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This study aims to evaluate the trend and frequency of coding/programming activities in Information Technology (IT) courses, according to different parameters. The study was conducted through a survey of a private IT (Information Technology) teachers in different levels (like primary, secondary, and high schools), with questions focusing on the extent to which coding/programming activities were integrated into their courses, the frequency of these activities, and the factors that influenced their use. The study also explored the relationship between teacher characteristics, such as their level of programming knowledge and teaching experience, and the use of coding/programming activities in their courses. According to the t-test results of the study showed that most IT teachers believed that coding/programming activities were important and useful for their students, but their use varied depending on factors such as gender, education status, age range, teacher experience, school resources, participating a programming training course and student interest. The study also found that the frequency of coding/programming activities varied across different IT courses, with some courses integrating these activities more frequently than others. The study provides insights into the current state of coding/programming activities in IT courses and highlights the need for further research to explore ways to better integrate these activities into IT education.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, mandatory changes were required in the field of education, as in many other fields. One of these fields is a teacher training programme, which includes teaching practice. It has become of great importance that pre-service science teachers, who frequently include experiments in their teaching practices in face-to-face education, will carry out this process in online education. This process, experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic, prompted pre-service science teachers to find something that could replace the wet labs. One of the solutions in this situation is for them to choose and use appropriate Web 2.0 tools in their online lab teaching practices. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the Web 2.0 tools used by pre-service chemistry teachers in their online teaching practices in a distance education environment, the purposes of using these tools, and their justifications for preferences to use these tools. This study was conducted with 15 pre-service chemistry teachers. Data were collected via observations, a form filled out by the participants, and semi-structured interviews in this study. According to the results of this study, it was determined that the participants used 17 Web 2.0 tools during their online teaching practices. The findings highlighted that the most used Web 2.0 tools were Perculus+ chat, Google docs, and Quizizz. Moreover, it was determined that the participants used these tools for 21 different purposes such as drawing students' attention, getting hypotheses, and designing experiments. The results also indicated that the participants emphasised the ease of the Web 2.0 tool as a justification for the preference for almost all of the Web 2.0 tools they use, regardless of their purposes for using these tools. It is thought that the results can be used to show how to make online or face-to-face teaching practices in teacher training programmes by using Web 2.0 tools more effective in the future.

Abstract For common diseases such as lung cancer, patients often use the internet to obtain medical information. As a result of advances in artificial intelligence and large language models such as ChatGPT, patients and health professionals use these tools to obtain medical information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the readability of ChatGPT-generated responses with different readability scales in the context of lung cancer. The most common questions in the lung cancer section of Medscape® were reviewed, and questions on the definition, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of lung cancer (both NSCLC and SCLC) were selected. A set of 80 questions were asked 10 times to ChatGPT via the OpenAI API. ChatGPT's responses were tested using various readability formulas. The mean Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning FOG Scale, SMOG Index, Automated Readability Index, Coleman-Liau Index, Linsear Write Formula, Dale-Chall Readability Score, and Spache Readability Formula scores are at a moderate level (mean and standard deviation: 40.52 ± 9.81, 12.56 ± 1.66, 13.63 ± 1.54, 14.61 ± 1.45, 15.04 ± 1.97, 14.24 ± 1.90, 11.96 ± 2.55, 10.03 ± 0.63 and 5.93 ± 0.50, respectively). The readability levels of the answers generated by ChatGPT are "collage" and above and are difficult to read. Perhaps in the near future, the ChatGPT can be programmed to produce responses that are appropriate for people of different educational and age groups.

Abstract Background Coupling between left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) plays a central role in the process of cardiac remodeling during aging and development of cardiac disease. The hydraulic force (HyF) is related to variation in size between LV and LA. The objectives of this study were to: (1) derive an estimate of left atrioventricular HyF using cine- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in healthy subjects with a wide age range, and (2) study its relationship with age and conventional diastolic function parameters, as estimated by reference echocardiography. Methods We studied 119 healthy volunteers (mean age 44 ± 17 years, 58 women) who underwent Doppler echocardiography and MRI on the same day. Conventional transmitral flow early (E) and late (A) LV filling peak velocities as well as mitral annulus diastolic longitudinal peak velocity (E’) were derived from echocardiography. MRI cine SSFP images in longitudinal two and four chamber views were acquired, and analyzed using feature tracking (FT) software. In addition to conventional LV and LA strain measurements, FT-derived LV and LA contours were further used to calculate chamber cross-sectional areas. HyF was approximated as the difference between the LV and LA maximal cross-sectional areas in the diastasis phase corresponding to the lowest LV-LA pressure gradient. Univariate and multivariate analyses while adjusting for appropriate variables were used to study the associations between HyF and age as well as diastolic function and strain indices. Results HyF decreased significantly with age (R²=0.34, p

