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Background radiation is ubiquitous; it is obvious to be present on the bridges too. Furthermore, the bridges of the Bishnumati River lie near solid waste collection centers, garages, and some important religious sites like Shovabhagwati, Indrayani, Kankeswori, etc. The level of radiation exposure of 14 different bridges on the Bishnumati River from Balaju to Teku is measured using a professional Digital Geiger Counter GCA-07W. The 14 bridges consisting: of vehicle, bailey, and semi-suspension bridges are surveyed. It is found that the Shovabhagwati bridge has the highest annual effective dose rate of 1.025 ± 0.230 mSv/yr while the Nilbarahi bridge has the lowest annual effective dose rate of 0.696 ± 0.237 mSv/yr. The vehicle-cemented bridge has higher background radiation due to the material that is used in construction i.e., cement, iron rod, and other chemical. The average annual effective dose is 0.906 ± 0.230 mSv/yr which lies below the recommended dose by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). No harmful radiation is found between Balaju to Teku, the bridge over the Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal.

The threat of radiation exposure is always present in modern world. In recent years, this threat has become even more pronounced due to Russian aggression on Ukrainian territory. Therefore, the need for remote data collection and analysis of radiation background information has become even more important, and research in the field of creating small, low-cost devices that can monitor radiation levels of a certain area in real-time and provide information to local government agencies responsible for the safety of populated areas can be considered relevant. Radiation background level monitoring is essential to ensuring that people are informed of any potential threats to their health. It is proposed to develop a dense network of monitoring stations that can collect and transmit data about background radiation in real time. Measurement results will be processed and stored on a resource that is available to both local authorities and public. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used to transmit information, as it is durable, lightweight, and efficient. A hardware and software system for collecting and transmitting radioactivity values has been developed. The system is based on a module with Geiger counter tube, which is used to measure the level of radiation in the area. The module is connected to a microcontroller, which processes the data and transmits it to a central server. To summarize and process the measurement results, the Majordomo broker is used. It is installed on a remotely accessible network storage. In conclusion, the proposed system can ensure the safety of the public, allowing authorities, experts and trained personnel to quickly and efficiently respond to any potential radiation threats, protecting people from radiation exposure.

The threat of radiation exposure is always present in modern world. In recent years, this threat has become even more pronounced due to Russian aggression on Ukrainian territory. Therefore, the need for remote data collection and analysis of radiation background information has become even more important, and research in the field of creating small, low-cost devices that can monitor radiation levels of a certain area in real-time and provide information to local government agencies responsible for the safety of populated areas can be considered relevant. Radiation background level monitoring is essential to ensuring that people are informed of any potential threats to their health. It is proposed to develop a dense network of monitoring stations that can collect and transmit data about background radiation in real time. Measurement results will be processed and stored on a resource that is available to both local authorities and public. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used to transmit information, as it is durable, lightweight, and efficient. A hardware and software system for collecting and transmitting radioactivity values has been developed. The system is based on a module with Geiger counter tube, which is used to measure the level of radiation in the area. The module is connected to a microcontroller, which processes the data and transmits it to a central server. To summarize and process the measurement results, the Majordomo broker is used. It is installed on a remotely accessible network storage. In conclusion, the proposed system can ensure the safety of the public, allowing authorities, experts and trained personnel to quickly and efficiently respond to any potential radiation threats, protecting people from radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mott problem is a simpler version of the quantum measurement problem that asks: Is there a microscopic physical mechanism – based (explicitly or implicitly) only on Schroedinger’s equation – that explains why a single alpha particle emitted in a single spherically symmetric s-wave nuclear decay produces a manifestly nonspherically symmetric single track in a cloud chamber? I attempt here to generalize earlier work that formulated such a mechanism. The key ingredient there was identification of sites at which the cross section for ionization by a passing charged particle is near singular at ionization threshold. This near singularity arose from a Penning-like process involving molecular polarization in subcritical vapor clusters. Here, I argue that the same Mott problem question should be asked about Geiger counters. I then define a simple experiment to determine if ionization physics similar to the cloud chamber case takes place in the mica window of a Geiger counter and explains the collimation of wavefunctions that are spherically symmetric outside the counter into linear ion tracks inside. The experiment measures the count rate from a radioactive point source as a function of source-window separation. I have performed a proof of concept of this experiment; results are reported here and support the near-singular-ionization picture. These results are significant in their own right, and they may shed light on physical mechanisms underlying instances of the full quantum measurement problem. I illustrate this for the Stern–Gerlach experiment and a particular realization of superconducting qubits. I conclude by detailing further work required to flesh out these results more rigorously.