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4. Governance and Conservation Effectiveness in Protected Areas and Indigenous and Locally Managed Areas

Author

Zhang, Yin, primary, West, Paige, additional, Thakholi, Lerato, additional, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, additional, Supuma, Miriam, additional, Straub, Dakota, additional, Sithole, Samantha S., additional, Sharma, Roshan, additional, Schleicher, Judith, additional, Ruli, Ben, additional, Rodríguez-Rodríguez, David, additional, Rasmussen, Mattias Borg, additional, Ramenzoni, Victoria C., additional, Qin, Siyu, additional, Pugley, Deborah Delgado, additional, Palfrey, Rachel, additional, Oldekop, Johan, additional, Nuesiri, Emmanuel O., additional, Nguyen, Van Hai Thi, additional, Ndam, Nouhou, additional, Mungai, Catherine, additional, Milne, Sarah, additional, Mabele, Mathew Bukhi, additional, Lucitante, Sadie, additional, Lucitante, Hugo, additional, Liljeblad, Jonathan, additional, Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew, additional, Kik, Alfred, additional, Jones, Nikoleta, additional, Johnson, Melissa, additional, Jarrett, Christopher, additional, James, Rachel Sapery, additional, Holmes, George, additional, Gibson, Lydia N., additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Geldmann, Jonas, additional, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, additional, Edwards, Thera, additional, Dressler, Wolfram H., additional, Douglas, Leo R., additional, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., additional, Davidov, Veronica, additional, Compaoré-Sawadogo, Eveline M.F.W., additional, Collins, Yolanda Ariadne, additional, Cepek, Michael, additional, Burow, Paul Berne, additional, Brockington, Dan, additional, Balinga, Michael Philippe Bessike, additional, Austin, Beau J., additional, Astuti, Rini, additional, Ampumuza, Christine, additional, and Agyei, Frank Kwaku, additional

Published
2023
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7. Governance and conservation effectiveness in protected areas and indigenous and locally managed areas

Author

Zhang, Yin, West, Paige, Thakholi, Lerato, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, Supuma, Miriam, Straub, Dakota, Sithole, Samantha S., Sharma, Roshan, Schleicher, Judith, Ruli, Ben, Rodríguez-rodríguez, David, Rasmussen, Mattias Borg, Ramenzoni, Victoria C., Qin, Siyu, Pugley, Deborah Delgado, Palfrey, Rachel, Oldekop, Johan, Nuesiri, Emmanuel O., Nguyen, Van Hai Thi, Ndam, Nouhou, Mungai, Catherine, Milne, Sarah, Mabele, Mathew Bukhi, Lucitante, Sadie, Lucitante, Hugo, Liljeblad, Jonathan, Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew, Kik, Alfred, Jones, Nikoleta, Johnson, Melissa, Jarrett, Christopher, James, Rachel Sapery, Holmes, George, Gibson, Lydia N., Ghoddousi, Arash, Geldmann, Jonas, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Edwards, Thera, Dressler, Wolfram H., Douglas, Leo R., Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Davidov, Veronica, Compaoré-sawadogo, Eveline M.f.w., Collins, Yolanda Ariadne, Cepek, Michael, Burow, Paul Berne, Brockington, Dan, Balinga, Michael Philippe Bessike, Austin, Beau J., Astuti, Rini, Ampumuza, Christine, Agyei, Frank Kwaku, Zhang, Yin, West, Paige, Thakholi, Lerato, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, Supuma, Miriam, Straub, Dakota, Sithole, Samantha S., Sharma, Roshan, Schleicher, Judith, Ruli, Ben, Rodríguez-rodríguez, David, Rasmussen, Mattias Borg, Ramenzoni, Victoria C., Qin, Siyu, Pugley, Deborah Delgado, Palfrey, Rachel, Oldekop, Johan, Nuesiri, Emmanuel O., Nguyen, Van Hai Thi, Ndam, Nouhou, Mungai, Catherine, Milne, Sarah, Mabele, Mathew Bukhi, Lucitante, Sadie, Lucitante, Hugo, Liljeblad, Jonathan, Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew, Kik, Alfred, Jones, Nikoleta, Johnson, Melissa, Jarrett, Christopher, James, Rachel Sapery, Holmes, George, Gibson, Lydia N., Ghoddousi, Arash, Geldmann, Jonas, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Edwards, Thera, Dressler, Wolfram H., Douglas, Leo R., Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Davidov, Veronica, Compaoré-sawadogo, Eveline M.f.w., Collins, Yolanda Ariadne, Cepek, Michael, Burow, Paul Berne, Brockington, Dan, Balinga, Michael Philippe Bessike, Austin, Beau J., Astuti, Rini, Ampumuza, Christine, and Agyei, Frank Kwaku

Abstract

Increased conservation action to protect more habitat and species is fueling a vigorous debate about the relative effectiveness of different sorts of protected areas. Here we review the literature that compares the effectiveness of protected areas managed by states and areas managed by Indigenous peoples and/or local communities. We argue that these can be hard comparisons to make. Robust comparative case studies are rare, and the epistemic communities producing them are fractured by language, discipline, and geography. Furthermore the distinction between these different forms of protection on the ground can be blurred. We also have to be careful about the value of this sort of comparison as the consequences of different forms of conservation for people and nonhuman nature are messy and diverse. Measures of effectiveness, moreover, focus on specific dimensions of conservation performance, which can omit other important dimensions. With these caveats, we report on findings observed by multiple study groups focusing on different regions and issues whose reports have been compiled into this article. There is a tendency in the data for community-based or co-managed governance arrangements to produce beneficial outcomes for people and nature. These arrangements are often accompanied by struggles between rural groups and powerful states. Findings are highly context specific and global generalizations have limited value.

Published
2023

14. Where the material and the symbolic intertwine: Making sense of the Amazon in the Anthropocene.

Author

Pereira, Joana Castro and Gebara, Maria Fernanda

Subjects
*POLITICAL ecology, *TRADITIONAL knowledge, *POLITICAL sociology, *SYMBOLISM
Abstract

Forests, and ways of relating to forests, are critical to the planet, yet largely neglected in IR. In this article, we engage with the debate on the Anthropocene and explore different forms of relationality to forests and Amazonian indigenous symbolism. Drawing mainly on political sociology, political ecology, and anthropology, we approach the Amazon basin as a site where nature, culture, resource extraction, and spirituality are enmeshed, and discuss material and symbolic meanings of the forest. The article starts by briefly reviewing discourses around the Anthropocene. It then looks at Amazonian countries with a specific focus on the classist foundations of socioecological exploitation that underpin anthropocentric attitudes and practices, and analyses the material way of perceiving the Amazon. It proceeds by addressing the diverse symbolism present in indigenous traditional knowledge; symbolism that may help in moving politics and society beyond the dominant attitudes that initiated the Anthropocene. Finally, the article offers possibilities for perceiving the forest differently and intertwining the Amazon's material and symbolic worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable

Author

Kehoe, Laura, Reis, Tiago, Virah-Sawmy, Malika, Balmford, Andrew, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Knohl, Alexander, Antonelli, Alexandre, Hochkirch, Axel, Vira, Bhaskar, Massa, Bruno, Peres, Carlos A., Ammer, Christian, Goerg, Christoph, Schneider, Christoph, Curtis, David, de la Pena, Eduardo, Tello, Enric, Sperfeld, Erik, Corbera, Esteve, Morelli, Federico, Valladares, Fernando, Peterson, Garry, Hide, Geoff, Mace, Georgina, Kallis, Giorgos, Olsson, Gunilla Almered, Brumelis, Guntis, Alexanderson, Helena, Haberl, Helmut, Nuissl, Henning, Kreft, Holger, Ghazoul, Jaboury, Piotrowski, Jan A., Macdiarmid, Jennie, Newig, Jens, Fischer, Joern, Altringham, John, Gledhill, John, Nielsen, Jonas O., Mueller, Joerg, Palmeirim, Jorge, Barlow, Jos, Alonso, Juan C., Presa Asencio, Juan Jose, Steinberger, Julia K., Jones, Julia Patricia Gordon, Cabral, Juliano Sarmento, Dengler, Juergen, Stibral, Karel, Erb, Karlheinz, Rothhaupt, Karl-Otto, Wiegand, Kerstin, Cassar, Louis F., Lens, Luc, Rosalino, Luis Miguel, Wassen, M. J., Stenseke, Marie, Fischer-Kowalski, Marina, Diaz, Mario, Rounsevell, Mark, van Kleunen, Mark, Junginger, Martin, Kaltenpoth, Martin, Zobel, Martin, Weigend, Maximilian, Partel, Meelis, Schilthuizen, Menno, Bastos Araujo, Miguel, Haklay, Muki, Eisenhauer, Nico, Selva, Nuria, Mertz, Ole, Meyfroidt, Patrick, Borges, Paulo A. V., Kovar, Pavel, Smith, Pete, Verburg, Peter, Pysek, Petr, Seppelt, Ralf, Valentini, Riccardo, Whittaker, Robert J., Henrique Faria, Sergio, Ulgiati, Sergio, Loetters, Stefan, Bjorck, Svante, Larson, Sven Ake, Tscharntke, Teja, Domingos, Tiago, Krueger, Tobias, Pascual, Unai, Olsson, Urban, Kati, Vassiliki, Winiwarter, Verena, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Vajda, Vivi, Sutherland, William J., de Waroux, Yann le Polain, Buckley, Yvonne, Rammig, Anja, Kasimir, Asa, Crona, Beatrice, Sindicic, Magda, Persson, Martin, Lapka, Miloslav, Di Gregorio, Monica, Hahn, Thomas, Boonstra, Wiebren, Lipsky, Zdenek, Zucaro, A., Roeder, Achim, Lopez Baucells, Adria, Danet, Alain, Franco, Aldina, Nieto Roman, Alejandra, Lehikoinen, Aleksi, Collalti, Alessio, Keller, Alexander, Strugariu, Alexandru, Perrigo, Allison, Fernandez-Llamazares, Alvaro, Salaseviciene, Alvija, Hinsley, Amy, Santos, Ana M. C., Novoa, Ana, Rodrigues, Ana, Mascarenhas, Andre, Martins, Andrea Damacena, Holzschuh, Andrea, Meseguer, Andrea S., Hadjichambis, Andreas, Mayer, Andreas, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Ringsmuth, Andrew, de Frutos, Angel, Stein, Anke, Heikkinen, Anna, Smith, Annabel, Bjoersne, Anna-Karin, Bagneres, Anne-Genevieve, Machordom, Annie, Kristin, Anton, Ghoddousi, Arash, Staal, Arie, Martin, Arnaud, Taylor, Astrid, Borrell, Asuncion, Marescaux, Audrey, Torres, Aurora, Helm, Aveliina, Bauer, Barbara, Smetschka, Barbara, Rodriguez-Labajos, Beatriz, Peco, Begona, Gambin, Belinda, Celine, Bellard, Phalan, Ben, Cotta, Benedetta, Rugani, Benedetto, Jarcuska, Benjamin, Leroy, Boris, Nikolov, Boris Petrov, Milchev, Boyan Petrov, Brown, Calum, Ritter, Camila Duarte, Gomes, Carmen Bessa, Meyer, Carsten, Munteanu, Catalina, Penone, Caterina, Friis, Cecilie, Teplitsky, Celine, Roemer, Charlotte, Orland, Chloe, Voigt, Christian C., Levers, Christian, Zang, Christian, Bacon, Christine D., Meyer, Christoph, Wordley, Claire, Grilo, Clara, Cattaneo, Claudio, Battisti, Corrado, Banks-Leite, Cristina, Zurell, Damaris, Challender, Dan, Mueller, Daniel, Matenaar, Daniela, Silvestro, Daniele, McKay, David Armstrong, Buckley, David, Frantz, David, Gremillet, David, Mateos, David Moreno, Sanchez-Fernandez, David, Vieites, David, Ascoli, Davide, Arlt, Debora, Louis, Deharveng, Zemp, Delphine Clara, Strubbe, Diederik, Gil, Diego, Llusia, Diego, Bennett, Dominic J., Chobanov, Dragan Petrov, Aguilera, Eduardo, Oliveira, Eduardo, Pynegar, Edwin L., Granda, Elena, Grieco, Elisa, Conrad, Elisabeth, Revilla, Eloy, Lindkvist, Emilie, Caprio, Enrico, zu Ermgassen, Erasmus, Berenguer, Erika, Ochu, Erinma, Polaina, Ester, Nuernberger, Fabian, Esculier, Fabien, de Castro, Fabio, Albanito, Fabrizio, Langerwisch, Fanny, Batsleer, Femke, Ascensao, Fernando, Moyano, Fernando Esteban, Sayol, Ferran, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Eiro, Flavio, Volaire, Florence, Gollnow, Florian, Menzel, Florian, Pilo, Francesca, Moreira, Francisco, Briens, Francois, Essl, Franz, Vlahos, George, Billen, Gilles, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Wong, Grace, Gruychev, Gradimir Valentinov, Fandos, Guillermo, Petter, Gunnar, Sinare, Hanna, Mumby, Hannah S., Cottyn, Hanne, Seebens, Hanno, Bjorklund, Heidi, Schroeder, Heike, Lopez Hernandez, Heriberto D., Rebelo, Hugo, Chenet, Hugues, De la Riva, Ignacio, Torre, Ignasi, Aalders, Inge, Grass, Ingo, Chuine, Isabelle, Goepel, Jan, Wieringa, Jan J., Engler, Jan O., Pergl, Jan, Schnitzler, Jan, Vavra, Jan, Medvedovic, Jasna, Cabello, Javier, Martin, Jean-Louis, Mutke, Jens, Lewis, Jerome, da Silva, Jessica Fonseca, Marull, Joan, Carvalho, Joana, Carnicer, Jofre, Enqvist, Johan, Simaika, John P., Noguera, Jose C., Blanco Moreno, Jose M., Bruna, Josef, Garnier, Josette, Fargallo, Juan A., Rocha, Juan Carlos, Carrillo, Juan D., Infante-Amate, Juan, Traba Diaz, Juan, Schleicher, Judith, Simon, Judy, Noe, Julia Le, Gerlach, Justin, Eriksson, K. Martin, Prince, Karine, Ostapowicz, Katarzyna, Stajerova, Katerina, Farrell, Katharine N., Snell, Katherine, Yates, Katherine, Fleischer, Katrin, Darras, Kevin, Schumacher, Kim, Orach, Kirill, Thonicke, Kirsten, Riede, Klaus, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Wang-Erlandsson, Lan, Pereira, Laura, Riggi, Laura, Florez, Laura