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Introduction: Children still experience enteric fever as a severe health problem in developing countries like India. It is an infectious disease that exclusively affects humans. In the developing world, it is one of the most prevalent bacterial causes of acute febrile sickness and is spread by the consumption of unhygienic food or water. Aim: To identify the incidence and resistance pattern of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated from school-age children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children with Salmonella enterica infections in the Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College and Hospital in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. During the study period, (July 2021-June 2022) a total of 776 blood samples were obtained from school going children (03-17 years old) and immediately inoculated into Bact/Alert aerobic blood culture bottle and incubated at 37°C for upto five days. After receiving a positive result from Bact/Alert, Gram staining was done. Standard microbiological procedures were followed such as different biochemical reactions, agglutination with different antisera for the identification of Salmonella serotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. Data was analysed by software version 16.0 of the Statistical Programme for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Total 88 Salmonella isolates were found, of which 21 (23.86%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A and 67 (76.14%) were Salmonella Typhi. Infection rate was more common in summer season. S. Typhi as well as S. Paratyphi A was found to be most resistance to Nalidixic acid {58 (86.6%), 19 (90.5%)} followed by ciprofloxacin {42 (62.7%), 18 (85.7%)}. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance pattern among S. Typhi isolates was 07 (10.4%) and 15 (22.4%), respectively and among S. Paratyphi A it was found to be 07 (33.33%) and 06 (28.6%), respectively. Conclusion: This study found an increase in resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, which are frequently thought of as the best medications for empiric therapy in children. Regular monitoring of the resistance pattern is necessary for doctors to select the appropriate empiric therapy due to the increasing resistance to the available class of antibiotics.

Background: Infections caused by Staphylococci are frequently linked to indwelling medical equipment. These are extremely difficult to treat with antibiotics. In India, the prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) varies from 30 to 70%, resulting in high mortality, increased economic burden, and high treatment failure in tertiary care hospitals. Rapid and reliable identification of MRSA is critical for infection management and avoiding the needless use of antibiotics. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, from the 1st of August 2020 to the 31st of January 2021. MRSA isolates were screened and confirmed using standard methods recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methicillin resistance, in Staphylococcus aureus strains, was evaluated using oxacillin/cefoxitin. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all MRSA strains. Results: In this investigation, MRSA was identified in 29.4% of the 384 Staphylococcus aureus strains. When compared to females, men outnumbered females. Cefoxitin detects a greater amount of MRSA than oxacillin. In this investigation, the majority of MRSA was found in pus samples. Conclusion: MRSA prevalence is known to vary depending on geographical region, hospital type, investigated population, and technique of detection used. Given the clinical implications of MRSA infection and its fast transmission capability, MRSA strains must be monitored on a regular basis.

Background: The intestinal parasitic infection is the major problem in the developing countries. The prevalence depends on not only the geographical location but also various socioeconomic factors such as climate, hygiene and age. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad during Jan. 2019 to June 2019. Total 200 stool samples were collected and each was examined by direct wet mount (iodine & saline mount) and concentration techniques such as simple salt flotation and formal ether concentration. Results: In the present study the prevalence of the intestinal parasitic infection was found 34%. The most common parasite was found to be Entamoeba histolytica, with the prevalence rate of 57.35%, followed by Giardia lamblia 39.71%. A male predominance was noted 37.70% over the female 28.20%. The highest prevalence of parasitic infection was found in the age group between 21-30 years of age 42.85% followed by in age group 31-40. Conclusion: In this study it was concluded that the formal ether sedimentation technique shown a high sensitivity for the parasite detection in comparison to the normal saline wet mount and salt floatation technique. Keywords: Prevalence of parasitic infection, Direct wet mount, Concentration techniques, Simple salt flotation, Formal-ether sedimentation

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) remains the most common bacterial infection in human population. The prevalence of UTI is much higher in females as compared to males. The present study was planned with the aim to find out prevalence of uropathogens and their antibiotic resistance pattern in reproductive age group females. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in department of microbiology, Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad from Jan. 2018 to May 2018. Total 100 urine sample were processed for culture and sensitivity testing. Isolation of organism were done by inoculation of samples on Mac-Conkey Agar and Blood Agra media. After 24 hour of incubation at 370 C, each isolates were identified on the basis of morphology of colony in culture media, Gram stain, motility and biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity testing were carried out on Mueller Hinton Agar by Kirby Bauer method. Results: The prevalence of uropathogen was found 36%. The Gram-negative bacteria were most common isolates in comparison to Gram-positive bacteria. E. coli was the most common isolates followed by S. saprophyticus. Gram-negative organism were found more sensitive to Amikacin, Piperacillin Tazobactum, Ampicillin sulbactum, Cefoperazone sulbactum and Nitrofurantoin. Gram-positive bacteria were found more sensitive to Piperacillin Tazobactum, Tetracycline, Ampicillin sulbactum and Linezolid. E. coli were found more sensitive to Amikacin, Ampicillin sulbactum, Piperacillin Tazobactum and Cefoperazone sulbactum. Conclusion: Changing antimicrobial resistance pose challenge in treating urinary tract infections. Appropriate and judicious selection of antibiotic would limit the emerging drug resistant isolate in the future to treat this clinical condition successfully. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, UTI, Uropathogens, reproductive age group females. Pregnant women, Antibiotic resistance, E. coli.

