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In this study, the protective effects of Quercetin (Q) and Rutin in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats were investigated and used eighty-piece Sprague Dawley male rats. Rats were divided randomly to eight groups; control, 5-FU, Q50+5-FU, Q100+5-FU, Q100, Rutin50+5-FU, Rutin100+5-FU, Rutin100. The control group was given intragastric (ig) corn oil for 14 days. 5-FU group was injected intraperitoneal (ip) with a single dose of 50 mg/kg. The doses of Q (50 and 100 mg/kg) and Rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) were administered for 14 days. Rat of the 5-FU-administered groups were sacrificed under anesthesia 72 hours after 5-FU administration. The other groups were sacrificed on the day 15 after the administration. The blood samples were collected from anesthetized rats and sera were isolated from the clotted blood. The cardiac tissues were used for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Cardiac enzyme levels were significantly increased in the 5-FU group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly higher than control in the 5-FU group and decreased in the Q100+5-FU and Rutin100+5- FU. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities were significantly decreased in the 5-FU group compared to the control, Q100+5-FU and Rutin100+5-FU. 5-FU groups had degeneration of cardiac cells and myofibril. The intensity of ß-MHC positivity was higher in the 5-FU group compared to the other groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Q (50 and 100 mg/kg) and Rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) have protective effects on the 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most used chemotherapeutic agent for treating solid tumors. DOX treatment may lead to testicular damage using oxidative stress, resulting in infertility. These adverse effects may be prevented by the activation of antioxidant systems. Oleuropein (OLE) is a powerful flavonoid with several ameliorative effects, including antioxidative, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory. It would be more efficient and applicable in treating chronic human diseases if its poor bioavailability improves with a nano-delivery system. The current study aims to assess the histopathological changes and antioxidative effects of OLE loaded with silver nanoparticles oleuropein (OLE-AgNP) on the testicular injury triggered by DOX in rats. Forty-eight male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups as follows: the control, DOX (2.5 mg/kg), OLE (50 mg/kg), AgNP (100 mg/kg), OLE + AgNP (50 mg/kg), OLE (50 mg/kg) + DOX (2.5 mg/kg), AgNP (100 mg/kg) + DOX (2.5 mg/kg), and OLE-AgNP (50 mg/kg) + DOX (2.5 mg/kg) for 11 days. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, sperm analysis, and histopathological analyses were performed on testicular tissues taken from rats decapitated after the applications and compared between the experimental groups. The tissue MDA level was lower in the OLE and OLE+AgNP-treated groups than in the DOX-treated group. In addition, SOD and GSH levels significantly increased in both the OLE and OLE+AgNP-treated groups compared to the DOX group. Both OLE and OLE+AgNP, particularly OLE+AgNP, ameliorated DOX-induced testicular tissue injury, as evidenced by reduced injury and improved seminiferous tubules and spermatocyte area. In addition, OLE and OLE+AgNP, especially OLE+AgNP, inhibited DOX-induced testicular tissue inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The findings suggest that nanotechnology and the production of OLE+AgNP can ameliorate DOX-induced testicular damage., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Indomethacin is an anti-inflammatory drug that causes ulcers on the gastric mucosa due to its use. Probiotic bacteria are live microorganisms, and it has been stated by various studies that these bacteria have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effect of various types of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus brevis) against acute gastric mucosal damage caused by indomethacin., Methods: Control group - Physiological saline was administered daily for 10 days. Indo group-Physiological saline was administered daily for 10 days. Ranitidine + Indo group 5 mg/kg ranitidine dose was administered daily for 5 days. On day 11, a single dose of 100 mg/kg of indomethacin was given to the same group. Probiotic + Indo group 1 ml/kg of oral probiotic bacteria was administered daily for 10 days. On day 11, a single 100 mg/kg dose of indomethacin was given. After the application, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine xylazine, killed under appropriate conditions, the abdominal cavity was opened and the stomach tissues were removed. The obtained gastric tissues were used in the biochemical and histopathological analyses discussed below. All data were statistically evaluated by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 20.00, followed by Duncan Post hoc test. The data were expressed as mean ± SD. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: As a result, the administration of indomethacin caused gastric damage, stimulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. We found that the use of probiotic bacteria reduces oxidative stress (TOC), increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (TAC), suppresses inflammation (IL-6 and Tnf-α), and inhibits apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2) (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Probiotic treatment can mitigate gastric damage and apoptosis caused by indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats. Probiotic also enhances the restoration of biochemical oxidative enzymes as it has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In this study, the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of Inula viscosa L. water extract (IVE) on HCT 116 has been examined, and the change in the expression of miRNAs. Phenolic compounds of IVE were determined as µg/g extract using by HPLC-DAD. Quantitative determination of apoptosis, cell viability, IC50 values and miRNAs of the cells were determined during 24, and 48 hours. IVE contain coumarin, rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid. According to the findings of our study, the expression of miR-21 and miR-135a1 was upregulated, and miR-145 was downregulated in HCT 116 cells (Control). Additionally, IVE was found to have significant potential in regulating miRNAs, downregulating miR-21, miR-31 and miR-135a1, and upregulating miR-145 in HCT-116 cells. All these results show that the anticancer effect of IVE via regulating miRNAs' expression has been demonstrated for the first time, and may be candidate biomarkers in colorectal cancer.