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1. PolygloToxicityPrompts: Multilingual Evaluation of Neural Toxic Degeneration in Large Language Models

Author

Jain, Devansh, Kumar, Priyanshu, Gehman, Samuel, Zhou, Xuhui, Hartvigsen, Thomas, and Sap, Maarten

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to their extensive global deployment, and ensuring their safety calls for comprehensive and multilingual toxicity evaluations. However, existing toxicity benchmarks are overwhelmingly focused on English, posing serious risks to deploying LLMs in other languages. We address this by introducing PolygloToxicityPrompts (PTP), the first large-scale multilingual toxicity evaluation benchmark of 425K naturally occurring prompts spanning 17 languages. We overcome the scarcity of naturally occurring toxicity in web-text and ensure coverage across languages with varying resources by automatically scraping over 100M web-text documents. Using PTP, we investigate research questions to study the impact of model size, prompt language, and instruction and preference-tuning methods on toxicity by benchmarking over 60 LLMs. Notably, we find that toxicity increases as language resources decrease or model size increases. Although instruction- and preference-tuning reduce toxicity, the choice of preference-tuning method does not have any significant impact. Our findings shed light on crucial shortcomings of LLM safeguarding and highlight areas for future research., Comment: Accepted to COLM 2024

Published
2024

2. Source-sink dynamics in a two-patch SI epidemic model with life stages and no recovery from infection

Author

Calvo-Monge, Jimmy, Arroyo-Esquivel, Jorge, Gehman, Alyssa, and Sanchez, Fabio

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, Mathematics - Dynamical Systems, Physics - Physics and Society, 35A01, 65L10, 65L12, 65L20, 65L70
Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a two-patch, two-life stage SI model without recovery from infection, focusing on the dynamics of disease spread and host population viability in natural populations. The model, inspired by real-world ecological crises like the decline of amphibian populations due to chytridiomycosis and sea star populations due to Sea Star Wasting Disease, aims to understand the conditions under which a sink host population can present ecological rescue from a healthier, source population. Mathematical and numerical analyses reveal the critical roles of the basic reproductive numbers of the source and sink populations, the maturation rate, and the dispersal rate of juveniles in determining population outcomes. The study identifies conditions for disease-free, endemic, and extinction equilibria in sink populations, emphasizing the potential for ecological and evolutionary mechanisms to facilitate coexistence or recovery. These findings provide insights into managing natural populations affected by disease, with implications for conservation strategies, such as the importance of maintaining reproductively viable refuge populations and considering the effects of dispersal and maturation rates on population recovery. The research underscores the complexity of host-pathogen dynamics in spatially structured environments and highlights the need for multi-faceted approaches to biodiversity conservation in the face of emerging diseases., Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures

Published
2024

3. Inflammatory and neurodegenerative serum protein biomarkers increase sensitivity to detect clinical and radiographic disease activity in multiple sclerosis.

Author

Chitnis, Tanuja, Qureshi, Ferhan, Gehman, Victor, Becich, Michael, Cree, Bruce, Gomez, Refujia, Henry, Roland, Katrib, Amal, Lokhande, Hrishikesh, Paul, Anu, Caillier, Stacy, Santaniello, Adam, Sattarnezhad, Neda, Saxena, Shrishti, Weiner, Howard, Yano, Hajime, Hauser, Stephen, Baranzini, Sergio, and Bove, Riley

Subjects
Humans, Biomarkers, Multiple Sclerosis, Female, Male, Adult, Proteomics, Middle Aged, Neurofilament Proteins, Blood Proteins, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Inflammation, Cohort Studies
Abstract

The multifaceted nature of multiple sclerosis requires quantitative biomarkers that can provide insights related to diverse physiological pathways. To this end, proteomic analysis of deeply-phenotyped serum samples, biological pathway modeling, and network analysis were performed to elucidate inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, identifying sensitive biomarkers of multiple sclerosis disease activity. Here, we evaluated the concentrations of > 1400 serum proteins in 630 samples from three multiple sclerosis cohorts for association with clinical and radiographic new disease activity. Twenty proteins were associated with increased clinical and radiographic multiple sclerosis disease activity for inclusion in a custom assay panel. Serum neurofilament light chain showed the strongest univariate correlation with gadolinium lesion activity, clinical relapse status, and annualized relapse rate. Multivariate modeling outperformed univariate for all endpoints. A comprehensive biomarker panel including the twenty proteins identified in this study could serve to characterize disease activity for a patient with multiple sclerosis.

Published
2024

5. First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author

Aalbers, J, Akerib, DS, Akerlof, CW, Al Musalhi, AK, Alder, F, Alqahtani, A, Alsum, SK, Amarasinghe, CS, Ames, A, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Azadi, S, Bailey, AJ, Baker, A, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Bargemann, JW, Barry, MJ, Barthel, J, Bauer, D, Baxter, A, Beattie, K, Belle, J, Beltrame, P, Bensinger, J, Benson, T, Bernard, EP, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Birrittella, B, Blockinger, GM, Boast, KE, Boxer, B, Bramante, R, Brew, CAJ, Brás, P, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, VV, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Buuck, M, Cabrita, R, Carels, C, Carlsmith, DL, Carlson, B, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Chawla, A, Chen, H, Cherwinka, JJ, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Coleman, J, Converse, MV, Cottle, A, Cox, G, Craddock, WW, Creaner, O, Curran, D, Currie, A, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, David, A, Davis, J, Davison, TJR, Delgaudio, J, Dey, S, de Viveiros, L, Dobi, A, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Dushkin, A, Edberg, TK, Edwards, WR, Elnimr, MM, Emmet, WT, Eriksen, SR, Faham, CH, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fearon, NM, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Ford, P, Francis, VB, Fraser, ED, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Gantos, NJ, Garcia, D, Geffre, A, Gehman, VM, and Genovesi, J

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering, General Physics, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60 live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9  GeV/c^{2}. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36  GeV/c^{2}, rejecting cross sections above 9.2×10^{-48}  cm at the 90% confidence level.

Published
2023

7. “Outroduction”: A Research Agenda on Collegiality In university Settings

Author

Cloete, Nico, Côté, Nancy, Crace, Logan, Delbridge, Rick, Denis, Jean-Louis, Drori, Gili S., Eriksson-Zetterquist, Ulla, Gehman, Joel, Gerhardt, Lisa-Maria, Goldenstein, Jan, Harroche, Audrey, Jandrić, Jakov, Kosmützky, Anna, Krücken, Georg, Lee, Seungah S., Lounsbury, Michael, Mizrahi-Shtelman, Ravit, Musselin, Christine, Gustafsson, Hampus Östh, Pineda, Pedro, Quattrone, Paolo, Ramirez, Francisco O., Sahlin, Kerstin, van Schalkwyk, Francois, and Walgenbach, Peter

Published
2023
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9. Measurement of the Neutron Cross Section on Argon Between 95 and 720 MeV

