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This paper proposes an integrated model of R & D evaluation which links the cost of research with its various outputs, from proximal or immediate to the intermediate outputs in the client organizations of the R & D performer. This model differs from previous models in that it consolidates both cost and performance assessment. Indexes of cost-performance are constructed, for each category of output, and as a measure of productivity per scientist and engineer engaged in research. The indexes proposed in this model reflect the relative cost-effectiveness of the R & D activity throughout a substantial portion of the innovation process. As a comprehensive and integrated model, it transcends the limitations of immediate outputs utilized by other models. The model allows for comparisons, at the program, corporate and national levels, of the cost-performance of research. Some methodological and implementation problems are discussed. Key words - research, research and development, R & D, management of science/technology, performance ratios, evaluation

The development of citizen-based approaches to the diagnosis and decision-making on urban noise environments responds to a demand from both local authorities and residents. However, the methods for fostering the involvement of citizens and the valorization of local knowledge have yet to be invented. This article reports on a co-constructed experiment between researchers and local authorities, in the city of Rezé (France), of an urban noise diagnosis based on the residents and the use of the smartphone application NoiseCapture, which allows a participative measurement of sound levels. The framework also includes focus group discussions. The dynamics of the recruitment and data collection phase are analysed, showing the importance of creating public events around the initiative. Maps of noise levels, but also of the presence of sound sources, such as road, rail and air traffic, or animals, are produced in a collaborative way. Finally, the focus group discussions highlight that (i) repeated noise measurement modifies participants’ relationship to sound environments; (ii) NoiseCapture enhances the formation of a group of residents active on noise issues. Such a framework can provide a citizen-based basis for decisions on noise environments; the next step will be to study its adaptability to different territories.

The article focuses on the ways in which the class action device could be used to achieve adequate representation with the interests of the Founders. Topics discussed include Founders' ends of adequate representation that grew from reaction of American colonists to British rule; views of Prime Minister George Grenville on interests of the colonists; and importance of citizens' access to civil courts to seek redress.