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The "Structured HIstory of Medication use" (SHIM) questionnaire is a tool developed to obtain an accurate pre-admission overview of medications, involving a structured interview with patients, and has demonstrated its potential to prevent reconciliation errors. The objective of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the SHIM questionnaire to Spanish.Forward and blind-back translations followed by a synthesis and adaptation, with the participation of an expert panel, to guarantee the equivalence between the original questionnaire and the Spanish version. Subsequently, pilot testing of the Spanish version was carried out through cognitive interviews in a sample of polymedicated patients under follow-up by the Department of Internal Medicine.The Spanish version of the SHIM questionnaire (SHIM-e) was obtained. Scores for difficulty assigned by translators involved in forward and back translations were low. During the synthesis and adaptation phase, three discrepancies were resolved, and the expert panel decided to include some terms commonly used for clinical interviews in the Spanish version of the questionnaire. The pilot testing, which was performed in a sample of 10 polymedicated patients admitted to the Department of General and Digestive Surgery, showed 100% comprehensibility for all items, except for number 13, which was 90%.This work presents the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the SHIM questionnaire. The forward and blind-back translations presented low difficulty and the results of the pilot testing showed a high level of comprehensibility for the Spanish version of this tool.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo El cuestionario “Structured HIstory of Medication use” (SHIM) es una herramienta disenada para obtener una vision completa de la medicacion del paciente antes del ingreso mediante una entrevista estructurada, y ha demostrado su potencial para prevenir errores de conciliacion. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar transculturalmente el cuestionario SHIM al espanol. Pacientes y metodos Traduccion directa e inversa seguidas de una sintesis y adaptacion, que conto con la participacion de un panel de expertos, para garantizar la equivalencia entre el cuestionario original y su version espanola. Posteriormente se realizo un analisis de la comprensibilidad de la version espanola del cuestionario mediante entrevistas cognitivas en una muestra de pacientes polimedicados en seguimiento por el Servicio de Medicina Interna. Resultados Se obtuvo la version espanola del cuestionario SHIM (SHIM-e). El grado de dificultad asignado por los traductores a la traduccion directa e inversa fue bajo. Durante la fase de sintesis y adaptacion se resolvieron tres discrepancias y se decidio emplear, en la version del cuestionario adaptada al espanol, algunos terminos de uso comun en la entrevista clinica. El analisis de la comprensibilidad, realizado en una muestra de 10 pacientes polimedicados e ingresados en la Unidad de Cirugia General y de Aparato Digestivo, mostro una comprensibilidad del 100% para todos los items, excepto para el numero 13 que fue del 90%. Conclusiones Este trabajo presenta la primera adaptacion transcultural al espanol del cuestionario SHIM. Los procesos de traduccion directa e inversa han presentado una dificultad baja y los resultados de las entrevistas cognitivas muestran un nivel alto de comprensibilidad para la version espanola de esta herramienta.

Neuroimaging data after source reconstruction and working memory scores (standardized).

Memory is a complex cognitive process comprised by several subsystems, namely short- and long-term memory and working memory (WM). Previous research has shown that adequate interaction between subsystems is crucial for successful memory processes such as encoding, storage and manipulation of information. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between different subsystems at the behavioral and neural levels. Thus, here we assessed the relationship between individual WM abilities and brain activity underlying the recognition of previously memorized auditory sequences.First, recognition of previously memorized versus novel auditory sequences was associated with a widespread network of brain areas comprising the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, insula, inferior temporal cortex, frontal operculum, and orbitofrontal cortex.Second, we observed positive correlations between brain activity underlying auditory sequence recognition and WM. We showed a sustained positive correlation in the medial cingulate gyrus, a brain area which was widely involved in the auditory sequence recognition. Remarkably, we also observed positive correlations in the inferior temporal, temporal-fusiform, and postcentral gyri, brain areas which were not strongly associated to auditory sequence recognition.In conclusion, we discovered positive correlations between WM abilities and brain activity underlying long-term recognition of auditory sequences, providing new evidence on the relationship between memory subsystems. Furthermore, we showed that high WM performers recruited a larger brain network including areas associated to visual processing (i.e., inferior temporal, temporal-fusiform and postcentral gyri) for successful auditory memory recognition.Significance statementMemory is a complex cognitive process dependent on the successful interaction between its multiple subsystems. Here, we assessed the relationship between individual WM abilities and brain activity underlying the recognition of previously memorized auditory sequences.We observed positive correlations between brain activity underlying auditory sequence recognition and WM, especially in the medial cingulate gyrus, inferior temporal, temporal-fusiform and postcentral gyri. In this study, we provided new evidence on the relationship between two memory subsystems: WM and long-term auditory recognition. Moreover, we showed that, to successfully complete memory recognition tasks, high WM performers recruited a larger brain network which comprised brain areas mainly associated to visual processing, such as inferior temporal, temporal-fusiform and postcentral gyri.