Author

Martynenko, S., Bhandari, B., Bian, J., Bilton, K., Callahan, C., Chaves, J., Chen, H., Cline, D., Cooper, R. L., Danielson, D. L., Danielson, J., Dokania, N., Elliott, S., Fernandes, S., Gardiner, S., Garvey, G., Gehman, V., Giuliani, F., Glavin, S., Gold, M., Grant, C., Guardincerri, E., Haines, T., Higuera, A., Ji, J. Y., Kadel, R., Kamp, N., Karlin, A., Ketchum, W., Koerner, L. W., Lee, D., Lee, K., Liu, Q., Locke, S., Louis, W. C., Maricic, J., Martin, E., Martinez, M. J., Mauger, C., McGrew, C., Medina, J., Medina, P. J., Mills, A., Mills, G., Mirabal-Martinez, J., Olivier, A., Pantic, E., Philipbar, B., Pitcher, C., Radeka, V., Ramsey, J., Rielage, K., Rosen, M., Sanchez, A. R., Shin, J., Sinnis, G., Smy, M., Sondheim, W., Stancu, I., Sterbenz, C., Sun, Y., Svoboda, R., Taylor, C., Teymourian, A., Thorn, C., Tull, C. E., Tzanov, M., Van de Water, R. G., Walker, D., Walsh, N., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Yanagisawa, C., Yarritu, A., and Yoo, J.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We report an extended measurement of the neutron cross section on argon in the energy range of 95-720 MeV. The measurement was obtained with a 4.3-hour exposure of the Mini-CAPTAIN detector to the WNR/LANSCE beam at LANL. Compared to an earlier analysis of the same data, this extended analysis includes a reassessment of systematic uncertainties, in particular related to unused wires in the upstream part of the detector. Using this information we doubled the fiducial volume in the experiment and increased the statistics by a factor of 2.4. We also shifted the analysis from energy bins to time-of-flight bins. This change reduced the overall considered energy range, but improved the understanding of the energy spectrum of incoming neutrons in each bin. Overall, the new measurements are extracted from a fit to the attenuation of the neutron flux in five time-of-flight regions: 140 ns - 180 ns, 120 ns - 140 ns, 112 ns - 120 ns, 104 ns - 112 ns, 96 ns - 104 ns. The final cross sections are given for the flux-averaged energy in each time-of-flight bin: $\sigma(146~\rm{MeV})=0.60^{+0.14}_{-0.14}\pm0.08$(syst) b, $\sigma(236~\rm{MeV})=0.72^{+0.10}_{-0.10}\pm0.04$(syst) b, $\sigma(319~\rm{MeV})=0.80^{+0.13}_{-0.12}\pm0.040$(syst) b, $\sigma(404~\rm{MeV})=0.74^{+0.14}_{-0.09}\pm0.04$(syst) b, $\sigma(543~\rm{MeV})=0.74^{+0.09}_{-0.09}\pm0.04$(syst) b., Comment: 15 pages, 7 tables, 11 figures. Prepared for submission to PRD

Published
2022
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10. Inflammatory and neurodegenerative serum protein biomarkers increase sensitivity to detect clinical and radiographic disease activity in multiple sclerosis

Author

Tanuja Chitnis, Ferhan Qureshi, Victor M. Gehman, Michael Becich, Riley Bove, Bruce A. C. Cree, Refujia Gomez, Stephen L. Hauser, Roland G. Henry, Amal Katrib, Hrishikesh Lokhande, Anu Paul, Stacy J. Caillier, Adam Santaniello, Neda Sattarnezhad, Shrishti Saxena, Howard Weiner, Hajime Yano, and Sergio E. Baranzini

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract The multifaceted nature of multiple sclerosis requires quantitative biomarkers that can provide insights related to diverse physiological pathways. To this end, proteomic analysis of deeply-phenotyped serum samples, biological pathway modeling, and network analysis were performed to elucidate inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, identifying sensitive biomarkers of multiple sclerosis disease activity. Here, we evaluated the concentrations of > 1400 serum proteins in 630 samples from three multiple sclerosis cohorts for association with clinical and radiographic new disease activity. Twenty proteins were associated with increased clinical and radiographic multiple sclerosis disease activity for inclusion in a custom assay panel. Serum neurofilament light chain showed the strongest univariate correlation with gadolinium lesion activity, clinical relapse status, and annualized relapse rate. Multivariate modeling outperformed univariate for all endpoints. A comprehensive biomarker panel including the twenty proteins identified in this study could serve to characterize disease activity for a patient with multiple sclerosis.

Published
2024
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11. First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author

Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Azadi, S., Bailey, A. J., Baker, A., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barry, M. J., Barthel, J., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Birrittella, B., Blockinger, G. M., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Craddock, W. W., Creaner, O., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Geffre, A., Gehman, V. M., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Green, J., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrison, A., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kocher, C. D., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kyre, S., Landerud, B., Leason, E. A., Lee, C., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, F. -T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Migneault, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J. A., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, C., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Podczerwinski, J., Porzio, D., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rodriguez, A., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Rutherford, G., Rynders, D., Saba, J. S., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Verbus, J. R., Voirin, E., Waldron, W. L., Wang, A., Wang, B., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, A., White, D. T., White, J. T., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., Zarzhitsky, P., Zuckerman, A., and Zweig, E. A.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60~live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c$^2$. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c$^2$, rejecting cross sections above 9.2$\times 10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ at the 90% confidence level., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures. See https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.041002 for a data release related to this paper

Published
2022
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14. Immuno-PET Monitoring of CD8+ T Cell Infiltration Post ICOS Agonist Antibody Treatment Alone and in Combination with PD-1 Blocking Antibody Using a 89Zr Anti-CD8+ Mouse Minibody in EMT6 Syngeneic Tumor Mouse

Author

Alsaid, Hasan, Cheng, Shih-Hsun, Bi, Meixia, Xie, Fang, Rambo, Mary, Skedzielewski, Tinamarie, Hoang, Bao, Mohanan, Sunish, Comroe, Debra, Gehman, Andrew, Hsu, Chih-Yang, Farhangi, Kamyar, Tran, Hoang, Sherina, Valeriia, Doan, Minh, Groseclose, M. Reid, Hopson, Christopher B., Brett, Sara, Wilson, Ian A., Nicholls, Andrew, Ballas, Marc, Waight, Jeremy D., and Jucker, Beat M.

Published
2023
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16. Ankenbrandt Turns 30: The Illusory Simplicity of the Domestic Relations Exception.

Author

Gehman, Drew

Subjects
Family law -- Evaluation, Exceptions (Law) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Dispute resolution (Law) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Domestic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules -- History, Unmarried couples -- Laws, regulations and rules, Federal courts -- Powers and duties, Diversity jurisdiction -- Laws, regulations and rules, Ankenbrandt v. Richards (504 U.S. 689 (1992)), Government regulation
Abstract

INTRODUCTION All first-year civil procedure students can recite what litigants must show to invoke the diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts: complete diversity of the parties and damages in excess [...], Among the tools in a litigant's toolbox is the ability to invoke diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts with just two simple requirements: complete diversity of the parties and damages in excess of the requisite amount in controversy. However, a puzzling exception exists to this well-known rule of civil procedure: the domestic relations exception. Three decades ago, the decision in Ankenbrandt v. Richards showcased the force of the domestic relations exception. Despite the fact that Carol Ankenbrandt satisfied the requirements to invoke diversity jurisdiction, the district court dismissed her action because federal courts refuse to hear cases involving domestic issues. Since Ankenbrandt, a circuit split has continued to highlight the decision's murkier details. This Note focuses on the lasting impact of Ankenbrandt in the thirty years since it was decided and argues that its legacy is not one worth celebrating. The author provides a rich historical analysis of the development of the domestic relations exception and the policy considerations underlying the Ankenbrandt decision, as well as the practical outcomes of its holding. Ultimately, this Note argues that the domestic relations exception in its current iteration fails to adequately advance its supposed goal of restricting all domestic matters from federal courts and instead has resulted in patchwork access to federal courts amongst married and unmarried litigants. Finally, this Note suggests that the most principles way for federal courts to decline jurisdiction is through abstention, rather than the troublesome domestic relations exception.