Background: The current outburst of Indian population (1.21 billion as per census 2011) is because of the lack of awareness and acceptance of contraception in the immediate postpartum period. Postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) insertion can do wonders and curb this unmet need of family planning if good counselling and proper insertion techniques are followed. Methods: The present study was carried among 526 women in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of Nehru Hospital in BRD medical college Gorakhpur, India. Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) was inserted in 424 women in PPIUCD group and in 102 women in interval IUCD group after taking proper consent and following the WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (MEC). Follow-up was done at 6 weeks and 6 months. Results: The acceptance rate of PPIUCD was 30.34% as compared to 18% in interval IUCD group (p-value 0.05). Conclusions: PPIUCD is a safe, effective, feasible and reversible method of contraception. It should be made a part of family health care programmes in India.

Objectives:To evaluate coronary artery calcification (CAC) on routine CT chest in hospitalised HIV patients and to assess individual risk factors.Methods:Routine CT chests, May 2010–November 2015, of 143 hospitalised HIV-positive patients were reviewed for qualitative assessment of calcification in major coronary arteries by two radiologists. Presence, location and burden of calcification were evaluated on 3 mm axial images of CT chest. Cardiovascular risk factors and HIV lab parameters such as CD4 count, viral load and duration, and status of antiretroviral treatment were collected. Statistical analysis including multivariate logistic regression was performed.Results:Forty-one patients (28.7%) showed CAC, left anterior descending (n = 38, 92.7%), circumflex (n = 18, 43.9%) and Right Coronary Artery (n = 13, 31.7%); mostly mild CAC burden and mostly proximal left coronary arteries with excellent interobserver and intraobserver agreements (K = 0.9, and 1). Age of CAC+ group (53.9 years) was significantly higher than CAC− group (43.4, p < 0.001, minimum age of CAC+, 27 years). No significant difference between two groups in sex, ethnicity and risk factors and HAART status. CAC+ group showed significantly longer HIV duration (12.3 years vs 8.6, p < 0.0344) and higher CD4 cell counts (mean = 355.9 vs 175.3, p = 0.0053) and significantly lower viral load (76 vs 414K, p = 0.02) than CAC− group. On multivariate logistic regression, age, HIV duration and CD4 were significantly associated with CAC+ (p-values < .05).Conclusions:One-third of hospitalised HIV patients showed subclinical CAC on CT chest. HIV duration and age of patients were independent risk factors for developing CAC. Higher CD4 cell count was strongly associated with CAC+.Advances in knowledge:Routine CT chest with or without contrast performed for non-cardiac indications is helpful in identification of subclinical CAC in HIV patients and radiologists should be encouraged to report CAC. CAC is seen in younger age group in HIV, and awareness of this finding on routine CT chest would help guiding clinicians to assess risk stratification for primary prevention of ischemic heart disease in this population at an earlier stage when compared to normal population. Duration of HIV infection and age of patients were independent risk factors for developing CAC in our study and CD4 count was strongly associated with presence of CAC.

Although the medical complications of sports are usually traumatic in nature, infectious hazards also arise. While blood-borne pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, cause significant illness, the risk of acquiring these agents during sporting activities is minimal. Skin infections are more commonplace, arising from a variety of microbial agents including bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Sports involving water contact can lead to enteric infections, eye infections, or disseminated infections such as leptospirosis. Mumps, measles, and influenza are vaccine-preventable diseases that have been transmitted during sporting events, both in players and in spectators. Prevention is the key to many of these infections. Players should be vaccinated and should not participate in sports if their infection can be spread by contact, airborne, or droplet transmission.

