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3. Ecosystem response persists after a prolonged marine heatwave

Author

Suryan, Robert M., Arimitsu, Mayumi L., Coletti, Heather A., Hopcroft, Russell R., Lindeberg, Mandy R., Barbeaux, Steven J., Batten, Sonia D., Burt, William J., Bishop, Mary A., Bodkin, James L., Brenner, Richard, Campbell, Robert W., Cushing, Daniel A., Danielson, Seth L., Dorn, Martin W., Drummond, Brie, Esler, Daniel, Gelatt, Thomas, Hanselman, Dana H., Hatch, Scott A., Haught, Stormy, Holderied, Kris, Iken, Katrin, Irons, David B., Kettle, Arthur B., Kimmel, David G., Konar, Brenda, Kuletz, Kathy J., Laurel, Benjamin J., Maniscalco, John M., Matkin, Craig, McKinstry, Caitlin A. E., Monson, Daniel H., Moran, John R., Olsen, Dan, Palsson, Wayne A., Pegau, W. Scott, Piatt, John F., Rogers, Lauren A., Rojek, Nora A., Schaefer, Anne, Spies, Ingrid B., Straley, Janice M., Strom, Suzanne L., Sweeney, Kathryn L., Szymkowiak, Marysia, Weitzman, Benjamin P., Yasumiishi, Ellen M., and Zador, Stephani G.

Published
2021
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11. Contributors