Published
2023

17. RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models

Author

Gehman, Samuel, Gururangan, Suchin, Sap, Maarten, Choi, Yejin, and Smith, Noah A.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Pretrained neural language models (LMs) are prone to generating racist, sexist, or otherwise toxic language which hinders their safe deployment. We investigate the extent to which pretrained LMs can be prompted to generate toxic language, and the effectiveness of controllable text generation algorithms at preventing such toxic degeneration. We create and release RealToxicityPrompts, a dataset of 100K naturally occurring, sentence-level prompts derived from a large corpus of English web text, paired with toxicity scores from a widely-used toxicity classifier. Using RealToxicityPrompts, we find that pretrained LMs can degenerate into toxic text even from seemingly innocuous prompts. We empirically assess several controllable generation methods, and find that while data- or compute-intensive methods (e.g., adaptive pretraining on non-toxic data) are more effective at steering away from toxicity than simpler solutions (e.g., banning "bad" words), no current method is failsafe against neural toxic degeneration. To pinpoint the potential cause of such persistent toxic degeneration, we analyze two web text corpora used to pretrain several LMs (including GPT-2; Radford et. al, 2019), and find a significant amount of offensive, factually unreliable, and otherwise toxic content. Our work provides a test bed for evaluating toxic generations by LMs and stresses the need for better data selection processes for pretraining., Comment: Findings in EMNLP 2020

Published
2020

18. The Mini-CAPTAIN Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber

Author

CAPTAIN Collaboration, Taylor, C. E., Bhandari, B., Bian, J., Bilton, K., Callahan, C., Chaves, J., Chen, H., Cline, D., Cooper, R. L., Danielson, D. L., Danielson, J., Dokania, N., Elliot, S., Fernandes, S., Gardiner, S., Garvey, G., Gehman, V., Giuliani, F., Glavin, S., Gold, M., Grant, C., Guardincerri, E., Haines, T., Higuera, A., Ji, J. Y., Kadel, R., Kamp, N., Karlin, A., Ketchum, W., Koerner, L. W., Lee, D., Lee, K., Liu, Q., Locke, S., Louis, W. C., Madigan, P., Manalaysay, A., Maricic, J., Martin, E., Martinez, M. J., Martynenko, S., Mauger, C., McGrew, C., Medina, J., Medina, P. J., Mills, G., Mirabal-Martinez, J., Olivier, A., Pantic, E., Philipbar, B., Pitcher, C., Radeka, V., Ramsey, J., Rielage, K., Rosen, M., Sanchez, A. R., Shin, J., Sinnis, G., Smy, M., Sondheim, W., Stancu, I., Sterbenz, C., Sun, Y., Svoboda, R., Teymourian, A., Thorn, C., Tull, C. E., Tzanov, M., Van de Water, R., Walsh, N., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Yanagisawa, C., Yarritu, A., and Yoo, J.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

This manuscript describes the commissioning of the Mini-CAPTAIN liquid argon detector in a neutron beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), which led to a first measurement of high-energy neutron interactions in argon. The Mini-CAPTAIN detector consists of a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with an accompanying photomultiplier tube (PMT) array sealed inside a liquid-argon-filled cryostat. The liquid argon is constantly purified and recirculated in a closed-loop cycle during operation. The specifications and assembly of the detector subsystems and an overview of their performance in a neutron beam are reported., Comment: 21 pages, 27 figures

Published
2020
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19. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author

Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alquahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Arbuckle, A., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Aviles, S., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barry, M. J., Bauer, D., Bauer, P., Baxter, A., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Birrittella, B., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A. I., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Branson, S., Brás, P., Breidenbach, M., Brew, C. A. J., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Campbell, J. S., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Colling, D., Conley, R. A., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Cox, G., Craddock, W. W., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., da Cunhaw, J. P., Dahl, C. E., Dardin, S., Dasu, S., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., de Viveiros, L., Decheine, N., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Edwards, B. N., Edwards, J., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Florang, I. M. Fogarty, Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Fraser, E. D., Froborg, F., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Gehman, V. M., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Gonda, T. G., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., Gregerson, G., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hamilton, D., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrington, T., Harrison, A., Harrison, J., Hasselkus, C., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hemer, D., Hertel, S. A., Heise, J., Hillbrand, S., Hitchcock, O., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Irving, M. N., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, M., Johnson, J., Johnson, P., Jones, W. G., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Kodroff, D., Konovalov, A. M., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lambert, A. R., Landerud, B., Larsen, N. A., Laundrie, A., Leason, E. A., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liu, Y., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Lopez-Asamar, E., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Lynch, C., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Markley, D. J., MarrLaundrie, P., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Minaker, Z. J., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Molash, D., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Nesbit, J., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., Oh, H., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Oxborough, L., Pagac, A., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmaccio, V. M., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Pereira, C., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Pierson, S., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Racine, M., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rucinski, R., Rutherford, G., Saba, J. S., Sabarots, L., Santone, D., Sarychev, M., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Severson, M., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, G. W., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, A. R., Smith, R. J., Smith, R. E., So, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stern, N., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Sumner, T. J., Sundarnath, K., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Taylor, D. J., Temples, D., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utes, M., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Verbus, J. R., Vietanen, T., Voirin, E., Vuosalo, C. O., Walcott, S., Waldron, W. L., Walker, K., Wang, J. J., Wang, R., Wang, L., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Migneault, J., Weatherly, S., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, R. G., White, J. T., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Wilson, K., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., Zhang, C., and Zarzhitsky, P.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented., Comment: 45 pages (79 inc. tables), 7 figures, 9 tables

Published
2020
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20. The Mini-CAPTAIN liquid argon time projection chamber