We describe the rational design, synthesis and development of a sterilizable biomimetic ligand for the affinity purification of glycoproteins. Based on mimicking the principles of natural carbohydrate recognition, a putative library of 196 glycoprotein-binding synthetic ligands was designed and synthesized on a polymeric support. Ligand 11/11, based on a triazine scaffold and immobilized on a hydrophilic support, was identified as the "lead" ligand. The carbohydrate recognizing the potential of the "lead" ligand was revealed by reduced binding of a periodate oxidized model glycoprotein, and by "sharp" elution profiles achieved with borate buffer eluents. Specific elution and competitive binding experiments determined the monosaccharide specificity of 11/11 in the order mannoside > glucoside > galactoside. The diastereo-selective performance of ligand 11/11 was quantified and reaffirmed by analytical affinity chromatography and (1)H-NMR, in the order galactoside < glucoside < mannoside with binding affinities (K(a), M(-1)) in the 63-214 and 20-83 M(-1) range, respectively. Partition coefficient analysis revealed binding constants towards glycoproteins in the 10(4) M(-1) range, that compared favourably with the affinities of carbohydrate binding lectins for glycoproteins, such as concanavalin A. Molecular modelling studies of ligand 11/11 revealed the formation of a pre-organized apolar "tweezer-like" cavity, containing complementary nitrogenous hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups that formed selective interactions with the equatorial 3- and 4-hydroxyl groups of saccharides.

Background: Different spectrum of liver disease can affect outcome of pregnancy. The incidence of liver disorders in pregnancy varies in different parts of the world. The present study was designed to see the incidence, spectrum, and outcome of liver disease in pregnancy.Methods: All pregnant women with deranged liver profile, attending antenatal clinic and labour room in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of BRD Medical College over the period of one year (August 2015 to July 2016) were included in the study. Enrolled cases were followed up till discharge in respect to maternal and fetal outcome.Results: Liver disease was found in 214 (2.37%) cases out of 9011 pregnancies. Pregnancy specific liver disease was the most common type (85.98%). Among pregnancy specific liver disease Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was the commonest abnormality (66.35%). Rest were Cholestasis, Acute viral hepatitis, Chronic liver disease, Hyperemesis gravidarum, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Out of 214, 22 patients dropped out. Overall maternal and perinatal mortality were 13.02% and 29.17% respectively.Conclusions: Liver disease in pregnancy is not uncommon and it can seriously affect pregnancy outcome if not treated properly on time. Early diagnosis (by clinical suspicion and blood investigation) and timely intervention can improve maternal and fetal outcome in pregnancy with liver disease.

The human immunodeficiency virus poses an increasing health hazard to women. Physicians must recognize this risk and evaluate their patients for human immunodeficiency virus. Because of general increased awareness and the recommendations that all prenatal patients be offered human immunodeficiency virus testing and counseling, more and more women will be tested, yet counseling has not become a routine aspect in the evaluation of patients. This article reviews the key components of human immunodeficiency virus testing and counseling, including test interpretation, risk assessment, risk reduction, and pretest and posttest counseling. Familiarity with these areas should enable the practitioner to feel comfortable in providing this service.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate endemic colonization with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, ciprofloxacin, or both among patients of a private skilled nursing facility, with regard to colonization rate and site, and relation to infection and prior antibiotic use. DESIGN Prospective quarterly culture surveillance of nares and rectal specimens over 20 months' observation. RESULTS The mean prevalence was 3.8% in new admissions and 5.4% for in-house patients; cumulatively, 7.5% of the patients were colonized during the study period. The colonization rate remained stable during the study period. Screening of rectal, as well as nares, specimens detected substantially more colonized patients than would have been detected by nasal cultures alone. Five to seven percent of the colonized patients developed later infection with methicillin-ciprofloxacin-resistant S aureus. Colonized patients did not differ significantly from the noncolonized group in prior use of quinolones, but the colonized group was exposed significantly more frequently to other antibiotics than the noncolonized group. Eighty-three percent of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) isolated from infections and 89% from colonization were also ciprofloxacin resistant. CONCLUSION Although all infecting and most colonizing isolates of MRSA were resistant to quinolones, the overall rate of colonization remained low and stable despite the continued use of quinolones. The findings suggest that good infection control practice has prevented broader spread of such strains in this facility.

Objective:To evaluate endemic colonization withStaphylococcus aureusresistant to methicillin, ciprofloxacin, or both among patients of a private skilled nursing facility, with regard to colonization rate and site, and relation to infection and prior antibiotic use.Design:Prospective quarterly culture surveillance of nares and rectal specimens over 20 months' observation.Results:The mean prevalence was 3.8% in new admissions and 5.4% for in-house patients; cumulatively, 7.5% of the patients were colonized during the study period. The colonization rate remained stable during the study period. Screening of rectal, as well as nares, specimens detected substantially more colonized patients than would have been detected by nasal cultures alone. Five to seven percent of the colonized patients developed later infection with methicillin-ciprofloxacin-resistantS aureus. Colonized patients did not differ significantly from the noncolonized group in prior use of quinolones, but the colonized group was exposed significantly more frequently to other antibiotics than the noncolonized group. Eighty-three percent of methicillin-resistantS aureus(MRSA) isolated from infections and 89% from colonization were also ciprofloxacin resistant.Conclusion:Although all infecting and most colonizing isolates of MRSA were resistant to quinolones, the overall rate of colonization remained low and stable despite the continued use of quinolones. The findings suggest that good infection control practice has prevented broader spread of such strains in this facility.

