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As artificial intelligence (AI) has been highly advancing in the last decade, machine learning (ML) based medical devices are increasingly used in healthcare. In this article, we did an extensive search on FDA database and performed analysis of FDA approved Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML)-Enabled Medical Devices. We have presented all the listed AI/ML-Enabled Medical Devices according to the date of approval, medical specialty, implementation modality of Medical Devices, and anatomical site of use. Our summary includes the current landscape of FDA approved AI/ML-Enabled Medical Devices till date and different FDA approval pathways for medical devices which will help understand the overview of AI/ML-Enabled Medical Devices, and its overall trends.

The present paper aims to study the impact of rewards and recognition on the motivation of employees in a organization. By getting recognition they tend to have higher self-esteem, more confident, willingness to take on new challenges and more eagerness to be innovative. Reward system in any organization is an important tool which management can channelized the employees from present to desired ways. The descriptive research paper design on the light of various motivation theories is adopted for this study. It is also significant to discover that there is a direct and positive relationship between rewards and recognition and job satisfaction and the direct translation o this could be that the better the rewards and recognition, the higher the levels of motivation and satisfaction, and possibly therefore, the greater the levels of performance and productivity.

Bhadar is one of the major rivers of Kathaiwar (Saurashtra) peninsula in Gujarat, India. It originates near Vaddi (Aniali Village) about 26 km north – west of Jasdan in Rajkot district of the state of Gujarat, India at an elevation of 261 m above mean sea level. Impact assessment of climate change over Bhadar river basin is carried out using two statistical methods of Trend Analysis i.e. linear Regression, and Innovative Trend method. Effect of climate change on annual rainfall and monthly rainfall are studied. Results show that there is an overall increase in annual rainfall trend in Bhadar river basin/catchment area at all stations except one station. The results for monthly rainfall show that the rainfall in the month of July and September shows increasing trend at all stations. The results obtained using Linear Regression and Innovative Trend method are found to be consistent.

Phenotyping large populations for assessing the variability for wood traits is the basic and critical step for developing improved genotypes/clones in the conventional or molecular marker-based tree improvement programmes of timber-yielding species. Melia dubia is rapidly emerging as a potential timber species with large-scale plantations being raised in different parts of India. In this study, large number of M. dubia trees (n = 940) were phenotyped for girth at breast height, wood basic density and stiffness from six plantations at three different locations, i.e. Yeshwanthpura (Kolar district), Hunsur and adjoining areas (Mysore district) and Kollegal (Mandya district) of Karnataka. Non-destructive tools namely pilodyn penetrometer and stress wave timers were used for phenotyping of wood density and wood stiffness, respectively. Across the locations, pilodyn penetration ranged from 12 to 30 mm and stress wave velocity ranged from 3.45 to 4.54 km/s. Plantations in the Hunsur area were characterized with relatively high pilodyn penetration (means low basic density), whereas stress wave velocity was uniformly distributed in all three locations. 11.68% of total number of trees (3.11% with GBH ≥ 37.5 cm from Yeshwanthpura and 8.57% trees from Kollegal) exhibiting pilodyn penetration range from 12 to 17 mm can be considered for selection for high density and 19.3% of trees (3.9% of trees from Yeshwanthpura, 4.4% trees from Hunsur and 11.02% trees from Kollegal) having stress wave velocity ranging from 4.05 to 4.46 km/s can be considered for high stiffness in the future tree improvement programmes. More than twofolds variation in pilodyn penetration and sufficiently large variation in stress wave velocity provide the opportunity for the development of trait-specific markers.

Climate change is one of the most discussed issues affecting the environment nowadays. Many researchers have been agreed that the increase in temperature in comparison to the previous century is due to anthropologically related activities, though there are enough historical evidence to support the theory that climate change is a natural phenomenon. This paper reviews the impact of climate change by assessing the trend of annual and monthly rainfall and representing spatial variability over the Orsang river basin in Narmada lower river basin in the state of Gujarat, India. This will be helpful to study the impacts of climate change on hydrology and water resources, and planning & management of water resources, environmental protection, and ecological balance over the orsang river basin, India.