Author

Taylor, CE, Bhandari, B, Bian, J, Bilton, K, Callahan, C, Chaves, J, Chen, H, Cline, D, Cooper, RL, Danielson, DL, Danielson, J, Dokania, N, Elliot, S, Fernandes, S, Gardiner, S, Garvey, G, Gehman, V, Giuliani, F, Glavin, S, Gold, M, Grant, C, Guardincerri, E, Haines, T, Higuera, A, Ji, JY, Kadel, R, Kamp, N, Karlin, A, Ketchum, W, Koerner, LW, Lee, D, Lee, K, Liu, Q, Locke, S, Louis, WC, Madigan, P, Manalaysay, A, Maricic, J, Martin, E, Martinez, MJ, Martynenko, S, Mauger, C, McGrew, C, Medina, J, Medina, PJ, Mills, A, Mills, G, Mirabal-Martinez, J, Olivier, A, Pantic, E, Philipbar, B, Pitcher, C, Radeka, V, Ramsey, J, Rielage, K, Rosen, M, Sanchez, AR, Shin, J, Sinnis, G, Smy, M, Sondheim, W, Stancu, I, Sterbenz, C, Sun, Y, Svoboda, R, Teymourian, A, Thorn, C, Tull, CE, Tzanov, M, Van de Water, R, Walsh, N, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Yanagisawa, C, Yarritu, A, and Yoo, J

Subjects
Liquid argon detector, Time projection chamber, Neutron measurement, Photon detection system, physics.ins-det, hep-ex, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Other Physical Sciences
Abstract

This manuscript describes the commissioning of the Mini-CAPTAIN liquid argon detector in a neutron beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), which led to a first measurement of high-energy neutron interactions in argon. The Mini-CAPTAIN detector consists of a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with an accompanying photomultiplier tube (PMT) array sealed inside a liquid-argon-filled cryostat. The liquid argon is constantly purified and recirculated in a closed-loop cycle during operation. The specifications and assembly of the detector subsystems and an overview of their performance in a neutron beam are reported.

Published
2021

21. Impact loading in female runners with single and multiple bone stress injuries during fresh and exerted conditions

Author

Kristin L. Popp, Jereme Outerleys, Sarah Gehman, Margaret Garrahan, Sara Rudolph, Elizabeth Loranger, Kathryn E. Ackerman, Adam S. Tenforde, Mary L. Bouxsein, and Irene S. Davis

Subjects
Biomechanics, Bone stress injuries, Fatigue, Runners, Stress fracture, Sports, GV557-1198.995, Sports medicine, RC1200-1245
Abstract

Background: Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common in female runners, and recurrent BSI rates are high. Previous work suggests an association between higher impact loading during running and tibial BSI. However, it is unknown whether impact loading and fatigue-related loading changes discriminate women with a history of multiple BSIs. This study compared impact variables at the beginning of a treadmill run to exertion and the changes in those variables with exertion among female runners with no history of BSI as well as among those with a history of single or multiple BSIs. Methods: We enrolled 45 female runners (aged 18–40 years) for this cross-sectional study: having no history of diagnosed lower extremity BSI (N-BSI, n = 14); a history of 1 lower extremity BSI (1-BSI, n = 16); and diagnosed by imaging, or a history of multiple (≥3) lower extremity BSIs (M-BSI, n = 15). Participants completed a 5-km race speed run on an instrumented treadmill while wearing an Inertial Measurement Unit. The vertical average loading rate (VALR), vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR), vertical stiffness during impact via instrumented treadmill, and tibial shock determined as the peak positive tibial acceleration via Inertial Measurement Unit were measured at the beginning and the end of the run. Results: There were no differences between groups in VALR, VILR, vertical stiffness, or tibial shock in a fresh or exerted condition. However, compared to N-BSI, women with M-BSI had greater increase with exertion in VALR (–1.8% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.01) and VILR (1.5% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.03). Similarly, compared to N-BSI, vertical stiffness increased more with exertion among women with M-BSI (–0.9% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.006) and 1-BSI (–0.9% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.05). Finally, compared to N-BSI, the increase in tibial shock from fresh to exerted condition was greater among women with M-BSI (0.9% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.03) and 1-BSI (0.9% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Women with 1-BSI or M-BSIs experience greater exertion-related increases in impact loading than women with N-BSI. These observations imply that exertion-related changes in gait biomechanics may contribute to risk of BSI.

Published
2023
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22. A large clinical trial to improve well-being during the transition to college using wearables: The lived experiences measured using rings study

Author

Price, Matthew, Hidalgo, Johanna E., Bird, Yoshi M., Bloomfield, Laura S.P., Buck, Casey, Cerutti, Janine, Dodds, Peter Sheridan, Fudolig, Mikaela Irene, Gehman, Rachel, Hickok, Marc, Kim, Julia, Llorin, Jordan, Lovato, Juniper, McGinnis, Ellen W., McGinnis, Ryan S., Norton, Richard, Ramirez, Vanessa, Stanton, Kathryn, Ricketts, Taylor H., and Danforth, Christopher M.

Published
2023
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23. In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sotrovimab, a SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody, in healthy cynomolgus monkeys

Author

Aweda, Tolulope A., Cheng, Shih-Hsun, Lenhard, Stephen C., Sepp, Armin, Skedzielewski, Tinamarie, Hsu, Chih-Yang, Marshall, Shelly, Haag, Heather, Kehler, Jonathan, Jagdale, Prabhas, Peter, Alessia, Schmid, Michael A., Gehman, Andrew, Doan, Minh, Mayer, Andrew P., Gorycki, Peter, Fanget, Marie, Colas, Christophe, Smith, Brenda, Maier, Curtis C., and Alsaid, Hasan

Published
2023
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24. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author

The LZ Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alquahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Arbuckle, A., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barry, M. J., Barthel, J., Bauer, D., Bauer, P., Baxter, A., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birrittella, B., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A. I., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Branson, S., Brás, P., Breidenbach, M., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Campbell, J. S., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Colling, D., Conley, R. A., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Craddock, W. W., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., da Cunha, J. P., Dahl, C. E., Dardin, S., Dasu, S., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., de Viveiros, L., Decheine, N., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Edwards, B. N., Edwards, J., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Florang, I. M. Fogarty, Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Froborg, F., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Geffre, A., Gehman, V. M., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Gonda, T. G., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., Gregerson, G., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hamilton, D., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrington, T., Harrison, A., Hasselkus, C., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hemer, D., Hertel, S. A., Heise, J., Hillbrand, S., Hitchcock, O., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Irving, M. N., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, M., Johnson, J., Johnson, P., Jones, W. G., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Konovalov, A. M., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lambert, A. R., Landerud, B., Larsen, N. A., Laundrie, A., Leason, E. A., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liu, Y., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Lynch, C., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Markley, D. J., MarrLaundrie, P., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Minaker, Z. J., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Molash, D., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Nesbit, J., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., Oh, H., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Oxborough, L., Pagac, A., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmaccio, V. M., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Pereira, C., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Pierson, S., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Racine, M., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rucinski, R., Rutherford, G., Rynders, D., Saba, J. S., Sabarots, L., Santone, D., Sarychev, M., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Severson, M., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, G. W., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, A. R., Smith, R. J., Smith, R. E., So, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stern, N., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Sumner, T. J., Sundarnath, K., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Taylor, D. J., Temples, D., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utes, M., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Verbus, J. R., Vietanen, T., Voirin, E., Vuosalo, C. O., Walcott, S., Waldron, W. L., Walker, K., Wang, J. J., Wang, R., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Migneault, J., Weatherly, S., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, R. G., White, J. T., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Wilson, K., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., and Zhang, C.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements.