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG, E621) is a flavor-enhancing food additive used widely in the food preparation industry and consumed regularly. It is considered that long-term consumption of MSG causes metabolic syndrome and obesity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, in which insulin secreted from pancreatic β cells is inadequate for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Rats were application 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) solution intraperitoneally and a diabetes model was created. For this purpose, freshly prepared STZ was injected into the peritoneum. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups were found to be significantly increased in inflammation parameters measured on the 28th day of administration when compared to the Control Group (p < 0.001). Also, although malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the STZ + MSG group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly decreased in the STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Also, although glucose levels increased significantly in STZ and STZ + MSG at the end of the 28th day (p < 0.01), insulin levels decreased in STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups when compared to the control groups (p < 0.01). As a result, it was found that STZ and MSG application significantly increased cytokine production, increased MDA, which is an oxidant parameter in pancreatic tissue, and decreased antioxidants (GSH and SOD) when compared to the control groups. It was also found that MSG disrupted the normal histological structure in pancreatic cells, and the damage was much more in both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic areas in the STZ + MSG group when compared to the STZ and MSG groups. It was considered that with the increased use of MSG, the susceptibility to DM might increase along with tissue damage significantly in diabetic groups, therefore, MSG must be used in a limited and controlled manner., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This study aimed to present new data on the side effects of favipiravir on healthy lung tissue and the respiratory system. In the study, two different durations (5 and 10 days) were preferred to determine the effect of favipiravir treatment due to clinical improvement rates of approximately 5 and 10 days during the use of favipiravir in COVID-19 patients. In addition, after 10 days of favipiravir treatment, animals were kept for 5 days without any treatment to determine the regeneration of lung tissues. Favipiravir was administered to rats by oral gavage at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg for 5 and 10 days, as in previous studies. At the end of the experiment, the histopathological and biochemical effects of favipiravir in the lung tissue were investigated. The data obtained from the study showed that favipiravir increased oxidative stress parameters, expression of apoptotic markers, and pro-inflammatory markers in lung tissue. Since malondialdehydes is an oxidant parameter, it increased in favipiravir-administered groups; It was determined that the antioxidant parameters glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase decreased. Other markers used in the analysis are Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB, interleukin (IL)-6, Muc1, iNOS, P2X7R, IL-6 and caspase-3. The levels of Bax, caspase-3, NF-κB, IL-6, Muc1, and P2X7R were increased in the Fav-treated groups compared with the control. However, the levels of Bcl-2 decreased in the Fav-treated groups. The present study proves that favipiravir, widely used today, causes side effects in lung tissue., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Laccase is an important enzyme used in many industries because of its multi-substrate catalyst. New immobilization agents are excellent tools for enhancing the abilities of this enzyme. In this study, immobilization of laccase on silica microparticles with NH 2 (S-NH 2 ) surface modification to use in dye removal applications was aimed. The yield of immobilization by this method was found to be 93.93 ± 2.86% under optimum conditions. In addition, this newly created immobilized enzyme was adapted to a decolorization application with 87.56 ± 1.60% efficiency. Silica microparticles with NH 2 (S-NH 2 ) surface modification were used for laccase immobilization and this immobilized laccase had quite good potential. Besides, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis in evaluating the toxicity of the decolorization process was utilized. After amplification with two RAPD primers, decreased toxicity of dye in this study was observed. This study showed that RAPD analysis in toxicity testing could be accepted as an alternative and practical method that this approach will contribute to the literature in terms of providing fast and reliable results. The use of amine-modified surface silica microparticles for laccase immobilization and RAPD for toxicity testing is a crucial aspect of our investigation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Enterococci are commensals of the human intestinal tract. Their use as probiotics is supported by their ability to confer several health benefits and eliminate foodborne pathogens but is controversial due to the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance traits. To use them as probiotics requires thorough research to establish their safety. Here, we sequenced the whole genome of a newly isolated Enterococcus durans MN187066 and used a suite of bioinformatics tools to analyze its beneficial probiotic traits as well as antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. The whole genome had a length of 2 978 152 bp, and an average G + C content of 37.88%. The bopABCD genes involved in biofilm formation were annotated in the genome. However, further analysis showed that these genes are mostly helpful in strengthening their colonization and establishment in the gastrointestinal tract. Also, we identified secondary metabolite gene clusters and the bacteriocins Enterolysin A and Enterocin P. We also identified repUS15 and rep1 replicons and genes that were associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Nevertheless, vancomycin resistance genes were not detected. Our results show that the Ent. durans strain MN187066 can be considered a nontoxigenic strain and produces beneficial metabolites that are critical for their success as probiotics., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)

