363 results on '"Geert Leroux-Roels"'
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2. Corrigendum to 'Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccine CVnCoV in Latin American adults: A phase 2 randomized study' [Vaccine: X 11 (2022) 100189]
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Xavier Sáez-Llorens, Claudio Lanata, Elaine Aranguren, Carlos R. Celis, Rubelio Cornejo, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Lucie Ecker, Diegi Garrido, Ana I. Gil, Marina Gonzales, Morgan Hess-Holtz, Geert Leroux-Roels, Helga Junker, Sarah-Katharina Kays, Sven D. Koch, Sandra Lazzaro, Philipp Mann, Gianluca Quintini, Barkha Srivastava, Dominik Vahrenhorst, Philipp von Eisenhart-Rothe, Olaf-Oliver Wolz, and Lidia Oostvogels
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Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Published
- 2023
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3. Human Immunity and Susceptibility to Influenza A(H3) Viruses of Avian, Equine, and Swine Origin
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Elien Vandoorn, Wojciech Stadejek, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Geert Leroux-Roels, Anna Parys, and Kristien Van Reeth
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Influenza A virus ,humans ,swine ,birds ,horses ,hemagglutinins ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of subtype H3 that infect humans are antigenically divergent from those of birds, horses, and swine. Human immunity against these viruses might be limited, implying potential pandemic risk. To determine human risk, we selected 4 avian, 1 equine, and 3 swine IAVs representing major H3 lineages. We tested serum collected during 2017–2018 from 286 persons in Belgium for hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies against those animal-origin IAVs and tested replication in human airway epithelia. Seroprevalence rates for circulating IAVs from swine in North America were >51%, swine in Europe 7%–37%, and birds and equids ≤12%. Replication was efficient for cluster IV-A IAVs from swine in North America and IAVs from swine in Europe, intermediate for IAVs from horses and poultry, and absent for IAVs from wild birds and a novel human-like swine IAV in North America. Public health risk may be highest for swine H3 IAVs.
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- 2023
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4. Immune responses in healthy adults elicited by a bivalent norovirus vaccine candidate composed of GI.4 and GII.4 VLPs without adjuvant
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Gwenn Waerlop, Yorick Janssens, Bart Jacobs, Franziska Jarczowski, André Diessner, Geert Leroux-Roels, Victor Klimyuk, Isabel Leroux-Roels, and Frank Thieme
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norovirus ,virus-like particle ,plant-produced ,vaccine ,clinical trial ,immunogenicity ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
The development of an efficacious vaccine against norovirus is of paramount importance given its potential to reduce the global burden of norovirus-associated morbidity and mortality. Here, we report a detailed immunological analysis of a phase I, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed on 60 healthy adults, ages 18 to 40. Total serum immunoglobulin and serum IgA against vaccine strains and cross-reactive serum IgG against non-vaccine strains were measured by enzyme immunoassays, whereas cell-mediated immune responses were quantified using intracellular cytokine staining by flow cytometry. A significant increase in humoral and cellular responses, e.g., IgA and CD4+ polypositive T cells, was triggered by the GI.4 Chiba 407 (1987) and GII.4 Aomori 2 (2006) VLP-based norovirus vaccine candidate rNV-2v, which is formulated without adjuvant. No booster effect was observed after the second administration in the pre-exposed adult study population. Furthermore, a cross-reactive immune response was elicited, as shown by IgG titers against GI.3 (2002), GII.2 OC08154 (2008), GII.4 (1999), GII.4 Sydney (2012), GII.4 Washington (2018), GII.6 Maryland (2018), and GII.17 Kawasaki 308 (2015). Due to viral infection via mucosal gut tissue and the high variety of potentially relevant norovirus strains, a focus should be on IgA and cross-protective humoral and cell-mediated responses in the development of a broadly protective, multi-valent norovirus vaccine.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05508178. EudraCT number: 2019-003226-25.
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- 2023
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5. A human monoclonal antibody against HBsAg for the prevention and treatment of chronic HBV and HDV infection
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Rani Burm, Freya Van Houtte, Lieven Verhoye, Ahmed Atef Mesalam, Sandra Ciesek, Philippe Roingeard, Heiner Wedemeyer, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Philip Meuleman
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Viral hepatitis ,hepatitis B ,hepatitis D ,human monoclonal antibody ,hepatitis B surface antigen ,prevention ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Background & Aims: Elimination of chronic HBV/HDV infection remains a major global health challenge. Targeting excessive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) release may provide an interesting window of opportunity to break immune tolerance and to achieve a functional cure using additional antivirals. Methods: We evaluated a HBsAg-specific human monoclonal antibody, as part of either a prophylactic or therapeutic strategy, against HBV/HDV infection in cell culture models and in human-liver chimeric mice. To assess prophylactic efficacy, mice were passively immunized prior to infection with HBV or HBV/HDV (coinfection and superinfection setting). Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in HBV and HBV/HDV-coinfected mice receiving 4 weeks of treatment. Viral parameters (HBV DNA, HDV RNA and HBsAg) were assessed in mouse plasma. Results: The antibody could effectively prevent HBV/HDV infection in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of ∼3.5 ng/ml. Passive immunization showed complete protection of mice from both HBV and HBV/HDV coinfection. Moreover, HDV superinfection was either completely prevented or at least attenuated in HBV-infected mice. Finally, antibody treatment in mice with established HBV/HDV infection resulted in a significant decline in viremia and a concomitant drop in on-treatment HBsAg, with a moderate viral rebound following treatment cessation. Conclusion: We present data on a valuable antibody candidate that could complement other antivirals in strategies aimed at achieving functional cure of chronic HBV and HDV infection. Impact and implications: Patients chronically infected with HBV may eventually develop liver cancer and are at great risk of being superinfected with HDV, which worsens and accelerates disease progression. Unfortunately, current treatments can rarely eliminate both viruses from chronically infected patients. In this study, we present data on a novel antibody that is able to prevent chronic HBV/HDV infection in a mouse model with a humanized liver. Moreover, antibody treatment of HBV/HDV-infected mice strongly diminishes viral loads during therapy. This antibody is a valuable candidate for further clinical development.
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- 2023
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6. A single birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine induces polyfunctional CD4+ T helper cells
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Julia Strandmark, Alansana Darboe, Joann Diray-Arce, Rym Ben-Othman, Sofia M. Vignolo, Shun Rao, Kinga K. Smolen, Geert Leroux-Roels, Olubukola T. Idoko, Guzmán Sanchez-Schmitz, Al Ozonoff, Ofer Levy, Tobias R. Kollmann, Arnaud Marchant, and Beate Kampmann
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CD4 + T helper cell ,T-cell activation ,CD154 ,Hepatitis B vaccine ,BCG ,antibody titres ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
A single birth-dose of Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) can protect newborns from acquiring Hepatitis B infection through vertical transmission, though several follow-up doses are required to induce long-lived protection. In addition to stimulating antibodies, a birth-dose of HepB might also induce polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells, which may contribute to initial protection. We investigated whether vaccination with HepB in the first week of life induced detectable antigen-specific CD4+ T-cells after only a single dose and following completion of the entire HepB vaccine schedule (3 doses). Using HBsAg- stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 344 infants, we detected increased populations of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD154+IL-2+TNFα+ CD4+ T-cells following a single birth-dose of HepB in a proportion of infants. Frequencies of polyfunctional T-cells increased following the completion of the HepB schedule but increases in the proportion of responders as compared to following only one dose was marginal. Polyfunctional T-cells correlated positively with serum antibody titres following the birth dose (day30) and completion of the 3-dose primary HepB vaccine series (day 128). These data indicate that a single birth dose of HepB provides immune priming for both antigen-specific B- and T cells
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- 2022
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7. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating phase I trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced, bivalent, recombinant norovirus-like particle vaccine
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Isabel Leroux-Roels, Cathy Maes, Jasper Joye, Bart Jacobs, Franziska Jarczowski, André Diessner, Yorick Janssens, Gwenn Waerlop, Kirsi Tamminen, Suvi Heinimäki, Vesna Blazevic, Geert Leroux-Roels, Victor Klimyuk, Hiroshi Adachi, Kazuyuki Hiruta, and Frank Thieme
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norovirus ,virus-like particle ,plant-produced ,vaccine ,clinical trial ,adults ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide and a safe and effective vaccine is needed. Here, a phase I, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed in 60 healthy adults, 18 to 40 years old. Safety (primary objective) and immunogenicity (secondary and exploratory objectives) of a bivalent (GI.4 and GII.4), plant-produced, virus-like particle (VLP), NoV vaccine candidate formulation were investigated at two dose levels (50 µg + 50 µg and 150 µg + 150 µg) without adjuvant. Overall, 13 subjects (65.0%) in the 50 µg group, 16 subjects (80.0%) in the 150 µg group, and 14 subjects (70.0%) in the placebo group reported at least 1 solicited local or general symptom during the 7-day post-vaccination periods following each dose. Severe solicited adverse events (AEs) were rare (2 events in the 50 µg group). A total of 8 subjects (40.0%) in each group reported at least one unsolicited AE during the 28-day post-vaccination periods. Immunogenicity was assessed on days 1, 8, 29, 57, 183 and 365. All subjects were pre-exposed to norovirus as indicated by baseline levels of the different immunological parameters examined. Vaccine-specific humoral and cellular immune responses increased after the first dose but did not rise further after the second vaccination. Increased GI.4- and GII.4-specific IgG titers persisted until day 365. The vaccine elicited cross-reactive IgG antibodies against non-vaccine NoV VLPs, which was more pronounced for NoV strains of the same genotype as the GII.4 vaccine strain than for non-vaccine genotypes. Significant blocking anti-GI.4 and anti-GII.4 VLP titers were triggered in both dose groups. Lymphoproliferation assays revealed strong cell-mediated immune responses that persisted until day 365. In conclusion, both dose levels were safe and well-tolerated, and no higher incidence of AEs was observed in the higher dose group. The data show that a single dose of the vaccine formulated at 50 µg of each VLP is sufficient to reach a peak immune response after 8 to 28 days. The results of this Phase I study warrant further evaluation of the non-adjuvanted vaccine candidate.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT05508178, identifier (NCT05508178).
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- 2022
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8. Harmonization and qualification of intracellular cytokine staining to measure influenza-specific CD4+ T cell immunity within the FLUCOP consortium
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Sarah Begue, Gwenn Waerlop, Bruno Salaun, Michel Janssens, Duncan Bellamy, Rebecca Jane Cox, Richard Davies, Elena Gianchecchi, Donata Medaglini, Emanuele Montomoli, Elena Pettini, Geert Leroux-Roels, Frédéric Clement, and Anke Pagnon
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cell-mediated immunity ,FLUCOP ,influenza vaccine ,intracellular cytokine staining ,polypositive T cells ,standard operating procedure ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Despite the knowledge that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) contributes to the reduction of severe influenza infection, transmission, and disease outcome, the correlates of protection for cell-mediated immunity remain still unclear. Therefore, measuring the magnitude and quality of influenza-specific T cell responses in a harmonized way is of utmost importance to improve characterisation of vaccine-induced immunity across different clinical trials. The present study, conducted as part of the FLUCOP project, describes the development of a consensus protocol for the intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay, in order to reduce inter-laboratory variability, and its qualification. In order to develop a consensus protocol, the study was divided into different stages. Firstly, two pilot studies evaluated critical parameters in the analytical (read-outs) and post-analytical (gating strategies and data analysis) methods applied by eight different laboratories within the FLUCOP consortium. The methods were then harmonized by fixing the critical parameters and the subsequent consensus protocol was then qualified by one FLUCOP member. The antigen-specific cell population was defined as polypositive CD4+ T cells (i.e. positive for at least two markers among CD40L/IFNγ/IL2/TNFα), which was shown to be the most sensitive and specific read-out. The qualification of this consensus protocol showed that the quantification of polypositive CD4+ T cells was precise, linear and accurate, and sensitive with a lower limit of quantification of 0.0335% antigen-specific polypositive CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, we provide the description of a harmonized ICS assay, which permits quantitative and qualitative evaluation of influenza vaccine-induced T cell responses. Application of this harmonized assay may allow for future comparisons of T cell responses to different influenza vaccines. It may facilitate future assessments of potential correlates of protection with the promise of application across other pathogens.