Published
2019
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25. Clinical validation of a multi-protein, serum-based assay for disease activity assessments in multiple sclerosis

Author

Chitnis, Tanuja, Foley, John, Ionete, Carolina, El Ayoubi, Nabil K., Saxena, Shrishti, Gaitan-Walsh, Patricia, Lokhande, Hrishikesh, Paul, Anu, Saleh, Fermisk, Weiner, Howard, Qureshi, Ferhan, Becich, Michael J., da Costa, Fatima Rubio, Gehman, Victor M., Zhang, Fujun, Keshavan, Anisha, Jalaleddini, Kian, Ghoreyshi, Ati, and Khoury, Samia J.

Published
2023
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26. Extending light WIMP searches to single scintillation photons in LUX

Author

Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Cahn, S. B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edwards, B. N., Faham, C. H., Fallon, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Gehman, V. M., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, K. R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Grace, E., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Hanhardt, M., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazka, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Larsen, N. A., Leason, E., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., López-Paredes, B., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Mock, J., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., O'Sullivan, K., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Reichhart, L., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stephenson, S., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Verbus, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., Young, S. K., and Zhang, C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We present a novel analysis technique for liquid xenon time projection chambers that allows for a lower threshold by relying on events with a prompt scintillation signal consisting of single detected photons. The energy threshold of the LUX dark matter experiment is primarily determined by the smallest scintillation response detectable, which previously required a 2-fold coincidence signal in its photomultiplier arrays, enforced in data analysis. The technique presented here exploits the double photoelectron emission effect observed in some photomultiplier models at vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths. We demonstrate this analysis using an electron recoil calibration dataset and place new constraints on the spin-independent scattering cross section of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) down to 2.5 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP mass using the 2013 LUX dataset. This new technique is promising to enhance light WIMP and astrophysical neutrino searches in next-generation liquid xenon experiments.

Published
2019
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28. First Measurement of the Total Neutron Cross Section on Argon Between 100 and 800 MeV

Author

Bhandari, B., Bian, J., Bilton, K., Callahan, C., Chaves, J., Chen, H., Cline, D., Cooper, R. L., Danielson, D., Danielson, J., Dokania, N., Elliott, S., Fernandes, S., Gardiner, S., Garvey, G., Gehman, V., Giuliani, F., Glavin, S., Gold, M., Grant, C., Guardincerri, E., Haines, T., Higuera, A., Ji, J. Y., Kadel, R., Kamp, N., Karlin, A., Ketchum, W., Koerner, L. W., Lee, D., Lee, K., Liu, Q., Locke, S., Louis, W. C., Manalaysay, A., Maricic, J., Martin, E., Martinez, M. J., Martynenko, S., Mauger, C., McGrew, C., Medina, J., Medina, P. J., Mills, A., Mills, G., Mirabal-Martinez, J., Olivier, A., Pantic, E., Philipbar, B., Pitcher, C., Radeka, V., Ramsey, J., Rielage, K., Rosen, M., Sanchez, A. R., Shin, J., Sinnis, G., Smy, M., Sondheim, W., Stancu, I., Sterbenz, C., Sun, Y., Svoboda, R., Taylor, C., Teymourian, A., Thorn, C., Tull, C. E., Tzanov, M., Van de Water, R. G., Walker, D., Walsh, N., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Yanagisawa, C., Yarritu, A., and Yoo, J.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We report the first measurement of the neutron cross section on argon in the energy range of 100-800 MeV. The measurement was obtained with a 4.3-hour exposure of the Mini-CAPTAIN detector to the WNR/LANSCE beam at LANL. The total cross section is measured from the attenuation coefficient of the neutron flux as it traverses the liquid argon volume. A set of 2,631 candidate interactions is divided in bins of the neutron kinetic energy calculated from time-of-flight measurements. These interactions are reconstructed with custom-made algorithms specifically designed for the data in a time projection chamber the size of the Mini-CAPTAIN detector. The energy averaged cross section is $0.91 \pm{} 0.10~\mathrm{(stat.)} \pm{} 0.09~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\mathrm{barns}$. A comparison of the measured cross section is made to the GEANT4 and FLUKA event generator packages., Comment: 5 pages, 1 table, 3 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters

Published
2019
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30. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment

Author

Akerib, DS, Akerlof, CW, Akimov, DY, Alquahtani, A, Alsum, SK, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Arbuckle, A, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Auyeung, H, Bai, X, Bailey, AJ, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Barry, MJ, Barthel, J, Bauer, D, Bauer, P, Baxter, A, Belle, J, Beltrame, P, Bensinger, J, Benson, T, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birrittella, B, Boast, KE, Bolozdynya, AI, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Bramante, R, Branson, S, Brás, P, Breidenbach, M, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, VV, Bunker, R, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Campbell, JS, Carels, C, Carlsmith, DL, Carlson, B, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Cherwinka, JJ, Chiller, AA, Chiller, C, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Coleman, J, Colling, D, Conley, RA, Cottle, A, Coughlen, R, Craddock, WW, Curran, D, Currie, A, Cutter, JE, da Cunha, JP, Dahl, CE, Dardin, S, Dasu, S, Davis, J, Davison, TJR, de Viveiros, L, Decheine, N, Dobi, A, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Dushkin, A, Edberg, TK, Edwards, WR, Edwards, BN, Edwards, J, Elnimr, MM, Emmet, WT, Eriksen, SR, Faham, CH, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fogarty Florang, IM, Ford, P, Francis, VB, Froborg, F, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Gantos, NJ, Garcia, D, Geffre, A, and Gehman, VM

Subjects
Dark matter detector, Liquid xenon, Time projection chamber, Underground, physics.ins-det, astro-ph.IM, hep-ex, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Other Physical Sciences
Abstract

We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850’ level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements.

Published
2020

31. Gastroenterology Practice Patterns Contribute to Missed Diagnoses of Eosinophilic Gastritis and Duodenitis

Author

Mirna Chehade, Jingwen Tan, and Lauren T. Gehman

Subjects
Gastrointestinal, Eosinophil, Misdiagnosed, Symptoms, Pathology, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract

Background and Aims: Eosinophilic gastritis and eosinophilic duodenitis (EoG/EoD) are often misdiagnosed as functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Consequently, patients with GI symptoms of EoG/EoD may not undergo the necessary steps for diagnosis. We studied gastroenterologists’ evaluations of patients with chronic, unexplained, moderate-to-severe GI symptoms that were unresponsive to over-the-counter medications. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional online survey of 202 board-certified gastroenterologists at office-based practices, community hospitals, or academic institutions. Respondents had been in active clinical practice for 3–35 years post-residency training, spent most of their time on direct patient care, managed ≥1 patient with irritable bowel syndrome and/or functional dyspepsia, and performed ≥1 endoscopy per month. Responses were analyzed to identify barriers to EoG/EoD diagnosis and management. Results: Respondents managed a mean of 1880 patients per year; the most common diagnoses were functional dyspepsia (36%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (19%). Mean proportions of patients who underwent upper endoscopy ranged from 42% to 84%. Biopsies were collected from >90% of patients with visible endoscopic mucosal abnormalities vs 42%–72% of patients with normal-appearing mucosae. Approximately 20% of respondents collected only 1–2 biopsies from each site of the GI tract. Only 30% routinely requested pathologists to count eosinophils, and nearly 40% had no histologic threshold for EoG/EoD diagnosis. Conclusion: Gastroenterologists vary in their evaluation of patients with chronic, unexplained moderate-to-severe GI symptoms. Limited gastric and duodenal biopsy collection, particularly from normal-appearing mucosae, and failure to request tissue eosinophil counts might contribute to underdiagnosis of EoG/EoD. Availability and awareness of EoG/EoD diagnostic guidelines should improve detection in clinical practice.