This study, it was investigated whether silymarin has a protective effect by performing histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical evaluations on the liver damage induced by cecal ligation perforation (CLP). CLP model was established and silymarin was treated at a dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, by oral one hour before the CLP. As an effect of the histological evaluations of the liver tissues, venous congestion, inflammation, and necrosis in the hepatocytes were observed in the CLP group. A situation close to the control group was observed in the Silymarin (SM)100 and SM200 groups. As a result of the immunohistochemical evaluations, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokeratine (CK)18, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukine (IL)-6 immunoreactivities were intense in the CLP group. In the biochemical analysis, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased in the CLP group, while a significant decrease was observed in the treatment groups. TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations were in parallel with histopathological evaluations. In the biochemical analysis, Malondialdehyte (MDA) level increased significantly in the CLP group, but there was a significant decrease in the SM100 and SM200 groups. Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were relatively low in the CLP group. According to these data, it was concluded that using silymarin reduces the existing liver damage in sepsis., (2023 The Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.)

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate hypothyroidism's effects on endometrial receptivity, creating an experimental hypothyroidism model in female rats., Materials and Methods: To induce hypothyroidism in rats of Hipotiroid-ER and Treatment-ER groups, 0.05% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil was freshly added to their drinking water for 8 weeks and then the endometrial receptivity model was applied and sacrificed on the fifth day. In the Treatment-ER group, after sc-administration of 0.8 µg/100 g L-thyroxine for 10 days, the endometrial receptivity model was applied to the rats and sacrificed on the fifth day., Results: In the histopathological evaluation, epithelial degeneration, vacuolization, enlargement of the uterine glands, and morphological disorders were observed in the endometrial layer of the Hypothyroid-ER group. However, these pathologies were significantly alleviated in the Treatment-ER group. Integrin β3, integrin αvβ3, LIF, and HOXA10 immune reaction intensities were high in the Control-ER and Treatment-ER groups, while in the Hypothyroid-ER group, integrin β3, integrin αvβ3, LIF, and HOXA10 immunoreactivity intensities were low. Also, while MUC1 immunoreactivity was high in the Hypothyroid-ER group, it was low in the other groups. In biochemical analysis, a significant increase in the TSH and progesterone levels and a significant decrease in the FT4, E2, FSH, and LH levels in the Hypothyroid-ER group compared with the Control-ER group were observed. Also, all hormone levels were significantly ameliorated in the rats of the Treatment-ER group compared with the Hypothyroid-ER group., Conclusion: The results obtained showed that hypothyroidism had a significant effect on endometrial receptivity-the histopathological and biochemical changes caused by hypothyroidism in the experimental rat model were ameliorated with L-thyroxine treatment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the impact of the tryptanthrin (TRP) compound, with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, on the excisional wound (EW) model. In an EW model in mice, we tried to explain the possible effect of TRP through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) that contribute significantly to wound healing., Methods: A total of 90 BALB-C female mice aged 6 - 8 weeks were used in the present study. Animals were randomly divided into five groups. After creating the EW model, three different doses (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) of TRP compound were applied topically for 14 days, and wound closure rates were measured on days 0, 3, and 7. Vascular endothelial growth factor and MMP-9 were evaluated on days 3, 7, and 14 on wound explants and on day 14 on serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histopathological analysis was performed on wound explants., Results: After the EW model creation, significant healing of the wound areas was observed in the groups for which TRP was applied, especially on the third day. Moreover, in groups that received the third dose of TRP, the wound closure rate was 94%. It was found that the wound areas were closed due to the increase in TRP dose. In line with wound healing, VEGF and MMP-9 levels gradually rose on the third and seventh days and decreased on the 14th day., Conclusions: Tryptanthrin compound usage on the EW model increased wound healing and did not leave a scar after 14 days., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022, Author(s).)