ObjectiveTo assess how inadequate reporting of cointerventions influences estimated treatment effects in recent cardiovascular trials.MethodsMedline/Embase were systematically searched from January 1, 2011 to July 1, 2021 for trials evaluating pharmacologic interventions on clinical cardiovascular outcomes published in 5 high-impact journals. Information on adequate vs inadequate reporting of cointerventions, blinding, risk of bias due to deviations of intended interventions (low vs high/some concerns), funding (nonindustry vs industry), design (superiority vs noninferiority), and results were assessed by 2 reviewers. The association with effect sizes was assessed using meta-regression random-effect analysis, expressed as ratios of odds ratios (ROR). RORs of >1.0 indicated that trials with the methodological factor pointing to lower quality report larger treatment estimates.ResultsIn total, 164 trials were included. Of the 164 trials, 124 (74%) did not adequately report cointerventions; 89 of the 164 trials (54%) provided no information regarding cointerventions, and 70 of the 164 (43%) were at risk of bias due to inadequate blinding. Moreover, 86 of the 164 (53%) were at risk of bias due to deviation of intended interventions. Of the 164 trials, 144 (88%) were funded by the industries. Trials with inadequate reporting of cointerventions had larger treatment estimates for the primary end point (ROR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15; I2=0%). No significant association with results for blinding (ROR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.91-1.03; I2=66%), deviation of intended interventions (ROR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.92-1.04; I2=0%), or funding (ROR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.93-1.09; I2=0%) was found.ConclusionWe conclude that trials with inadequate reporting of cointerventions showed larger treatment effect estimates, potentially indicating overestimation of therapeutic benefit.Trial registrationProspero Identifier: CRD42017072522.

The purpose of this study is to examine pre-service chemistry teachers' orientations towards chemistry teaching during chemistry teaching method courses. This study was conducted with ten pre-service chemistry teachers for 28 weeks. The Draw-A-Science-Teacher-Test Checklist (DASTT-C), card-sorting activity, interviews, observations, and reflection paper were used to collect data. The data were analysed using the deductive approach. Analysis of data revealed that most of the pre-service chemistry teachers had teacher-centred orientations before chemistry teaching method courses. However, it was determined that their orientations changed into reform-based ones as a result of these courses. It was found that pre-service chemistry teachers had multiple purposes for chemistry teaching. Most of the participants included everyday coping as the main purpose of chemistry teaching. Moreover, it was determined that pre-service chemistry teachers' beliefs about chemistry teaching and learning and beliefs about goals or purposes of chemistry teaching were associated with the university entrance examination. Implications for chemistry teacher training programmes were discussed.

This study was conducted to examine in depth the influences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the resource systems of mathematics teachers. This qualitative study is based on the documentational approach to didactics and is a case study conducted with two secondary school mathematics teachers teaching in the 7th grade. The research was limited to the subject of equations and equalities. Reflective analysis was used as a data collection method in this study. The data were obtained from the participating teachers in two stages, pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Data in the first stage, which included the pre-pandemic period; consisted of the schematic representation of resources system for the face-to-face education period of the equations and equalities subject before the beginning of the online education and the semi-structured interview conducted before the online education of the subject started. The data of the second stage including the pandemic period, were obtained through the schematic representation of resources system prepared by the teacher at the beginning of the online education, and the video and audio recordings of the lessons in which the teacher taught the equations and equalities unit in a certain class with online education during the pandemic period. In the first part of the data analysis, the data obtained from the teachers in the prepandemic period were subjected to content analysis and the resources systems of teachers in face-to-face education was revealed. As a result of the examination of the schematic representation of resources systems prepared by the teachers in this section for the face-to-face education period and the analysis of the interview data, two themes, "General Habits" and "Special for Face-to-Face", were reached. In the second part, the data obtained from the teachers during the pandemic period were subjected to content analysis, and the teacher's resources systems in online education was revealed and two themes were reached: "General Habits" and "Special for Pandemic". When the resources systems of the teachers for the period in face-to-face education was compared with the resources systems for the pandemic period in the third section, the change in the documentation systems of the mathematics teachers during the pandemic was also revealed in detail. The results revealed that the duration of completing the unit has changed during the pandemic period, the variety of sources used did not change, but the type shifted from printed sources to z-book applications and benefited from much more technological tools than face-to-face education.