Author

Acevedo-Gutiérrez, Alejandro, primary, Adam, Peter J., additional, Aguilar, Alex, additional, Amano, Masao, additional, Anderson, Paul K., additional, Archer, Frederick I., additional, Arnould, John P.Y., additional, Atkinson, Shannon, additional, Au, Whitlow W.L., additional, Aurioles-Gamboa, David, additional, Javier Aznar, F., additional, Baird, Robin W., additional, Baker, C. Scott, additional, Ballance, Lisa T., additional, Balbuena, Juan A., additional, Bannister, John L., additional, Barlow, Jay, additional, Barton, Sheri L., additional, Bearzi, Giovanni, additional, Beasley, Isabel, additional, Bekoff, Marc, additional, Ben-David, M., additional, Bengtson, John L., additional, Berta, Annalisa, additional, Bérubé, Martine, additional, Bester, Marthán N., additional, Bianucci, Giovanni, additional, Bjørge, Arne, additional, Black, Nancy A., additional, Bodkin, J.L., additional, Bonde, Robert K., additional, Borger, Jill, additional, Borrell, Asuncion, additional, Boveng, Peter, additional, Bowen, W.D., additional, Boyd, Ian L., additional, Braulik, Gillian T., additional, Brown, Alexander M., additional, Brownell, Robert L., additional, Buckland, Stephen T., additional, Burns, John J., additional, Cabrera, Andrea A., additional, Campagna, Claudio, additional, Cantor, Mauricio, additional, Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana, additional, Cárdenas-Hinojosa, Gustavo, additional, Castellini, Michael, additional, Cerchio, Salvatore, additional, Champagne, Cory D., additional, Chilvers, B. Louise, additional, Chivers, Susan J., additional, Cipriano, Frank, additional, Clapham, Phillip J., additional, Constantine, Rochelle, additional, Cooper, Lisa N., additional, Corkeron, Peter, additional, Costa, Daniel P., additional, Costidis, Alexander M., additional, Cowan, Daniel F., additional, Cranford, Ted, additional, Crespo, Enrique A., additional, Crocker, Daniel E., additional, Croll, Donald A., additional, da Silva, Vera M.F., additional, Danil, Kerri, additional, Darling, Jim, additional, Dawson, Stephen M., additional, de Muizon, Christian, additional, de Vos, Asha, additional, Dehnhardt, Guido, additional, DeMaster, Douglas P., additional, Deméré, Thomas A., additional, Dendrinos, Panagiotis, additional, Dill, Lawrence M., additional, Dizon, Andrew E., additional, L. Dolar, M. Louella, additional, Domning, Daryl P., additional, Donovan, G.P., additional, Dudzinski, Kathleen M., additional, Duffield, Deborah A., additional, Dyer, Michael P., additional, Ellis, Richard, additional, Eskelinen, Holli, additional, Estes, James A., additional, Evans, Peter G.H., additional, Fernández, Mercedes, additional, Fertl, Dagmar, additional, Fettuccia, Daniela de Castro, additional, Fiedler, Paul C., additional, Fish, Frank E., additional, Flores, Paulo A.C., additional, Forcada, Jaume, additional, Ford, John K.B., additional, Fordyce, R. Ewan, additional, Forestell, Paul H., additional, Forney, Karin A., additional, Fowler, Charles W., additional, Frankel, Adam S., additional, Friedlaender, Ari S., additional, Frohoff, Toni, additional, Frost, Kathryn J., additional, Galatius, Anders, additional, García-Vernet, Raquel, additional, Geisler, Jonathan H., additional, Gelatt, Thomas S., additional, Gentry, Roger, additional, George, J. Craig, additional, Gerrodette, Tim, additional, Goldbogen, Jeremy A., additional, Goldsworthy, Simon D., additional, P. Goodall, R. Natalie, additional, Goodman, Simon J., additional, Gregg, Justin D., additional, Hall, Ailsa J., additional, Hammill, Mike O., additional, Hammond, Philip S., additional, Hanke, Frederike D., additional, Hartman, Karin L., additional, Hazen, Elliott, additional, Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., additional, Heithaus, Michael R., additional, Herman, Louis M., additional, Herzing, Denise L., additional, Hewitt, Roger P., additional, Hindell, Mark A., additional, Hoelzel, A. Rus, additional, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, additional, Hohn, Aleta A., additional, Hooker, Sascha K., additional, Horstmann, Lara, additional, Horwood, Joseph, additional, Hoyt, Erich, additional, Hückstädt, Luis A., additional, Ivashchenko, Yulia V., additional, Iverson, Sara J., additional, Janik, Vincent M., additional, Jaramillo-Legorreta, Armando M., additional, Jefferson, Thomas A., additional, Jensen, Anne M., additional, Karamanlidis, Alexandros A., additional, Kasuya, Toshio, additional, Kato, Hidehiro, additional, Keith Diagne, Lucy W., additional, Kemp, Christopher, additional, Kemper, Catherine M., additional, Kenney, Robert D., additional, Kinze, Carl C., additional, Kirkman, Stephen P., additional, Kiszka, Jeremy J., additional, Koopman, Heather N., additional, Kooyman, Gerald L., additional, Kovacs, Kit M., additional, Kraus, Scott D., additional, Krysl, Petr, additional, Laidre, Kristin L., additional, Laitman, Jeffrey T., additional, Lambert, Olivier, additional, Landry, André M., additional, Lavigne, David M., additional, LeDuc, Rick, additional, Lipsky, Jessica D., additional, Littnan, Charles, additional, Loughlin, Thomas R., additional, Lowry, Lloyd, additional, Lowther, Andrew D., additional, Lydersen, Christian, additional, Maas, Mary C., additional, MacLean, Stephen A., additional, MacLeod, Colin D., additional, Mallette, Sarah D., additional, Mann, Janet, additional, Maresh, Jennifer L., additional, Marsh, Helene, additional, Marshall, Christopher D., additional, Martin, Anthony R., additional, Mass, Alla M., additional, McAlpine, Donald F., additional, Chris McKnight, J., additional, McLellan, William A., additional, Mead, James G., additional, Melin, Sharon R., additional, Merrick, Richard, additional, Mesnick, Sarah L., additional, Miller, Edward H., additional, Miller, Lance J., additional, Miller, Patrick J.O., additional, Miyazaki, Nobuyuki, additional, Moore, Jeffrey E., additional, Moore, Kathleen M., additional, Moore, Michael, additional, Moore, Sue E., additional, Moors-Murphy, Hilary B., additional, Morin, Phillip A., additional, Newman, William A., additional, Newton, Kelly M., additional, Nieto-García, Edwyna, additional, Northridge, Simon, additional, Nummela, Sirpa, additional, O'Brien, Justine K., additional, O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory M., additional, Olsen, Morten T., additional, Olson, Paula A., additional, Oppenheimer, Jonas, additional, Orbach, Dara N., additional, Ortiz, Rudy M., additional, Pabst, D. Ann, additional, Palsbøll, Per J., additional, Parra, Guido J., additional, Patterson, Eric, additional, Paves-Hernández, Héctor, additional, Perrin, William F., additional, Perryman, Wayne L., additional, Pitman, Robert, additional, Pomeroy, Patrick P., additional, Ponganis, Paul J., additional, Powell, James A., additional, Pyenson, Nicholas D., additional, Racicot, Rachel, additional, Raga, J. Antonio, additional, Ralls, Katherine, additional, Raverty, Stephen, additional, Read, Andrew J., additional, Reeves, Randall R., additional, Regehr, Eric V., additional, Reggente, Melissa A.L., additional, Reidenberg, Joy S., additional, Reijnders, Peter J.H., additional, Reyes, Julio C., additional, Reynolds, John E., additional, Robeck, Todd R., additional, Robinson, Kelly J., additional, Rode, Karyn, additional, Rogers, Tracey, additional, Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo, additional, Roman, Joe, additional, Rommel, Sentiel A., additional, Roos, Marjoleine M.H., additional, Rosel, Patricia E., additional, Rowntree, Victoria J., additional, Rugh, David, additional, Russell, Debbie J.F., additional, Sayigh, Laela S., additional, Scolardi, Kerri M., additional, Scott, Michael D., additional, Sears, Richard, additional, Seger, Jon, additional, Sharp, Sarah, additional, Sheehan, Glenn W., additional, Silber, Gregory K., additional, Simeone, Claire A., additional, Smith, Brian D., additional, Southall, Brandon L., additional, Spitz, Jérôme, additional, Spoor, Fred, additional, Stacey, Rita, additional, Staniland, Iain J., additional, Steel, Debbie, additional, Stern, S. Jonathan, additional, Stewart, Brent S., additional, Supin, Alexander Y., additional, Suydam, R., additional, Swartz, Steven L., additional, Teilmann, Jonas, additional, Tershy, Bernie R., additional, Thewissen, J.G.M., additional, Tinker, M.T., additional, Tolley, Krystal A., additional, Trillmich, Fritz, additional, Trites, Andrew W., additional, Turner, Ted, additional, Twiss, Sean D., additional, Tyack, Peter L., additional, Uhen, Mark D., additional, Van Franeker, Jan A., additional, Van Waerebeek, Koen, additional, Wade, Paul R., additional, Wang, John Y., additional, Weller, David W., additional, Wells, Randall S., additional, Werth, Alexander J., additional, Whitehead, Hal, additional, Williams, Terrie M., additional, Würsig, Bernd, additional, Yablokov, Alexey V., additional, Yamada, Tadasu K., additional, Yamato, Maya, additional, Yochem, Pamela K., additional, York, Anne E., additional, and Zhou, Kaiya, additional