Key Message: Ca 2+ NPs enhanced tolerance of Triticale callus under salt stress by improving biochemical activity and confocal laser scanning analysis, conferring salt tolerance on callus cells. CaO NPs (Ca 2+ ) are significant components that act as transducers in many adaptive and developmental processes in plants. In this study, effect of Ca 2+ NPs on the response and regulation of the protective system in Triticale callus under short and long-salt treatments was investigated. The activation of Ca 2+ NPs was induced by salt stress in callus of Triticale cultivars. MDA, H 2 O 2 , POD, and protein activities were determined in callus tissues. Concerning MDA, H 2 O 2 , protein activities, it was found that the Ca 2+ NPs treatment was significant, and it demonstrated a high correlation with the tolerance levels of cultivars. Tatlıcak cultivar was detected for better MDA activities in the short time with 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs concentration of 50 g and 100 g NaCl. Similarly, the same cultivar responded with better H 2 O 2 activity at 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs 100 g NaCl in the short time. POD activities exhibited a decreasing trend in response to the increasing concentrations of Ca 2+ NPs. The best result was observed at 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs 100 g NaCl in the short term. Based on the protein content, treatment of short-term cultured callus cells with 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs inhibited stress response and it significantly promoted Ca 2+ NPs signals as compared to control callus. Confocal laser scanning analysis proved that the application of Ca 2+ NPs could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress by the inhibition of stress severity in callus cells. This study demonstrated, under in vitro conditions, that the application of Ca 2+ NPs can significantly suppress the adverse effects of salt stress on Triticale callus; it was also verified that the concentration of Ca 2+ NPs could be important parameter to be considered in adjusting the micronutrient content in the media for this plant.

In the present study, culture conditions of Streptococcus equi was optimized through Box-Behnken experimental design for hyaluronic acid production. About 0.87 gL -1 of hyaluronic acid was produced under the determined conditions and optimal conditions were found as 38.42 °C, 24 hr and 250 rpm. The validity and practicability of this statistical optimization strategy were confirmed relation between predicted and experimental values. The hyaluronic acid obtained under optimal conditions was characterized. The effects of different conditions such as ultraviolet light, temperature and enzymatic degradation on hyaluronic acid produced under optimal conditions were determined. 118 °C for 32 min of autoclaved HA sample included 63.09 µg mL -1 of d-glucuronic acid, which is about two-fold of enzymatic effect. Cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid on human dermal cells (HUVEC, HaCaT), L929 and THP-1 cells was studied. In vitro effect on pro or anti-inflammatory cytokine release of THP-1 cells was determined. Although it varies depending on the concentration, cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid is between 5 and 30%. However, it varies depending on the concentration of hyaluronic acid, TNF-α release was not much increased compared to control study. Consequently, purification procedure is necessary to develop and it is worth developing the bacterial hyaluronic acid.

