as a factor affecting labor pain. It is also necessary to individualize the supporting care given during labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressee identity awareness often affects how speakers structure discourses. The study views male cosmetics advertising through a pragmatic lens to investigate how customer identity is shaped cross-culturally through men's deodorant advertisements on the English and Greek market. The study uses communication styles (Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov 2010) to account for (a) naturalistic translation shifts in verbal or multimodal data which tend to improve product reception in the Greek target context and (b) experimental data to confirm how masculinity is shaped and attributed to male customers by well renowned deodorant companies. The data analysis reveals that socio-pragmatic parameters are operative in accounting for differences in the two contexts. Findings show cross-cultural variation along three of Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov's (2010) communication styles, namely, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance/tolerance, correlating it with a fourth dimension of the framework, the high/low power distance one. The significance of the research lies in that it shows how commercial content producers register locally shared gender identity assumptions relevant to the audience type they address. Translation is another platform where pragmatic variation may be fruitfully explored cross-culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although event industry employees are predominantly female, there is a critical scarcity of women in leadership roles. Like other industries worldwide, women in the events industry experience several barriers to leadership roles. The unique characteristics of the events industry exacerbate these barriers and have led to more women leaving the company or even the industry. This study aims to investigate the impact of leadership barriers, including the perception of a glass ceiling and the importance of leadership skills in promotion decisions on career satisfaction, work-family conflict and turnover intention of employees in the events industry. Design/methodology/approach: Data was collected from members of an international event association, and 427 responses were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings: Findings suggested the perception of a glass ceiling and the importance of leadership skills in promotion can impact career satisfaction, work-family conflict and turnover intention of employees in the events industry. Originality/value: This study extends the scope of research on leadership barriers beyond assessing their causes by analyzing their outcomes in the event industry. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the first in event research and the broader hospitality industry to consider the perceptions of male and female employees regarding leadership barriers by using a foundation of the social role theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the intricacies of work–life balance among female staff members (including teaching and non-teaching) in higher educational institutions within the Sultanate of Oman. Despite the increasing participation of women in the workforce, achieving a satisfactory work–life balance remains a challenge. This study delves into the factors influencing work–life balance perceptions, considering individual, organizational, and cultural dynamics within the Omani context. Drawing on a quantitative approach, data were collected through structured questionnaires from 268 female respondents. The study explores the impact of factors such as organizational support, workload, family responsibilities, cultural norms, and career development opportunities on work–life balance. The findings reveal both strengths and areas for improvement within organizational support systems, workload management practices, and family-friendly policies. Additionally, cultural factors significantly influence work–life dynamics, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive interventions. Career development opportunities also play a crucial role in shaping work–life balance perceptions. Statistical analysis, including mean scores, provides insights into the areas of strength and concern, guiding recommendations for policy and practice improvements tailored to the educational sector in Oman. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the work–life balance complexities among female staff members (teaching and non-teaching) and offers insights for enhancing employee well-being and organizational effectiveness in Oman's higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gender roles are pervasive and impact all areas of modern society. Implicit gender role theory is one perspective on understanding individual perceptions of gender roles and how these perceptions influence behavior. This mixed-method study explored the association between implicit gender role ideology and support for "gendered legislation" (i.e., legislation with the potential to differentially impact individuals depending on their gender identity). Methods: Quantitative data (N = 558) collected from 2017 to 2018 demonstrate the association between implicit gender role ideology and six different pieces of gendered legislation. Participant individual interviews (N = 20), collected from 2017 to 2018, allowed for a more comprehensive and nuanced exploration of individual gender role attitudes and perceptions of two specific bills. Results: Individuals who believe gender roles are fixed and immutable are more likely to justify a patriarchal gender system and support legislation that differentially impacts individuals due to gender identity. Males are also more likely to identify with masculine traits and