Single mode fiber-optic temperature sensor based on wet etching has been fabricated. We report a narrow, but highly temperature-sensitive etched fiber diameter region for temperature sensing applications.

Mining Sequential patterns in biological data has attracted a great deal of attention in the last couple of years. Biologists are interested in finding the frequent orderly arrangement of motifs that may be responsible for similar expression of a group of genes. The size of the output space can be greatly reduced if only the maximal frequent patterns are reported. In this paper we present Maximal PrefixSpan algorithm which reports maximal frequent patterns in the sequence database. Experimental results on synthetic data shows that the size of the output space is greatly reduced when only maximal frequent patterns are reported

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled hollow sacs seen around the skull bone. These sacs precisely surround the nasal cavity. There are four paired sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity. This article attempts to trace the history of anatomy of paranasal sinuses from early 16th century till date. The advent of nasal endoscopes has added another dimension to the anatomical study of paranasal sinuses. The entire subject of anatomy of paranasal sinuses has been rewritten after endoscopes were started to be used commonly.

Pre-eclampsia is considered as a risk factor in pregnancy and it causes insufficiency; thus it leads to maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. The present study was done to compare the change in thickness of placenta in pre-eclamptic placenta with that of normal placenta. Placental examination in pregnancies with complication such as pre-eclampsia can provide insight into specific diagnosis, recurrence risk and abnormalities.

Affinity chromatography is ideally suited to the purification of pharmaceutical proteins due to its unique bio-specificity characteristics. Tailor-made affinity ligands that represent a promising class of synthetic affinity ligands have been developed to target specific proteins and designed to mimic peptidal templates, natural biological recognition motifs, or complementary surface-exposed residues. These biomimetic ligands have been generated by a combination of rational design, combinatorial library synthesis, and subsequent screening of potential leads against target proteins. Small ligands based on a triazine scaffold also present exceptional selectivity and stability, which allows their use in harsh manufacturing environments.

Affinity chromatography is ideally suited to the purification of pharmaceutical proteins due to its unique bio-specificity characteristics. Tailor-made affinity ligands that represent a promising class of synthetic affinity ligands have been developed to target specific proteins and designed to mimic peptidal templates, natural biological recognition motifs, or complementary surface-exposed residues. These biomimetic ligands have been generated by a combination of rational design, combinatorial library synthesis, and subsequent screening of potential leads against target proteins. Small ligands based on a triazine scaffold also present exceptional selectivity and stability, which allows their use in harsh manufacturing environments.

Bifunctional affinity ligands based on a triazine scaffold were rationally designed to target prion protein and shown to bind recombinant prion protein with high affinity and selectivity. The ligands were capable of discriminating between prion protein glycoforms and monomeric and dimeric forms of the prion protein. The ligands also discriminate between conformational differences in the prion protein, resulting from point mutations in the prion protein gene. These results suggest that derived compounds could be used selectively to detect the disease-associated form of the prion protein, and as such, could provide diagnostic or therapeutic tools for prion diseases.

Background : Human pathogenic dermatophytes are keratinophilic molds that infect human skin, nails and hairs. Three genera (Trichophyton, Micosporum and Epidermophyton) of these organisms exist: however, their preferred sites for infections vary. Current management often consists of the topical and systemic administration of antifungal agents or a combination of both. However, these approaches may not be successful in every case due to such factors as difficulty with long term application of topical medications. Despite the successful use of systemic medications side effects and drug resistance remains a major obstacle. The treatment of dermatophyte infections represents a significant cost burden. Aims and Objectives : To study the epidemiology, clinical types and mycological features of dermatophytes from various clinical samples from dermatology department, Santosh Hospital. Material and Method : A total of 100 samples were collected including infected skin, hair and nail samples for a period of six months. Before collecting the samples, 70% alcohol was applied to the infected area and ensured that it was totally dried. Skin samples were collected by scraping, nail sample by clipping and hair samples collected by using sterile forcep or scalpel. Identification was done by KOH mount, culture on SDA, pigment production, lactophenol cotton blue staining and biochemical tests and slide culture techniques. Results : Dermatophytosis was manifested clinically more in the age group 21 - 30 years age. Tinea corporis was the predominant clinical presentation followed by Tinea cruris. Tinea capitis was the predominant clinical presentation in children and Tinea manuum was the commonest clinical type found in female patients. In the present study the male to female ratio was found 1.5 : 1. Majority of patients were belonged to the low socio-economic status. Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant pathogen followed by the Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusion : Tinea corporis was found the most common clinical type of dermatophytosis and Trichophyton rubrum was found the most common fungal isolate in this part of Uttar Pradesh.