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is an anticancer agent widely used in chemotherapy. It has been suggested that CYP causes toxicity in many organs, including the lungs and testes. Many studies have indicated that some antioxidants have possible protective effects against CYP's side effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin (QUE) on CYP-induced lung toxicity in rats using histologic and biochemical methods. In the study, 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-250g were used. There were 4 experimental groups and 1 control group. Group I is the control group, which was given only intragastric (i.g.) solvent (corn oil) for 7days. Group II was given i.g. corn oil for 7days as a placebo, and a single dose of intraperitoneal (i.p.) CYP (200mg/kg) was given on day 7. Groups III and IV, respectively, were given QUE in doses of 50 and 100mg/kg, dissolved in corn oil, and administered i.g. for 7days. In addition, a single dose of CYP (200mg/kg, i.p.) was administered on the 7th day of study. In Group V, a 100mg/kg dose of QUE was given to rats i.g. for 7days. On the 8th day of the experiment, all groups of rats' blood and lung tissue samples were collected for analysis of oxidative stress parameters and histopathological examinations. In the biochemical result (although oxidative parameters were increased in favor of tissue damage) QUE administration revealed attenuated CYP toxicity in the rats 'lungs. In histologic analysis, QUE prevented the CYP-mediated tissue damage and the increase in mast-cell densities in the rats' lung tissues. The results of the present study have revealed that QUE provides a possible protective effect by inhibiting ROS and mast cell degranulation in induced lung damage., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Pycnogenol (PYC), an extract of pine bark, is known to have photoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of PYC treatment on wound healing in 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, of which 24 were injected with a single dose of alloxan to induce diabetes. Three (3) excisional skin wounds (1.3 cm x 1.3 cm x 2 mm) were created in each healthy and diabetic animal. One (1) wound in each animal was left untreated, 1 was treated daily with a cleanser (ethacridine lactate) and covered with silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and 1 was treated with PYC powder (30 mg). After measuring wound size, 6 animals from both groups were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 and tissue samples were taken for histopathological evaluation of acute and chronic inflammation, granulation tissue, fibroblast maturation, collagen deposition, epithelialization, and neovascularization using a scoring system of 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = abundant. Because the wounds created were not uniform in size within and among the animals, healing was expressed as a percentage of the initial wound size for each animal. Data were compared using 2-way analysis of variance; histopathological lesion scores were reported in median values in univariate analysis, with P <.05 denoting statistical significance. The mean initial wound surface area was 1.69 ± 0.44 cm². On day 21, the average reduction in wound size was lower in diabetic than in healthy rats (47.42% versus 50.91%, P <.0001) and, in both groups combined, the average reduction was 45.73% in untreated, 48.73% in cleanser/SSD-treated, and 58.03% in PYC-treated wounds (P <.0001). Wound size reduction was also significantly different between PYC and the cleanser/SSD treatment depending on the rats' health status (P <.0001): 49.68% and 47.84% using cleanser/SSD and 56.17% and 49.84% using PYC in healthy and diabetic rats, respectively. After 3 weeks, wound size for the healthy rats had decreased more than in the diabetic rats (mean 50.91% versus 47.42%). Although reepithelialization was complete in both groups by day 21, complete neovascularization was evident in the healthy rats but not in the diabetic rats. Overall, compared to the untreated control wounds, treatments with cleanser/SSD and PYC were equally effective in lowering acute and chronic inflammation scores on days 7 and 21. In diabetic rat wounds, collagen deposition and neovascularization scores were higher in wounds treated with PYC than cleanser/SSD-treated wounds (1.5 versus 1.0 and 2.0 versus 1.5, respectively). PYC appears to be a viable option to accelerate wound healing. Further in vivo and human research is warranted.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of systemic melatonin treatment on serum oxidative stress index (OSI) and alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis., Methods: Seventy Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, experimentally induced periodontitis (EP), DM, EP-DM, EP and melatonin treatment (EP-MEL), DM and melatonin treatment (DMMEL), and EP-DM-MEL groups. DM was induced by alloxan, after which periodontitis was induced by ligature for 4 weeks. After removal of the ligature, the rats in the melatonin groups (EP-MEL, DM-MEL, and EP-DM-MEL) were treated with a single dose of melatonin (10 mg/body weight) every day for 14 consecutive days. At the end of the study, all of the rats were euthanized, and intracardiac blood samples and mandible tissues were obtained for biochemical and histologic analyses. Serum levels of total oxidant status/total antioxidant status and OSI were measured. In addition, neutrophil and osteoclast densities and myeloperoxidase activities were determined in gingival tissue homogenates, and ABL was evaluated with histometric measurements., Results: Melatonin treatment significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose levels in the rats with DM. In addition, reduced OSI and ABL levels were detected in the EP-MEL and DM-MEL groups; the reductions in the EP-DM-MEL group were found to be more prominent. Melatonin also significantly decreased the increased myeloperoxidase activities and osteoclast and neutrophil densities in the EP, DM, and EP-DM groups., Conclusion: It is revealed in this experimental study that melatonin significantly inhibited hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and ABL through antiDM and antioxidant effects in rats with DM and periodontitis.