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- 2022
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9. Harmonization and qualification of an IFN-γ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assay (ELISPOT) to measure influenza-specific cell-mediated immunity within the FLUCOP consortium
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Gwenn Waerlop, Geert Leroux-Roels, Teresa Lambe, Duncan Bellamy, Donata Medaglini, Elena Pettini, Rebecca Jane Cox, Mai-Chi Trieu, Richard Davies, Geir Bredholt, Emanuele Montomoli, Elena Gianchecchi, and Frédéric Clement
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IFN-γ ELISpot ,cell-mediated immunity ,assay qualification ,assay harmonization ,influenza ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Influenza continues to be the most important cause of viral respiratory disease, despite the availability of vaccines. Today’s evaluation of influenza vaccines mainly focuses on the quantitative and functional analyses of antibodies to the surface proteins haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). However, there is an increasing interest in measuring cellular immune responses targeting not only mutation-prone surface HA and NA but also conserved internal proteins as these are less explored yet potential correlates of protection. To date, laboratories that monitor cellular immune responses use a variety of in-house procedures. This generates diverging results, complicates interlaboratory comparisons, and hampers influenza vaccine evaluation. The European FLUCOP project aims to develop and standardize assays for the assessment of influenza vaccine correlates of protection. This report describes the harmonization and qualification of the influenza-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay. Initially, two pilot studies were conducted to identify sources of variability during sample analysis and spot enumeration in order to develop a harmonized Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Subsequently, an assay qualification study was performed to investigate the linearity, intermediate precision (reproducibility), repeatability, specificity, Lower and Upper Limits of Quantification (LLOQ-ULOQ), Limit of Detection (LOD) and the stability of signal over time. We were able to demonstrate that the FLUCOP harmonized IFN-γ ELISpot assay procedure can accurately enumerate IFN-γ secreting cells in the analytical range of 34.4 Spot Forming Units (SFU) per million cells up to the technical limit of the used reader and in the linear range from 120 000 to 360 000 cells per well, in plates stored up to 6 weeks after development. This IFN-γ ELISpot procedure will hopefully become a useful and reliable tool to investigate influenza-specific cellular immune responses induced by natural infection or vaccination and can be an additional instrument in the search for novel correlates of protection.
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- 2022
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10. The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation
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Yorick Janssens, Jasper Joye, Gwenn Waerlop, Frédéric Clement, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Isabel Leroux-Roels
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influenza ,cellular immunity ,vaccine ,clinical trial ,correlate of protection ,T-cell ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the most effective tools to prevent flu and its complications. Trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines primarily elicit antibodies towards haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These vaccines fail to induce high protective efficacy, in particular in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and require annual updates to keep up with evolving influenza strains (antigenic drift). Vaccine efficacy declines when there is a mismatch between its content and circulating strains. Current correlates of protection are merely based on serological parameters determined by haemagglutination inhibition or single radial haemolysis assays. However, there is ample evidence showing that these serological correlates of protection can both over- or underestimate the protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. Next-generation universal influenza vaccines that induce cross-reactive cellular immune responses (CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses) against conserved epitopes may overcome some of the shortcomings of the current inactivated vaccines by eliciting broader protection that lasts for several influenza seasons and potentially enhances pandemic preparedness. Assessment of cellular immune responses in clinical trials that evaluate the immunogenicity of these new generation vaccines is thus of utmost importance. Moreover, studies are needed to examine whether these cross-reactive cellular immune responses can be considered as new or complementary correlates of protection in the evaluation of traditional and next-generation influenza vaccines. An overview of the assays that can be applied to measure cell-mediated immune responses to influenza with their strengths and weaknesses is provided here.
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- 2022
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11. Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccine CVnCoV in Latin American adults: A phase 2 randomized study
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Xavier Sáez-Llorens, Claudio Lanata, Elaine Aranguren, Carlos R. Celis, Rubelio Cornejo, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Lucie Ecker, Diegi Garrido, Ana I. Gil, Marina Gonzales, Morgan Hess-Holtz, Geert Leroux-Roels, Helga Junker, Sarah-Katharina Kays, Sven D. Koch, Sandra Lazzaro, Philipp Mann, Gianluca Quintini, Barkha Srivastava, Dominik Vahrenhorst, Philipp von Eisenhart-Rothe, Olaf-Oliver Wolz, and Lidia Oostvogels
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mRNA vaccine ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,Phase II ,Safety ,Immunogenicity ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 vaccine candidate CVnCoV comprises sequence-optimized mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 S-protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. In this phase 2a study, we assessed reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two or three doses in younger and older adults. Methods: Younger (18–60 years) and older (>60 years) adults were enrolled in two sites in Panama and Peru to receive either 6 or 12 µg doses of CVnCoV or licensed control vaccines 28 days apart; subsets received a 12 µg booster dose on Day 57 or Day 180. Solicited adverse events (AE) were reported for 7 days and unsolicited AEs for 4 weeks after each vaccination, and serious AEs (SAE) throughout the study. Humoral immunogenicity was measured as neutralizing and receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG antibodies and cellular immunogenicity was assessed as CD4+/CD8 + T cell responses. Results: A total of 668 participants were vaccinated (332 aged 18–60 years and 336 aged > 60 years) including 75 who received homologous booster doses. Vaccination was well tolerated with no vaccine-related SAEs. Solicited and unsolicited AEs were mainly mild to moderate and resolved spontaneously. Both age groups demonstrated robust immune responses as neutralizing antibodies or RBD-binding IgG, after two doses, with lower titers in the older age group than the younger adults. Neither group achieved levels observed in human convalescent sera (HCS), but did equal or surpass HCS levels following homologous booster doses. Following CVnCoV vaccination, robust SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific CD4 + T-cell responses were observed in both age groups with CD8 + T-cell responses in some individuals, consistent with observations in convalescing COVID-19 patients after natural infection. Conclusions: We confirmed that two 12 µg doses of CVnCoV had an acceptable safety profile, and induced robust immune responses. Marked humoral immune responses to homologous boosters suggest two doses had induced immune memory.
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- 2022
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12. Safety and immunogenicity of a new Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine candidate produced on the PER.C6® cell-line: a phase 1 randomized controlled trial in adults
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Isabel Leroux-Roels, Geert Leroux-Roels, Georgi Shukarev, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Conor Cahill, Richard de Rooij, Martin Struijs, Hester van Zeeburg, and Jeanne-Marie Jacquet
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inactivated ,poliovirus ,vaccine ,sabin ,ipv ,per.c6 ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
This first-in-human study (NCT03032588), conducted in Belgium, evaluated a new inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) candidate based on Sabin poliovirus strains grown on the high-yield PER.C6® cell line. Healthy adults (N = 32) were randomized (1:1) to receive a single dose of PER.C6-based Sabin-IPV (sIPV, 15:35:112.5 DU/dose) or conventional Salk-IPV (cIPV, 40:8:32 DU/dose). Reactogenicity was assessed up to 7 days after vaccination, immunogenicity 28 days after vaccination, and safety up to 6 months after vaccination. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate, no changes of concern in vital signs or safety laboratory values were observed, and no severe AEs (SAEs) or vaccine-related unsolicited AEs were reported after vaccination. A trend to more frequent solicited AEs after sIPV than after cIPV administration was observed. Most participants had preexisting neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types (titer ≥8), which were strongly boosted by sIPV. Post-vaccination geometric mean titers were high (≥12,000) and similar across the two vaccination groups. Only participants with very high preexisting antibody levels did not show a vaccine-induced response, defined in seropositive participants as a 4-fold titer increase. The 10 initially seronegative (titer
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- 2021
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13. Antibody avidity, persistence, and response to antigen recall: comparison of vaccine adjuvants
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Sonia Budroni, Francesca Buricchi, Andrea Cavallone, Patricia Bourguignon, Magalie Caubet, Vincent Dewar, Ugo D’Oro, Oretta Finco, Nathalie Garçon, Mohamed El Idrissi, Michel Janssens, Geert Leroux-Roels, Arnaud Marchant, Tino Schwarz, Pierre Van Damme, Gianfranco Volpini, Robbert van der Most, Arnaud M. Didierlaurent, and Wivine Burny
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Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Abstract Differences in innate immune ‘imprinting’ between vaccine adjuvants may mediate dissimilar effects on the quantity/quality of persisting adaptive responses. We compared antibody avidity maturation, antibody/memory B cell/CD4+ T cell response durability, and recall responses to non-adjuvanted fractional-dose antigen administered 1-year post-immunization (Day [D]360), between hepatitis B vaccines containing Adjuvant System (AS)01B, AS01E, AS03, AS04, or Alum (NCT00805389). Both the antibody and B cell levels ranked similarly (AS01B/E/AS03 > AS04 > Alum) at peak response, at D360, and following their increases post-antigen recall (D390). Proportions of high-avidity antibodies increased post-dose 2 across all groups and persisted at D360, but avidity maturation appeared to be more strongly promoted by AS vs. Alum. Post-antigen recall, frequencies of subjects with high-avidity antibodies increased only markedly in the AS groups. Among the AS, total antibody responses were lowest for AS04. However, proportions of high-avidity antibodies were similar between groups, suggesting that MPL in AS04 contributes to avidity maturation. Specific combinations of immunoenhancers in the AS, regardless of their individual nature, increase antibody persistence and avidity maturation.
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- 2021
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14. Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study Evaluating the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Epitope-Specific Chemically Defined Nanoparticle RSV Vaccine
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Isabel Leroux-Roels, Jacques Bruhwyler, Lilli Stergiou, Mark Sumeray, Jasper Joye, Cathy Maes, Paul-Henri Lambert, and Geert Leroux-Roels
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respiratory syncytial virus ,RSV ,vaccine ,phase I ,healthy volunteers ,safety ,Medicine - Abstract
Background: V-306 is a virus-like particle-based vaccine candidate displaying respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F site II protein mimetics (FsIIm) as an antigenic epitope. Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalating, first-in-human study, conducted in 60 women aged 18–45 years. Twenty subjects per cohort (15 vaccine and five placebo) received two V-306 intramuscular administrations on Days 0 and 56 at 15 µg, 50 µg, or 150 µg. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed after each vaccination and for 1 year in total. Results: V-306 was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels, with no increase in reactogenicity and unsolicited adverse events between the first and second administrations. At 50 µg and 150 µg, V-306 induced an increase in FsIIm-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers, which lasted at least 4 months. This did not translate into an increase in RSV-neutralizing antibody titers, which were already high at baseline. No increase in the anti-F protein-specific IgG titers was observed, which were also high in most subjects at baseline due to past natural infections. Conclusions: V-306 was safe and well-tolerated. Future modifications of the vaccine and assay conditions will likely improve the results of vaccination.
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- 2023
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15. Randomized, Double-Blind, Reference-Controlled, Phase 2a Study Evaluating the Immunogenicity and Safety of OVX836, A Nucleoprotein-Based Influenza Vaccine
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Isabel Leroux-Roels, Gwenn Waerlop, Jessika Tourneur, Fien De Boever, Catherine Maes, Jacques Bruhwyler, Delphine Guyon-Gellin, Philippe Moris, Judith Del Campo, Paul Willems, Geert Leroux-Roels, Alexandre Le Vert, and Florence Nicolas
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influenza ,universal vaccine ,nucleoprotein ,subunit ,OVX836 ,Influvac Tetra ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
OVX836 is a recombinant protein-based vaccine targeting the highly conserved influenza nucleoprotein (NP), which aims to confer a broad-spectrum protection against influenza. In a Phase 1 study, OVX836, administered intramuscularly, has been found safe and immunogenic. The 90µg and 180µg dose levels were selected to be further evaluated in this randomized, monocenter, reference-controlled (Influvac Tetra™: quadrivalent seasonal influenza subunit vaccine), parallel group, double-blind, Phase 2a study in 300 healthy volunteers, aged 18-65 years, during the 2019/2020 flu season. Safety, influenza-like illness episodes (ILI; based on the Flu-PRO® questionnaire) and immunogenicity were assessed up to 180 days post-vaccination. OVX836 was safe and presented a reactogenicity profile similar to Influvac Tetra. It induced a significant increase in terms of NP-specific interferon-gamma (IFNγ) spot forming cells (SFCs), NP-specific CD4+ T-cells (essentially polyfunctional cells) and anti-NP IgG responses. OVX836 was superior to Influvac Tetra for all immunological parameters related to NP, and the 180µg dose was significantly superior to the 90µg dose for SFCs and CD4+ T-cells expressing IFNγ. Both the CD4+ T-cell and the anti-NP IgG responses persisted up to Day 180. An efficacy signal was observed with OVX836 at 180µg through reduction of ILI episodes occurring during the flu season as of 14 days post-vaccination. In conclusion, these results encourage further clinical evaluation of OVX836 in order to confirm the signal of efficacy on ILIs and/or laboratory-confirmed influenza cases. NCT04192500 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04192500)
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- 2022
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16. Detection of H1 Swine Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Human Serum Samples by Age Group
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Elien Vandoorn, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Geert Leroux-Roels, Anna Parys, Amy Vincent, and Kristien Van Reeth
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influenza ,humans ,swine ,hemagglutinins ,antibodies ,hemagglutination inhibition tests ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Most H1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) of swine are derived from past human viruses. As human population immunity against these IAVs gradually decreases, the risk of reintroduction to humans increases. We examined 549 serum samples from persons 0–97 years of age collected in Belgium during 2017–2018 for hemagglutination inhibiting and virus neutralizing antibodies against 7 major H1 swine IAV (swIAV) clades and 3 human progenitor IAVs. Seroprevalence (titers >40) rates were >50% for classical swine and European human-like swIAVs, >24% for North American human-like δ1a and Asian avian-like swIAVs, and
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- 2020
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17. A Role for B Cells to Transmit Hepatitis C Virus Infection
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Isabelle Desombere, Freya Van Houtte, Ali Farhoudi, Lieven Verhoye, Caroline Buysschaert, Yvonne Gijbels, Sibyl Couvent, Wilfried Swinnen, Hans Van Vlierberghe, André Elewaut, Andrea Magri, Zania Stamataki, Philip Meuleman, Jane A McKeating, and Geert Leroux-Roels
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hepatitis C virus ,B cell ,transmission ,infection ,persistence ,immune response ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly variable and transmits through infected blood to establish a chronic liver infection in the majority of patients. Our knowledge on the infectivity of clinical HCV strains is hampered by the lack of in vitro cell culture systems that support efficient viral replication. We and others have reported that HCV can associate with and infect immune cells and may thereby evade host immune surveillance and elimination. To evaluate whether B cells play a role in HCV transmission, we assessed the ability of B cells and sera from recent (
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- 2021
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18. Long-term immunogenicity and safety of a non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine: 4-year follow-up of a phase 1 multicentre trial
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Philippe De Smedt, Geert Leroux-Roels, Corinne Vandermeulen, Annaelisa Tasciotti, Gennaro Di Maro, Marie Dozot, Daniela Casula, Margherita Annaratone, Daniele Riccucci, and Ashwani Kumar Arora
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Acute exacerbation ,Antibody persistence ,Clinical trial ,COPD ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Moraxella catarrhalis ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
A multicomponent vaccine has been developed to reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations of COPD associated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) infections, containing NTHi (PD and PE-PilA) and Mcat (UspA2) surface proteins. In a randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study with two steps (NCT02547974), the investigational vaccine had good immunogenicity and no safety concerns were identified. In step 2, 90 adults aged 50–71 years with smoking history received two doses 60 days apart of one of two AS01E-adjuvanted formulations containing 10 µg of each antigen (10–10-AS01) or 10 µg NTHi antigens and 3.3 µg UspA2 (10–3-AS01), or placebo. Long-term persistence of antigen-specific humoral antibodies was assessed in 81 participants during 3 years of follow-up after the initial 14-month study (NCT03201211).Antigen-specific antibody concentrations were measured in blood samples taken every 6 months. Safety monitoring evaluated serious adverse events (SAEs) and potential immune-mediated disease (pIMD).Immune responses against NTHi antigens persisted up to 4 years post-vaccination. For PD, PE and PilA, at each follow-up time point, adjusted antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were higher (non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) in the vaccine groups versus placebo and versus pre-vaccination. Antibody GMC point estimates were higher with 10–3-AS01 than with 10–10-AS01. For UspA2, 95% CIs included 1 for GMC ratios of 10–10-AS01 or 10–3-AS01 to placebo at each time point. During follow-up, SAEs were reported in nine (11.1%) participants, one of which was fatal (lung cancer, 607 days after second 10–10-AS01 dose). One non-serious pIMD, trigeminal neuralgia, was reported 771 days after second 10–3-AS01 dose. The SAEs and pIMD were considered not related to vaccination.Immune responses against NTHi antigens persisted for 4 years after two-dose vaccination with the investigational NTHi-Mcat vaccine. There was no persistent response against the Mcat antigen. No safety concerns were identified during the long-term follow-up.