Due to climate change, there is an increased/decreased frequency of peak flood discharge in river and streams. The most important concern of planning is to safe passing of the extreme flood discharge influenced by extreme climatic changes. It is a concern for planning for the storage capacity to safely store extreme discharge/inflow of the river. In this paper, probability theories and statistics for flood frequency factor (K) are applied and based on the results; it is found that the Extreme value model results in to a best model for frequency factor K, as it is yielding the minimum relative error. Using the frequency factor, the flood frequency analysis for peak flood is carried out for climate change scenario/Advance scenario. The peak discharge in advance scenario is more as compare to the base line scenario at most of the stations except three stations located on the south-east of the Sabarmati river basin.

Melia dubia Cav. (Meliaceae), a fast-growing tropical tree finds use in plywood, pulp and high-value solid wood products. To increase its productivity, we must essentially capture genetic diversity and identify genotypes with superior wood properties. This study aimed to develop novel microsatellite markers from genomic data and validate the markers in M. dubia. Direct Seq-to-SSR approach was adopted and using an in-house Perl script, 426,390 SSR markers identified. For validation, selected 151 markers, of which 50 were genomic markers chosen randomly, and 101 were genic markers identified through BLAST2GO. Amplification was observed in all loci, and 81.4% generated high-quality, reproducible amplicons of the expected size. Out of 50 genomic markers, we used ten highly polymorphic markers to assess genetic diversity among 75 genotypes from three populations. One hundred fourteen alleles were recorded, with a moderate level of diversity and a positive fixation index. Twenty-nine genic markers representing 13 enzymes showing polymorphism for wood stiffness were selected for diversity assessment of 24 genotypes (12 genotypes each with high and low-stress wave velocity). The product size ranged from 87 to 279, covering the majority of the genome. Cluster and structure analysis segregated ~ 80% of the genotypes based on the trait. This is the first report of the development of genic markers from a genomic survey and has proved efficient in differentiating genotypes based on the trait. The markers developed in this study will be useful for genetic mapping, diversity estimation, marker-assisted selection for desired traits and breeding for wood traits in M. dubia.

Melia dubia Cav. (Meliaceae), a fast-growing tropical tree finds use in plywood, pulp and high-value solid wood products. To increase its productivity, we must essentially capture genetic diversity and identify genotypes with superior wood properties. This study aimed to develop novel microsatellite markers from genomic data and validate the markers in M. dubia. Direct Seq-to-SSR approach was adopted and using an in-house Perl script, 426,390 SSR markers identified. For validation, selected 151 markers, of which 50 were genomic markers chosen randomly, and 101 were genic markers identified through BLAST2GO. Amplification was observed in all loci, and 81.4% generated high-quality, reproducible amplicons of the expected size. Out of 50 genomic markers, we used ten highly polymorphic markers to assess genetic diversity among 75 genotypes from three populations. One hundred fourteen alleles were recorded, with a moderate level of diversity and a positive fixation index. Twenty-nine genic markers representing 13 enzymes showing polymorphism for wood stiffness were selected for diversity assessment of 24 genotypes (12 genotypes each with high and low-stress wave velocity). The product size ranged from 87 to 279, covering the majority of the genome. Cluster and structure analysis segregated ~ 80% of the genotypes based on the trait. This is the first report of the development of genic markers from a genomic survey and has proved efficient in differentiating genotypes based on the trait. The markers developed in this study will be useful for genetic mapping, diversity estimation, marker-assisted selection for desired traits and breeding for wood traits in M. dubia. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02858-w.

Purpose More than 1 million new occurrences of cancer are diagnosed in India annually. Among patients with cancer, pain is a common and persistent symptom of the disease and its treatment. However, few studies to date have evaluated the prevalence of pain and the adequacy of pain management in Indian hospitals. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and sociodemographic patterns of cancer pain and pain management among a sample of inpatients and newly registered outpatients at four large regional cancer centers in India. Methods A sample of 1,600 patients with cancer who were current inpatients or newly registered outpatients were recruited and administered a questionnaire that was based on the Brief Pain Inventory. The survey tool included questions on demographics, medical history, and extent of clinical pain experienced. In addition, a pain management index score was created to link the severity of cancer pain with medication prescribed to treat it. Results A total of 88% of patients reported pain in the past 7 days, and approximately 60% reported that their worst pain was severe. Several demographic and medical characteristics of the study population predicted severe pain, including the following: lower educational level, outpatient status, and debt incurred as a result of illness. A total of 67% of patients were inadequately treated with analgesics. Inadequate pain management was associated with both treatment hospital and patient type, and patients who reported debt as a result of their illness were more likely to have inadequate pain management. Conclusion A majority of Indian patients with cancer experience significant pain and receive inadequate pain management. Improvement of pain management for Indian patients with cancer is needed urgently.