Published
2023
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36. Congenital Cervical Lesions

Author

Lesh, Randy, Gehman, Curtis, Wertz, Aileen P., Coppola, Christopher P., editor, Kennedy, Jr, Alfred P., editor, Lessin, Marc S., editor, and Scorpio, Ronald J., editor

Published
2022
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40. Distinguishing Vinylic and Aromatic [superscript 1]H NMR Signals Using Selectively Deuterated Chalcones

Author

Gehman, Courtney A., Hantz, Eric R., and Hamann, Christian S.

Abstract

[superscript 1]H NMR spectroscopy is a molecular characterization technique that is ubiquitously used in research and teaching laboratories alike. Strategic deuteration of molecules is a commonly employed technique in the deconvolution of [superscript 1]H NMR signals. Here this approach is applied in a second-year chemistry course in which students synthesize 4-methoxychalcone using the Claisen-Schmidt variant of the foundational aldol reaction. The [superscript 1]H NMR spectrum is complicated by a crowded aromatic and alkene region due in part to extensive conjugation through the two phenyl groups surrounding an [alpha],[beta]-unsaturated ketone. This report demonstrates that students gain competence and confidence in making [superscript 1]H NMR assignments when presented with a curated set of selectively deuterated chalcones rather than the corresponding spectrum of the fully protiated chalcone. While deuteration does not resolve all of the challenges associated with interpreting this spectrum, it is an invaluable tool to complement chemical shifts (including the predictive nature of resonance structures), integration, and spin-spin splitting. A proposed lecture is presented that is timed to correlate with the performance of the chalcone synthesis lab. Assessment data collected before and after the lecture and then again on the final exam point to the effectiveness of this approach.

Published
2021
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41. Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis and limits calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment

Author

Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Brás, P., Byram, D., Cahn, S. B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., Davison, T. J. R., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edwards, B. N., Faham, C. H., Fallon, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Gehman, V. M., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Hanhardt, M., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Larsen, N. A., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Mock, J., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., O'Sullivan, K., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Uvarov, S., Velan, V., Verbus, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., Young, S. K., and Zhang, C.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The LUX experiment has performed searches for dark matter particles scattering elastically on xenon nuclei, leading to stringent upper limits on the nuclear scattering cross sections for dark matter. Here, for results derived from ${1.4}\times 10^{4}\;\mathrm{kg\,days}$ of target exposure in 2013, details of the calibration, event-reconstruction, modeling, and statistical tests that underlie the results are presented. Detector performance is characterized, including measured efficiencies, stability of response, position resolution, and discrimination between electron- and nuclear-recoil populations. Models are developed for the drift field, optical properties, background populations, the electron- and nuclear-recoil responses, and the absolute rate of low-energy background events. Innovations in the analysis include in situ measurement of the photomultipliers' response to xenon scintillation photons, verification of fiducial mass with a low-energy internal calibration source, and new empirical models for low-energy signal yield based on large-sample, in situ calibrations.

Published
2017
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42. The Role of Processing Speed and Cognitive Control on Word Retrieval in Aging and Aphasia

Author

Faroqi-Shah, Yasmeen and Gehman, Megan

Abstract

Purpose: When speakers retrieve words, they do so extremely quickly and accurately--both speed and accuracy of word retrieval are compromised in persons with aphasia (PWA). This study examined the contribution of two domain-general mechanisms: processing speed and cognitive control on word retrieval in PWA. Method: Three groups of participants, neurologically healthy young and older adults and PWA (n = 15 in each group), performed processing speed, cognitive control, lexical decision, and word retrieval tasks on a computer. The relationship between word retrieval speed and other tasks was examined for each group. Results: Both aging and aphasia resulted in slower processing speed but did not affect cognitive control. Word retrieval response time delays in PWA were eliminated when processing speed was accounted for. Word retrieval speed was predicted by individual differences in cognitive control in young and older adults and additionally by processing speed in older adults. In PWA, word retrieval speed was predicted by severity of language deficit and cognitive control. Conclusions: This study shows that processing speed is compromised in aphasia and could account for their slowed response times. Individual differences in cognitive control predicted word retrieval speed in healthy adults and PWA. These findings highlight the need to include nonlinguistic cognitive mechanisms in future models of word retrieval in healthy adults and word retrieval deficits in aphasia.

Published
2021
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43. First Measurement of the Total Neutron Cross Section on Argon between 100 and 800 MeV

Author

Bhandari, B, Bian, J, Bilton, K, Callahan, C, Chaves, J, Chen, H, Cline, D, Cooper, RL, Danielson, D, Danielson, J, Dokania, N, Elliott, S, Fernandes, S, Gardiner, S, Garvey, G, Gehman, V, Giuliani, F, Glavin, S, Gold, M, Grant, C, Guardincerri, E, Haines, T, Higuera, A, Ji, JY, Kadel, R, Kamp, N, Karlin, A, Ketchum, W, Koerner, LW, Lee, D, Lee, K, Liu, Q, Locke, S, Louis, WC, Manalaysay, A, Maricic, J, Martin, E, Martinez, MJ, Martynenko, S, Mauger, C, McGrew, C, Medina, J, Medina, PJ, Mills, A, Mills, G, Mirabal-Martinez, J, Olivier, A, Pantic, E, Philipbar, B, Pitcher, C, Radeka, V, Ramsey, J, Rielage, K, Rosen, M, Sanchez, AR, Shin, J, Sinnis, G, Smy, M, Sondheim, W, Stancu, I, Sterbenz, C, Sun, Y, Svoboda, R, Taylor, C, Teymourian, A, Thorn, C, Tull, CE, Tzanov, M, Van de Water, RG, Walker, D, Walsh, N, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Yanagisawa, C, Yarritu, A, and Yoo, J

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, Bioengineering, CAPTAIN Collaboration, hep-ex, nucl-ex, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering, General Physics, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract

We report the first measurement of the neutron cross section on argon in the energy range of 100-800 MeV. The measurement was obtained with a 4.3-h exposure of the Mini-CAPTAIN detector to the WNR/LANSCE beam at LANL. The total cross section is measured from the attenuation coefficient of the neutron flux as it traverses the liquid argon volume. A set of 2631 candidate interactions is divided in bins of the neutron kinetic energy calculated from time-of-flight measurements. These interactions are reconstructed with custom-made algorithms specifically designed for the data in a time projection chamber the size of the Mini-CAPTAIN detector. The energy averaged cross section is 0.91±0.10(stat)±0.09(syst)  b. A comparison of the measured cross section is made to the GEANT4 and FLUKA event generator packages, where the energy averaged cross sections in this range are 0.60 and 0.68 b, respectively.