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- 2021
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19. Safety, immunogenicity, and lot-to-lot consistency of a split-virion quadrivalent influenza vaccine in younger and older adults: A phase III randomized, double-blind clinical trial
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Sanie Sesay, Jerzy Brzostek, Ingo Meyer, Yves Donazzolo, Geert Leroux-Roels, Régine Rouzier, Béatrice Astruc, Henryk Szymanski, Nicole Toursarkissian, Corinne Vandermeulen, Edyta Kowalska, Pierre Van Damme, Camille Salamand, and Stephanie Pepin
- Subjects
adult ,elderly ,immunogenicity ,inactivated influenza vaccine ,randomized controlled trial ,safety ,quadrivalent influenza vaccine ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Here, we report a randomized multicenter phase III trial assessing the lot-to-lot consistency of the 2014–2015 Northern Hemisphere quadrivalent split-virion inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4; Sanofi Pasteur) and comparing its immunogenicity and safety with that of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in younger and older adults (EudraCT no. 2014-000785-21). Younger (18–60 y, n = 1114) and older (>60 y, n = 1111) adults were randomized 2:2:2:1:1 to receive a single dose of one of three lots of IIV4, the licensed IIV3 containing the B Yamagata lineage strain, or an investigational IIV3 containing the B Victoria lineage strain. Post-vaccination (day 21) hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were equivalent for the three IIV4 lots. For the pooled IIV4s vs. IIV3, hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were also non-inferior for the A strains, non-inferior for the B strain when present in the comparator IIV3, and superior for the B strain lineage when absent from the comparator IIV3. For all vaccine strains, seroprotection rates were ≥98% in younger adults and ≥90% in older adults. IIV4 also increased seroneutralizing antibody titers against all three vaccine strains of influenza. All vaccines were well tolerated, with no safety concerns identified. Solicited injection-site reactions were similar for IIV4 and IIV3 and mostly grade 1 and transient. This study showed that in younger and older adults, IIV4 had a similar safety profile as the licensed IIV3 and that including a second B strain lineage in IIV4 provided superior immunogenicity for the added B strain without affecting the immunogenicity of the three IIV3 strains.
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- 2018
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20. A phase I, randomized, controlled, dose-ranging study of investigational acellular pertussis (aP) and reduced tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (TdaP) booster vaccines in adults
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Geert Leroux-Roels, Maria Lattanzi, Claudia Dovali Solis, Mario Contorni, Marco Costantini, Luca Moraschini, Monia Bardelli, Sylvie Bertholet, Erica Borgogni, Francesca Buricchi, Rocco Cantisani, Elisa Faenzi, Oretta Finco, Rosanna Leuzzi, Mariagrazia Pizza, Domenico Rosa, Francesca Schiavetti, Anja Seubert, Fabiana Spensieri, Gianfranco Volpini, Luisanna Zedda, Giuseppe Del Giudice, and Ilaria Galgani
- Subjects
adults ,genetically detoxified pt ,immunogenicity ,persistence ,pertussis ,safety ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Despite high vaccination coverage worldwide, pertussis has re-emerged in many countries. This randomized, controlled, observer-blind phase I study and extension study in Belgium (March 2012–June 2015) assessed safety and immunogenicity of investigational acellular pertussis vaccines containing genetically detoxified pertussis toxin (PT) (NCT01529645; NCT02382913). 420 healthy adults (average age: 26.8 ± 5.5 years, 60% female) were randomized to 1 of 10 vaccine groups: 3 investigational aP vaccines (containing pertussis antigens PT, filamentous hemagglutinin [FHA] and pertactin [PRN] at different dosages), 6 investigational TdaP (additionally containing tetanus toxoid [TT] and diphtheria toxoid [DT]), and 1 TdaP comparator containing chemically inactivated PT. Antibody responses were evaluated on days 1, 8, 30, 180, 365, and approximately 3 years post-booster vaccination. Cell-mediated immune responses and PT neutralization were evaluated in a subset of participants in pre-selected groups. Local and systemic adverse events (AEs), and unsolicited AEs were collected through day 7 and 30, respectively; serious AEs and AEs leading to study withdrawal were collected through day 365 post-vaccination. Antibody responses against pertussis antigens peaked at day 30 post-vaccination and then declined but remained above baseline level at approximately 3 years post-vaccination. Responses to FHA and PRN were correlated to antigen dose. Antibody responses specific to PT, toxin neutralization activity and persistence induced by investigational formulations were similar or significantly higher than the licensed vaccine, despite lower PT doses. Of 15 serious AEs, none were considered vaccination-related; 1 led to study withdrawal (premature labor, day 364; aP4 group). This study confirmed the potential benefits of genetically detoxified PT antigen. All investigational study formulations were well tolerated.
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- 2018
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21. Persistence of antibodies 20 y after vaccination with a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine
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Pierre Van Damme, Geert Leroux-Roels, P. Suryakiran, Nicolas Folschweiller, and Olivier Van Der Meeren
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hepatitis a ,hepatitis b ,immune memory ,long-term ,persistence ,vaccination ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective and well-tolerated method of conferring long-term protection against hepatitis A and B viruses (HAV; HBV). Long-term studies are required to characterize the duration of protection and need for boosters. Following primary immunization of 150 and 157 healthy adults with 3-doses of combined hepatitis A/hepatitis B vaccine (HAB; Twinrix™, GSK Vaccines, Belgium) at 0-1-6 months in 2 separate studies, we measured vaccine-induced antibody persistence against HAV and HBV annually for 20 y (Study A: NCT01000324; Study B: NCT01037114). Subjects with circulating anti-HAV antibodies < 15 mIU/mL or with anti-hepatitis B surface antigen < 10 mIU/mL were offered an additional monovalent hepatitis A and/or B vaccine dose (Havrix™/Engerix™-B, GSK Vaccines, Belgium). Applying the immunogenicity results from these studies, mathematical modeling predicted long-term persistence. After 20 y, 18 and 25 subjects in studies A and B, respectively, comprised the long-term according-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity; 100% and 96.0% retained anti-HAV antibodies ≥ 15 mIU/mL, respectively; 94.4% and 92.0% had anti-HBs antibodies ≥ 10 mIU/mL, respectively. Between Years 16–20, 4 subjects who received a challenge dose of monovalent hepatitis A vaccine (N = 2) or hepatitis B vaccine (N = 2), all mounted a strong anamnestic response suggestive of immune memory despite low antibody levels. Mathematical modeling predicts that 40 y after vaccination ≥ 97% vaccinees will maintain anti-HAV ≥ 15 mIU/mL and ≥ 50% vaccinees will retain anti-HBs ≥ 10 mIU/mL. Immunogenicity data confirm that primary immunization with 3-doses of HAB induces persisting anti-HAV and anti-HBs specific antibodies in most adults for up to 20 y; mathematical modeling predicts even longer-term protection.
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- 2017
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22. Adjuvant-Associated Peripheral Blood mRNA Profiles and Kinetics Induced by the Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine M72/AS01 in Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-Vaccinated Adults
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Robert A. van den Berg, Laurane De Mot, Geert Leroux-Roels, Viviane Bechtold, Frédéric Clement, Margherita Coccia, Erik Jongert, Thomas G. Evans, Paul Gillard, and Robbert G. van der Most
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tuberculosis ,vaccine ,adjuvant system ,innate immunity ,interferon ,transcriptome ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Systems biology has the potential to identify gene signatures associated with vaccine immunogenicity and protective efficacy. The main objective of this study was to identify optimal postvaccination time points for evaluating peripheral blood RNA expression profiles in relation to vaccine immunogenicity and potential efficacy in recipients of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72/AS01. In this phase II open-label study (NCT01669096; https://clinicaltrials.gov/), healthy Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-primed, HIV-negative adults were administered two doses (30 days apart) of M72/AS01. Twenty subjects completed the study and 18 subjects received two doses. Blood samples were collected pre-dose 1, pre-dose 2, and 1, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 30 days post-dose 2. RNA expression in whole blood (WB) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was quantified using microarray technology. Serum interferon-gamma responses and M72-specific CD4+ T cell responses to vaccination, and the observed safety profile were similar to previous trials. Two different approaches were utilized to analyze the RNA expression data. First, a kinetic analysis of RNA expression changes using blood transcription modules revealed early (1 day post-dose 2) activation of several pathways related to innate immune activation, both in WB and PBMC. Second, using a previously identified gene signature as a classifier, optimal postvaccination time points were identified. Since M72/AS01 efficacy remains to be established, a PBMC-derived gene signature associated with the protective efficacy of a similarly adjuvanted candidate malaria vaccine was used as a proxy for this purpose. This approach was based on the assumption that the AS01 adjuvant used in both studies could induce shared innate immune pathways. Subjects were classified as gene signature positive (GS+) or gene signature negative (GS−). Assignments of subjects to GS+ or GS− groups were confirmed by significant differences in RNA expression of the gene signature genes in PBMCs at 14 days post-dose 2 relative to prevaccination and in WB samples at 7, 10, 14, and 17 days post-dose 2 relative to prevaccination. Hence, in comparison with a prevaccination, 7, 10, 14, and 17 days postvaccination appeared to be suitable time points for identifying potentially clinically relevant transcriptome responses to M72/AS01 in WB samples.
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- 2018
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23. Different Adjuvants Induce Common Innate Pathways That Are Associated with Enhanced Adaptive Responses against a Model Antigen in Humans
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Wivine Burny, Andrea Callegaro, Viviane Bechtold, Frédéric Clement, Sophie Delhaye, Laurence Fissette, Michel Janssens, Geert Leroux-Roels, Arnaud Marchant, Robert A. van den Berg, Nathalie Garçon, Robbert van der Most, Arnaud M. Didierlaurent, On Behalf of the ECR-002 Study Group, Isabelle Carletti, Arnaud Didierlaurent, Meral Esen, Julian Gabor, Edwige Haelterman, Caroline Hervé, Yves Horsmans, Peter Kremsner, Philippe Moris, Tino F Schwarz, Fernanda Tavares da Silva, Pascale Van Belle, Pierre Van Damme, and Dirk Zuchner
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vaccine adjuvants ,AS01 ,AS03 ,AS04 ,innate immune response ,adaptive immune response ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
To elucidate the role of innate responses in vaccine immunogenicity, we compared early responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) combined with different Adjuvant Systems (AS) in healthy HBV-naïve adults, and included these parameters in multi-parametric models of adaptive responses. A total of 291 participants aged 18–45 years were randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to receive HBsAg with AS01B, AS01E, AS03, AS04, or Alum/Al(OH)3 at days 0 and 30 (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00805389). Blood protein, cellular, and mRNA innate responses were assessed at early time-points and up to 7 days after vaccination, and used with reactogenicity symptoms in linear regression analyses evaluating their correlation with HBs-specific CD4+ T-cell and antibody responses at day 44. All AS induced transient innate responses, including interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), mostly peaking at 24 h post-vaccination and subsiding to baseline within 1–3 days. After the second but not the first injection, median interferon (IFN)-γ levels were increased in the AS01B group, and IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 levels and IFN-inducible genes upregulated in the AS01 and AS03 groups. No distinct marker or signature was specific to one particular AS. Innate profiles were comparable between AS01B, AS01E, and AS03 groups, and between AS04 and Alum groups. AS group rankings within adaptive and innate response levels and reactogenicity prevalence were similar (AS01B ≥ AS01E > AS03 > AS04 > Alum), suggesting an association between magnitudes of inflammatory and vaccine responses. Modeling revealed associations between adaptive responses and specific traits of the innate response post-dose 2 (activation of the IFN-signaling pathway, CRP and IL-6 responses). In conclusion, the ability of AS01 and AS03 to enhance adaptive responses to co-administered HBsAg is likely linked to their capacity to activate innate immunity, particularly the IFN-signaling pathway.