V., Emperaire, Laure, Durieux, Laurent, Tatin, Laurent, Rozylowicz, Laurentiu, Latella, Leonardo, Andresen, Louise C., Cahen-Fourot, Louison, de Agua, Luis Borda, Boto, Luis, Lassaletta, Luis, Amo, Luisa, Sekerka, Lukas, Morales, Manuel B., Macia, Manuel J., Suarez, Manuela Gonzalez, Cabeza, Mar, Londo, Marc, Pollet, Marc, Schwieder, Marcel, Peters, Marcell K., D'Amico, Marcello, Casazza, Marco, Florencio, Margarita, Felipe-Lucia, Maria, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Johansson, Maria, Garcia, Maria Mancilla, Piquer-Rodriguez, Maria, Tengo, Maria, Elias, Marianne, Leve, Marine, Conde, Marta, Winter, Marten, Koster, Martijn, Mayer, Martin, Salek, Martin, Schlerf, Martin, Sullivan, Martin, Baumann, Matthias, Pichler, Melanie, Marselle, Melissa, Oddie, Melissa, Razanajatovo, Mialy, Borregaard, Michael Krabbe, Theurl, Michaela C., Hernandez, Miguel, Krofel, Miha, Kechev, Mihail Ognianov, Clark, Mike, Rands, Mike, Antal, Miklos, Pucetaite, Milda, Islar, Mine, Truong, Minh-Xuan A., Vighi, Morgana, Johanisova, Nadia, Prat, Narcis, Escobar, Neus, Deguines, Nicolas, Rust, Niki, Zafra-Calvo, Noelia, Maurel, Noelie, Wagner, Norman, Fitton, Nuala, Ostermann, Ole, Panferov, Oleg, Ange, Olivia, Canals, Oriol, Englund, Oskar, De Smedt, Pallieter, Petridis, Panos, Heikkurinen, Pasi, Weigelt, Patrick, Henriksson, Patrik J. G., de Castro, Paula Drummond, Matos-Maravi, Pavel, Duran, Paz, Aragon, Pedro, Cardoso, Pedro, Leitao, Pedro J., Hosner, Peter A., Biedermann, Peter, Keil, Petr, Petrik, Petr, Martin, Philip, Bocquillon, Pierre, Renaud, Pierre-Cyril, Addison, Prue, Antwis, Rachael, Carmenta, Rachel, Barrientos, Rafael, Smith, Rebecca, Rocha, Ricardo, Fuchs, Richard, Felix, Rob, Kanka, Robert, Aguilee, Robin, Padro Caminal, Roc, Libbrecht, Romain, Lorrilliere, Romain, van der Ent, Ruud J., Henders, Sabine, Pueyo, Salvador, Roturier, Samuel, Jacobs, Sander, Lavorel, Sandra, Leonhardt, Sara Diana, Fraixedas, Sara, Villen-Perez, Sara, Cornell, Sarah, Redlich, Sarah, De Smedt, Sebastian, van der Linden, Sebastian, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Petrovan, Silviu, Cesarz, Simone, Sjoberg, Sissel, Caillon, Sophie, Schindler, Stefan, Trogisch, Stefan, Taiti, Stefano, Oppel, Steffen, Lutter, Stephan, Garnett, Tara, Guedes, Thais, Wanger, Thomas Cherico, Kastner, Thomas, Worthington, Thomas, Daw, Tim, Schmoll, Tim, McPhearson, Timon, Engl, Tobias, Rutting, Tobias, Vaclavik, Tomas, Jucker, Tommaso, Robillard, Tony, Krause, Torsten, Ljubomirov, Toshko, Aavik, Tsipe, Richardson, Vanessa A., Masterson, Vanessa Anne, Seufert, Verena, Cathy, Vet Gibault, Colino Rabanal, Victor, Montade, Vincent, Thieu, Vincent, Sober, Virve, Morin, Xavier, Mehrabi, Zia, Gonzalez, Adriana Trompetero, Sanz-Cobena, Alberto, Christie, Alec Philip, Romero-Munoz, Alfredo, Dauriach, Alice, Queiroz, Allan Souza, Golland, Ami, Evans, Amy Louise, Cordero, Ana Maria Araujo, Dara, Andrey, Rilovic, Andro, Pedersen, Anna Frohn, Csergo, Anna Maria, Lewerentz, Anne, Monserand, Antoine, Valdecasas, Antonio G., Doherty, Anya, Semper-Pascual, Asuncion, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Rutschmann, Benjamin, Bongalov, Boris, Hankerson, Brett, Heylen, Brigitte, Alonso-Alvarez, Carlos, Comandulli, Carolina, Frossard, Carolina M., Mckeon, Caroline, Godde, Cecile, Palm, Celinda, Singh, Chandrakant, Sieger, Charlotte Sophie, Ohrling, Christian, Paitan, Claudia Parra, Cooper, Conor, Edler, Daniel, Roessler, Daniela C., Kessner-Beierlein, Daniela, Garcia del Amo, David, Lopez Bosch, David, Gueldner, Dino, Noll, Domink, Motivans, Elena, Canteri, Elisabetta, Garnett, Emma, Malecore, Eva, Brambach, Fabian, Ruedenauer, Fabian, Yin, Fang, Hurtado, Fernando, Mempel, Finn, de Freitas, Flavio Luiz Mazzaro, Pendrill, Florence, Leijten, Floris, Somma, Francesca, Schug, Franz, De Knijf, Geert, Peterson, Gustaf, Pe'er, Guy, Booth, Hollie, Rhee, Howon, Staude, Ingmar, Gherghel, Iulian, Vila Traver, Jaime, Kerner, Janika, Hinton, Jennifer, Hortal, Joaquin, Persson, Joel, Uddling, Johan, Coenen, Johanna, Geldmann, Jonas, Geschke, Jonas, Juergensen, Jonathan, Lobo, Jorge M., Skejo, Josip, Heinen, Julia Helena, Schuenzel, Julia, Daniel-Ferreira, Juliana, Christophe Piquet, Julien, Murtough, Katie L., Prevel, Leonie, Hissa, Leticia B. V., af Segerstad, Louise Hard, Willemse, Luc, Benavides, Lucia, Sovova, Lucie, Figueiredo, Ludmilla, Leidinger, Ludwig, Piemontese, Luigi, da Fonte, Luis Fernando Marin, Moreta, Lys Sanz, Bhan, Manan, Toledo-Hernandez, Manuel, Engert, Manuela, Davoli, Marco, Mas Navarro, Maria, Voigt, Maria, Zirion, Maria, Wandl, Marie-Theres, Kipson, Marina, Johnson, Mark D., Lukic, Marko, Goula, Marta, Jung, Martin, Nunes, Matheus Henrique, Alvarez, Matheus Rodriguez, van den Burg, Matthijs P., Guerrero, Mayra Daniela Pena, Greenfield, Michael, Lobmann, Michael, Nygren, Michelle, Guth, Miriam Karen, Koh, Niak, Stanek, Nicola, Roux, Nicolas, Karagouni, Niki, Tiralla, Nina, Mairota, Paola, Savaget, Paulo, von Doehren, Peer, Benyei, Petra, Lena, Philippe, Rufin, Philippe, Janke, Rebekka, Santagata, Remo, Motta, Renzo, Battiston, Roberto, Oyanedel, Rodrigo, Bernardo-Madrid, Ruben, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Henriques, Sergio, Bager, Simon L., Qin, Siyu, Ivkovic, Slobodan, Cooke, Sophia, Ernst, Stefan, Schmelzer, Stefan, da Silva, Sven, Faberova, Tamara, Enseroth, Tanja, De