feel that their gender is central to their identity, while females are more likely to shed femininity in favor of agency to gain power and respect. Finally, qualitative themes highlight a general lack of nuanced understanding regarding gender roles, gender identity, sex, and sexual orientation. Conclusion: Males and individuals who believe gender roles are fixed were more likely to justify a patriarchal gender system. Males, particularly those who believed gender roles are fixed, were also more likely to identify their gender as central to their identity. Policy Implications: Regardless of political orientation, gender role attitudes and participant sex may influence the ways in which people perpetuate or challenge the patriarchal gender system. Thus, perpetuation of the current gender system, or moving toward gender equality, may stem from interventions at the individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty / Erzincan Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erzincan University Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Personal self-regulation at the level of value-semantic formations is complicated when gender self-awareness is formed with multiple, sometimes mutually exclusive gender roles and images. This creates conditions for the development of intrapersonal conflicts, one of them being the Intrapersonal Gender Role Conflict (IGRC). We define IGRC as a systemic contradiction at the value-semantic level of personality, arising as a result of the clash between the high subjective significance of various gender roles and dissatisfaction with self-realization in these roles. Compensatory behavior serves as a sign of IGRC, while the absence of IGRC is associated with effective self-regulation of a person based on the conscious individual transformation of gender models of self-realization. The study of this phenomenon requires developing the diagnostic tools. Objectives. Testing of a questionnaire developed on the basis of the five-factor IGRC model. Study Participants. 397 women and 209 men (working, having a family and children) aged 25 to 46. Methods. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), non-linear standardization on a five-point scale, intercorrelation analysis. Results. The study presented psychometric indicators and standardization of the IGRC questionnaire on the role areas of “Gender Self”, “Professional Self”, “I am like a husband/wife”, “I am like a host/hostess”, “I am like a father/mother” on the samples of men and women. It was found that in the female sample the expression, as well as the range and dispersion of indicators in all spheres, are significantly higher compared to those in the men sample. The analysis revealed a correlation between all spheres of the IGRC formation in women, while in men this trend is not observed: the conflict may develop in one sphere and not affect the others. Conclusions. Testing of the IGRC questionnaire confirmed that both men and women can exhibit compensatory behavior, manifesting the development of this type of conflict in its five identified areas. Gender differences in IGRC are manifested in the fact that in women, as a rule, all areas of the conflict develop in a more integrated way and have greater severity, compared to men. The five-factor IGRC questionnaire with standardized scores on the scales presented in the article makes it possible to use this tool for further studies of the manifestations and mechanisms of IGRC.

This study explores women's empowerment in literature, focusing on the interplay between tradition and modernity across different cultural contexts. Employing comparative literary analysis, this research examines Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid and Mangalua by Idris Pasaribu. The methodology involves thematic and narrative analysis, where thematic analysis identifies key motifs related to empowerment, resistance, and gender roles, while narrative analysis examines how each character's story arc reflects broader societal norms. Through these analyses, the study highlights how each protagonist navigates societal expectations and challenges gender norms within traditional and modern frameworks. Findings indicate that both novels use women’s empowerment as a lens to critique and reshape cultural expectations, offering insights into gender roles across varied societies. The study concludes with recommendations for further research on cross-cultural gender narratives, acknowledges the limitations of focusing on only two novels, and suggests broader literary comparisons for future studies.

The article starts from the implications of a phrase in the first chapter of Philip Roth’s novel The Human Stain, a book that addresses issues of contemporary morality in the closed environment of the American academia: “Everyone knows.” Written in the aftermath of the Clinton-Lewinski scandal, Roth’s novel and the two books this article discusses reveal dual, often deliberately ambiguous depictions of gender and power dynamics in the ecosystem of the American college campus, a space that widens the gap between social structures, which grow more and more granular. The examined novels share concerns about cultural politics, offering a complementary perspective: while Francine Prose’s novel follows the tradition of the campus novel and retells the story from a mature academic’s point of view, Tom Wolfe’s book shifts to a young student’s side of the story. The article aims to demonstrate it is not a mere coincidence that these representative novels about social and moral crises faced on the campus were actually written in a time when campus fiction was also going through an aesthetic crisis. The crises on the campus and the crisis in campus fiction indicate a turning point, where creative solutions can be identified, despite their potential controversy.