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- 2017
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24. Neutropenia as an Adverse Event following Vaccination: Results from Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Adults and Systematic Review.
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Vincent Muturi-Kioi, David Lewis, Odile Launay, Geert Leroux-Roels, Alessandra Anemona, Pierre Loulergue, Caroline L Bodinham, Annelies Aerssens, Nicola Groth, Allan Saul, and Audino Podda
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
In the context of early vaccine trials aimed at evaluating the safety profile of novel vaccines, abnormal haematological values, such as neutropenia, are often reported. It is therefore important to evaluate how these trials should be planned not to miss potentially important safety signals, but also to understand the implications and the clinical relevance.We report and discuss the results from five clinical trials (two with a new Shigella vaccine in the early stage of clinical development and three with licensed vaccines) where the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) were evaluated before and after vaccination. Additionally, we have performed a systematic review of the literature on cases of neutropenia reported during vaccine trials to discuss our results in a more general context.Both in our clinical trials and in the literature review, several cases of neutropenia have been reported, in the first two weeks after vaccination. However, neutropenia was generally transient and had a benign clinical outcome, after vaccination with either multiple novel candidates or well-known licensed vaccines. Additionally, the vaccine recipients with neutropenia frequently had lower baseline ANC than non-neutropenic vaccinees. In many instances neutropenia occurred in subjects of African descent, known to have lower ANC compared to western populations.It is important to include ANC and other haematological tests in early vaccine trials to identify potential safety signals. Post-vaccination neutropenia is not uncommon, generally transient and clinically benign, but many vaccine trials do not have a sampling schedule that allows its detection. Given ethnic variability in the level of circulating neutrophils, normal ranges taking into account ethnicity should be used for determination of trial inclusion/exclusion criteria and classification of neutropenia related adverse events.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02017899, NCT02034500, NCT01771367, NCT01765413, NCT02523287.
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- 2016
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25. Antibody Persistence and Booster Responses to Split-Virion H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine in Young and Elderly Adults.
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Rajeka Lazarus, Sarah Kelly, Matthew D Snape, Corinne Vandermeulen, Merryn Voysey, Karel Hoppenbrouwers, Annick Hens, Pierre Van Damme, Stephanie Pepin, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Andrew J Pollard
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Avian influenza continues to circulate and remains a global health threat not least because of the associated high mortality. In this study antibody persistence, booster vaccine response and cross-clade immune response between two influenza A(H5N1) vaccines were compared. Participants aged over 18-years who had previously been immunized with a clade 1, A/Vietnam vaccine were re-immunized at 6-months with 7.5 μg of the homologous strain or at 22-months with a clade 2, alum-adjuvanted, A/Indonesia vaccine. Blood sampled at 6, 15 and 22-months after the primary course was used to assess antibody persistence. Antibody concentrations 6-months after primary immunisation with either A/Vietnam vaccine 30 μg alum-adjuvanted vaccine or 7.5 μg dose vaccine were lower than 21-days after the primary course and waned further with time. Re-immunization with the clade 2, 30 μg alum-adjuvanted vaccine confirmed cross-clade reactogenicity. Antibody cross-reactivity between A(H5N1) clades suggests that in principle a prime-boost vaccination strategy may provide both early protection at the start of a pandemic and improved antibody responses to specific vaccination once available.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00415129.
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- 2016
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26. HCV Animal Models: A Journey of More than 30 Years
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Philip Meuleman and Geert Leroux-Roels
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HCV ,animal model ,chimpanzee ,chimeric mice ,uPA-SCID ,hepatitis C ,antiviral therapy ,neutralizing antibodies ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
In the 1970s and 1980s it became increasingly clear that blood transfusions could induce a form of chronic hepatitis that could not be ascribed to any of the viruses known to cause liver inflammation. In 1989, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was discovered and found to be the major causative agent of these infections. Because of its narrow ropism, the in vivo study of this virus was, especially in the early days, limited to the chimpanzee. In the past decade, several alternative animal models have been created. In this review we review these novel animal models and their contribution to our current understanding of the biology of HCV.
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- 2009
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27. A genetically attenuated malaria vaccine candidate based on P. falciparum b9/slarp gene-deficient sporozoites
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Ben C L van Schaijk, Ivo H J Ploemen, Takeshi Annoura, Martijn W Vos, Lander Foquet, Geert-Jan van Gemert, Severine Chevalley-Maurel, Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer, Mohammed Sajid, Jean-Francois Franetich, Audrey Lorthiois, Geert Leroux-Roels, Philip Meuleman, Cornelius C Hermsen, Dominique Mazier, Stephen L Hoffman, Chris J Janse, Shahid M Khan, and Robert W Sauerwein
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Plasmodium ,sporozoite ,genetically attenuated parasite ,malaria ,vaccine ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
A highly efficacious pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine would be an important tool for the control and elimination of malaria but is currently unavailable. High-level protection in humans can be achieved by experimental immunization with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites attenuated by radiation or under anti-malarial drug coverage. Immunization with genetically attenuated parasites (GAP) would be an attractive alternative approach. In this study, we present data on safety and protective efficacy using sporozoites with deletions of two genes, that is the newly identified b9 and slarp, which govern independent and critical processes for successful liver-stage development. In the rodent malaria model, PbΔb9ΔslarpGAP was completely attenuated showing no breakthrough infections while efficiently inducing high-level protection. The human PfΔb9ΔslarpGAP generated without drug resistance markers were infective to human hepatocytes in vitro and to humanized mice engrafted with human hepatocytes in vivo but completely aborted development after infection. These findings support the clinical development of a PfΔb9ΔslarpSPZ vaccine.
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- 2014
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28. Avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E in young children.
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Ally Olotu, Frederic Clement, Erik Jongert, Johan Vekemans, Patricia Njuguna, Francis M Ndungu, Kevin Marsh, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Philip Bejon
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The nature of protective immune responses elicited by immunization with the candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S is still incompletely understood. Antibody levels correlate with protection against malaria infection, but considerable variation in outcome is unexplained (e.g., children may experience malaria despite high anti-circumsporozoite [CS] titers).We measured the avidity index (AI) of the anti-CS antibodies raised in subgroup of 5-17 month old children in Kenya who were vaccinated with three doses of RTS,S/AS01E between March and August 2007. We evaluated the association between the AI and the subsequent risk of clinical malaria. We selected 19 cases (i.e., with clinical malaria) and 42 controls (i.e., without clinical malaria), matching for anti-CS antibody levels and malaria exposure. We assessed their sera collected 1 month after the third dose of the vaccine, in March 2008 (range 4-10 months after the third vaccine), and at 12 months after the third vaccine dose. The mean AI was 45.2 (95% CI: 42.4 to 48.1), 45.3 (95% CI: 41.4 to 49.1) and 46.2 (95% CI; 43.2 to 49.3) at 1 month, in March 2008 (4-10 months), and at 12 months after the third vaccination, respectively (p = 0.9 by ANOVA test for variation over time). The AI was not associated with protection from clinical malaria (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.66; p = 0.74). The AI was higher in children with high malaria exposure, as measured using the weighted local prevalence of malaria, compared to those with low malaria exposure at 1 month post dose 3 (p = 0.035).Our data suggest that in RTS,S/AS01E-vaccinated children residing in malaria endemic countries, the avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies, as measured using an elution ELISA method, was not associated with protection from clinical malaria. Prior natural malaria exposure might have primed the response to RTS,S/AS01E vaccination.
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- 2014
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29. Randomized Phase I: Safety, Immunogenicity and Mucosal Antiviral Activity in Young Healthy Women Vaccinated with HIV-1 Gp41 P1 Peptide on Virosomes.
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Geert Leroux-Roels, Cathy Maes, Frédéric Clement, Frank van Engelenburg, Marieke van den Dobbelsteen, Michael Adler, Mario Amacker, Lucia Lopalco, Morgane Bomsel, Anick Chalifour, and Sylvain Fleury
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Mucosal antibodies harboring various antiviral activities may best protect mucosal surfaces against early HIV-1 entry at mucosal sites and they should be ideally induced by prophylactic HIV-1 vaccines for optimal prevention of sexually transmitted HIV-1. A phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in twenty-four healthy HIV-uninfected young women. The study objectives were to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of virosomes harboring surface HIV-1 gp41-derived P1 lipidated peptides (MYM-V101). Participants received placebo or MYM-V101 vaccine at 10 μg/dose or 50 μg/dose intramuscularly at week 0 and 8, and intranasally at week 16 and 24. MYM-V101 was safe and well-tolerated at both doses administered by the intramuscular and intranasal routes, with the majority of subjects remaining free of local and general symptoms. P1-specific serum IgGs and IgAs were induced in all high dose recipients after the first injection. After the last vaccination, vaginal and rectal P1-specific IgGs could be detected in all high dose recipients. Approximately 63% and 43% of the low and high dose recipients were respectively tested positive for vaginal P1-IgAs, while 29% of the subjects from the high dose group tested positive for rectal IgAs. Serum samples had total specific IgG and IgA antibody concentrations ≥ 0.4 μg/mL, while mucosal samples were usually below 0.01 μg/mL. Vaginal secretions from MYM-V101 vaccinated subjects were inhibiting HIV-1 transcytosis but had no detectable neutralizing activity. P1-specific Th1 responses could not be detected on PBMC. This study demonstrates the excellent safety and tolerability of MYM-V101, eliciting systemic and mucosal antibodies in the majority of subjects. Vaccine-induced mucosal anti-gp41 antibodies toward conserved gp41 motifs were harboring HIV-1 transcytosis inhibition activity and may contribute to reduce sexually-transmitted HIV-1.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01084343.
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- 2013
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30. Lipoprotein lipase inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by blocking virus cell entry.
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Patrick Maillard, Marine Walic, Philip Meuleman, Farzin Roohvand, Thierry Huby, Wilfried Le Goff, Geert Leroux-Roels, Eve-Isabelle Pécheur, and Agata Budkowska
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
A distinctive feature of HCV is that its life cycle depends on lipoprotein metabolism. Viral morphogenesis and secretion follow the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) biogenesis pathway and, consequently, infectious HCV in the serum is associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes TRL within chylomicrons and VLDL but, independently of its catalytic activity, it has a bridging activity, mediating the hepatic uptake of chylomicrons and VLDL remnants. We previously showed that exogenously added LPL increases HCV binding to hepatoma cells by acting as a bridge between virus-associated lipoproteins and cell surface heparan sulfate, while simultaneously decreasing infection levels. We show here that LPL efficiently inhibits cell infection with two HCV strains produced in hepatoma cells or in primary human hepatocytes transplanted into uPA-SCID mice with fully functional human ApoB-lipoprotein profiles. Viruses produced in vitro or in vivo were separated on iodixanol gradients into low and higher density populations, and the infection of Huh 7.5 cells by both virus populations was inhibited by LPL. The effect of LPL depended on its enzymatic activity. However, the lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin restored only a minor part of HCV infectivity, suggesting an important role of the LPL bridging function in the inhibition of infection. We followed HCV cell entry by immunoelectron microscopy with anti-envelope and anti-core antibodies. These analyses demonstrated the internalization of virus particles into hepatoma cells and their presence in intracellular vesicles and associated with lipid droplets. In the presence of LPL, HCV was retained at the cell surface. We conclude that LPL efficiently inhibits HCV infection by acting on TRL associated with HCV particles through mechanisms involving its lipolytic function, but mostly its bridging function. These mechanisms lead to immobilization of the virus at the cell surface. HCV-associated lipoproteins may therefore be a promising target for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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- 2011
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31. Production of infectious genotype 1b virus particles in cell culture and impairment by replication enhancing mutations.