Background: Methycillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important nosocomial pathogen in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities. New studies have been reported in private skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) not experiencing outbreaks of infections caused by MRSA. Methods: From a 149-bed SNF with no outbreaks, we report a 1-year prospective surveillance study of S. aureus colonization and infection, with focus on S. aureus phenotypes, both methicillin susceptible (MS) and methicillin resistant (MR). Nasal and stool or rectal screening cultures were done on admission, and all patients underent sceening of at least a quarterly basis for 1 year. Results: Overall, 35% of patients were colonized at least once with S. aureus , (72% MS, 25% MR, and 3% mixed phenotypes), 94% of the MRSA were ciprofloxacin resistant. Nasal colonization with any S. aureus was more frequent, but 13% of patients had positive results only in rectal specimens. Twenty-one percent of the newly admitted and 15% of continuing patients acquired colonization during their stay in the SNF. Colonization was transient or persistent, persisted longer in the nares compared with colonization in rectal specimens, and was more stable for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus . Nine percent of patients had development of infection with S. aureus . There was no indication that MRSA colonization led to more infections than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus . Of the 13 infected patients in whom cultures had previously been obtained, seven (54%) had been colonized by the same phenotype strains. Conclusions: In this private SNF, endemic S. aureus infections occur at a low frequency, reflecting a moderate level of colonization with S. aureus . However, a trend showing gradual increases in frequencies of colonization and infection is of concern and suggests that in this SNF, future intervention could become warranted.

Background: Vaginal symptoms are leading reason for patients to visit gynecologist. Few data are available on prevalence of different causes of vaginitis. Objective: To find out prevalence of Candidiasis, Trichomoniasis and bacterial Vaginosis among the women of reproductive age group. Method: 400 sexually active married women attended gynecology OPD and ANC clinic at Santosh Hospital, Ghaziabad included in study. Participants were interviewed and structured questionnaire were filled. Two high vaginal swabs were collected from each woman. One swab was used for making smear and other used for culture on SDA. Candidiasis was detected by presence of curdy white discharge, Gram stain and culture on SDA. Trichomoniasis was detected by presence of green yellow frothy discharge, Wet mount and Papanicolaou stain. Bacterial Vaginosis was detected by presence of homogenous white or grey discharge, Amsel method and Gram stain. Results: Over all prevalence of vaginitis was 47.75 %. The prevalence of Candidiasis was 54.5% by Gram stain and 21.5% by culture method. The prevalence of Trichomoniasis was 12% by Wet mount and 8.75% by Pap stain. The prevalence of bacterial Vaginosis was 24% by Amsel criteria and 29% by Gram stain. Conclusions: This study raised an awareness regarding high vulnerability of women in reproductive age group for vaginitis. The study reveals that prevalence of candidiasis is 21.5%, trichomoniasis 8.75% and bacterial vaginosis 29% .

Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science,Nagpur-440 001 Manuscript received 29 October 1990, revised 1 April 1991,accepted 13 May 1991 Stobbe Condensation with Ethyl Methyl Ketone.

Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur-440 001 Manuscript received10 April 1990, revised10 October 1990, accepted 14 January 1991 STOBBE condensation of benzhydrilidenesuccinatea with ketones gave methyl 2-benzhydrilidene-3-carboxy-3-alkylidene butenoate which on saponi­fication yielded 2-benzhydrilidene-3-carboxy-3-alkyli­dene butenoic acids (2e--h). In general, E-s-trans-structure,.was fixed for these acidsl. However, a free rotation is possible at C-C single bond between two double bonds giving possibility of s-cis-orientation too. Based on these concepts, molecular structures are fixed for the products obtained by cyclisation reactions with their anhydrides. &nbsp

Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur-440 001 Manuscript received 10 April 1990, revised 10 October 1990accepted 28 November 1990 In the course of studies of fulgides for their photo chemical properties1, studies of their Friedel-Crafts cyclised products2, products obtained from cyclation of the diacids (obtained from the hydrolysis of anhydrides) with various cyclisation reagents3, and the Stobbe reaction products4 were studied for their dissociation constants.