Given women's gains in employment, education, and economic status, the persistent gender gap in internal political efficacy remains a puzzle for social scientists. We go beyond standard socioeconomic explanations and consider gender roles, which, unlike socioeconomic situation, are a slow-moving force constrained by gendered socialization. Stereotypically feminine traits jar with stereotypical notions of politics in general, as competitive, and leaders as power-seeking and assertive. Drawing on observational data from an original survey fielded in Spain, we show that this incongruence accounts for women's perception of having a low capacity to participate in politics. Results from a survey experiment suggest that this relationship is not set in stone, however. When politicians' motivation is framed in line with feminine traits—as a public service rather than a struggle for power—women consider themselves just as capable as men of participating in politics. The results have implications for women's political participation and representation in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couples are making increasingly varied surname change decisions following marriage. However, despite this increased variability, cultural attitudes toward nontraditional surname choices remain rooted in sexism, with women who retain their maiden names often being viewed negatively as individuals and as partners within their marriages. The present study aimed to examine ambivalent sexism as a potential moderator of the link between women's and men's nontraditional surname choices and negative perceptions of those individuals and their marriages. To this end, participants (n = 129) viewed a series of vignettes describing heterosexual couples who made traditional vs. nontraditional choices regarding whether to change or retain their surnames following marriage, and participants' levels of ambivalent sexism were measured. Results indicated that participants with higher levels of sexism perceived nontraditional surname choices, and the individuals who make those choices, more negatively relative to those who make traditional choices. These findings underscore the persistent role of sexism in cultural attitudes toward marital surname choices in an emerging adult population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to explore how different groups of people perceive good mother ideals in China and the cultural and sociodemographic profiles of these groups. Background: Good mother ideals have changed over time and become increasingly complex. The prevalence of intensive mothering has been supported mainly by media representation research and dominated by Western‐focused studies. How tensions between Confucianism and neoliberalism alter the good mother ideas in contemporary China requires further investigation. Method: First, we used an open‐ended survey to collect good mother attributes. Then, we conducted a latent profile analysis with an online survey (N = 449) to divide people into subgroups according to their latent perception structures. Later, we ran multinominal logistic regressions to explore whether cultural values and sociodemographic variables can predict group membership. Results: Collected attributes (N = 1,162) were organized into five categories: neutrality (37.87%), femininity (25.39%), motherhood (11.53%), family responsibilities (6.71%), and childcare responsibilities (18.5%). Moreover, we identified three groups holding different motherhood beliefs: Whatever, Average, and Perfectionist. Young people had higher odds to be in the Whatever group and held more flexible good mother ideals, and married women were 6.69 times more likely to be in the Perfectionist group than single men. Our findings also indicated that people in the Perfectionist group scored higher on attitudes toward family and Asian values. Conclusion: Our research suggested that researchers must distinguish between dominant motherhood representation and lay perceptions of motherhood as well as pay attention to the cultural sensitivity of good mother ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore how Ustaz Das'ad Latif utilises YouTube to integrate Bugis cultural values with Islamic teachings, focusing on marriage. The research employs a multimodal discourse analysis framework to examine the ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions in Ustaz Das'ad Latif's YouTube lectures. The study reveals that Siri’ culture, central to Bugis identity, is intertwined with Islamic values, particularly regarding gender roles, honour, and family dynamics. Digital media serves as an effective tool for both preserving and reshaping these cultural values. The findings suggest that digital platforms like YouTube can serve as vital spaces for the global dissemination and transformation of local traditions, offering new interpretations that resonate across cultural boundaries. This research provides novel insights into the role of digital media in preserving local religious traditions while adapting them for broader audiences, contributing to the growing literature on religion, culture, and technology.

Bu araştırmada İstanbul Sözleşmesi yürürlüğe girmeden önce ve sonra Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Talim ve Terbiye Kurulunun onayı ile okullarda kullanılan Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitaplarının görsel ve metinlerinin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği yönüyle incelenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri 2011-2013 yılları ile 2016-2020 yılları arasında Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Talim ve Terbiye Kurulunun onayı ile ortaokullarda kullanılan her bir sınıf düzeyine (5., 6. ve 7.sınıf) ait Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitapları kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizinden yararlanılmış olup ders kitapları, başka bir yazar tarafından hazırlanmış olan kategoriler çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucu, İstanbul Sözleşmesi sonrası kullanılan ders kitaplarında sözleşmenin ilgili alana dair amacına yönelik verimli ve kapsamlı düzenlemelerin yapılmadığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ders kitaplarının incelemesinde kullanılan kategorilerin bazılarında İstanbul Sözleşmesi sonrası olumlu gelişmelerin olduğu görülse de kategorilerin geneli için erkeklerin kadınlardan oransal olarak çok daha fazla temsil edildikleri, görünürlüklerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Dahası İstanbul Sözleşmesi sonrası kullanılan ders kitaplarında toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine dair olumsuz örnek gösteriminin ve cinsiyetçi ifade kullanımının devam ettiği de belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde ders kitabı inceleme ölçütlerine ve öğretim programı hazırlama çalışmalarına ilişkin önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

The research examines the causal relationship between tourism and gender equality for 10 South American countries in the period 2006-2019. Panel data modelling has been used to account for unobservable heterogeneity derived from time series and cross-sectional data. Estimates of the gender equality index have been made for both fixed and random effects for four models, considering as explanatory variables international tourism receipts (% of exports) which were kept constant in each of the estimates, in addition to real GDP per capita (model 2), education expenditures (model 3) and female labor participation in agriculture, industry and services (model 4). Based on the estimates we selected, through the Hausman test, those with fixed effects in three of the four models, which were corrected for the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems. The results show that tourism has a positive and significant effect on gender equality. With respect to the control variables, education expenditure and GDP per capita are found to be statistically significant, showing a direct relationship with gender equality, similarly to international tourism receipts. An inverse relationship is identified between gender equality and women's labor participation in agriculture and services.