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Thomas Pietschmann, Margarita Zayas, Philip Meuleman, Gang Long, Nicole Appel, George Koutsoudakis, Stephanie Kallis, Geert Leroux-Roels, Volker Lohmann, and Ralf Bartenschlager
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Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
With the advent of subgenomic hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicons, studies of the intracellular steps of the viral replication cycle became possible. These RNAs are capable of self-amplification in cultured human hepatoma cells, but save for the genotype 2a isolate JFH-1, efficient replication of these HCV RNAs requires replication enhancing mutations (REMs), previously also called cell culture adaptive mutations. These mutations cluster primarily in the central region of non-structural protein 5A (NS5A), but may also reside in the NS3 helicase domain or at a distinct position in NS4B. Most efficient replication has been achieved by combining REMs residing in NS3 with distinct REMs located in NS4B or NS5A. However, in spite of efficient replication of HCV genomes containing such mutations, they do not support production of infectious virus particles. By using the genotype 1b isolate Con1, in this study we show that REMs interfere with HCV assembly. Strongest impairment of virus formation was found with REMs located in the NS3 helicase (E1202G and T1280I) as well as NS5A (S2204R), whereas a highly adaptive REM in NS4B still allowed virus production although relative levels of core release were also reduced. We also show that cells transfected with the Con1 wild type genome or the genome containing the REM in NS4B release HCV particles that are infectious both in cell culture and in vivo. Our data provide an explanation for the in vitro and in vivo attenuation of cell culture adapted HCV genomes and may open new avenues for the development of fully competent culture systems covering the therapeutically most relevant HCV genotypes.
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- 2009
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32. Broad Clade 2 cross-reactive immunity induced by an adjuvanted clade 1 rH5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine.
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Isabel Leroux-Roels, Roger Bernhard, Pascal Gérard, Mamadou Dramé, Emmanuel Hanon, and Geert Leroux-Roels
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundThe availability of H5N1 vaccines that can elicit a broad cross-protective immunity against different currently circulating clade 2 H5N1 viruses is a pre-requisite for the development of a successful pre-pandemic vaccination strategy. In this regard, it has recently been shown that adjuvantation of a recombinant clade 1 H5N1 inactivated split-virion vaccine with an oil-in-water emulsion-based adjuvant system also promoted cross-immunity against a recent clade 2 H5N1 isolate (A/Indonesia/5/2005, subclade 2.1). Here we further analyse the cross-protective potential of the vaccine against two other recent clade 2 isolates (A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005 and A/Anhui/1/2005 which are, as defined by WHO, representatives of subclades 2.2 and 2.3 respectively).Methods and findingsTwo doses of the recombinant A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1, clade 1) vaccine were administered 21 days apart to volunteers aged 18-60 years. We studied the cross-clade immunogenicity of the lowest antigen dose (3.8 microg haemagglutinin) given with (N = 20) or without adjuvant (N = 20). Immune responses were assessed at 21 days following the first and second vaccine doses and at 6 months following first vaccination. Vaccination with two doses of 3.8 microg of the adjuvanted vaccine induced four-fold neutralising seroconversion rates in 85% of subjects against A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005 (subclade 2.2) and 75% of subjects against A/Anhui/1/2005 (subclade 2.3) recombinant strains. There was no response induced against these strains in the non-adjuvanted group. At 6 months following vaccination, 70% and 60% of subjects retained neutralising antibodies against the recombinant subclade 2.2 and 2.3 strains, respectively and 40% of subjects retained antibodies against the recombinant subclade 2.1 A/Indonesia/5/2005 strain.ConclusionsIn addition to antigen dose-sparing, adjuvantation of inactivated split H5N1 vaccine promotes broad and persistent cross-clade immunity which is a pre-requisite for a pre-pandemic vaccine.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00309634.
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- 2008
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33. Environmental and genetic drivers of population differences in SARS-CoV-2 immune responses
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Yann Aquino, Aurélie Bisiaux, Zhi Li, Mary O’Neill, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, Sarah Hélène Merkling, Gaspard Kerner, Milena Hasan, Valentina Libri, Vincent Bondet, Nikaïa Smith, Camille de Cevins, Mickaël Ménager, Francesca Luca, Roger Pique-Regi, Giovanna Barba-Spaeth, Stefano Pietropaoli, Olivier Schwartz, Geert Leroux-Roels, Cheuk-Kwong Lee, Kathy Leung, Joseph T.K. Wu, Malik Peiris, Roberto Bruzzone, Laurent Abel, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Sophie A. Valkenburg, Darragh Duffy, Etienne Patin, Maxime Rotival, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Génétique Evolutive Humaine - Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Cytometrie et Biomarqueurs – Cytometry and Biomarkers (UTechS CB), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Immunologie Translationnelle - Translational Immunology lab, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Inflammatory Responses and Transcriptomic Networks in diseases (Equipe Inserm U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Wayne State University [Detroit], University of Rome 'Tor Vergeta', Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Virologie Structurale - Structural Virology, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Ghent University Hospital, Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Rockefeller University [New York], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Human genetics of infectious diseases: Complex predisposition (Equipe Inserm U1163), Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), University of Melbourne, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation (HKSTP), Collège de France - Chaire Génomique humaine et évolution, Collège de France (CdF (institution)), The Human Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory is supported by the Institut Pasteur, the Collège de France, the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) grants COVID-19-POPCELL (ANR-21-CO14-0003-01), POPCELL-REG (ANR-22-CE12-0030-01) and COVIFERON (ANR-21-RHUS-0008), the EU HORIZON-HLTH-2021-DISEASE-04-07 grant UNDINE (no. 101057100), the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoires d’Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (ANR-10- LABX-62-IBEID) and 'Milieu Intérieur' (ANR-10-LABX-69-01), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (Equipe FRM DEQ20180339214), the Fondation Allianz-Institut de France, and the Fondation de France (no. 00106080). K.L., J.T.K.W. and M.P. are supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund Commissioned Research on the Novel Coronavirus Disease, Hong Kong SAR (COVID190126), S.A.V by the Theme-based Research Scheme of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR (T11-705/21-N, SAV: T11-712/19-N), and M.P., R.B. and D.D. by InnoHK, an initiative of the Innovation and Technology Commission, the Government of the Hong Kong SAR., ANR-21-CO14-0003,COVID-19-POPCELL,Facteurs génétiques et infectieux à l'origine de la variabilité populationnelle de la réponse immunitaire à l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2(2021), ANR-22-CE12-0030,popCell-REG,Variation populationnelle des profils d'accessibilité de la chromatine à l'échelle unicellulaire(2022), ANR-21-RHUS-0008,COVIFERON,Covid-19 and interferons: from discovery to therapy(2021), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and ANR-10-LABX-0069,MILIEU INTERIEUR,GENETIC & ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF IMMUNE PHENOTYPE VARIANCE: ESTABLISHING A PATH TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE(2010)
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[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] - Abstract
The RNA sequencing data generated and analyzed in this study have been deposited in the Institut Pasteur data repository, OWEY, which can be accessed via the following link: https://doi.org/XXXX. The genome-wide genotyping data generated or used in this study have been deposited in OWEY and can be accessed at the following URL: https://doi.org/XXXX. Data access and use is restricted to academic research related to the variability of the human immune response.; Humans display vast clinical variability upon SARS-CoV-2 infection 1–3 , partly due to genetic and immunological factors 4 . However, the magnitude of population differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms underlying such variation remain unknown. Here we report single-cell RNA-sequencing data for peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 222 healthy donors of various ancestries stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus. We show that SARS-CoV-2 induces a weaker, but more heterogeneous interferon-stimulated gene activity than influenza A virus, and a unique pro-inflammatory signature in myeloid cells. We observe marked population differences in transcriptional responses to viral exposure that reflect environmentally induced cellular heterogeneity, as illustrated by higher rates of cytomegalovirus infection, affecting lymphoid cells, in African-descent individuals. Expression quantitative trait loci and mediation analyses reveal a broad effect of cell proportions on population differences in immune responses, with genetic variants having a narrower but stronger effect on specific loci. Additionally, natural selection has increased immune response differentiation across populations, particularly for variants associated with SARS-CoV-2 responses in East Asians. We document the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which Neanderthal introgression has altered immune functions, such as its impact on the myeloid response in Europeans. Finally, colocalization analyses reveal an overlap between the genetic architecture of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 severity. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptive evolution targeting immunity has also contributed to current disparities in COVID-19 risk.
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- 2023
34. Proof-of-concept of a low-dose unmodified mRNA-based rabies vaccine formulated with lipid nanoparticles in human volunteers: A phase 1 trial
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Cassandra Aldrich, Oliver Schoenborn-Kellenberger, Lidia Oostvogels, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Mihai Alexandru Bica, Lisa Walz, Edde Loeliger, Katell Bidet Huang, Frank von Sonnenburg, and Geert Leroux-Roels
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Rabies ,mRNA ,030231 tropical medicine ,Pharmacology ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Route of administration ,Immunogenicity, Vaccine ,0302 clinical medicine ,Rabies vaccine ,Belgium ,Germany ,medicine ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Neutralizing antibody ,Adverse effect ,Reactogenicity ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,business.industry ,Immunogenicity ,Rabies virus ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Lipids ,Infectious Diseases ,Rabies Vaccines ,Lipid nanoparticles ,biology.protein ,Nanoparticles ,Molecular Medicine ,business ,Vaccine ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Introduction In a first-in-human study immune responses to rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G)-mRNA vaccine were dependent on the route of administration, necessitating specialized devices. Following successful preclinical studies with mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP), we tested an mRNA-LNP formulation (CV7202). Methods In this phase 1, multi-center, controlled study in Belgium and Germany we enrolled 55 healthy 18–40-year-olds to receive intramuscular injections of 5 μg (n = 10), 1 μg (n = 16), or 2 μg (n = 16) CV7202 on Day 1; subsets (n = 8) of 1 μg and 2 μg groups received second doses on Day 29. Controls (n = 10) received rabies vaccine, Rabipur, on Days 1, 8 and 29. Safety and reactogenicity were assessed up to 28 days post-vaccination using diary cards; immunogenicity was measured as RABV-G-specific neutralizing titers (VNT) by RFFIT and IgG by ELISA. Results As i nitially tested doses of 5 μg CV7202 elicited unacceptably high reactogenicity we subsequently tested 1 and 2 μg doses which were better tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events or withdrawals occurred. Low, dose-dependent VNT responses were detectable from Day 15 and by Day 29%, 31% and 22% of 1, 2 and 5 μg groups, respectively, had VNTs ≥ 0·5 IU/mL, considered an adequate response by the WHO. After two 1 or 2 μg doses all recipients had titers ≥ 0.5 IU/mL by Day 43. Day 57 GMTs were not significantly lower than those with Rabipur, which elicited adequate responses in all vaccinees after two doses. CV7202-elicited VNT were significantly correlated with RABV-G-specific IgG antibodies (r2 = 0.8319, p Conclusions Two 1 μg or 2 μg doses of CV7202 were well tolerated and elicited rabies neutralizing antibody responses that met WHO criteria in all recipients, but 5 μg had unacceptable reactogenicity for a prophylactic vaccine. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03713086.