Marzo, Teresa, Pienkowski, Thomas, Engel, Thore, Boehnert, Tim, Swinfield, Tom, Kurdikova, Vendula, Chvatalova, Veronika, Lopez-Marquez, Violeta, Arlidge, William, Zhang, Zhijie, Kehoe, Laura, Reis, Tiago, Virah-Sawmy, Malika, Balmford, Andrew, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Knohl, Alexander, Antonelli, Alexandre, Hochkirch, Axel, Vira, Bhaskar, Massa, Bruno, Peres, Carlos A., Ammer, Christian, Goerg, Christoph, Schneider, Christoph, Curtis, David, de la Pena, Eduardo, Tello, Enric, Sperfeld, Erik, Corbera, Esteve, Morelli, Federico, Valladares, Fernando, Peterson, Garry, Hide, Geoff, Mace, Georgina, Kallis, Giorgos, Olsson, Gunilla Almered, Brumelis, Guntis, Alexanderson, Helena, Haberl, Helmut, Nuissl, Henning, Kreft, Holger, Ghazoul, Jaboury, Piotrowski, Jan A., Macdiarmid, Jennie, Newig, Jens, Fischer, Joern, Altringham, John, Gledhill, John, Nielsen, Jonas O., Mueller, Joerg, Palmeirim, Jorge, Barlow, Jos, Alonso, Juan C., Presa Asencio, Juan Jose, Steinberger, Julia K., Jones, Julia Patricia Gordon, Cabral, Juliano Sarmento, Dengler, Juergen, Stibral, Karel, Erb, Karlheinz, Rothhaupt, Karl-Otto, Wiegand, Kerstin, Cassar, Louis F., Lens, Luc, Rosalino, Luis Miguel, Wassen, M. J., Stenseke, Marie, Fischer-Kowalski, Marina, Diaz, Mario, Rounsevell, Mark, van Kleunen, Mark, Junginger, Martin, Kaltenpoth, Martin, Zobel, Martin, Weigend, Maximilian, Partel, Meelis, Schilthuizen, Menno, Bastos Araujo, Miguel, Haklay, Muki, Eisenhauer, Nico, Selva, Nuria, Mertz, Ole, Meyfroidt, Patrick, Borges, Paulo A. V., Kovar, Pavel, Smith, Pete, Verburg, Peter, Pysek, Petr, Seppelt, Ralf, Valentini, Riccardo, Whittaker, Robert J., Henrique Faria, Sergio, Ulgiati, Sergio, Loetters, Stefan, Bjorck, Svante, Larson, Sven Ake, Tscharntke, Teja, Domingos, Tiago, Krueger, Tobias, Pascual, Unai, Olsson, Urban, Kati, Vassiliki, Winiwarter, Verena, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Vajda, Vivi, Sutherland, William J., de Waroux, Yann le Polain, Buckley, Yvonne, Rammig, Anja, Kasimir, Asa, Crona, Beatrice, Sindicic, Magda, Persson, Martin, Lapka, Miloslav, Di Gregorio, Monica, Hahn, Thomas, Boonstra, Wiebren, Lipsky, Zdenek, Zucaro, A., Roeder, Achim, Lopez Baucells, Adria, Danet, Alain, Franco, Aldina, Nieto Roman, Alejandra, Lehikoinen, Aleksi, Collalti, Alessio, Keller, Alexander, Strugariu, Alexandru, Perrigo, Allison, Fernandez-Llamazares, Alvaro, Salaseviciene, Alvija, Hinsley, Amy, Santos, Ana M. C., Novoa, Ana, Rodrigues, Ana, Mascarenhas, Andre, Martins, Andrea Damacena, Holzschuh, Andrea, Meseguer, Andrea S., Hadjichambis, Andreas, Mayer, Andreas, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Ringsmuth, Andrew, de Frutos, Angel, Stein, Anke, Heikkinen, Anna, Smith, Annabel, Bjoersne, Anna-Karin, Bagneres, Anne-Genevieve, Machordom, Annie, Kristin, Anton, Ghoddousi, Arash, Staal, Arie, Martin, Arnaud, Taylor, Astrid, Borrell, Asuncion, Marescaux, Audrey, Torres, Aurora, Helm, Aveliina, Bauer, Barbara, Smetschka, Barbara, Rodriguez-Labajos, Beatriz, Peco, Begona, Gambin, Belinda, Celine, Bellard, Phalan, Ben, Cotta, Benedetta, Rugani, Benedetto, Jarcuska, Benjamin, Leroy, Boris, Nikolov, Boris Petrov, Milchev, Boyan Petrov, Brown, Calum, Ritter, Camila Duarte, Gomes, Carmen Bessa, Meyer, Carsten, Munteanu, Catalina, Penone, Caterina, Friis, Cecilie, Teplitsky, Celine, Roemer, Charlotte, Orland, Chloe, Voigt, Christian C., Levers, Christian, Zang, Christian, Bacon, Christine D., Meyer, Christoph, Wordley, Claire, Grilo, Clara, Cattaneo, Claudio, Battisti, Corrado, Banks-Leite, Cristina, Zurell, Damaris, Challender, Dan, Mueller, Daniel, Matenaar, Daniela, Silvestro, Daniele, McKay, David Armstrong, Buckley, David, Frantz, David, Gremillet, David, Mateos, David Moreno, Sanchez-Fernandez, David, Vieites, David, Ascoli, Davide, Arlt, Debora, Louis, Deharveng, Zemp, Delphine Clara, Strubbe, Diederik, Gil, Diego, Llusia, Diego, Bennett, Dominic J., Chobanov, Dragan Petrov, Aguilera, Eduardo, Oliveira, Eduardo, Pynegar, Edwin L., Granda, Elena, Grieco, Elisa, Conrad, Elisabeth, Revilla, Eloy, Lindkvist, Emilie, Caprio, Enrico, zu Ermgassen, Erasmus, Berenguer, Erika, Ochu, Erinma, Polaina, Ester, Nuernberger, Fabian, Esculier, Fabien, de Castro, Fabio, Albanito, Fabrizio, Langerwisch, Fanny, Batsleer, Femke, Ascensao, Fernando, Moyano, Fernando Esteban, Sayol, Ferran, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Eiro, Flavio, Volaire, Florence, Gollnow, Florian, Menzel, Florian, Pilo, Francesca, Moreira, Francisco, Briens, Francois, Essl, Franz, Vlahos, George, Billen, Gilles, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Wong, Grace, Gruychev, Gradimir Valentinov, Fandos, Guillermo, Petter, Gunnar, Sinare, Hanna, Mumby, Hannah S., Cottyn, Hanne, Seebens, Hanno, Bjorklund, Heidi, Schroeder, Heike, Lopez Hernandez, Heriberto D., Rebelo, Hugo, Chenet, Hugues, De la Riva, Ignacio, Torre, Ignasi, Aalders, Inge, Grass, Ingo, Chuine, Isabelle, Goepel, Jan, Wieringa, Jan J., Engler, Jan O., Pergl, Jan, Schnitzler, Jan, Vavra, Jan, Medvedovic, Jasna, Cabello, Javier, Martin, Jean-Louis, Mutke, Jens, Lewis, Jerome, da Silva, Jessica Fonseca, Marull, Joan, Carvalho, Joana, Carnicer, Jofre, Enqvist, Johan, Simaika, John P., Noguera, Jose C., Blanco Moreno, Jose M., Bruna, Josef, Garnier, Josette, Fargallo, Juan A., Rocha, Juan Carlos, Carrillo, Juan D., Infante-Amate, Juan, Traba Diaz, Juan, Schleicher, Judith, Simon, Judy, Noe, Julia Le, Gerlach, Justin, Eriksson, K. Martin, Prince, Karine, Ostapowicz, Katarzyna, Stajerova, Katerina, Farrell, Katharine N., Snell, Katherine, Yates, Katherine, Fleischer, Katrin, Darras, Kevin, Schumacher, Kim, Orach, Kirill, Thonicke, Kirsten, Riede, Klaus, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Wang-Erlandsson, Lan, Pereira, Laura, Riggi, Laura, Florez, Laura