Background: Liver is one of the most important organs affected by exercise. According to the literature a few study to date has investigated the effects of estrogen supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue of rats., Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of estrogen supplementation on oxidative stress markers in liver tissue of exercised rats., Materials and Methods: Male rats (n = 35) were divided as estrogen supplemented (n = 18) and non-supplemented groups (n = 17); these groups were further divided as rest and eccentric exercised groups. Eccentric exercise groups were further divided as rats killed after 1 hour and 48 hours of eccentric exercise. Estrogen (10 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously for 30 days. Eccentric exercise was applied as treadmill run (15° downhill, 20 m/min) consisting of periods of "5 min" run and 2 min rest repeated 18 times. The rat liver was examined biochemically and histologically. Activities of GST, GSH-Px, CAT, SOD and MDA concentration were also measured spectrophotometrically., Results: Some disruptions were detected in experimental groups compared with the control group. Additionally, exercise training caused an increase in SOD and decrease in GSH-Px activities in some experimental groups. SOD activities increased significantly in group 3 (Estrogen (-), eccentric exercise (+) killed (after 1 h), compared with group 5 (Estrogen (-), eccentric exercise (+) killed (after 48 h). On the other hand, GSH-Px activities were also significantly decreased in groups 3, 4 and 5 compared with the control group. Leukocyte infiltration in liver increased after 48 hours compared with after 1 hour and estrogen supplementation was not able to prevent this infiltration., Conclusions: Estrogen seemed to be not very effective to prevent eccentric exercise-induced liver damage.

Extensive exercise induces inflammatory reactions together with high production of free radicals and subsequent liver and kidney tissues damage. This study was designed to investigate for effects of melatonin on liver and kidney tissues in the extensive exercise exposed rats and non-exercised rats. In this research, 24-male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. For exercise rat model, the rats were exposed to slow pace running with the velocity of 10 m/min for 5 minutes for five days just before the study. And for last ten days after adaptation period, the exercise was improved as 15 min with the speed of 20 m/min and intra-peritoneal melatonin injection has been performed to the melatonin treated groups with the dose of 10 mg/kg. Biochemical results revealed a decrease in the parameters of kidney and liver enzymes in exercise-group and an increase in the parameters of serum, liver and kidney enzymes in the group that melatonin-exercise-group. As for histological analysis, while it is observed that there are cellular degenerations in the liver and kidney tissues with exercise application, a decrease has been observed in these degenerations in the group that melatonin was applied. At the end of the research, it has been determined that exercise application causes some damages on liver and kidney, and these damages were ameliorated with melatonin treatment.

Abstract In this study, protease-producing capacity of Bacillus pumilus D3, isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil, was evaluated and optimized. Optimum growing conditions for B. pumilus D3 in terms of protease production were determined as 1% optimum inoculum size, 35 °C temperature, 11 pH and 48 h incubation time, respectively. Stability studies indicated that the mentioned protease was stable within the pH range of 7-10.5 and between 30 °C and 40 °C temperatures. Surprisingly, the activity of the enzyme increased in the presence of SDS with concentration up to 5 mM. The protease was concentrated 1.6-fold with ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. At least six protein bands were obtained from dialysate by electrophoresis. Four clear protein bands with caseinolytic activity were detected by zymography. Dialysate was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography and the caseinolytic active fraction showed a single band between 29 and 36 kDa of reducing conditions.

Removal of textile dyestuffs from aqueous solution by biosorption onto a dead fungal biomass isolated from acidic mine drainage in the Çanakkale Region of Turkey was investigated. The fungus was found to be a promising biosorbent and identified as Paecilomyces sp. The optimal conditions for bioremediation were as follows: pH, 2.0; initial dyestuff concentration, 50 mg l(-1) for Reactive Yellow 85 and Reactive Orange 12, and 75 mg l(-1) for Reactive Black 8; biomass dosage, 2 g l(-1) for Reactive Yellow 85, 3 g l(-1) for Reactive Orange 12, 4 g l(-1) for Reactive Black 8; temperature, 25 °C; and agitation rate, 100 rpm. Zeta potential measurements indicated an electrostatic interaction between the binding sites and dye anions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that amine, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amide bonds were involved in the dyestuff biosorption. A toxicity investigation was also carried out before and after the biosorption process. These results showed that the toxicities for the reactive dyestuffs in aqueous solutions after biosorption studies decreased. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the biosorption equilibrium, and isotherm constants were evaluated for each dyestuff. Equilibrium data of biosorption of RY85 and RO12 dyestuffs fitted well to both models at the studied concentration and temperature.