Published
2019

45. Erratum to: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author

D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, D. Yu. Akimov, A. Alquahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, A. Arbuckle, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, H. Auyeung, S. Aviles, X. Bai, A. J. Bailey, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, M. J. Barry, D. Bauer, P. Bauer, A. Baxter, J. Belle, P. Beltrame, J. Bensinger, T. Benson, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, B. Birrittella, K. E. Boast, A. I. Bolozdynya, E. M. Boulton, B. Boxer, R. Bramante, S. Branson, P. Brás, M. Breidenbach, C. A. J. Brew, J. H. Buckley, V. V. Bugaev, R. Bunker, S. Burdin, J. K. Busenitz, R. Cabrita, J. S. Campbell, C. Carels, D. L. Carlsmith, B. Carlson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Cascella, C. Chan, J. J. Cherwinka, A. A. Chiller, C. Chiller, N. I. Chott, A. Cole, J. Coleman, D. Colling, R. A. Conley, A. Cottle, R. Coughlen, G. Cox, W. W. Craddock, D. Curran, A. Currie, J. E. Cutter, J. P. da Cunha, C. E. Dahl, S. Dardin, S. Dasu, J. Davis, T. J. R. Davison, L. de Viveiros, N. Decheine, A. Dobi, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, A. Dushkin, T. K. Edberg, W. R. Edwards, B. N. Edwards, J. Edwards, M. M. Elnimr, W. T. Emmet, S. R. Eriksen, C. H. Faham, A. Fan, S. Fayer, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, I. M. Fogarty Florang, P. Ford, V. B. Francis, E. D. Fraser, F. Froborg, T. Fruth, R. J. Gaitskell, N. J. Gantos, D. Garcia, V. M. Gehman, R. Gelfand, J. Genovesi, R. M. Gerhard, C. Ghag, E. Gibson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Gokhale, B. Gomber, T. G. Gonda, A. Greenall, S. Greenwood, G. Gregerson, M. G. D. van der Grinten, C. B. Gwilliam, C. R. Hall, D. Hamilton, S. Hans, K. Hanzel, T. Harrington, A. Harrison, J. Harrison, C. Hasselkus, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Hemer, S. A. Hertel, J. Heise, S. Hillbrand, O. Hitchcock, C. Hjemfelt, M. D. Hoff, B. Holbrook, E. Holtom, J. Y-K. Hor, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, T. W. Hurteau, C. M. Ignarra, M. N. Irving, R. G. Jacobsen, O. Jahangir, S. N. Jeffery, W. Ji, M. Johnson, J. Johnson, P. Johnson, W. G. Jones, A. C. Kaboth, A. Kamaha, K. Kamdin, V. Kasey, K. Kazkaz, J. Keefner, D. Khaitan, M. Khaleeq, A. Khazov, A. V. Khromov, I. Khurana, Y. D. Kim, W. T. Kim, C. D. Kocher, D. Kodroff, A. M. Konovalov, L. Korley, E. V. Korolkova, M. Koyuncu, J. Kras, H. Kraus, S. W. Kravitz, H. J. Krebs, L. Kreczko, B. Krikler, V. A. Kudryavtsev, A. V. Kumpan, S. Kyre, A. R. Lambert, B. Landerud, N. A. Larsen, A. Laundrie, E. A. Leason, H. S. Lee, J. Lee, C. Lee, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, R. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Li, Y. Liu, J. Liao, F.-T. Liao, J. Lin, A. Lindote, R. Linehan, W. H. Lippincott, R. Liu, X. Liu, C. Loniewski, M. I. Lopes, E. Lopez-Asamar, B. López Paredes, W. Lorenzon, D. Lucero, S. Luitz, J. M. Lyle, C. Lynch, P. A. Majewski, J. Makkinje, D. C. Malling, A. Manalaysay, L. Manenti, R. L. Mannino, N. Marangou, D. J. Markley, P. MarrLaundrie, T. J. Martin, M. F. Marzioni, C. Maupin, C. T. McConnell, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, D.-M. Mei, Y. Meng, E. H. Miller, Z. J. Minaker, E. Mizrachi, J. Mock, D. Molash, A. Monte, M. E. Monzani, J. A. Morad, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, A. St. J. Murphy, D. Naim, A. Naylor, C. Nedlik, C. Nehrkorn, H. N. Nelson, J. Nesbit, F. Neves, J. A. Nikkel, J. A. Nikoleyczik, A. Nilima, J. O’Dell, H. Oh, F. G. O’Neill, K. O’Sullivan, I. Olcina, M. A. Olevitch, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, L. Oxborough, A. Pagac, D. Pagenkopf, S. Pal, K. J. Palladino, V. M. Palmaccio, J. Palmer, M. Pangilinan, N. Parveen, S. J. Patton, E. K. Pease, B. P. Penning, G. Pereira, C. Pereira, I. B. Peterson, A. Piepke, S. Pierson, S. Powell, R. M. Preece, K. Pushkin, Y. Qie, M. Racine, B. N. Ratcliff, J. Reichenbacher, L. Reichhart, C. A. Rhyne, A. Richards, Q. Riffard, G. R. C. Rischbieter, J. P. Rodrigues, H. J. Rose, R. Rosero, P. Rossiter, R. Rucinski, G. Rutherford, J. S. Saba, L. Sabarots, D. Santone, M. Sarychev, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, M. Schubnell, P. R. Scovell, M. Severson, D. Seymour, S. Shaw, G. W. Shutt, T. A. Shutt, J. J. Silk, C. Silva, K. Skarpaas, W. Skulski, A. R. Smith, R. J. Smith, R. E. Smith, J. So, M. Solmaz, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, V. V. Sosnovtsev, I. Stancu, M. R. Stark, S. Stephenson, N. Stern, A. Stevens, T. M. Stiegler, K. Stifter, R. Studley, T. J. Sumner, K. Sundarnath, P. Sutcliffe, N. Swanson, M. Szydagis, M. Tan, W. C. Taylor, R. Taylor, D. J. Taylor, D. Temples, B. P. Tennyson, P. A. Terman, K. J. Thomas, J. A. Thomson, D. R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, W. H. To, A. Tomás, T. E. Tope, M. Tripathi, D. R. Tronstad, C. E. Tull, W. Turner, L. Tvrznikova, M. Utes, U. Utku, S. Uvarov, J. Va’vra, A. Vacheret, A. Vaitkus, J. R. Verbus, T. Vietanen, E. Voirin, C. O. Vuosalo, S. Walcott, W. L. Waldron, K. Walker, J. J. Wang, R. Wang, L. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, J. R. Watson, J. Migneault, S. Weatherly, R. C. Webb, W.-Z. Wei, M. While, R. G. White, J. T. White, D. T. White, T. J. Whitis, W. J. Wisniewski, K. Wilson, M. S. Witherell, F. L. H. Wolfs, J. D. Wolfs, D. Woodward, S. D. Worm, X. Xiang, Q. Xiao, J. Xu, M. Yeh, J. Yin, I. Young, C. Zhang, and P. Zarzhitsky

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Published
2022
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47. Search for Zero-Neutrino Double Beta Decay in 76Ge with the Majorana Demonstrator