Published
2018
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13. Diet of endangered Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the Aleutian Islands: new insights from DNA detections and bioenergetic reconstructions

Author

Tollit, Dominic, Fritz, Lowell, Joy, Ruth, Miller, Kristi, Schulze, Angela, Thomason, James, Walker, William, Zeppelin, Tonya, and Gelatt, Thomas

Subjects
Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The endangered western stock of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) still declines in the western Aleutian Islands and accurate diet information is vital to test leading hypotheses. We undertook the first bioenergetic diet reconstruction using both molecular and hard part prey identifications from >600 scats collected in March-April 2008 and 2012. Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pallas, 1810)) remained a primary prey (17%-27% by energy), but large (mean 60 cm) Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, 1810) also emerged as important prey (20%-24%) in a more diverse diet than previously reported, with Cottidae and smooth lumpsucker (Aptocyclus ventricosus (Pallas, 1769)) also contributing ~10%. DNA detections highlighted a potentially important and previously underestimated prey, giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini (Wulker, 1910) (diet contribution 2%-15%, dependent on prey size assumptions). Although 504 unique DNA identifications resulted in significant increases for cephalopods, Pacific cod, and smooth lumpsucker, hard part alone species rankings were similar to composite ones and bioenergetic species rankings similar to occurrence-based ones. Retention or regurgitation of large cephalopod beaks, the removal of large cod heads, and skeletal fragility of lumpsuckers may explain these differences. DNA identifications provide valuable comparative and complementary prey occurrence data for pinnipeds, but composite diet estimates are optimal. Key words: Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, diet, DNA, Aleutian Islands, scats., Resume : Le stock de l'Ouest d'otaries de Steller (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)), un stock en voie de disparition, est toujours en declin dans la partie occidentale des iles Aleoutiennes, [...]