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- 2021
35. Safety and immunogenicity of a new Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine candidate produced on the PER.C6® cell-line: a phase 1 randomized controlled trial in adults
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Hester van Zeeburg, Conor Cahill, Jeanne-Marie Jacquet, Richard de Rooij, Martin Struijs, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Geert Leroux-Roels, Georgi Shukarev, and Hanneke Schuitemaker
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Adult ,IPV ,viruses ,030231 tropical medicine ,Immunology ,Biology ,ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS-VACCINE ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,SERUM ,Cell Line ,law.invention ,C6 cells ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immunogenicity, Vaccine ,0302 clinical medicine ,Belgium ,Randomized controlled trial ,WORLDWIDE ,law ,vaccine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,C6 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,PROGRESS ,Sabin ,PER.C6 ,Pharmacology ,poliovirus ,STRAINS ,Poliovirus ,Immunogenicity ,ALUMINUM-HYDROXIDE ,PLATFORM ,Inactivated ,I TRIAL ,Poliovirus Vaccines ,Virology ,PER ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine ,Research Article ,Research Paper ,Poliomyelitis - Abstract
This first-in-human study (NCT03032588), conducted in Belgium, evaluated a new inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) candidate based on Sabin poliovirus strains grown on the high-yield PER.C6 (R) cell line. Healthy adults (N = 32) were randomized (1:1) to receive a single dose of PER.C6-based Sabin-IPV (sIPV, 15:35:112.5 DU/dose) or conventional Salk-IPV (cIPV, 40:8:32 DU/dose). Reactogenicity was assessed up to 7 days after vaccination, immunogenicity 28 days after vaccination, and safety up to 6 months after vaccination. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate, no changes of concern in vital signs or safety laboratory values were observed, and no severe AEs (SAEs) or vaccine-related unsolicited AEs were reported after vaccination. A trend to more frequent solicited AEs after sIPV than after cIPV administration was observed. Most participants had preexisting neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types (titer >= 8), which were strongly boosted by sIPV. Post-vaccination geometric mean titers were high (>= 12,000) and similar across the two vaccination groups. Only participants with very high preexisting antibody levels did not show a vaccine-induced response, defined in seropositive participants as a 4-fold titer increase. The 10 initially seronegative (titer
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- 2020
36. Detection of H1 Swine Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Human Serum Samples by Age Group1
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Anna Parys, Kristien Van Reeth, Elien Vandoorn, Amy L. Vincent, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Isabel Leroux-Roels
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Microbiology (medical) ,Epidemiology ,Swine ,030231 tropical medicine ,Reassortment ,Detection of H1 Swine Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Human Serum Samples by Age Group ,Hemagglutinin (influenza) ,hemagglutination inhibition ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,Serology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Belgium ,Orthomyxoviridae Infections ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Influenza, Human ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,antibodies ,Animals ,Humans ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,hemagglutinin ,Swine Diseases ,Hemagglutination assay ,biology ,Research ,pandemic ,public health ,Antibody titer ,Virology ,zoonoses ,Infectious Diseases ,biology.protein ,influenza - Abstract
Most H1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) of swine are derived from past human viruses. As human population immunity against these IAVs gradually decreases, the risk of reintroduction to humans increases. We examined 549 serum samples from persons 0-97 years of age collected in Belgium during 2017-2018 for hemagglutination inhibiting and virus neutralizing antibodies against 7 major H1 swine IAV (swIAV) clades and 3 human progenitor IAVs. Seroprevalence (titers >= 40) rates were >= 50% for classical swine and European human-like swIAVs, >= 24% for North American human-like delta 1a and Asian avian-like swIAVs, and
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- 2020
37. Characterization of potential biomarkers of reactogenicity of licensed antiviral vaccines: randomized controlled clinical trials conducted by the BIOVACSAFE consortium
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Robert A. van den Berg, Geert Leroux-Roels, David J. M. Lewis, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann, Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf, Ingileif Jonsdottir, Aldona Greenwood, Catherine Linley, Giuseppe Del Giudice, Kat Pizzoferro, Caroline L. Bodinham, Kent E. Kester, Jeroen Maertzdorf, January Weiner, Alberto Mantovani, Barbara Bottazzi, and Philippe Denoel
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0301 basic medicine ,Trivalent influenza vaccine ,Adult ,Male ,Hepatitis B vaccine ,Transcription, Genetic ,Lymphocyte ,lcsh:Medicine ,Predictive markers ,Virus ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:Science ,Vaccines ,Multidisciplinary ,Reactogenicity ,Hematologic Tests ,business.industry ,Vital Signs ,Vaccination ,lcsh:R ,Viral Vaccines ,3. Good health ,Clinical trial ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunization ,Immunology ,Cytokines ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Symptom Assessment ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Biomarkers ,Acute-Phase Proteins - Abstract
Biomarkers predictive of inflammatory events post-vaccination could accelerate vaccine development. Within the BIOVACSAFE framework, we conducted three identically designed, placebo-controlled inpatient/outpatient clinical studies (NCT01765413/NCT01771354/NCT01771367). Six antiviral vaccination strategies were evaluated to generate training data-sets of pre-/post-vaccination vital signs, blood changes and whole-blood gene transcripts, and to identify putative biomarkers of early inflammation/reactogenicity that could guide the design of subsequent focused confirmatory studies. Healthy adults (N = 123; 20–21/group) received one immunization at Day (D)0. Alum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine elicited vital signs and inflammatory (CRP/innate cells) responses that were similar between primed/naive vaccinees, and low-level gene responses. MF59-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (ATIV) induced distinct physiological (temperature/heart rate/reactogenicity) response-patterns not seen with non-adjuvanted TIV or with the other vaccines. ATIV also elicited robust early (D1) activation of IFN-related genes (associated with serum IP-10 levels) and innate-cell-related genes, and changes in monocyte/neutrophil/lymphocyte counts, while TIV elicited similar but lower responses. Due to viral replication kinetics, innate gene activation by live yellow-fever or varicella-zoster virus (YFV/VZV) vaccines was more suspended, with early IFN-associated responses in naïve YFV-vaccine recipients but not in primed VZV-vaccine recipients. Inflammatory responses (physiological/serum markers, innate-signaling transcripts) are therefore a function of the vaccine type/composition and presence/absence of immune memory. The data reported here have guided the design of confirmatory Phase IV trials using ATIV to provide tools to identify inflammatory or reactogenicity biomarkers.
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- 2019
38. Antibody avidity, persistence, and response to antigen recall: comparison of vaccine adjuvants
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Mohamed El Idrissi, Sonia Budroni, Patricia Bourguignon, Arnaud Marchant, Michel Janssens, Oretta Finco, Magalie Caubet, Wivine Burny, Gianfranco Volpini, Ugo D'Oro, Geert Leroux-Roels, Pierre Van Damme, Nathalie Garçon, Tino F. Schwarz, Robbert van der Most, Andrea Cavallone, Arnaud M. Didierlaurent, Francesca Buricchi, and Vincent Dewar
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunology ,Adaptive immunity ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Biology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medical research ,Antigen ,medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Avidity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,AS03 ,Memory B cell ,B cell ,RC254-282 ,Pharmacology ,Vaccines ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,Généralités ,Hepatitis B ,RC581-607 ,Translational research ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology.protein ,Human medicine ,Antibody ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,Adjuvant - Abstract
Differences in innate immune ‘imprinting’ between vaccine adjuvants may mediate dissimilar effects on the quantity/quality of persisting adaptive responses. We compared antibody avidity maturation, antibody/memory B cell/CD4+ T cell response durability, and recall responses to non-adjuvanted fractional-dose antigen administered 1-year post-immunization (Day [D]360), between hepatitis B vaccines containing Adjuvant System (AS)01B, AS01E, AS03, AS04, or Alum (NCT00805389). Both the antibody and B cell levels ranked similarly (AS01B/E/AS03 > AS04 > Alum) at peak response, at D360, and following their increases post-antigen recall (D390). Proportions of high-avidity antibodies increased post-dose 2 across all groups and persisted at D360, but avidity maturation appeared to be more strongly promoted by AS vs. Alum. Post-antigen recall, frequencies of subjects with high-avidity antibodies increased only markedly in the AS groups. Among the AS, total antibody responses were lowest for AS04. However, proportions of high-avidity antibodies were similar between groups, suggesting that MPL in AS04 contributes to avidity maturation. Specific combinations of immunoenhancers in the AS, regardless of their individual nature, increase antibody persistence and avidity maturation., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2021
39. Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccine CVnCoV in Latin American adults: A phase 2 randomized study
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Xavier Sáez-Llorens, Claudio Lanata, Elaine Aranguren, Carlos R. Celis, Rubelio Cornejo, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Lucie Ecker, Diegi Garrido, Ana I. Gil, Marina Gonzales, Morgan Hess-Holtz, Geert Leroux-Roels, Helga Junker, Sarah-Katharina Kays, Sven D. Koch, Sandra Lazzaro, Philipp Mann, Gianluca Quintini, Barkha Srivastava, Dominik Vahrenhorst, Philipp von Eisenhart-Rothe, Olaf-Oliver Wolz, and Lidia Oostvogels
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History ,Infectious Diseases ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Polymers and Plastics ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Molecular Medicine ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccine candidate CVnCoV comprises sequence-optimized mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 S-protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. In this phase 2a study, we assessed reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two or three doses in younger and older adults.Younger (18-60 years) and older (60 years) adults were enrolled in two sites in Panama and Peru to receive either 6 or 12 µg doses of CVnCoV or licensed control vaccines 28 days apart; subsets received a 12 µg booster dose on Day 57 or Day 180. Solicited adverse events (AE) were reported for 7 days and unsolicited AEs for 4 weeks after each vaccination, and serious AEs (SAE) throughout the study. Humoral immunogenicity was measured as neutralizing and receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG antibodies and cellular immunogenicity was assessed as CD4+/CD8 + T cell responses.A total of 668 participants were vaccinated (332 aged 18-60 years and 336 aged 60 years) including 75 who received homologous booster doses. Vaccination was well tolerated with no vaccine-related SAEs. Solicited and unsolicited AEs were mainly mild to moderate and resolved spontaneously. Both age groups demonstrated robust immune responses as neutralizing antibodies or RBD-binding IgG, after two doses, with lower titers in the older age group than the younger adults. Neither group achieved levels observed in human convalescent sera (HCS), but did equal or surpass HCS levels following homologous booster doses. Following CVnCoV vaccination, robust SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific CD4 + T-cell responses were observed in both age groups with CD8 + T-cell responses in some individuals, consistent with observations in convalescing COVID-19 patients after natural infection.We confirmed that two 12 µg doses of CVnCoV had an acceptable safety profile, and induced robust immune responses. Marked humoral immune responses to homologous boosters suggest two doses had induced immune memory.
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- 2021
40. Clinical trials with GMO-containing vaccines in Europe: Status and regulatory framework
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Nele Berthels, Florence Kauffmann, Corinne Vandermeulen, Pierre Van Damme, Claire Beuneu, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Stéphanie Mali
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,030231 tropical medicine ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Antigen ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Application procedure ,Parasites ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Vaccines ,Bacteria ,Organisms, Genetically Modified ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,fungi ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,medicine.disease ,Genetically modified organism ,Europe ,Clinical trial ,Infectious Diseases ,Viruses ,Molecular Medicine ,Human medicine ,business ,Malaria - Abstract
Recombinant technology has revolutionised the way novel vaccines are developed and manufactured. The possibility to genetically modify micro-organisms to bring immunogenic material (antigens/epitopes) to the human (or animal) immune system to provoke an immune response, provides new hope to producing prophylactic vaccines against HIV, malaria and tuberculosis and emerging diseases. Regulatory requirements associated with the development of genetically-modified organism (GMO)-containing vaccines in Europe add an additional burden to the clinical trial application procedure and to the preparation and initiation of a clinical trial of such vaccines. Moreover, the GMO regulatory framework is complex and only partially harmonised across Europe, which may hamper multi-country clinical trials with GMO-containing vaccines. This paper provides an overview of clinical trial applications with GMO-containing vaccines in Europe and reviews the regulatory framework in countries where GMO-containing vaccine clinical trial authorisation (CTA) applications were submitted between 2004 and 2017. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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- 2019
41. Immunogenicity and Safety of 3 Formulations of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Candidate Vaccine in Nonpregnant Women: A Phase 2, Randomized Trial
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Roderick McPhee, Thi Lien-Anh Nguyen, Alexander C. Schmidt, Ilse Dieussaert, Feng Gao, Geert Leroux-Roels, Tino F. Schwarz, Rongman Cai, Jaak Talli, Odile Launay, Marta Picciolato, and Jacqueline M. Miller
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safety ,Adult ,Palivizumab ,Adolescent ,Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ,nonpregnant women ,viruses ,respiratory syncytial virus ,Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ,Antibodies, Viral ,Placebo ,Injections, Intramuscular ,Placebos ,Major Articles and Brief Reports ,Young Adult ,randomized trial ,Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,neutralizing antibodies ,Adverse effect ,Neutralizing antibody ,Vaccines ,Vaccines, Synthetic ,Reactogenicity ,biology ,business.industry ,Immunogenicity ,Antibody titer ,virus diseases ,respiratory system ,Middle Aged ,palivizumab competing antibody ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Healthy Volunteers ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Vaccines, Subunit ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Female ,maternal immunization ,business ,Viral Fusion Proteins ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory tract illness and hospitalization in neonates and infants. RSV vaccination during pregnancy may protect offspring in their first months of life. Methods This randomized, observer-blind, multicenter, phase 2 study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of an RSV candidate vaccine in healthy nonpregnant women aged 18–45 years. Four hundred participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive a single intramuscular dose of vaccine containing 30 µg, 60 µg, or 120 µg of RSV fusion protein engineered to preferentially maintain a prefusion conformation (RSV-PreF vaccine) or placebo. Results Thirty days postvaccination, RSV-A neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) increased 3.75-, 4.42- and 4.36-fold; RSV-B neutralizing antibody GMTs 2.36-, 2.54- and 2.76-fold; and palivizumab competing antibody (PCA) concentrations 11.69-, 14.38- and 14.24-fold compared with baseline levels in the 30 µg, 60 µg, and 120 µg RSV-PreF groups, respectively. Antibody titers and PCA concentrations at day 30 were significantly higher with the 120 µg compared to the 30 µg RSV-PreF vaccine. All RSV-PreF vaccine formulations and the placebo had similar reactogenicity profiles. No serious adverse events were considered to be related to the RSV-PreF vaccine. Conclusions The 3 formulations of the investigational RSV-PreF vaccine were well-tolerated and induced RSV-A and RSV-B neutralizing antibodies and PCAs in healthy, nonpregnant women. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02956837., Three formulations of an investigational maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine containing 30, 60, or 120 µg of antigen were well-tolerated and elicited a rise in RSV-A and RSV-B neutralizing antibody titers as well as palivizumab-competing antibody titers in healthy nonpregnant women.