The study delved into the interplay between gender stereotypes and beliefs about ageing among the elderly population in Lagos State, Nigeria. As the global population ages, understanding the unique challenges and perspectives of older individuals is crucial for fostering a more inclusive and equitable society. The research employed a qualitative research approach to provide a comprehensive analysis. The primary objective was to examine how gender stereotypes and traditional beliefs shape the experiences and perceptions of ageing among older men and women in Lagos State. The data was collected through the qualitative research technique of In-depth Interview (IDI). The findings revealed a multifaceted landscape of gender stereotypes that significantly impact the ageing process. Across both genders, pervasive stereotypes of masculinity and femininity are evident in cultural narratives and societal expectations. Men are expected to embody strength and independence, while women are often associated with caregiving roles. These stereotypes, carried over from their younger years, affect the autonomy and well-being of older individuals, especially women. In Lagos State, respect for the elderly is deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric, with both men and women enjoying a revered status in their later years. However, the findings reveal that older women, due to prevailing gender stereotypes, often face more pronounced ageism, including diminished social status and limited decision-making power. The study also highlighted the adaptive strategies employed by older persons to navigate the complexities of gender stereotypes and cultural beliefs about ageing. This study contributes to the global discourse on ageing, gender, and culture, while also providing valuable insights for designing interventions that promote gender equity and healthy ageing for all.

Angela Merkel has been Germany's leader, the locomotive of the European Union, for 16 years. Cultivating a particular style, with a low profile, she was the first female chancellor in the Germanic country. Navigating tensions within her own party, the political rivals that pushed her to reach agreements on the limits and the difficult understanding with other colleagues from states such as Macron, Trump or Putin, she has been avoiding the different crises that have come to the fore. However, the crisis unleashed by the arrival of COVID-19 was different from the previous ones. She is always questioned, in the same way as the rest of the women in key positions, because the leadership traits that are required of leaders are related to those identified with masculinity. However, in managing the pandemic, Merkel was highly valued for exercising another type of profile, as an understanding, kind and fraternal mutti ('mother', in German). This article analyses the transition from a 'masculinized' leadership of the Teutonic chancellor, in the first stage prior to the pandemic, to the one 'of convictions'. While at the beginning, she was seen as a transgressor for going beyond the expected gender stereotypes, in the second, she gave way to another feminine in managing the crisis provoked by the explosion of the pandemic. Instead of a warmongering and rational speech, Merkel resorted to a rather emotional and feminine one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the emergent and polarising representations of women on social media by analysing the issue of #StayAtHomeGirlfriends (SAHGF) profiles on TikTok. These profiles depict young women showcasing their domestic lives, emphasising activities such as cooking, cleaning, relaxing, meditating and exercising while being financially supported by their partners. The SAHGF trend emerged on TikTok in 2022 and received over 328.3 million views in one year. The research method involved a thematic analysis of three TikTok SAHGF case studies from different social contexts, focusing on both the creators' self-representations and the audience's reception, as reflected in user comments. The findings point to a contradictory relationship with instances of postfeminism and popular feminism, showing the use of social media as gender learning environments, where digital creators become informal educators transmitting norms, values and lifestyles, but also 'triggers' for dialogue and critical discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined how family members managed emotions ‐ or produced emotion work ‐ during family mealtimes and how this affected eating together in contexts where positive feeling rules, such as expectations of feeling happy together at the table, shaped commensality. Background: The happy family meal ideology is widespread, but few studies have specifically investigated the way emotions are managed at the table. Methods: Based on 90 h of observations and 47 interviews with parents and children in 14 households across France and Australia, this ethnographic study examined emotions during family mealtimes. The data was analyzed using grounded theory. Results: Positive feeling rules affected family mealtimes and led the mothers and fathers to produce significant, but different types of mealtime emotion work. The mothers were seen as caring, loving, and patient, whereas the fathers were seen as fun, but also impatient and authoritative. The lower the social class position of the family, the more parents distanced themselves from normative feeling rules—or from the happy family meal ideology—which