Published
2017
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20. Survival of Steller sea lions in Alaska: a comparison of increasing and decreasing populations

Author

Pendleton, Grey W., Pitcher, Kenneth W., Fritz, Lowell W., York, Anne E., Raum-Suryan, Kimberly L., Loughlin, Thomas R., Calkins, Donald G., Hastings, Kelly K., and Gelatt, Thomas S.

Subjects
Sea lions -- Statistics -- Research -- Physiological aspects, Wilderness survival -- Research -- Physiological aspects -- Statistics, Zoology and wildlife conservation, Statistics, Physiological aspects, Research
Abstract

Abstract: Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) populations have had differing dynamics in different regions of Alaska over the past 30 years. The western population (west of 144°W, near [...]

Published
2006

26. Investigating life‐history traits of Steller sea lions with multistate hidden Markov mark–recapture models: Age at weaning and body size effects.

Author

Hastings, Kelly K., Johnson, Devin S., Pendleton, Grey W., Fadely, Brian S., and Gelatt, Thomas S.

Subjects
HIDDEN Markov models, SEA lions, BODY size, MARINE mammals, POPULATION viability analysis, MATERNAL age
Abstract

The duration of offspring care is critical to female fitness and population resilience by allowing flexibility in life‐history strategies in a variable environment. Yet, for many mammals capable of extended periods of maternal care, estimates of the duration of offspring dependency are not available and the relative importance of flexibility of this trait on fitness and population viability has rarely been examined. We used data from 4,447 Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus from the Gulf of Alaska and multistate hidden Markov mark–recapture models to estimate age‐specific weaning probabilities. Maternal care beyond age 1 was common: Weaning was later for animals from Southeast Alaska (SEAK) and Prince William Sound (PWS, weaning probabilities: 0.536–0.648/0.784–0.873 by age 1/2) compared with animals born to the west (0.714–0.855/0.798–0.938). SEAK/PWS animals were also smaller than those born farther west, suggesting a possible link. Females weaned slightly earlier (+0.080 at age 1 and 2) compared with males in SEAK only. Poor survival for weaned versus unweaned yearlings occurred in southern SEAK (female survival probabilities: 0.609 vs. 0.792) and the central Gulf (0.667 vs. 0.901), suggesting poor conditions for juveniles in these areas. First‐year survival increased with neonatal body mass (NBM) linearly in the Gulf and nonlinearly in SEAK. The probability of weaning at age 1 increased linearly with NBM for SEAK animals only. Rookeries where juveniles weaned at earlier ages had lower adult female survival, but age at weaning was unrelated to population trends. Our results suggest the time to weaning may be optimized for different habitats based on long‐term average conditions (e.g., prey dynamics), that may also shape body size, with limited short‐term plasticity. An apparent trade‐off of adult survival in favor of juvenile survival and large offspring size in the endangered Gulf of Alaska population requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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27. Alaska Regional Action Plan for the southeastern Bering Sea : NOAA Fisheries Climate Science Strategy

Author

Sigler, Michael Frederick, 1957, Hollowed, Anne Babcock, 1956, Holsman, Kirstin K., Zador, Stephani, Haynie, Alan C., Himes-Cornell, Amber H., Mundy, Phillip R. (Phillip Roy), Davis, Steve, Duffy-Anderson, Janet, Gelatt, Thomas Scott, Gerke, Brandee Lynn, and Stabeno, Phyllis