V., Emperaire, Laure, Durieux, Laurent, Tatin, Laurent, Rozylowicz, Laurentiu, Latella, Leonardo, Andresen, Louise C., Cahen-Fourot, Louison, de Agua, Luis Borda, Boto, Luis, Lassaletta, Luis, Amo, Luisa, Sekerka, Lukas, Morales, Manuel B., Macia, Manuel J., Suarez, Manuela Gonzalez, Cabeza, Mar, Londo, Marc, Pollet, Marc, Schwieder, Marcel, Peters, Marcell K., D'Amico, Marcello, Casazza, Marco, Florencio, Margarita, Felipe-Lucia, Maria, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Johansson, Maria, Garcia, Maria Mancilla, Piquer-Rodriguez, Maria, Tengo, Maria, Elias, Marianne, Leve, Marine, Conde, Marta, Winter, Marten, Koster, Martijn, Mayer, Martin, Salek, Martin, Schlerf, Martin, Sullivan, Martin, Baumann, Matthias, Pichler, Melanie, Marselle, Melissa, Oddie, Melissa, Razanajatovo, Mialy, Borregaard, Michael Krabbe, Theurl, Michaela C., Hernandez, Miguel, Krofel, Miha, Kechev, Mihail Ognianov, Clark, Mike, Rands, Mike, Antal, Miklos, Pucetaite, Milda, Islar, Mine, Truong, Minh-Xuan A., Vighi, Morgana, Johanisova, Nadia, Prat, Narcis, Escobar, Neus, Deguines, Nicolas, Rust, Niki, Zafra-Calvo, Noelia, Maurel, Noelie, Wagner, Norman, Fitton, Nuala, Ostermann, Ole, Panferov, Oleg, Ange, Olivia, Canals, Oriol, Englund, Oskar, De Smedt, Pallieter, Petridis, Panos, Heikkurinen, Pasi, Weigelt, Patrick, Henriksson, Patrik J. G., de Castro, Paula Drummond, Matos-Maravi, Pavel, Duran, Paz, Aragon, Pedro, Cardoso, Pedro, Leitao, Pedro J., Hosner, Peter A., Biedermann, Peter, Keil, Petr, Petrik, Petr, Martin, Philip, Bocquillon, Pierre, Renaud, Pierre-Cyril, Addison, Prue, Antwis, Rachael, Carmenta, Rachel, Barrientos, Rafael, Smith, Rebecca, Rocha, Ricardo, Fuchs, Richard, Felix, Rob, Kanka, Robert, Aguilee, Robin, Padro Caminal, Roc, Libbrecht, Romain, Lorrilliere, Romain, van der Ent, Ruud J., Henders, Sabine, Pueyo, Salvador, Roturier, Samuel, Jacobs, Sander, Lavorel, Sandra, Leonhardt, Sara Diana, Fraixedas, Sara, Villen-Perez, Sara, Cornell, Sarah, Redlich, Sarah, De Smedt, Sebastian, van der Linden, Sebastian, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Petrovan, Silviu, Cesarz, Simone, Sjoberg, Sissel, Caillon, Sophie, Schindler, Stefan, Trogisch, Stefan, Taiti, Stefano, Oppel, Steffen, Lutter, Stephan, Garnett, Tara, Guedes, Thais, Wanger, Thomas Cherico, Kastner, Thomas, Worthington, Thomas, Daw, Tim, Schmoll, Tim, McPhearson, Timon, Engl, Tobias, Rutting, Tobias, Vaclavik, Tomas, Jucker, Tommaso, Robillard, Tony, Krause, Torsten, Ljubomirov, Toshko, Aavik, Tsipe, Richardson, Vanessa A., Masterson, Vanessa Anne, Seufert, Verena, Cathy, Vet Gibault, Colino Rabanal, Victor, Montade, Vincent, Thieu, Vincent, Sober, Virve, Morin, Xavier, Mehrabi, Zia, Gonzalez, Adriana Trompetero, Sanz-Cobena, Alberto, Christie, Alec Philip, Romero-Munoz, Alfredo, Dauriach, Alice, Queiroz, Allan Souza, Golland, Ami, Evans, Amy Louise, Cordero, Ana Maria Araujo, Dara, Andrey, Rilovic, Andro, Pedersen, Anna Frohn, Csergo, Anna Maria, Lewerentz, Anne, Monserand, Antoine, Valdecasas, Antonio G., Doherty, Anya, Semper-Pascual, Asuncion, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Rutschmann, Benjamin, Bongalov, Boris, Hankerson, Brett, Heylen, Brigitte, Alonso-Alvarez, Carlos, Comandulli, Carolina, Frossard, Carolina M., Mckeon, Caroline, Godde, Cecile, Palm, Celinda, Singh, Chandrakant, Sieger, Charlotte Sophie, Ohrling, Christian, Paitan, Claudia Parra, Cooper, Conor, Edler, Daniel, Roessler, Daniela C., Kessner-Beierlein, Daniela, Garcia del Amo, David, Lopez Bosch, David, Gueldner, Dino, Noll, Domink, Motivans, Elena, Canteri, Elisabetta, Garnett, Emma, Malecore, Eva, Brambach, Fabian, Ruedenauer, Fabian, Yin, Fang, Hurtado, Fernando, Mempel, Finn, de Freitas, Flavio Luiz Mazzaro, Pendrill, Florence, Leijten, Floris, Somma, Francesca, Schug, Franz, De Knijf, Geert, Peterson, Gustaf, Pe'er, Guy, Booth, Hollie, Rhee, Howon, Staude, Ingmar, Gherghel, Iulian, Vila Traver, Jaime, Kerner, Janika, Hinton, Jennifer, Hortal, Joaquin, Persson, Joel, Uddling, Johan, Coenen, Johanna, Geldmann, Jonas, Geschke, Jonas, Juergensen, Jonathan, Lobo, Jorge M., Skejo, Josip, Heinen, Julia Helena, Schuenzel, Julia, Daniel-Ferreira, Juliana, Christophe Piquet, Julien, Murtough, Katie L., Prevel, Leonie, Hissa, Leticia B. V., af Segerstad, Louise Hard, Willemse, Luc, Benavides, Lucia, Sovova, Lucie, Figueiredo, Ludmilla, Leidinger, Ludwig, Piemontese, Luigi, da Fonte, Luis Fernando Marin, Moreta, Lys Sanz, Bhan, Manan, Toledo-Hernandez, Manuel, Engert, Manuela, Davoli, Marco, Mas Navarro, Maria, Voigt, Maria, Zirion, Maria, Wandl, Marie-Theres, Kipson, Marina, Johnson, Mark D., Lukic, Marko, Goula, Marta, Jung, Martin, Nunes, Matheus Henrique, Alvarez, Matheus Rodriguez, van den Burg, Matthijs P., Guerrero, Mayra Daniela Pena, Greenfield, Michael, Lobmann, Michael, Nygren, Michelle, Guth, Miriam Karen, Koh, Niak, Stanek, Nicola, Roux, Nicolas, Karagouni, Niki, Tiralla, Nina, Mairota, Paola, Savaget, Paulo, von Doehren, Peer, Benyei, Petra, Lena, Philippe, Rufin, Philippe, Janke, Rebekka, Santagata, Remo, Motta, Renzo, Battiston, Roberto, Oyanedel, Rodrigo, Bernardo-Madrid, Ruben, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Henriques, Sergio, Bager, Simon L., Qin, Siyu, Ivkovic, Slobodan, Cooke, Sophia, Ernst, Stefan, Schmelzer, Stefan, da Silva, Sven, Faberova, Tamara, Enseroth, Tanja, De Marzo, Teresa, Pienkowski, Thomas, Engel, Thore, Boehnert, Tim, Swinfield, Tom, Kurdikova, Vendula, Chvatalova, Veronika, Lopez-Marquez, Violeta, Arlidge, William, and Zhang, Zhijie