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- 2019
42. Immunogenicity and safety of a 3-antigen hepatitis B vaccine vs a single-antigen hepatitis B vaccine : a phase 3 randomized clinical trial
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Johanna Spaans, Bebi Yassin-Rajkumar, Peter Ruane, Timo Vesikari, Saul N. Faust, Amina Z Haggag, Bruce Rankin, Benita Ukkonen, Michael Levin, Michael Manns, Satu Kokko, Gerald Vallieres, Carl Griffin, David E. Anderson, Vlad Popovic, Francisco Diaz-Mitoma, Mary B Manning, Azhar Toma, Hamilton Sah, Clancy L. Cone, Nathalie Machluf, Nathan Segall, Williams Hayes, Mark A. Turner, Aino Forsten, Outi Laajalahti, Maija Rössi, Anitta Ahonen, Mark E Kutner, Naveen Garg, M N Ramasamy, Adam Finn, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Olli Henriksson, Dennis Reich, Geert Leroux-Roels, Pierre Van Damme, Pauliina Paavola, Catherine Cosgrove, Barbara E. Rizzardi, Ilkka Seppä, Ronnie Aronson, Samir Arora, Group, CONSTANT Study, and CONSTANT Study Group
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hepatitis B vaccine ,Adolescent ,medicine.disease_cause ,law.invention ,Immunogenicity, Vaccine ,Double-Blind Method ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Humans ,Hepatitis B Vaccines ,Hepatitis B Antibodies ,Adverse effect ,Original Investigation ,Hepatitis B virus ,Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ,Reactogenicity ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hepatitis B ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Clinical trial ,Vaccination ,Female ,Human medicine ,business - Abstract
Importance There is a need for improved immunogenicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines among young adults with risk of infection. Objectives To demonstrate manufacturing equivalence of a 3-antigen (3A) HBV vaccine, evaluate noninferiority of seroprotection rate (SPR) of 3A-HBV vs single-antigen (1A) HBV after 2 and 3 vaccine doses, and compare safety and reactogenicity between 3A-HBV and 1A-HBV vaccines. Design, Setting, and Participants This phase 3, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial included healthy adults aged 18 to 45 years randomized to 1 of three 3A-HBV groups or 1 control group receiving 1A-HBV. The trial was conducted at 37 community clinics and academic hospitals in Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States between December 2017 and October 2019. Participants were followed up for 48 weeks after the first vaccination. Interventions Intramuscular administration of 3A-HBV (10 μg) or 1A-HBV (20 μg) on days 0, 28, and 168. Main Outcomes and Measures Geometric mean concentration (GMC) of serum hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) and proportion of participants achieving seroprotection. Results Of 2838 participants, 1638 (57.8%) were women, 2595 (91.5%) were White, and 161 (5.7%) were Black or African American. A total of 712 participants (25.1%) were randomized to the 1A-HBV group and 2126 (74.9%) to 3A-HBV. The mean (SD) age at informed consent was 33.5 (8.0) years. The study demonstrated 3A-HBV lot-to-lot consistency, as the 2-sided 95% CIs for each pairwise comparison for the anti-HBs GMC ratios were within 0.67 and 1.50 (eg, adjusted GMC ratio, lot A vs lot B: 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-1.00; lot A vs lot C: 0.95; 95% CI, 0.78-1.15; lot B vs lot C: 1.16; 95% CI, 0.95-1.41). The SPR of the pooled 3A-HBV was noninferior to 1A-HBV and higher than 1A-HBV after 2 vaccinations at day 168 (90.4% [95% CI, 89.0%-91.8%] vs 51.6% [95% CI, 47.5%-55.6%]) and 3 vaccinations at day 196 (99.3% [95% CI, 98.7%-99.6%] vs 94.8% [95% CI, 92.7%-96.4%]). The mean GMC of anti-HBs with 3A-HBV was 7.9 times higher after 2 vaccinations at day 168 and 3.5 times higher after 3 vaccinations at day 196 compared with 1A-HBV (after 2 vaccinations, 3A-HBV: GMC, 118.7 mIU/mL; 95% CI, 108.0-129.0 mIU/mL; SE, 1.0 mIU/mL; 1A-HBV: GMC, 15.0 mIU/mL; 95% CI, 12.9-17.5 mIU/mL; SE, 1.0 mIU/mL; after 3 vaccinations, 3A-HBV: GMC, 5442.4 mIU/mL; 95% CI, 4967.0-5963.0 mIU/mL; SE, 1.0 mIU/mL; 1A-HBV: 1567.2 mIU/mL; 95% CI, 1338.0-1834.0 mIU/mL; SE, 1.0 mIU/mL). Rates of local and systemic reactogenicities were higher with 3A-HBV compared with 1A-HBV (local: 1805 of 2124 [85.0%] vs 469 of 712 [65.9%]; systemic: 1445 [68.0%] vs 428 [60.1%]). Vaccine discontinuation due to adverse events (AE) was uncommon, and serious AEs were infrequent, reported in 42 participants (2.0%) and 3 participants (0.4%) in the 3A-HBV and 1A-HBV groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, consistently higher antibody concentrations and SPRs were found with 3A-HBV after 2 and 3 doses vs 1A-HBV in adults aged 18 to 45 years old. The safety and efficacy of 3A-HBV shows its usefulness for the prevention of hepatitis B in young healthy adults. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03408730; EU Clinical Trials Number: 2017-001820-22
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- 2021
43. Safety and immunogenicity of two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine candidates compared with a monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine in healthy adults : two clinical trials
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Katie Steenackers, John Konz, Ralf Clemens, Kanchanamala Withanage, Chris Gast, Geert Leroux-Roels, Novilia S Bachtiar, Ilse De Coster, Ananda S Bandyopadhyay, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, Sue Ann Costa Clemens, Isabel Leroux-Roels, William C. Weldon, Alan Fix, Rahnuma Wahid, Annelies Aerssens, John F. Modlin, Philippe De Smedt, Pierre Van Damme, and M. Steven Oberste
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,business.industry ,Poliovirus ,Immunogenicity ,Phases of clinical research ,General Medicine ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,medicine.disease_cause ,law.invention ,Clinical trial ,Vaccination ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,WORLDWIDE ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,UPDATE ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Human medicine ,business ,Adverse effect - Abstract
Background Two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV2) candidates, novel OPV2-c1 and novel OPV2-c2, designed to be more genetically stable than the licensed Sabin monovalent OPV2, have been developed to respond to ongoing polio outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived type 2 polioviruses. Methods We did two randomised studies at two centres in Belgium. The first was a phase 4 historical control study of monovalent OPV2 in Antwerp, done before global withdrawal of OPV2, and the second was a phase 2 study in Antwerp and Ghent with novel OPV2-c1 and novel OPV2-c2. Eligible participants were healthy adults aged 18-50 years with documented history of at least three polio vaccinations, including OPV in the phase 4 study and either OPV or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in the novel OPV2 phase 2 study, with no dose within 12 months of study start. In the historical control trial, participants were randomly assigned to either one dose or two doses of monovalent OPV2. In the novel OPV2 trial, participants with previous OPV vaccinations were randomly assigned to either one or two doses of novel OPV2-c1 or to one or two doses of novel OPV2-c2. IPV-vaccinated participants were randomly assigned to receive two doses of either novel OPV2-c1, novel OPV2-c2, or placebo. Vaccine administrators were unmasked to treatment; medical staff performing safety and reactogenicity assessments or blood draws for immunogenicity assessments were masked. Participants received the first vaccine dose on day 0, and a second dose on day 28 if assigned to receive a second dose. Primary objectives were assessments and comparisons of safety up to 28 days after each dose, including solicited adverse events and serious adverse events, and immunogenicity (seroprotection rates on day 28 after the first vaccine dose) between monovalent OPV2 and the two novel OPV2 candidates. Primary immunogenicity analyses were done in the per-protocol population. Safety was assessed in the total vaccinated population-ie, all participants who received at least one dose of their assigned vaccine. The phase 4 control study is registered with EudraCT (2015-003325-33) and the phase 2 novel OPV2 study is registered with EudraCT (2018-001684-22) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04544787). Findings In the historical control study, between Jan 25 and March 18, 2016, 100 volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive one or two doses of monovalent OPV2 (n= 50 in each group). In the novel OPV2 study, between Oct 15, 2018, and Feb 27, 2019, 200 previously OPV-vaccinated volunteers were assigned to the four groups to receive one or two doses of novel OPV2-c1 or novel OPV2-c2 (n=50 per group); a further 50 participants, previously vaccinated with IPV, were assigned to novel OPV2-c1 (n=17), novel OPV2-c2 (n=16), or placebo (n=17). All participants received the first dose of assigned vaccine or placebo and were included in the total vaccinated population. All vaccines appeared safe; no definitely vaccine-related withdrawals or serious adverse events were reported. After first doses in previously OPV-vaccinated participants, 62 (62%) of 100 monovalent OPV2 recipients, 71 (71%) of 100 recipients of novel OPV2-c1, and 74 (74%) of 100 recipients of novel OPV2-c2 reported solicited systemic adverse events, four (monovalent OPV2), three (novel OPV2-c1), and two (novel OPV2-c2) of which were considered severe. In IPV-vaccinated participants, solicited adverse events occurred in 16 (94%) of 17 who received novel OPV2-c1 (including one severe) and 13 (81%) of 16 who received novel OPV2-c2 (including one severe), compared with 15 (88%) of 17 placebo recipients (including two severe). In previously OPV-vaccinated participants, 286 (97%) of 296 were seropositive at baseline; after one dose, 100% of novel OPV2 vaccinees and 97 (97%) of monovalent OPV2 vaccinees were seropositive. Interpretation Novel OPV2 candidates were as safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic as monovalent OPV2 in previously OPV-vaccinated and IPV-vaccinated adults. These data supported the further assessment of the vaccine candidates in children and infants.
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- 2021
44. Phase 1 Assessment of the Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA- Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Volunteers
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Dominik Vahrenhorst, Rolf Fendel, Mirjam Schunk, Jacobus J. Bosch, Julian J. Gabor, Mariola Fotin-Mleczek, Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan, Thomas Verstraeten, Geert Leroux-Roels, Christoph Schindler, Olaf-Oliver Wolz, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Peter G. Kremsner, Gianluca Quintini, P. Mann, Oliver Schoenborn-Kellenberger, Andrea Kreidenweiss, Arne Kroidl, Lidia Oostvogels, Lisa Walz, and Stefan Mueller
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education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,Immunogenicity ,Population ,Vaccination ,Titer ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Medicine ,Seroconversion ,Antibody ,business ,education - Abstract
There is an urgent need for vaccines to counter the COVID-19 pandemic due to infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence from convalescent sera and preclinical studies has identified the viral Spike (S) protein as a key antigenic target for protective immune responses. We have applied an mRNA-based technology platform, RNActive®, to develop CVnCoV which contains sequence optimized mRNA coding for a stabilized form of S protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP). Following demonstration of protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in animal models we performed a dose-escalation phase 1 study in healthy 18-60 year-old volunteers.This interim analysis shows that two doses of CVnCoV ranging from 2 μg to 12 μg per dose, administered 28 days apart were safe. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. There were dose-dependent increases in frequency and severity of solicited systemic adverse events, and to a lesser extent of local reactions, but the majority were mild or moderate and transient in duration. Immune responses when measured as IgG antibodies against S protein or its receptor-binding domain (RBD) by ELISA, and SARS-CoV-2-virus neutralizing antibodies measured by micro-neutralization, displayed dose-dependent increases. Median titers measured in these assays two weeks after the second 12 μg dose were comparable to the median titers observed in convalescent sera from COVID-19 patients. Seroconversion (defined as a 4-fold increase over baseline titer) of virus neutralizing antibodies two weeks after the second vaccination occurred in all participants who received 12 μg doses.Preliminary results in the subset of subjects who were enrolled with known SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity at baseline show that CVnCoV is also safe and well tolerated in this population, and is able to boost the pre-existing immune response even at low dose levels.Based on these results, the 12 μg dose is selected for further clinical investigation, including a phase 2b/3 study that will investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine CVnCoV.