This descriptive study was conducted to examine the genital hygiene, quality of life, and urinary incon-tinence awareness of post-menopausal women aged 55 and older living in the earthquake region after the disaster. The study was carried out between 07.07.2023 and 20.01.2024, with the participation of women who were 55 years old or older, lived in the Arsuz District of Hatay City, and met the inclusion criteria. Socio-demographic data form, Urinary Incontinence Awareness and Attitude Scale, The Utian Quality of Life Scale, and Genital Hygiene Behaviour Scale were used to evaluate the participants in the study. The average age of the participants in the study was 64.05± 8.04. 55% of the participants were illiterate, and 42% were primary school graduates. 55% of the participants were diagnosed with incon-tinence before the disaster, and 31 participants (%9.68) stated that the frequency of incontinence increased after the disaster. In the study, it was revealed that participants had lower quality of life due to the disaster (X̄±SS=64.41±10.06). Additionally, they were aware of urinary incontinence as a health problem (X̄±SS=35.76±4.10) and experienced fear of urinary leakage due to incontinence (X̄±SS=10.76±2.95). In addition, in the urinary incontinence awareness assessment, it was shown that the participants had high health motivation regarding urinary incontinence, which they perceived as a health problem. However, some participants have reported an increase in urinary incontinence follow-ing the earthquake. This situation especially suggests that post-earthquake living conditions may negatively affect hygiene practices and reduce the quality of life by causing health problems. Therefore, the hygiene and health problems experienced by women in disaster situations need to be considered.

Son yıllarda yerel tarih çalışmalarına olan ilginin giderek arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu ilgiden Bitlis ve Muş yöresi de nasibini almış, Alaaddin Paşazadelere dair araştırmaların sayısı artmıştır. Bilindiği üzere Muş ve çevresini 18. Yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Bitlis’in kadim beyleri olan Şerefhanlar, Osmanlı idari sisteminin belirlediği sınırlar çerçevesinde, yönetmiştir. Ancak yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren görünür hale gelen Alaaddin Paşazadeler, Muş yöresine fiilen hâkim olmaya başlamış ve zamanla Şerefhanların idare ettiği diğer bölgeleri de ele geçirmişlerdi. Bu değişim, başlangıçta Osmanlı merkezi yönetiminin onayı olmadan gerçekleşmiştir. Hatta Osmanlı yönetimi durumdan memnun olmadığı için Muş’a iki kez asker sevk etmişti. Hükümetin bu tutumuna rağmen 18. Yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Alaaddin Paşazadeler hem resmen hem de fiilen bölgenin meşru idarecileri haline gelmişlerdi. Bu durum bölge halkını da rahatsız etmemiş, onlara karşı herhangi bir bölgesel direnç ortaya çıkmamıştı. Bu çalışmanın amacı otorite meşruiyet ilişkisi bağlamında Alaaddin Paşazadelerin meşru idareci olma sürecini ortaya koymaktır. Bu maksatla çalışmada; devletin Alaaddin Paşazadeleri neden Şerefhanlara tercih ettiği sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Bunun yanında neden yeni yönetime karşı bir isyan hareketi ortaya çıkmadığı, ahalinin neden onları meşru bir idareci olarak kabul ettikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca Alaaddin Paşazadelerle yönetim alanında istikrarsızlık yaşanıp yaşanmadığı irdelenmiştir. Nihayetinde Alaaddin Paşazadelerin bölgenin sosyal ve kültürel yapısını nasıl etkilediği tartışılmıştır.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Kazakh translation of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) v2 Health Survey and evaluate its suitability for assessing health-related quality of life (QoL) in the Kazakh population. Methods: The SF-36 Health Survey version 2 (SF-36 v2) was administered to a sample of 632 Kazakh adults (442 women and 190 men) ranging in age from 27 to 69 years. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. Scaling assumptions were examined through item-scale correlations. Scale scores were computed, and norm-based scoring was applied. The 2-week test–retest reliability was assessed in a subsample (n = 100) using intraclass correlations (ICCs). Results: Cronbach’s alpha for the eight SF-36 v2 scales ranged from 0.760 to 0.947, indicating good to excellent internal consistency. All scales met scaling assumptions. Scaling success rates, where item-scale correlations exceeded 0.40, were 100% across scales. The physical component summary and mental component summary scores demonstrated high reliability (ICC = 0.94 and 0.91). The mean scale scores ranged from 66.6 (vitality) to 82.2 (physical functioning), with negative skewness observed for most scales. Conclusion: The Kazakh version of the SF-36 v2 demonstrated strong psychometric performance, with results supporting score reliability and construct validity in the Kazakh general population sample. This study provides evidence for the usability of the adapted SF-36 v2 in assessing health-related QoL among Kazakhs.