The increase in chronic diseases as a consequence of the rising life expectancy calls for tools that allow us to analyze the difficulty that patients with multimorbidity present when performing healthcare-related tasks. To this end, we carried out a cross-cultural translation and adaptation into Spanish of the questionnaire "Healthcare Task Difficulty (HCTD) among Older Adults with Multimorbidity."Direct translation and back translation were made, followed by a synthesis and adaptation by a third translator and a panel of experts in order to guarantee the conceptual, semantic, and content equivalence between the original questionnaire and the Spanish version. Additionally, an evaluation of the comprehension of the questionnaire in Spanish was carried out in a sample of elderly patients with multimorbidity.The Spanish version of the HCTD questionnaire (HCTD-E) was obtained. The overall difficulty of the translators to find an equivalent expression between both languages was low. In the synthesis and adaptation part, four discrepancies were resolved (two of them were adapted in order to use a terminology closer to our health system and the other two were completed with different examples). The comprehensibility analysis was conducted in a sample of ten elderly patients with multimorbidity, and they showed an excellent comprehensibility.This is the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the HCTD questionnaire. The methodology used through direct translation, back-translation and adaptation by a third translator and a panel of experts demonstrated a high level of comprehensibility of the HCTD-E, which was measured with cognitive interviews in a sample of patients.El incremento de las enfermedades crónicas como consecuencia del aumento en la esperanza de vida, hace necesario disponer de herramientas que permitan analizar la dificultad que presentan los pacientes con multimorbilidad, a la hora de realizar tareas relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria. Con este fin, se llevó a cabo una traducción y adaptación transcultural al español del cuestionario "Healthcare Task Difficulty (HCTD) among Older Adults with Multimorbidity".Traducción directa y retrotraducción llevadas a cabo por dos traductores, seguidas de una síntesis y adaptación por parte de un tercer traductor. Posterior creación de un panel de expertos con el fin de garantizar la equivalencia conceptual, semántica y de contenido entre la versión original y la española. A continuación, se realizó una evaluación de la comprensión del cuestionario en español en una muestra de pacientes de edad avanzada con múltiples patologías.Se obtuvo la versión española del cuestionario HCTD (HCTD-E). La dificultad global encontrada por los traductores para hallar una expresión equivalente entre ambos idiomas fue baja. En la fase de síntesis y adaptación, se resolvieron 4 discrepancias con el fin de utilizar una terminología más cercana a nuestro sistema sanitario. El análisis de comprensibilidad se efectuó sobre una muestra de 10 pacientes, mayores y con multimorbilidad en seguimiento por Medicina Interna, el cual demostró una comprensibilidad excelente.Se trata de la primera adaptación transcultural al español del cuestionario HCTD. La metodología utilizada mediante traducción directa, retrotraducción y adaptación por parte de un tercer traductor y un panel de expertos, ha demostrado un alto nivel de comprensibilidad de la herramienta HCTD-E medida a través de entrevistas cognitivas realizadas en una muestra de pacientes.