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMWW), a recalcitrant pollutant, has features including high phenolic content and dark color; thereby, several chemical or physical treatments or biological processes were not able to remediate it. In this study, the treatment efficiencies of three treatments, including adsorption, biological application, and photo-Fenton oxidation were sequentially evaluated for OMWW. Adsorption, biological treatment, and photo-Fenton caused decreasing phenolic contents of 48.69 %, 59.40 %, and 95 %, respectively. However, after three sequential treatments were performed, higher reduction percentages in phenolic (total 99 %) and organic contents (90 %) were observed. Although the studied fungus has not induced significant color reduction, photo-Fenton oxidation was considered to be an attractive solution, especially for color reduction. Besides, toxicity of OMWW treatment was significantly reduced.

Chlorinated compounds constitute an important class of xenobiotics. Crude laccase was produced using Trametes versicolor ATCC (200801) in potato dextrose broth, with wheat bran as an inducing medium, and its ability to dechlorinate eight compounds was determined. The compounds were 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, heptachlor and pentachlorophenol. A range of parameters for the dechlorination of some compounds was tested, including incubation period, pH, initial substrate concentration, temperature, and enzyme quantity. The oxygen consumption was determined during each dechlorination process, under pre-determined optimum conditions. The changes in chemical structure of the compounds were also determined, by using FTIR analysis, following dechlorination of test chlorophenolics. Strong interactions were found to lead to the reactivity of hydroxyl groups in some cases and chlorine atoms were released from the benzene ring. The changes in compound toxicity were monitored before and after enzymatic treatment, using Microtox. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the toxicity of the chlorinated compounds were developed. Consequently, the toxic activity of the test compounds was controlled by electrophilic index and electronic properties.

In this study, decolorization of dyestuffs, such as Reactive Red 198, Rem Blue RR, Dylon Navy 17, Rem Red RR, and Rem Yellow RR was studied using laccase and laccase-mediated system. The laccases are known to have an important potential for remediation of pollutants. Among these dyestuffs, decolorization of Rem Blue RR and Dylon Navy 17 was performed with crude laccase under optimized conditions. Vanillin was selected as laccase mediator after screening six different compounds with Rem Yellow RR, Reactive Red 198, and Rem Red RR as substrates. However, Rem Yellow RR was not decolorized by either laccase or laccase-mediated system. It is observed that the culture supernatant contained high laccase activity after treatment with catalase that was responsible for the decolorization. Besides, culture supernatant with high laccase activity as enzyme source was treated with catalase; in this way, the hypothesis that laccase was the enzyme responsible for decolorization was supported. The Rem Blue RR was decolorized with 64.84% under the optimum conditions and Dylon Navy 17 with 75.43% with crude laccase. However, using the laccase and vanillin, the decolorization of Reactive Red 198 and Rem Red RR was found to be 62% and 68%, respectively. Our study demonstrated that the decolorization abilities of laccase and/or laccase mediator systems were based on the types of mediator, the dye structure, and the standard experimental conditions. Also, the electrochemical behaviors of some samples were studied. The redox potentials of these samples were determined using cyclic voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode in phosphate buffer (pH 6) solution.

Cyanide, a hazardous substance, is released into the environment as a result of natural processes of various industrial activities which is a toxic pollutant according to Environmental Protection Agency. In nature, some microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of cyanide, but there is only limited information about the degradation characteristics of Basidiomycetes for cyanide. The aim of the present study is to determine cyanide degradation characteristics in some Basidiomycetes strains including Polyporus arcularius (T 438), Schizophyllum commune (T 701), Clavariadelphus truncatus (T 192), Pleurotus eryngii (M 102), Ganoderma applanatum (M 105), Trametes versicolor (D 22), Cerrena unicolor (D 30), Schizophyllum commune (D 35) and Ganoderma lucidum (D 33). The cyanide degradation activities of P. arcularius S. commune and G. lucidum were found to be more than that of the other fungi examined. The parameters including incubation time, amount of biomass, initial cyanide concentration, temperature, pH and agitation rate were optimized for the selected three potential fungal strains. The maximum cyanide degradation was obtained after 48 h of incubation at 30°C by P. arcularius (T 438). The optimum pH and agitation rate were measured as 10.5 and 150 rev/min, respectively. The amount of biomass was found as 3.0 g for the maximum cyanide biodegradation with an initial cyanide concentration of 100mg/L. In this study, agar was chosen entrapment agent for the immobilization of effective biomass. We suggested that P. arcularius (T 438) could be effective in the treatment of contaminated sites with cyanide due to capability of degrading cyanide., (Copyright © 2010 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)