Published
2019
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19. What drives policy change for REDD+? A qualitative comparative analysis of the interplay between institutional and policy arena factors

Author

Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, primary, Brockhaus, Maria, additional, Sehring, Jenniver, additional, Di Gregorio, Monica, additional, Assembe-Mvondo, Samuel, additional, Babon, Andrea, additional, Bekele, Melaku, additional, Benn, Vanessa, additional, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, additional, Kambire, Hermann W., additional, Kengoum, Felicien, additional, Maharani, Cynthia, additional, Menton, Mary, additional, Moeliono, Moira, additional, Ochieng, Robert, additional, Paudel, Naya Sharma, additional, Pham, Thuy Thu, additional, Dkamela, Guy Patrice, additional, and Sitoe, Almeida, additional

Published
2018
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20. What drives policy change for REDD+? A qualitative comparative analysis of the interplay between institutional and policy arena factors.

Author

Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, Brockhaus, Maria, Sehring, Jenniver, Di Gregorio, Monica, Assembe-Mvondo, Samuel, Babon, Andrea, Bekele, Melaku, Benn, Vanessa, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Kambire, Hermann W., Kengoum, Felicien, Maharani, Cynthia, Menton, Mary, Moeliono, Moira, Ochieng, Robert, Paudel, Naya Sharma, Pham, Thuy Thu, Dkamela, Guy Patrice, and Sitoe, Almeida

Subjects
EMISSION control, DEFORESTATION, FOREST degradation, CLIMATE change, COMPARATIVE studies
Abstract

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a promising climate change mitigation mechanism in developing countries. In order to identify the enabling conditions for achieving progress in the implementation of an effective, efficient and equitable REDD+, this paper examines national policy settings in a comparative analysis across 13 countries with a focus on both institutional context and the actual setting of the policy arena. The evaluation of REDD+ revealed that countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America are showing some progress, but some face backlashes in realizing the necessary transformational change to tackle deforestation and forest degradation. A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) undertaken as part of the research project showed two enabling institutional configurations facilitating progress: (1) the presence of already initiated policy change; and (2) scarcity of forest resources combined with an absence of any effective forestry framework and policies. When these were analysed alongside policy arena conditions, the paper finds that the presence of powerful transformational coalitions combined with strong ownership and leadership, and performance-based funding, can both work as a strong incentive for achieving REDD+ goals. Key policy insights The positive push of already existing policy change, or the negative stress of resource scarcity together with lack of effective policies, represents institutional conditions that can support REDD+ progress. Progress also requires the presence of powerful transformational coalitions and strong ownership and leadership. In the absence of these internal drivers, performance-based funding can work as a strong incentive. When comparing three assessments (2012, 2014, 2016) of REDD+ enabling conditions, some progress in establishing processes of change can be observed over time; however, the overall fluctuation in progress of most countries reveals the difficulty in changing the deforestation trajectory away from business as usual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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21. REDD+, transformational change and the promise of performance-based payments: a qualitative comparative analysis

Author

Brockhaus, Maria, primary, Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, additional, Sehring, Jenniver, additional, Di Gregorio, Monica, additional, Assembe-Mvondo, Samuel, additional, Babon, Andrea, additional, Bekele, Melaku, additional, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, additional, Khatri, Dil Bahadur, additional, Kambire, Hermann, additional, Kengoum, Felicien, additional, Kweka, Demetrius, additional, Menton, Mary, additional, Moeliono, Moira, additional, Paudel, Naya Sharma, additional, Pham, Thuy Thu, additional, Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja, additional, Sitoe, Almeida, additional, Wunder, Sven, additional, and Zida, Mathurin, additional

Published
2016
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22. REDD+, transformational change and the promise of performance-based payments: a qualitative comparative analysis.

Author

Brockhaus, Maria, Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, Sehring, Jenniver, Di Gregorio, Monica, Assembe-Mvondo, Samuel, Babon, Andrea, Bekele, Melaku, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Khatri, Dil Bahadur, Kambire, Hermann, Kengoum, Felicien, Kweka, Demetrius, Menton, Mary, Moeliono, Moira, Paudel, Naya Sharma, Pham, Thuy Thu, Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja, Sitoe, Almeida, Wunder, Sven, and Zida, Mathurin

Subjects
DEFORESTATION, FOREST degradation, CLIMATE change, EMISSIONS (Air pollution), PSYCHOLOGICAL ownership
Abstract

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a promising climate change mitigation mechanism in developing countries. This article examines the national political context in 13 REDD+ countries in order to identify the enabling conditions for achieving progress with the implementation of countries’ REDD+ policies and measures. The analysis builds on a qualitative comparative analysis of various countries’ progress with REDD+ conducted in 12 REDD+ countries in 2012, which highlighted the importance of factors such as already initiated policy change, and the presence of coalitions calling for broader policy change. A follow-up survey in 2014 was considered timely because the REDD+ policy arena, at the international and country levels, is highly dynamic and undergoes constant evolution, which affects progress with REDD+ policy-making and implementation. Furthermore, we will now examine whether the ‘promise’ of performance-based funds has played a role in enabling the establishment of REDD+. The results show a set of enabling conditions and characteristics of the policy process under which REDD+ policies can be established. The study finds that the existence of broader policy change, and availability of performance-based funding in combination with strong national ownership of the REDD+ policy process, may help guide other countries seeking to formulate REDD+ policies that are likely to deliver efficient, effective and equitable outcomes. Policy relevance Tropical forest countries struggle with the design and implementation of coherent policies and measures to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Evidence on which factors and configurations are crucial to make progress towards these challenging policy objectives will be helpful for decision makers and practitioners at all levels involved in REDD+. Key findings highlight the importance of already initiated policy change, and the availability of performance-based funding in combination with strong national ownership of the REDD+ process. These findings provide guidance to REDD+ countries as to which enabling conditions need to be strengthened to facilitate effective, efficient and equitable REDD+ policy formulation and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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23. Beyond Rewards and Punishments in the Brazilian Amazon: Practical Implications of the REDD+ Discourse.

Author

Gebara, Maria Fernanda and Agrawal, Arun

Subjects
EMISSION control, CONTROL of deforestation, CONTROL of forest degradation, FOREST conservation
Abstract

Through different policies and measures reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation and enhancing conservation (REDD+) has grown into a way to induce behavior change of forest managers and landowners in tropical countries. We argue that debates around REDD+ in Brazil have typically highlighted rewards and punishments, obscuring other core interventions and strategies that are also critically important to reach the goal of reducing deforestation, supporting livelihoods, and promoting conservation (i.e., technology transfer and capacity building). We adopt Foucault's concepts of governmentality and technologies of governance to provide a reading of the REDD+ discourse in Brazil and to offer an historical genealogy of the rewards and punishments approach. By analyzing practical elements from REDD+ implementation in the Brazilian Amazon, our research provides insights on the different dimensions in which smallholders react to rewards and punishments. In doing so, we add to the debate on governmentality, supplementing its focus on rationalities of governance with attention to the social practices in which such rationalities are embedded. Our research also suggests that the techniques of remuneration and coercion on which a rewards and punishments approach relies are only supporting limited behavioral changes on the ground, generating negative adaptations of deforestation practices, reducing positive feedbacks and, perhaps as importantly, producing only short-term outcomes at the expense of positive long-term land use changes. Furthermore, the approach ignores local heterogeneities and the differences between the agents engaging in forest clearing in the Amazon. The practical elements of the REDD+ discourse in Brazil suggest the rewards and punishments approach profoundly limits our understanding of human behavior by reducing the complex and multi-dimensional to a linear and rational simplicity. Such simplification leads to an underestimation of smallholders' capacity to play a key role in climate mitigation and adaptation. We conclude by highlighting the importance of looking at local heterogeneities and capacities and the need to promote trust, altruism and responsibility towards others and future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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24. Taking Stock of Carbon Rights in REDD+ Candidate Countries: Concept Meets Reality.

Author

Loft, Lasse, Ravikumar, Ashwin, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Pham, Thu Thuy, Pradnja Resosudarmo, Ida Aju, Assembe, Samuel, Tovar, Jazmín Gonzales, Mwangi, Esther, and Andersson, Krister

Subjects
CARBON, GREENHOUSE gas mitigation, DEFORESTATION, LAND degradation, FOREST management, PROPERTY rights, LEGAL rights, GOVERNMENT policy
Abstract

In the discourses on who should benefit from national REDD+ implementation, rights-based approaches are prominent across various countries. Options on how to create viable property rights arrangements are currently being debated by scholars, policy makers and practitioners alike. Many REDD+ advocates argue that assigning carbon rights represents a solution to insecure individual and community property rights. But carbon rights, i.e., the bundle of legal rights to carbon sequestered in biomass, present their own set of theoretical and practical challenges. We assess the status and approaches chosen in emerging carbon-rights legislations in five REDD+ countries based on a literature review and country expert knowledge: Peru, Brazil, Cameroon, Vietnam and Indonesia. We find that most countries assessed have not yet made final decisions as to the type of benefit sharing mechanisms they intend to implement and that there is a lack of clarity about who owns rights to carbon as a property and who is entitled to receive benefits. However, there is a trend of linking carbon rights to land rights. As such, the technical and also political challenges that land tenure clarification has faced over the past decades will still need to be addressed in the context of carbon rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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25. References.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Published
2016
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26. 9: Implications for the 3Es.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the implications of the REDD+ emission reduction strategy for the efficiency, effectiveness and equity (3Es) of forest policy implementation in developing areas. Topics covered include the association of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon with globalized markets for minerals and other commodities, the challenge for developing policies that ensure efficient deforestation reduction and the inconsistencies in sources of financing for REDD+.