Subjects
Fisheries--Climatic factors--Bering Sea
Abstract

The Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) acquires and distributes the scientific information necessary to fulfill the mission of the National Marine Fisheries Service, which supports responsible stewardship of the Nation’s living marine resources and their habitats (NOAA Fisheries Mission), and collaborates with the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) to do so. The enabling legislation for the NOAA Fisheries mission is found in the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (MSA), the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). To continue to fulfill this mission in the face of climate change, the AFSC seeks to acquire information and develop science-based strategies for sustaining fisheries, healthy ecosystems, protected species, and coastal communities in a changing climate. The Alaska Regional Action Plan (ARAP) for the southeastern Bering Sea (Figure 1) conforms to a nationally consistent blueprint, the NOAA Fisheries Climate Science Strategy. The Strategy guides efforts by NOAA Fisheries and its partners to address information needs organized into seven science objectives that represent the process of managing the Nation’s fisheries in the face of changing climate conditions. The goal of the RAP is to increase the production, delivery and use of climate related information for marine resource management in the region. The ARAP identifies strengths, weaknesses, priorities, and actions to implement the NOAA Fisheries Climate Science Strategy in Alaska over the next 3-5 years, and contributes to implementation of the Strategy by focusing on building regional capacity and partnerships to address the Strategy’s seven science objectives (Figure 2). Successful implementation of the ARAP will require enhanced collaboration with our academic and agency partners.

Published
2016
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28. Aerial and ship-based surveys of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) conducted in Alaska in June-July 2013 through 2015, and an update on the status and trend of the western distinct population segment in Alaska

Author

Fritz, Lowell W., Sweeney, Kathryn M., Towell, Rodney G., and Gelatt, Thomas Scott

Subjects
Steller's sea lion--Counting--Alaska
Abstract

Surveys conducted during June-July 2013 through 2015 provided strong evidence that both the western and eastern distinct population segments (DPSs) of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) continued to increase in overall abundance in Alaska. Between 2003 and 2015, counts of western DPS non-pups (adults and juveniles) and pups in Alaska increased at average rates of 2.25% per year (95% credible interval of 1.16%-3.29% per year) and 2.26% per year (1.43%-3.03% per year), respectively. However, there was considerable regional variability in trends across the western DPS, with increases in each of the four NMFS survey regions east of Samalga Pass (~170° W in the Aleutian Islands; 3.80% per year for pups overall in the four regions) being OFFset somewhat by decreases in the two regions to the west (overall, -1.90% per year). Offset somewhat by decreases in the two regions to the west (overall, -1.90% per year). Additionally, within the central Aleutian Islands, recent trends varied east and west of Tanaga PASs (~177°W): in two sub-regions to the east, trends were stable or weakly positive, while in three sub-regions to the west, trends were strongly negative. In southeast Alaska (eastern DPS of Steller sea lion), non-pup and pup counts increased at 2.29% per year (1.59%-2.97% per year) and 3.26% per year (2.66%-3.89% per year), respectively, between 1985 and 2015. The distribution of marked animals during the breeding season (along with other demographic data) indicates that there is a small net annual inter-DPS movement from southeast Alaska (eastern DPS) to the western DPS (~80 sea lions total; ~30 to the central Gulf of Alaska and ~50 to the eastern Gulf of Alaska), but a much larger net inter-regional movement within the western DPS from the central to the eastern Gulf of Alaska (~1,200 sea lions). The estimated inter-regional movement within the western DPS represents between 11% and 13% of the nonpups counted in the two regions in 2015 (after accounting for sightability) and likely inflated the non-pup trend in the eastern and depressed it in the central Gulf of Alaska. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to estimate non-pup trends in a single eastern/central Gulf of Alaska region. Average net inter-DPS movement represents a very small fraction (≤ 0.3%) of the total 2015 survey non-pup count in the combined eastern and central Gulf of Alaska, southeast Alaska, or the western DPS overall, and thus, had only a small influence on trends in these regions. The recovery plan for the western DPS of Steller sea lion (NMFS 2008) refers to a start year of 2000 for the 15-year and 30-year periods used in the down-listing (to threatened status) and de-listing (to recovered status) criteria, respectively, since this was when the lowest survey non-pup count was obtained and when recovery of the overall stock was thought to have begun. However, modeling of all observed (survey) counts (including for the first time data collected at terrestrial sites in the eastern Bering Sea) indicates that the western DPS in Alaska likely had its lowest abundance in 2003, and not in 2000. If observed non-pup counts continue to increase in the western DPS (in both Alaska and Russia) through 2018, then the DPS-wide and the first of two regional demographic criteria for down-listing could be satisfied. However, persistent decreasing trends in the western Aleutians and the western half of the central Aleutian Islands may preclude it from satisfying the second regional demographic down-listing criterion. Furthermore, satisfying the demographic de-listing criteria by 2033 appears to be unlikely given the magnitude of the recent decline in the western Aleutians (-61% for non-pups between 2003 and 2015).