meant emotions were not moderated as much. Conclusion: The type and intensity of emotion work repositioned parents in unequal roles of care and power relationships in relation to each other. Implications: The amount and type of mealtime emotion work are key to understanding the barriers and burdens that families face when wanting to eat together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of feminist themes in 20th-century British English literature reflects the shifting social, political, and cultural landscape for women during this period. As the century progressed, authors began to challenge traditional gender roles, bringing women's voices, struggles, and aspirations to the forefront of literary discourse. Early 20th-century literature grappled with the suffrage movement and the quest for women's political rights, as seen in the works of writers like Virginia Woolf. With her groundbreaking texts, Woolf explored themes of female autonomy, mental health, and the constraints of patriarchal structures. As feminism developed over the decades, mid-century authors such as Doris Lessing and Angela Carter examined deeper complexities, including the intersections of gender with class, race, and sexuality. Their works questioned societal norms and presented alternative narratives of female identity and empowerment. By the late 20th century, feminist literature had fully embraced a postmodern sensibility, blending elements of surrealism and speculative fiction to challenge not only gender hierarchies but also the fundamental structures of power in society. This study is pivotal in shaping contemporary feminist thought, offering new ways of understanding women's roles in a rapidly changing world. Ultimately, 20th-century British literature became a vibrant platform for exploring feminist themes, revealing the tensions between tradition and progress and creating space for the diverse voices of women to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the pervasive impact of societal stereotypes on the mother-daughter relationship, analyzing how these ingrained norms obstruct healthy development and communication between mothers and daughters. Drawing on Betty Friedan's concepts from The Feminine Mystique, this study examines the ways in which traditional expectations of femininity, motherhood, and womanhood perpetuate cycles of misunderstanding and limitation within this crucial familial bond. By highlighting the restrictive roles imposed on women and the consequent strain on mother-daughter dynamics, the paper advocates for the dismantling of these stereotypes through the implementation of robust support systems. These systems, encompassing education, community support, and policy reform, are essential for fostering environments where mothers and daughters can thrive in mutual respect and understanding. The ultimate goal is to create a shift within the family unit that leads to healthier relationships and greater personal fulfillment for both mothers and daughters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intersection of feminism and literature has prompted a critical reassessment of the literary canon, traditionally dominated by male voices and patriarchal narratives. This paper explores the role of feminist literary criticism in reclaiming and reshaping the canon, with a specific focus on the works of Jane Austen. Austen's novels, often dismissed as mere romantic fiction, reveal a subversive critique of the gender norms and social structures of her time. Through characters such as Elizabeth Bennet, Emma Woodhouse, and Anne Elliot, Austen challenges the constraints imposed on women by patriarchal society, emphasizing female agency, autonomy, and the complex realities of marriage as an economic contract. By critically examining these themes, this paper argues that Austen's works not only reflect early feminist thought but also offer a nuanced critique that aligns with contemporary feminist discourse. Reclaiming Austen within the literary canon exemplifies how classic literature can be reinterpreted to highlight feminist perspectives, reaffirming the importance of integrating women's voices and experiences into the core of literary studies. This abstract captures the central arguments and themes of the topic while providing an overview of the critical discussion surrounding Jane Austen's contribution to feminist literature. By reclaiming Austen within the literary canon, this research underscores the importance of recognizing and celebrating the feminist dimensions of her writing. The analysis demonstrates how Austen's enduring relevance lies not only in her narrative mastery but also in her quiet yet profound challenge to the patriarchal structures of her time, making her a significant figure in feminist literary studies. The literary canon traditionally comprised works by male authors and often marginalized or excluded women's voices and perspectives. Feminist literary criticism emerged as a movement to reclaim and reassess the canon by highlighting the contributions of women writers. It challenged patriarchal norms embedded within literature and brought forward the experiences, voices, and perspectives of women that had long been overlooked. Reclaiming the canon involves not just adding women writers but also critically reinterpreting texts through a feminist lens. It asks questions about gender roles, power dynamics, and the representation of women in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]