Published
2016
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27. 6: Financing REDD+.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the policy for financing REDD+ or the countries' efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and foster conservation and sustainable management of forests. Topics covered include the climate finance initiatives used to contribute to the mitigation and adaptation of other countries, the rules created for the fundraising for REDD+ initiatives and the main resources for financing in Brazil.

Published
2016
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28. 5: The environmental policy of REDD+: Actors and political processes.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the environmental policy of the REDD+ emission reduction in Brazil. Topics covered include the macro-policies for climate change in the country, the challenge for creating an environmental policy conducive to forest conservation and the country's position and initiatives aligned with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Published
2016
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29. 4: The political economy of deforestation and forest degradation.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the public policies which have influenced deforestation and forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Topics covered include the association of accelerated deforestation rates with the presence of infrastructure projects, the rural credit programs that prioritize livestock ranching and the urbanization models that can be identified in the region.

Published
2016
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30. 3: Rights and natural resources.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the political and economic factors, and describes the context in which the causes of deforestation and environmental degradation in Brazil operate. Topics covered include the gaps of information on land ownership in the Brazilian Amazon, the rights of indigenous people to carbon, land and forests and the difficulty in the implementation of REDD+ emission reduction activities in the region.

Published
2016
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31. 2: Institutional environment and forest governance.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the institutional factors associated with governance and rights of access to land and forest resources in Brazil. Topics covered include the positions adopted by the government in relation to agreements on forestry, conservation and climate change, the conditions of governance in areas threatened by deforestation and degradation and the obstacles to forest governance in the area.

Published
2016
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32. 1: Forests, land use trends and drivers of deforestation and degradation.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the main trends in land use and the factors driving deforestation and degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Topics covered include the forest resources in the region, the rotations between attempts to regulate usage and occupation in the forests and periods in which forests were neglected by the government and the changes in the percentage of greenhouse gas (GHG) produced by agricultural sectors.

Published
2016
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33. List of abbreviations.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, de Barcellos, Luiza Muccillo, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

A list of the abbreviations which appeared within the issue is presented including Brazilian Attorney General, National Water Agency and Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil.

Published
2016
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34. Chapter 1: Introduction.

Author

Loft, Lasse, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, and Wong, Grace Y.

Abstract

The article discusses Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) activities and policies, how REDD+ countries can manage their forest for the welfare of people, and implementation of national REDD+ schemes.

Published
2016

35. Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV).

Author

Jagger, Pamela, Brockhaus, Maria, Duchelle, Amy E., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Lawlor, Kathleen, Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja, and Sunderlin, William D.

Subjects
SOCIAL policy, GOVERNMENT policy -- Social aspects, CIVIL society, LAW
Abstract

REDD+ social safeguards have gained increasing attention in numerous forums. This paper reviews the evolution of multi-level policy dialogues, processes, and actions related to REDD+ social safeguards (e.g., Cancun Safeguards 1–5) among policy makers, civil society organizations, and within the media in Brazil, Indonesia and Tanzania, three countries with well advanced REDD+ programs. We find that progress on core aspects of social safeguards is uneven across the three countries. Brazil is by far the most advanced having drafted a REDD+ social safeguards policy. Both Brazil and Indonesia have benefited from progress made by strong sub-national entities in the operationalization of REDD+ safeguards including free prior and informed consent (FPIC), participation, and benefit sharing. Tanzania has weakly articulated how social safeguards will be operationalized and has a more top-down approach. We conclude that in all three countries, measuring, reporting and verifying progress on social safeguards is likely to be a complex issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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36. What drives policy change for REDD+? A qualitative comparative analysis of the interplay between institutional and policy arena factors

Author

Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, Brockhaus, Maria, Jenniver Sehring, Gregorio, Monica Di, Assembe-Mvondo, Samuel, Babon, Andrea, Melaku Bekele, Benn, Vanessa, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Kambire, Hermann W., Kengoum, Felicien, Maharani, Cynthia, Menton, Mary, Moeliono, Moira, Ochieng, Robert, Naya Sharma Paudel, Pham, Thuy Thu, Dkamela, Guy Patrice, and Almeida Sitoe

Subjects
13. Climate action, 1. No poverty, 15. Life on land
Abstract

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a promising climate change mitigation mechanism in developing countries. In order to identify the enabling conditions for achieving progress in the implementation of an effective, efficient and equitable REDD+, this paper examines national policy settings in a comparative analysis across 13 countries with a focus on both institutional context and the actual setting of the policy arena. The evaluation of REDD+ revealed that countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America are showing some progress, but some face backlashes in realizing the necessary transformational change to tackle deforestation and forest degradation. A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) undertaken as part of the research project showed two enabling institutional configurations facilitating progress: (1) the presence of already initiated policy change; and (2) scarcity of forest resources combined with an absence of any effective forestry framework and policies. When these were analysed alongside policy arena conditions, the paper finds that the presence of powerful transformational coalitions combined with strong ownership and leadership, and performance-based funding, can both work as a strong incentive for achieving REDD+ goals. Key policy insightsThe positive push of already existing policy change, or the negative stress of resource scarcity together with lack of effective policies, represents institutional conditions that can support REDD+ progress.Progress also requires the presence of powerful transformational coalitions and strong ownership and leadership. In the absence of these internal drivers, performance-based funding can work as a strong incentive.When comparing three assessments (2012, 2014, 2016) of REDD+ enabling conditions, some progress in establishing processes of change can be observed over time; however, the overall fluctuation in progress of most countries reveals the difficulty in changing the deforestation trajectory away from business as usual. The positive push of already existing policy change, or the negative stress of resource scarcity together with lack of effective policies, represents institutional conditions that can support REDD+ progress. Progress also requires the presence of powerful transformational coalitions and strong ownership and leadership. In the absence of these internal drivers, performance-based funding can work as a strong incentive. When comparing three assessments (2012, 2014, 2016) of REDD+ enabling conditions, some progress in establishing processes of change can be observed over time; however, the overall fluctuation in progress of most countries reveals the difficulty in changing the deforestation trajectory away from business as usual.