Author

Aalseth, C. E., Abgrall, N., Aguayo, E., Alvis, S. I., Amman, M., Arnquist, I. J., Avignone III, F. T., Back, H. O., Barabash, A. S., Barbeau, P. S., Barton, C. J., Barton, P. J., Bertrand, F. E., Bode, T., Bos, B., Boswell, M., Brodzinski, R. L., Bradley, A. W., Brudanin, V., Busch, M., Buuck, M., Caldwell, A. S., Caldwell, T. S., Chan, Y-D., Christofferson, C. D., Chu, P. -H., Collar, J. I., Combs, D. C., Cooper, R. J., Cuesta, C., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Dunmore, J. A., Efremenko, Yu., Ejiri, H., Elliott, S. R., Fast, J. E., Finnerty, P., Fraenkle, F. M., Fu, Z., Fujikawa, B. K., Fuller, E., Galindo-Uribarri, A., Gehman, V. M., Gilliss, T., Giovanetti, G. K., Goett, J., Green, M. P., Gruszko, J., Guinn, I. S., Guiseppe, V. E., Hallin, A. L., Haufe, C. R., Hehn, L., Henning, R., Hoppe, E. W., Hossbach, T. W., Howe, M. A., Jasinski, B. R., Johnson, R. A., Keeter, K. J., Kephart, J. D., Kidd, M. F., Knecht, A., Konovalov, S. I., Kouzes, R. T., Lesko, K. T., LaFerriere, B. D., Leon, J., Leviner, L. E., Loach, J. C., Lopez, A. M., Luke, P. N., MacMullin, J., MacMullin, S., Marino, M. G., Martin, R. D., Massarczyk, R., McDonald, A. B., Mei, D. -M., Meijer, S. J., Merriman, J. H., Mertens, S., Miley, H. S., Miller, M. L., Myslik, J., Orrell, J. L., O'Shaughnessy, C., Othman, G., Overman, N. R., Pettus, W., Phillips II, D. G., Poon, A. W. P., Perumpilly, G., Pushkin, K., Radford, D. C., Rager, J., Reeves, J. H., Reine, A. L., Rielage, K., Robertson, R. G. H., Ronquest, M. C., Ruof, N. W., Schubert, A. G., Shanks, B., Shirchenko, M., Snavely, K. J., Snyder, N., Steele, D., Suriano, A. M., Tedeschi, D., Tornow, W., Trimble, J. E., Varner, R. L., Vasilyev, S., Vetter, K., Vorren, K., White, B. R., Wilkerson, J. F., Wiseman, C., Xu, W., Yakushev, E., Yaver, H., Young, A. R., Yu, C. -H., Yumatov, V., Zhitnikov, I., Zhu, B. X., and Zimmermann, S.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The \MJ\ Collaboration is operating an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{76}$Ge. The \MJ\ \DEM\ comprises 44.1~kg of Ge detectors (29.7 kg enriched in $^{76}$Ge) split between two modules contained in a low background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. Here we present results from data taken during construction, commissioning, and the start of full operations. We achieve unprecedented energy resolution of 2.5 keV FWHM at \qval\ and a very low background with no observed candidate events in 10 kg yr of enriched Ge exposure, resulting in a lower limit on the half-life of $1.9\times10^{25}$ yr (90\% CL). This result constrains the effective Majorana neutrino mass to below 240 to 520 meV, depending on the matrix elements used. In our experimental configuration with the lowest background, the background is $4.0_{-2.5}^{+3.1}$ counts/(FWHM t yr)., Comment: typos fixed

Published
2017
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48. Measurements of the intrinsic quantum efficiency and absorption length of tetraphenyl butadiene thin films in the vacuum ultraviolet regime

Author

Benson, C. P., Gann, G. D. Orebi, and Gehman, V. M.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

A key enabling technology for many liquid noble gas (LNG) detectors is the use of the common wavelength shifting medium tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB). TPB thin films are used to shift ultraviolet scintillation light into the visible spectrum for detection and event reconstruction. Understanding the wavelength shifting efficiency and optical properties of these films are critical aspects in detector performance and modeling and hence in the ultimate physics sensitivity of such experiments. This article presents the first measurements of the room-temperature microphysical quantum efficiency for vacuum-deposited TPB thin films - a result that is independent of the optics of the TPB or substrate. Also presented are measurements of the absorption length in the vacuum ultraviolet regime, the secondary re-emission efficiency, and more precise results for the "black-box" efficiency across a broader spectrum of wavelengths than previous results. The low-wavelength sensitivity, in particular, would allow construction of LNG scintillator detectors with lighter elements (Ne, He) to target light mass WIMPs., Comment: 19 pages, 24 figures

Published
2017
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49. Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross section obtained from the complete LUX exposure

Author

LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Brás, P., Byram, D., Cahn, S. B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., Davison, T. J. R., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edwards, B. N., Faham, C. H., Fallon, S. R., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Gehman, V. M., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Hanhardt, M., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Larsen, N. A., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Mock, J., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., O'Sullivan, K., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stephenson, S., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Uvarov, S., Velan, V., Verbus, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., Young, S. K., and Zhang, C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present experimental constraints on the spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon elastic cross sections from the total 129.5 kg-year exposure acquired by the Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX), operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota (USA). A profile likelihood ratio analysis allows 90% CL upper limits to be set on the WIMP-neutron (WIMP-proton) cross section of $\sigma_n$ = 1.6$\times 10^{-41}$ cm$^{2}$ ($\sigma_p$ = 5$\times 10^{-40}$ cm$^{2}$) at 35 GeV$c^{-2}$, almost a sixfold improvement over the previous LUX spin-dependent results. The spin-dependent WIMP-neutron limit is the most sensitive constraint to date., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, version accepted by PRL

Published
2017
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50. First Searches for Axions and Axion-Like Particles with the LUX Experiment

Author

Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Aquino, C., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Brás, P., Byram, D., Cahn, S. B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., Davison, T. J. R., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edwards, B. N., Faham, C. H., Fallon, S. R., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Gehman, V. M., Ghag, C., Gibson, K. R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Hanhardt, M., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Larsen, N. A., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Mock, J., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., O'Sullivan, K., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stephenson, S., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Uvarov, S., Velan, V., Verbus, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., Young, S. K., and Zhang, C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

The first searches for axions and axion-like particles with the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment are presented. Under the assumption of an axio-electric interaction in xenon, the coupling constant between axions and electrons, gAe is tested, using data collected in 2013 with an exposure totalling 95 live-days $\times$ 118 kg. A double-sided, profile likelihood ratio statistic test excludes gAe larger than 3.5 $\times$ 10$^{-12}$ (90% C.L.) for solar axions. Assuming the DFSZ theoretical description, the upper limit in coupling corresponds to an upper limit on axion mass of 0.12 eV/c$^{2}$, while for the KSVZ description masses above 36.6 eV/c$^{2}$ are excluded. For galactic axion-like particles, values of gAe larger than 4.2 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ are excluded for particle masses in the range 1-16 keV/c$^{2}$. These are the most stringent constraints to date for these interactions.

Published
2017
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