Published
2016
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31. Field anesthesia of juvenile Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus) using inhalation anesthesia.

Author

Lian, Marianne, Johnson, Shawn, Gelatt, Thomas, O'Hara, Todd M., Beckmen, Kimberlee B., and Rea, Lorrie D.

Subjects
STELLER'S sea lion, VETERINARY anesthesia, ISOFLURANE, SEVOFLURANE, HYPOTHERMIA
Abstract

Between 1998 and 2008, 621 Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus, SSL) were captured underwater by SCUBA divers and anesthetized with isoflurane ( n = 602) or sevoflurane ( n = 19). We found significantly faster induction time ( [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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32. Flipper tag loss in Steller sea lions.

Author

Hastings, Kelly K., Johnson, Devin S., and Gelatt, Thomas S.

Subjects
FLIPPERS (Anatomy), CALIFORNIA sea lion, STATISTICS, ANIMAL mechanics, PARAMETERIZATION, ANIMAL behavior
Abstract

The article uses statistical methods used by Johnson et al. for estimating flipper tag loss in California sea lions. Topics discussed include analyzing behavior and movement patterns of the same; use of data for analyzing the same; and use of single parameterization for observing tag loss in California sea lions.

Published
2018
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33. Age Specific Survival Rates of Steller Sea Lions at Rookeries with Divergent Population Trends in the Russian Far East

Author

Altukhov, Alexey V., primary, Andrews, Russel D., additional, Calkins, Donald G., additional, Gelatt, Thomas S., additional, Gurarie, Eliezer D., additional, Loughlin, Thomas R., additional, Mamaev, Evgeny G., additional, Nikulin, Victor S., additional, Permyakov, Peter A., additional, Ryazanov, Sergey D., additional, Vertyankin, Vladimir V., additional, and Burkanov, Vladimir N., additional

Published
2015
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38. DEVELOPMENT OF DISPERSAL, MOVEMENT PATTERNS, AND HAUL-OUT USE BY PUP AND JUVENILE STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIASJUBATUS) IN ALASKA.

Author

Raum-Suryan, Kimberly L., Rehberg, Michael J., Pendleton, Grey W., Pitcher, Kenneth W., and Gelatt, Thomas S.

Subjects
STELLER'S sea lion, EUMETOPIAS, ANIMAL mechanics, BIOMECHANICS, ENDANGERED species
Abstract

Population declines of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in western Alaska (west of 144°W) may be a result of reduced juvenile survival. We used satellite telemetry to study the at-sea distribution and movement patterns of pup (1.6–11.9 too) and juvenile (12.0–35.1 mo) Steller sea lions. We studied trip distance, duration, and interhaul-out movements of sea lions in relation to age, sex, and month of year in the decreasing western population (WP; Prince William Sound, Kodiak, Aleutian Islands, Alaska) and the increasing eastern population (EP; Southeast Alaska). We deployed 103 satellite transmitters (29 WP; 74 EP) on sea lions between 1998 and 2001. Round trip distance and duration increased with age, trip distance was greater in the WP than the EP, trip duration was greater for females than males, and haul-out use was clustered. Changes in round trip distance and duration occurred from April to June for all age classes studied indicating that the annual timing of weaning may be less variable than the age of weaning. Overall, 90% of round trips were ≤ 15 km from haul-outs and 84% were <20 h, indicating nearshore areas adjacent to haul-outs are critical to the developing juvenile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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