37. What drives policy change for REDD+? A qualitative comparative analysis of the interplay between institutional and policy arena factors

Author

Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, Brockhaus, Maria, Jenniver Sehring, Gregorio, Monica Di, Assembe-Mvondo, Samuel, Babon, Andrea, Melaku Bekele, Benn, Vanessa, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Kambire, Hermann W., Kengoum, Felicien, Maharani, Cynthia, Menton, Mary, Moeliono, Moira, Ochieng, Robert, Naya Sharma Paudel, Pham, Thuy Thu, Dkamela, Guy Patrice, and Almeida Sitoe

Subjects
13. Climate action, 1. No poverty, 15. Life on land
Abstract

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a promising climate change mitigation mechanism in developing countries. In order to identify the enabling conditions for achieving progress in the implementation of an effective, efficient and equitable REDD+, this paper examines national policy settings in a comparative analysis across 13 countries with a focus on both institutional context and the actual setting of the policy arena. The evaluation of REDD+ revealed that countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America are showing some progress, but some face backlashes in realizing the necessary transformational change to tackle deforestation and forest degradation. A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) undertaken as part of the research project showed two enabling institutional configurations facilitating progress: (1) the presence of already initiated policy change; and (2) scarcity of forest resources combined with an absence of any effective forestry framework and policies. When these were analysed alongside policy arena conditions, the paper finds that the presence of powerful transformational coalitions combined with strong ownership and leadership, and performance-based funding, can both work as a strong incentive for achieving REDD+ goals. Key policy insightsThe positive push of already existing policy change, or the negative stress of resource scarcity together with lack of effective policies, represents institutional conditions that can support REDD+ progress.Progress also requires the presence of powerful transformational coalitions and strong ownership and leadership. In the absence of these internal drivers, performance-based funding can work as a strong incentive.When comparing three assessments (2012, 2014, 2016) of REDD+ enabling conditions, some progress in establishing processes of change can be observed over time; however, the overall fluctuation in progress of most countries reveals the difficulty in changing the deforestation trajectory away from business as usual. The positive push of already existing policy change, or the negative stress of resource scarcity together with lack of effective policies, represents institutional conditions that can support REDD+ progress. Progress also requires the presence of powerful transformational coalitions and strong ownership and leadership. In the absence of these internal drivers, performance-based funding can work as a strong incentive. When comparing three assessments (2012, 2014, 2016) of REDD+ enabling conditions, some progress in establishing processes of change can be observed over time; however, the overall fluctuation in progress of most countries reveals the difficulty in changing the deforestation trajectory away from business as usual.

38. Deconstructing the policyscape for reducing deforestation in the Eastern Amazon: practical insights for a landscape approach

Author

Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Sills, Erin, May, Peter, Forsyth, Tim, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Sills, Erin, May, Peter, and Forsyth, Tim

Abstract

In international debates on climate change mitigation and forests, there is increased recognition of the importance of a landscape approach to effectively address tropical deforestation. Such an approach, although increasingly promoted, remains only loosely defined and requires further development in order to effectively integrate different interventions at landscape level. In particular, it is important to understand the possible interactions between different landscape interventions at local level—where they are intended to have effect—and the challenges associated with them. Inspired by the complexity of policy mix analysis, this article seeks to shed light on these interactions by analysing how different policies and measures for reducing deforestation and degradation have played out in a jurisdiction with wide-ranging actors and interventions aimed at shaping their behaviour. Focusing on smallholders, we examine the Sustainable Landscapes Pilot Programme in São Félix do Xingu, looking at how different policies interact—categorising interactions as “complementary,” “mutually reinforcing” (synergistic), “in conflict,” “interdependent,” and/or “redundant”—and explain how proponents of this pilot programme seek to integrate them. Most analysis is based on primary data collected through quantitative (i.e., random stratified sampling and surveys) and qualitative (i.e., observation and focus groups) methods. The São Félix do Xingu case shows that understanding effects of different policies and measures on people's behaviour requires a deeper look at local perceptions and reactions to such policies and measures, something most studies on the topic have overlooked. Ultimately, the heterogeneity and complexity of social practices that permeate landscapes must be recognised in order to integrate diverse measures to reduce deforestation.

39. REDD+ policy networks in Brazil: constraints and opportunities for successful policy making

Author

Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Fatorelli, Leandra, May, Peter, Zhang, Shaozeng, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Fatorelli, Leandra, May, Peter, and Zhang, Shaozeng

Abstract

The prospective introduction of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and enhancement of carbon stocks) in Brazil has generated many questions about its form of implementation and likely environmental effectiveness. These issues must be addressed to reduce the risks associated with REDD+, such as conflicts over land and forest resources, and increase the likelihood of successful outcomes, as equitable benefits sharing. In this study, we examine how policy actors such as NGOs, government, and the private sector influence the REDD+ policy process in Brazil. We analyze actors’ positions on key issues in REDD+ (conflicts; benefits sharing; free, prior, and informed consent; tenure; and coordination) to identify associated constraints and opportunities for REDD+ policy making with a focus on the national strategy. We examine the structure of three policy networks in this policy arena (prestige, information exchange, and collaboration) with the aim of explaining these constraints and opportunities, so that policy can be positively modified or adapted ahead of its implementation. We note that the presence of polarization on the issues analyzed implies the need for better negotiation among actors if REDD+ is to move forward effectively. Furthermore, the absence of coordination between types of actors (private sector, government, and NGOs) suggests that achieving optimal REDD+ governance in Brazil will be difficult. Finally, we propose some directions for REDD+ policy making in Brazil that could help policy managers and stakeholders improve the design and implementation of the national strategy.

40. 10: Conclusions: Next steps for Brazil on REDD+.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the implementation of REDD+ emission reduction strategy in Brazil. Topics covered include the barriers to the mobilization process of projects supporting REDD+, the progress in the governance of forest resources in the country and the adoption of the Forest Law. Also mentioned is the idea of creating incentives and policy reforms in the forest sector.

Published
2016
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41. 8: Benefit sharing.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the development of a distribution system of incentives and benefit sharing for reduction of emissions from deforestation in Brazil. Topics covered include the possible incentive to finance reduction activities in various biomes, the samples of initiatives implemented in areas inhabited by traditional communities and indigenous peoples and the purpose of the Paiter Surui Fund.

Published
2016
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42. 7: Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV).

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) process used for the forest resources in Brazil. Topics covered include the goal of presenting data on net emissions from the forestry sector, the partnership formed to address deforestation in Mato Gross state and the objectives of the Forest Transparency Program. Also mentioned is the basis of the country's MRV process.

Published
2016
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43. Executive summary.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

The article discusses the deforestation and degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Topics covered include the promotion of activities that contribute to degradation in the national political arena, the adoption of quantitative targets for reduction in deforestation and the factors undermining the reduction prospects in the area. Also mentioned is the capacity to monitor and assess the status of forestland conversion.

Published
2016
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44. Chapter 2: Assessment of EFTs: 2.4: Equity.

Author

Loft, Lasse, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, and Wong, Grace Y.

Abstract

The article discusses distributional equity implications of ecological fiscal transfers (EFTs) along with information on redistribution of general tax revenue, fiscal transfer scheme affecting Portugal, and indirect distributional effects of EFTs on individual land users.

Published
2016

45. Chapter 2: Assessment of EFTs: 2.3: Cost effectiveness.

Author

Loft, Lasse, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, and Wong, Grace Y.

Abstract

The article discusses cost effectiveness for conservation measures in ecological fiscal transfers (EFTs) along with information on policy and management costs for EFTs to remain low, and environmental protection cost depending on geographic and socioeconomic factors.

Published
2016

46. Acknowledgments.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Published
2016
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47. Introduction.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

An introduction to the topics published within the issue is presented including the main trends of use of land and forest, the main institutional factors associated with governance and rights and the development of national strategy for the REDD emission reduction programme.

Published
2016
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48. List of fgures, tables and boxes.

Author

May, Peter H., Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Muccillo de Barcellos, Luiza, Rizek, Maytê Benicio, and Millikan, Brent

Abstract

A list of the figures, tables and boxes which appeared within the issue is presented including the states of the Brazilian Legal Amazon, the main natural vegetation categories in the Legal Amazon and rate of annual deforestation in the area.

Published
2016
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49. Chapter 3: Conclusion.

Author

Loft, Lasse, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, and Wong, Grace Y.

Abstract

The article focuses on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) benefit-sharing scheme along with information on targeting sub-national public actors, inter-governmental fiscal revenue sharing mechanisms, and fiscal instrument reducing cost of their establishment.

Published
2016

50. Chapter 2: Assessment of EFTs: 2.2: Conditionality of payments.

Author

Loft, Lasse, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, and Wong, Grace Y.

Abstract

The article discusses conditionality of payments for ecological fiscal transfers in Brazil and mentions inclusion of result based payment for "Imposto sobre Operações relativas à Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual e.

Published
2016

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