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This paper proposes an integrated model of R & D evaluation which links the cost of research with its various outputs, from proximal or immediate to the intermediate outputs in the client organizations of the R & D performer. This model differs from previous models in that it consolidates both cost and performance assessment. Indexes of cost-performance are constructed, for each category of output, and as a measure of productivity per scientist and engineer engaged in research. The indexes proposed in this model reflect the relative cost-effectiveness of the R & D activity throughout a substantial portion of the innovation process. As a comprehensive and integrated model, it transcends the limitations of immediate outputs utilized by other models. The model allows for comparisons, at the program, corporate and national levels, of the cost-performance of research. Some methodological and implementation problems are discussed. Key words - research, research and development, R & D, management of science/technology, performance ratios, evaluation

The article focuses on the ways in which the class action device could be used to achieve adequate representation with the interests of the Founders. Topics discussed include Founders' ends of adequate representation that grew from reaction of American colonists to British rule; views of Prime Minister George Grenville on interests of the colonists; and importance of citizens' access to civil courts to seek redress.