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- 2020
45. A role for B cells to transmit hepatitis C virus infection
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Isabelle Desombere, Freya Van Houtte, Ali Farhoudi, Lieven Verhoye, Caroline Buysschaert, Yvonne Gijbels, Sibyl Couvent, Wilfried Swinnen, Hans Van Vlierberghe, André Elewaut, Zania Stamataki, Philip Meuleman, Jane McKeating, and Geert Leroux-Roels
- Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly variable and transmits through infected blood to establish a chronic liver infection in the majority of patients. Our knowledge of the infectivity of clinical HCV strains is hampered by the lack of in vitro cell culture systems that support efficient viral replication. We previously reported that laboratory strains of HCV associated with non-permissive B cells could trans-infect hepatocytes and thereby evade host neutralizing antibody responses, suggesting a role for B cells in HCV transmission. To evaluate this hypothesis, we assessed the ability of B cells and sera from recent (
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- 2020
46. Immunogenicity and safety of a tri-antigenic versus a mono-antigenic hepatitis B vaccine in adults (PROTECT): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial
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Timo Vesikari, Joanne M Langley, Nathan Segall, Brian J Ward, Curtis Cooper, Guillaume Poliquin, Bruce Smith, Soren Gantt, Janet E McElhaney, Marc Dionne, Pierre van Damme, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Geert Leroux-Roels, Nathalie Machluf, Johanna N Spaans, Bebi Yassin-Rajkumar, David E Anderson, Vlad Popovic, Francisco Diaz-Mitoma, Janet McElhaney, Bruce Rankin, Carl Griffin, Mark Turner, Judith Kirstein, Barbara E Rizzardi, Hayes Williams, Anitta Ahonen, Olli Henriksson, Benita Ukkonen, Marita Paassilta, and Pierre Van Damme
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myalgia ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Canada ,Hepatitis B vaccine ,Adolescent ,medicine.disease_cause ,law.invention ,Double blind ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immunogenicity, Vaccine ,Antigen ,Randomized controlled trial ,Belgium ,Double-Blind Method ,law ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Hepatitis B Vaccines ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Hepatitis B Antibodies ,Israel ,Antigens, Viral ,Finland ,Immunization Schedule ,Aged ,Hepatitis B virus ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Immunogenicity ,Vaccination ,Middle Aged ,Hepatitis B ,United States ,Infectious Diseases ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Summary Background The seroprotection rate (SPR) of hepatitis B vaccination in adults is suboptimal. The aim of this study was to compare the SPR of a tri-antigenic hepatitis B vaccine (TAV), with a mono-antigenic vaccine (MAV) in adults of all ages. Methods This was a multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial (PROTECT) comparing the immunogenicity and safety of TAV with MAV in 28 community and hospital sites in the USA, Finland, Canada, and Belgium. Adults (aged ≥18 years) seronegative for hepatitis B virus (HBV), including those with well-controlled common chronic conditions, were randomly assigned (1:1) and stratified by study centre and age according to a web-based permuted blocked randomisation. Participants received either TAV or MAV which were administered as an intramuscular dose (1 mL) of TAV (10 μg; Sci-B-Vac, VBI Vaccines [SciVac, Rehovot, Israel]) or MAV (20 μg; Engerix-B [GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium]) on days 0, 28, and 168 with six study visits and 24 weeks of follow-up after the third vaccination. Participants, investigators, and those assessing outcomes were masked to group assignment. The co-primary outcomes were to show non-inferiority of the SPRs 4 weeks after the third vaccination with TAV versus MAV in adults aged 18 years and older, as well as superiority in adults aged 45 years and older. SPR was defined as the percentage of participants attaining anti-HBs titres of 10 mIU/mL or higher. Non-inferiority of TAV to MAV was concluded if the lower limit of the 95% CI for the between-group difference was greater than −5%. Non-inferiority was assessed in the per-protocol set of participants (aged ≥18 years) and superiority was assessed in all participants (aged ≥45 years) who received at least one vaccination and had at least one evaluable immunogenicity sample after baseline (full analysis set). Safety analyses were a secondary outcome and included all participants who received at least one injection. This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT03393754 ) and EudraCT (2017–001819–36) and is closed to new participants. Findings Between Dec 13, 2017, and April 8, 2019, 1607 participants (796 allocated to TAV and 811 allocated to MAV) were randomly assigned and distributed across age cohorts of 18–44 years (299 of 1607; 18·6%), 45–64 years (716 of 1607; 44·6%), and 65 years and older (592 of 1607; 36·8%). In participants aged 18 years and older, SPR was 91·4% (656 of 718) in the TAV group versus 76·5% (553 of 723) in the MAV group (difference 14·9%, 95% CI 11·2–18·6), showing non-inferiority in the per-protocol set. In participants aged 45 years and older, SPR was 89·4% (559 of 625) in the TAV group versus 73·1% (458 of 627) in the MAV group (difference 16·4%, 95% CI 12·2–20·7), showing superiority in the full analysis set. TAV was associated with higher rates of mild or moderate injection site pain (63·2% [503 of 796] in TAV vs 36·3% [294 of 811] in MAV), tenderness (60·8% [484 of 796] in TAV vs 34·8% [282 of 811] in MAV), and myalgia (34·7% [276 of 796] vs 24·3% [197 of 811] in MAV). Otherwise, the safety profile of TAV was similar to that of MAV. Interpretation The safety and efficacy of TAV shows its usefulness for the prevention of HBV infection in adults, including those with stable and controlled chronic conditions. Funding VBI Vaccines.
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- 2020
47. Characterization of the cell-mediated immune response to Takeda's live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine in adolescents participating in a phase 2 randomized controlled trial conducted in a dengue-endemic setting
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Vianney Tricou, Raphael Gottardo, Michael A. Egan, Frédéric Clement, Geert Leroux-Roels, Xavier Sáez-Llorens, Astrid Borkowski, Derek Wallace, and Hansi J. Dean
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Seronegative ,Adolescent ,Cross-reactive ,Dengue Vaccines ,Dengue vaccine ,IMMUNOGENICITY ,Antibodies, Viral ,Vaccines, Attenuated ,Dengue ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,AGED 2-17 YEARS ,Humans ,Vaccines, Combined ,Cytokine ,ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT ,Immunity, Cellular ,CD8(+) T-CELL ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,ADULTS ,HEALTHY-CHILDREN ,NAIVE ,Dengue Virus ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,PROTECTIVE ROLE ,Infectious Diseases ,SAFETY ,Cell-mediated immunity ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,VIRUS ,Molecular Medicine ,Public Health - Abstract
Background: As robust dengue-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are essential for protective immunity, we assessed cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to a DENV-2-based dengue tetravalent vaccine candidate (TAK-003) in adolescents living in Panama, a dengue-endemic country. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from a subset of 67 participants > 10 years old included in a phase 2 clinical trial of TAK-003 (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02302066). Following stimulation with dengue peptides, the frequency, magnitude, and cross-reactivity of the CD8+ and CD4+ T cell IFN-c, TNF-a and IL-2 responses were assessed by flow cytometry. Results: Intracellular cytokine staining identified NS1, NS3, and NS5 as the most common non-structural (NS) targets of the CD4+ T-cell response (IFN-c+); NS3 and NS5 were the main NS targets of the CD8+ T cell response (IFN-c+). Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were multi-functional (IFN-c + TNF-a + IL-2+) and cross-reactive against DENV-1, -3, and -4 serotypes. Similar responses were seen in all CMI assessments irrespective of participant baseline status for dengue neutralizing antibodies and T cells. Conclusions: TAK-003 elicited cross-reactive, multi-functional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, irrespective of dengue pre-exposure. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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- 2020
48. Safety and immunogenicity of fully liquid and lyophilized formulations of an investigational trivalent group B streptococcus vaccine in healthy non-pregnant women: Results from a randomized comparative phase II trial
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Sherryl Baker, Casey P. Johnson, Jan de Hoon, Corinne Vandermeulen, Claudia Seidl, James Peterson, Jiri Beran, Zourab Bebia, Maria Lattanzi, Annette Karsten, Annette Dreisbach, Ouzama Henry, Geert Leroux-Roels, Bartholomew Corsaro, Pierre Van Damme, and Mohamed S. Al-Ibrahim
- Subjects
Serotype ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Group B streptococcus ,030231 tropical medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gastroenterology ,Group B ,Immunoglobulin G ,Streptococcus agalactiae ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immunogenicity, Vaccine ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Adverse effect ,Liquid ,Vaccines, Conjugate ,Streptococcus vaccine ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,business.industry ,Streptococcus ,Immunogenicity ,Streptococcal Vaccines ,Vaccination ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Infectious Diseases ,Maternal immunization ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,Female ,Human medicine ,Safety ,business ,Lyophilized - Abstract
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of liquid and lyophilized formulations of an investigational trivalent group B streptococcus (GBS) vaccine in non-pregnant women and assessed the formulations' equivalence in terms of serotype-specific immune response. METHODS: This phase II, randomized, comparative, observer-blind trial enrolled healthy non-pregnant women 18-40 years of age. Women received a single dose of fully liquid (n = 529) or lyophilized (n = 521) trivalent GBS vaccine on day 1. Safety assessments were performed up to day 181 (study termination). Serotype Ia/Ib/III-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured in sera from women on day 1 (pre-vaccination) and day 31. Equivalence between the two formulations was demonstrated if the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the ratio (liquid/lyophilized) of the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) on day 31 was contained in a (0.5, 2.0) interval for each serotype. RESULTS: Solicited and unsolicited adverse events were reported at similar rates for both formulations. Serious adverse events were reported for six (1.1%) liquid GBS and nine (1.7%) lyophilized GBS vaccinated women, none of which were considered related to vaccination or fatal. On day 31, serotype-specific IgG concentrations were 8-16-fold higher than on day 1 in both groups. Equivalence of the liquid to the lyophilized formulation 30 days post-vaccination was demonstrated as the 95% CIs of the GMC ratios were within the pre-specified interval for the three serotypes: GMC ratios were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.32) for serotype Ia, 0.93 (0.71, 1.21) for serotype Ib and 0.99 (0.76, 1.30) for serotype III. CONCLUSIONS: Both formulations of the investigational trivalent GBS vaccine had favorable safety profiles and induced similar GBS serotype-specific antibody concentrations. This study demonstrated that the fully liquid formulation was equivalent to the lyophilized formulation in healthy non-pregnant women in terms of immunogenicity for all three serotypes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02270944. ispartof: VACCINE vol:38 issue:16 pages:3227-3234 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published
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- 2020
49. Persistence of vaccine-elicited immune response up to 14 years post-HIV gp120-NefTat/AS01(B) vaccination
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Doris Mesia Vela, Caroline Brackett, Nicole L. Yates, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Erik Jongert, Annelies Aerssens, François Roman, Olivier Van Der Meeren, Sheetal Sawant, Geert Leroux-Roels, Georgia D. Tomaras, Marguerite Koutsoukos, Muriel Debois, Michel Janssens, and Kelly E. Seaton
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Cellular immunity ,030231 tropical medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Immunity ,INFECTION ,BINDING ,medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Interferon gamma ,030212 general & internal medicine ,ALVAC ,CD40 ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,EFFICACY ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,AIDSVAX ,Immunology ,ANTIBODIES ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,VIRUS ,TRIAL ,Antibody ,RHESUS-MONKEYS ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Vaccines eliciting protective and persistent immune responses against multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades are needed. This study evaluated the persistence of immune responses induced by an investigational, AS01-adjuvanted HIV-1 vaccine as long as 14 years after vaccination. Methods This phase I, open-label, descriptive, mono-centric, extension study with a single group (NCT03368053) was conducted in adults who received ≥3 doses of the clade B gp120-NefTat/AS01B vaccine candidate 14 years earlier in a previous clinical trial (NCT00434512). Binding responses of serum antibodies targeting a panel of envelope glycoproteins, including gp120, gp140 and V1V2-scaffold antigens and representative of the antigenic diversity of HIV-1, were measured by binding antibody multiplex assay (BAMA). The gp120-specific CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining assay. Results At Year 14, positive IgG binding antibody responses were detected in 15 out of the 16 antigens from the BAMA V1V2 breadth panel, with positive response rates ranging from 7.1% to 60.7%. The highest response rates were observed for clade B strain V1V2 antigens, with some level of binding antibodies against clade C strains. Anti-V1V2 IgG3 response magnitude breadth, which correlated with decreased risk of infection in a previous efficacy trial, was of limited amplitude. Response rates to the antigens from the gp120 and gp140 breadth panels ranged from 7.7% to 94.1% and from 15.4% to 96.2% at Year 14, respectively. Following stimulation with gp120 peptide pool, highly polyfunctional gp120-specific CD4+ T-cells persisted up to Year 14, with high frequencies of CD40L tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CD40L interleukin-2 (IL-2), CD40L TNF-α IL-2 and CD40L interferon gamma (IFN-γ) TNF-α IL-2 CD4+ T-cells, but no CD8+ T-cells detected. Conclusions Persistent antibodies binding to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, including the V1V2-scaffold, and gp120-specific cellular immunity were observed in volunteers vaccinated 14 years earlier with the gp120-NefTat/AS01B vaccine candidate.
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- 2020
50. A Randomized Dose-Escalating Phase I Trial of a Replication-Deficient Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Vector-Based Vaccine Against Human Cytomegalovirus
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Geert Leroux-Roels, Daniel D. Pinschewer, Corinne Ganeff, Georges Thiry, Thomas P. Monath, Michael G. Schwendinger, Jacques Bruhwyler, Heidemarie Buchinger, Klaus Orlinger, Ariane Huygens, Beatrice De Vos, and Anders Lilja
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Human cytomegalovirus ,Adult ,Vaccines ,business.industry ,Immunogenicity ,Congenital cytomegalovirus infection ,Immunization, Secondary ,Cytomegalovirus ,Lymphocytic choriomeningitis ,medicine.disease ,Antibodies, Viral ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Viral vector ,Vaccination ,Cytomegalovirus Vaccines ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Antigen ,Immunology ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ,business - Abstract
Background A vaccine (HB-101) consisting of 2 nonreplicating lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) vectors expressing the human cytomegalovirus antigens glycoprotein B (gB) and the 65-kD phosphoprotein (pp65), respectively, is in development to prevent cytomegalovirus infection. Methods HB-101 was tested in cytomegalovirus-naive, healthy adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation Phase I trial. Fifty-four subjects received low, medium, or high dose of HB-101 or placebo by intramuscular administration at Month 0, 1, and 3. Safety and immunogenicity were the respective primary and secondary endpoints. Subjects were followed for 12 months after the initial immunization. Results Vaccination was associated with transient mild to moderate adverse events. HB-101 administration induced dose-dependent gB- and pp65-specific cellular responses, dominated by pp65-specific CD8 T cells, a high fraction of which were polyfunctional. Two administrations were sufficient to elicit dose-dependent gB-binding and cytomegalovirus-neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Cytomegalovirus-specific immune responses were boosted after each administration. Only 1 of 42 vaccine recipients mounted a transient LCMV vector-neutralizing Ab response. Conclusions HB-101 was well tolerated and induced cytomegalovirus-specific polyfunctional CD8 T-cell and neutralizing Ab responses in the majority of subjects. Lack of vector-neutralizing Ab responses should facilitate booster vaccinations. These results justify further clinical evaluation of this vaccine candidate.
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- 2019
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