Gastric intramural haematoma is a very infrequent condition. It can occur due to clotted gastric haemorrhage as a result of peptic ulcer disease, or following trauma, oral anticoagulant therapy and bleeding disorders. It is usually suspected with the symptoms of gastrointestinal haemorrhage such as haematemesis, melena and haematochezia, and detected by endoscopy. In rare cases, the patient is asymptomatic or presents with non-related symptoms and can diagnosed by computerised tomography. In this case, we report the detection of a gastric intramural haematoma during abdominal ultrasonography in a hypotensive patient who was admitted to the emergency department after sliding and falling from a height.

Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) might not be representative of the real-world population because of unreasonable exclusion criteria. We sought to determine which groups of patients are excluded from RCTs that included lipid-lowering therapy. Methods and Results We retrieved all trials from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration and systematically searched for large (≥1000 participants) lipid-lowering therapy RCTs, defined as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors. We predefined groups: older adults (>70 or >75 years), women, non-Whites, chronic kidney failure, heart failure, immunosuppression, cancer, dementia, treated thyroid disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental illness, atrial fibrillation, multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases), and polypharmacy. We counted the number of RCTs excluding patients of the predefined groups and meta-analyzed the prevalence of included patients to obtain pooled estimates with a random-effects model. We included 42 RCTs (298 605 patients). Eighty-one percent of trials excluded patients with severe and 76% those with moderate kidney failure. Seventy-one percent of trials excluded groups of women, 64% excluded patients with moderate to severe heart failure, 64% those with immunosuppressant conditions, 48% those with cancer, 29% those with dementia, and 29% of trials excluded older adults. The pooled prevalence for patients >70 years of age was 25% (95% CI, 0%-49%), 11% (3%-18%) for >75 years of age, and 51% (38%-63%) for multimorbidity. Conclusions The majority of lipid-lowering therapy trials excluded patients with common diseases, such as moderate-to-severe kidney disease or heart failure or with immunosuppression. Underrepresenting certain populations, including women and older adults, might lead to limited transportability of study results and uncertainty on possible side-effects and efficacy in these groups. Future trials should promote diversity in the recruitment strategies and improve equity in cardiovascular research. Registration URL: ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifier: CRD42021253909.

This study examined the mineral and heavy metal content of nine different seafood sold in retail markets in Türkiye. Frozen ring squid, frozen Chilie mussel meat, frozen clam meat, frozen shrimp meat, frozen octopus, fresh Mediterranean mussel, frozen cuttlefish, frozen squid pan and frozen crab delight were used in the study. Mineral matter analysis of the samples was performed by ICP-MS - inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry. The highest Na, Ca and Mg contents were found in frozen clam meat, and the K content was found in fresh Mediterranean mussels. The main microelements detected in all seafood examined in the study are Zn, Fe and Al. The minimum Na/K ratio was determined in the frozen octopus and fresh Mediterranean mussel meat groups. The estimated daily intake values of the groups are below the World Health Organization recommended daily allowance. The heavy metal content of all seafood examined in the study was found to be posing no risk to public health.

Abstract Background Intranasal (i.n.) drug application is a widely known and low-invasive route of administration that may be able to achieve rapid symptom control in terminally ill patients. According to the German S3 guideline “Palliative care for patients with incurable cancer”, benzodiazepines, such as midazolam, are recommended for the treatment of terminal agitation. To the best of our knowledge there is no evidence for i.n. midazolam in terminally ill patients. We aim to assess the use of i.n. midazolam as an alternative to subcutaneous administration of the drug. Methods In this monocentric, randomised, controlled, open-label investigator initiated trial, n = 60 patients treated at the palliative care unit of a University Hospital will be treated with 5 mg midazolam i.n. versus 5 mg subcutaneous (s.c.) midazolam in the control arm when terminal agitation occurs (randomly assigned 1:1). The estimated recruitment period is 18 months. Treatment efficacy is defined as an improvement on the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (Palliative Version) (RASS-PAL) and a study specific numeric rating scale (NRS) before and after drug administration. Furthermore, plasma concentration determinations of midazolam will be conducted at t1 = 0 min, t2 = 5 min, and t3 = 20 min using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The primary objective is to demonstrate non-inferiority of midazolam i.n. in comparison to midazolam s.c. for the treatment of agitation in terminally ill patients. Discussion Midazolam i.n. is expected to achieve at least equivalent reduction of terminal agitation compared to s.c. administration. In addition, plasma concentrations of midazolam i.n. are not expected to be lower than those of midazolam s.c. and the dynamics of the plasma concentration with an earlier increase could be beneficial. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Registry DRKS00026775, registered 07.07.2022, Eudra CT No.: 2021-004789-36.