Canopy gaps play a significant role in maintaining structure and composition of tropical forests. This study was carried out in tropical evergreen forests of central Western Ghats in India to understand the influence of canopy gap size and the relationship of gap regime attributes to diversity measures and regeneration. The average gap size in the study area was found to be 396 m2 and around half of gaps were 4–8 years old. Gaps created by natural single tree fall were smaller in size but significantly higher in number. Diversity and regeneration of woody species were compared with canopy gaps and intact vegetation. Species richness and diversity was higher in gaps than in intact vegetation. Macaranga peltata, a shade intolerant species dominated gaps while intact vegetation was dominated by shade tolerant Kingiodendron pinnatum. Gap size significantly influenced species diversity and regeneration. Gap area and age were significantly and negatively correlated with diversity measures but positively correlated with regeneration. Among all the attributes of gaps, regeneration was significantly positively correlated with light intensity. Gaps maintained species diversity and favored regeneration of woody species. In addition to gap size and age, other gap ecological attributes also affected species diversity and regeneration.

Introduction: Ozone disk nucleolysis is a nonsurgical percutaneous procedure for the treatment of discogenic sciatica, and published success rates of ozone disk nucleolysis vary significantly. This study assesses the outcome difference between two treatment modalities among patients with discogenic sciatica secondary to a herniated disk in Bangladesh: Intradiscal ozone injection and combination therapy with intradiscal ozone and transforaminal triamcinolone and bupivacaine injection. Materials and methods: Prospectively recruited 50 patients (group I) received intradiscal injections of an oxygen–ozone mixture and 150 patients (group II) received identical oxygen– ozone injections, followed by transforaminal triamcinolone 20 mg in 2 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine, in relevant foramen. Discography was noted for each case. All patients underwent follow-up examinations at 1-week, 1-month, and 6-month time points. Clinical outcome was evaluated by using the verbal rating scale (VRS) and modified Macnab method. Results: According to the modified Macnab method, group II showed “excellent and good” result of about 97, 90, and 88% in 1-week, 1-month and 6-month time points respectively, whereas group I showed 70, 70, and 68% at the same time point. The difference is significant in each time point. Groups I and II demonstrated similar VRS scores prior to intervention, ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Madhuca insignis (Sapotaceae) is a tree endemic to the South Western Ghats of India. The species was first reported from one locality in 1858 and since then for a period of 120 years has been believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in type locality. It is one of the 27 tree species identified for a recovery programme in the national priority list of endangered plants in India. Literature and herbarium specimen surveys have been carried out followed by field visits. 27 individuals and three populations in the wild were located. The survival rate of individuals propagated from seed after five years was 60% in ex situ conservation. We therefore propose that M. insignis be categorized as Critically Endangered (

We compared morphological and genetic attributes of progeny obtained from three seed production areas (SPAs) and three corresponding unimproved stands (UIS) of teak (Tectona grandis L.f) at three broad teak growing regions in the state of Karnataka, India. In general, seed morphological parameters such as seed weight, seed size and seed emptiness were significantly superior in SPAs compared to UISs. Seed germination percentage was also higher in seeds from SPAs. Seedling performance measured at two monthly intervals for six months was observed to be superior in SPAs at two of the three regions compared. Although the genetic diversity of progeny of SPAs was lower than UIS at all regions, the values were moderately high. Germination percent was positively correlated with fruit weight and kernel weight per seed, while diversity indices were negatively correlated with fruit weight, fruit diameter and kernel weight per seed. SPAs proved important as a source of moderately improved planting material with no severe threat to the genetic diversity of future plantations.

Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.; family Verbanaceae) is an important plantation tree species in the tropics and in India one of the first species to be prioritized for improvement. Improvement efforts for the last 50 years have essentially concentrated on augmenting quality seed production by establishing seed production areas (SPA) and clonal seed orchards (CSO). Presently, these two form the main sources of quality planting material for teak throughout the country. However, there is no information on the genetic quality of such sources nor information on the progeny used in plantation programmes. Reports of studies based on coniferous and tropical species provide conflicting results on the impact of domestication on the genetic diversity of populations (Chaisurisri and El Kassaby 1994; Rajora 1999; Moran et al. 2000; Godt et al. 2001; Icgen et al. 2006). Also the impact of domestication on the genetic diversity of progeny populations is poorly understood (Stoehr and El-Kassaby 1997; Schmitdtling and Hiplins 1998). Such studies become pertinent not only for gauging the impact of selection on reforestation stock, but also for effective genetic conservation of existing breeding populations. We therefore address two issues in the present study: (i) the change in genetic diversity with increasing levels of improvement, and (ii) the impact of the above change on genetic diversity of progeny populations.

In most of the tree improvement programs of highly valued wood tree species, generally, height and diameter are the two important factors considered while selecting superior genotypes. However, it is now being realized and accepted that it is essential to include various wood traits while selecting superior genotypes for breeding strategies. We are of the opinion that it is necessary to also include the heartwood content as another important trait because of its commercial value. As a prelude to consider heartwood content as one of the selection traits for tree improvement programs, it becomes imperative to document the variation in this trait in a given population. Information about heartwood formation, progression, and genetics is being studied globally, and preliminary indications are that it is genetically controlled, but the role of environmental factors is also equally important. In this paper, heartwood content variation in known aged plantation and its relationship with tree girth in three important indigenous highly valued tree species—Hardwickia binata (Anjan), Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sanders) and Santalum album (Indian Sandalwood)—is discussed. Significant variation was observed in young-aged plantations in all the three species.

Influence of genetic dissimilarity among teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) clones on flowering synchrony was studied in a Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) of teak in Karnataka, Southern India. Flowering phenology was monitored for all the 24 teak clones of the CSO and flowering synchrony between clones was assessed adopting a novel ‘overlap index’. Genetic dissimilarity among these clones was assessed adopting DNA based ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) analysis. Large variation in the time of ‘flower initiation’ and of ‘peak flowering initiation’ was observed among the clones belonging to diverse sources, suggesting large asynchronous flowering. Cluster analysis based on ISSR marker indicated that the clones originating from a same source clustered together and there was a clear segregation based on their origin. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between the average Jaccards’s dissimilarity index between pairs of clones and average peak flowering overlap index. Clones from geographically diverse regions had high genetic dissimilarity and also showed high flowering asynchrony within them.

s 2-Pyrazoline derivatives (6–10) were synthesized from dibenzalacetones (1–5), formic acid and hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. The structures were elucidated by UV–Vis, FT-IR, ESI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and microanalysis. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded in methanol. Emissions occurred between 310 nm and 370 nm. Compound 6 with C-3 phenylvinyl (styryl) substituent showed remarkable red shift both in absorption and emission in comparison to compound 0 with C-3 phenyl substituent. Substitutions in compound 6 did not shift the band positions but intensity of emission increased with chloro and bromo substituents in o- and p-positions in styryl group. Compound, 10 with p-bromo substituent was found to have maximum emission intensity.

Saponins are widely distributed in plant kingdom. In view of their wide range of biological activities and occurrence as complex mixtures, saponins have been purified and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using reverse-phase columns at lower wavelength. Mostly, saponins are not detected by ultraviolet detector due to lack of chromophores. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, diode array detector , evaporative light scattering detection, and charged aerosols have been used for overcoming the detection problem of saponins.

The present study was carried out to determine the accumulation and variation of trace elements in roots and leaves of Asparagus racemosus collected from four different altitudes in Uttarakhand, India, by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The metals investigated were Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, K, Ca, and Li. The concentration level of Fe was found to be highest at an altitude of 2,250 m, whereas the level of Cu was lowest. The maximum concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, K, Ca, and Li were found to be 165.0 +/- 3.2, 34.0 +/- 0.5, 84.0 +/- 0.7, 2,040.0 +/- 0.3, 122.0 +/- 1.5, 745.0 +/- 0.3, 13,260.0 +/- 3.5, 6,153.0 +/- 1.6, and 58.0 +/- 3.8 mg/kg, respectively.

An attempt has been made to analyze some trace elements and electrolytes like Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, K, Ca, and Li present in the Swertia chirayita roots and leaves. The concentration of Ca in all the samples was more than 1,346.0 mg/kg and the concentration of other elements was found in the order K > Ca > Fe > Na > Mn > Zn > Co > Cu > Li in different samples of S. chirayita.