Search

Tao Zhou,1 Lei Jia,1 Yi-Feng Luo,2 Jun Xu,1 Ru-Hua Chen,2 Zhi-Jun Ge,2 Tie-Liang Ma,2 Hong Chen,2 Tao-Feng Zhu2 1Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 2The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China Abstract: A novel multifunctional halloysite nanotube (HNT)-based Fe3O4@HNT-polyethyleneimine-Tip-Eu(dibenzoylmethane)3 nanocomposite (Fe-HNT-Eu NC) with both photoluminescent and magnetic properties was fabricated by a simple one-step hydrothermal process combined with the coupling grafting method, which exhibited high suspension stability and excellent photophysical behavior. The as-prepared multifunctional Fe-HNT-Eu NC was characterized using various techniques. The results of cell viability assay, cell morphological observation, and in vivo toxicity assay indicated that the NC exhibited excellent biocompatibility over the studied concentration range, suggesting that the obtained Fe-HNT-Eu NC was a suitable material for bioimaging and biological applications in human hepatic adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, the biocompatible Fe-HNT-Eu NC displayed superparamagnetic behavior with high saturation magnetization and also functioned as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in vitro and in vivo. The results of the MRI tests indicated that the Fe-HNT-Eu NC can significantly decrease the T2 signal intensity values of the normal liver tissue and thus make the boundary between the normal liver and transplanted cancer more distinct, thus effectively improving the diagnosis effect of cancers. Keywords: halloysite nanotube, lanthanide complex, iron oxide, luminescence, contrast agent

Background: Controlled ovarian stimulation is a common skill of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In the clinic, some females would undergo more than one controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. However, few studies have focused on the influence of multi-superovulation on oocytes and offspring., Results: Here, we found that multi-superovulation disrupted the transcriptome of oocytes and that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated mainly with metabolism and fertilization. The disruption of mRNA degradation via poly (A) size and metabolism might be a reason for the reduced oocyte maturation rate induced by repeated superovulation. Multi-superovulation results in hypo-genomic methylation in oocytes. However, there was an increase in the methylation level of CGIs. The DMRs are not randomly distributed in genome elements. Genes with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in promoters are enriched in metabolic pathways. With increasing of superovulation cycles, the glucose and insulin tolerance of offspring is also disturbed., Conclusions: These results suggest that multi-superovulation has adverse effects on oocyte quality and offspring health., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Maternal diabetes compromises the quality and developmental potential of oocytes. Therefore, it is important to study how to ameliorate the adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has a variety of physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetes. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of EGCG on the maturation of diabetic oocytes in vitro., Objective: Investigating the role of EGCG in restoring the adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality., Methods: Diabetes mouse model was established by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Oocytes were collected and matured in vitro with/without EGCG in M16 medium., Results: Compared with control, diabetic oocytes have a higher frequency of spindle defects and chromosome misalignment, but EGCG effectively reduces the incidence of oocytes with abnormal spindle assembly and chromosome mismatches. Moreover, the abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of diabetic oocytes is significantly alleviated by EGCG, and the reduced expression of genes regulating mitochondrial fusion (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and fission (Drp1) in diabetic oocytes is significantly increased while EGCG is added. EGCG also decreases the higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic oocytes that may be regulated by the increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2). EGCG can also reduce the DNA damage of diabetic oocytes., Conclusions: Our results suggest that EGCG, at least partially, improve the quality of diabetic oocytes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Statement There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Undernourishment in utero has deleterious effects on the metabolism of offspring, but the mechanism of the transgenerational transmission of metabolic disorders is not well known. In the present study, we found that undernourishment in utero resulted in metabolic disorders of female F1 and F2 in mouse model., Results: Undernutrition in utero induced metabolic disorders of F1 females, which was transmitted to F2 females. The global methylation in oocytes of F1 exposed to undernutrition in utero was decreased compared with the control. KEGG analysis showed that genes with differential methylation regions (DMRs) in promoters were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways. The altered methylation of some DMRs in F1 oocytes located at the promoters of metabolic-related genes were partially observed in F2 tissues, and the expressions of these genes were also changed. Meanwhile, the abnormal DNA methylation of the validated DMRs in F1 oocytes was also observed in F2 oocytes., Conclusions: These results indicate that DNA methylation may mediate the transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disorders induced by undernourishment in utero via female germline., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Scope: Tea is a popular beverage worldwide and has many health functions. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is an important bioactive component of tea and has benefit to health. In some cases, oocytes after ovulation may miss the optimal fertilization time and enter a postovulatory ageing process. Therefore, to investigate the role of PCA in delaying oocyte ageing is aimed., Methods and Results: Metaphase II (MII) oocytes aged in vitro are randomly divided into three groups: control, aged, and aged + PCA. PCA treatment (30 µM) reduces the fragmentation rate and the incidence of abnormal spindle morphology and chromosome misalignment of oocytes aged 24 h in vitro. The mitochondrial dysfunction of aged oocytes, such as decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS), is also alleviated by PCA. PCA also delays apoptosis of aged oocytes, and improves the sperm binding capacity. Otherwise, aged oocytes treated with PCA have a higher fertilization rate and blastocyst rate compared with untreated aged oocytes in vitro., Conclusion: PCA is an important bioactive ingredient of tea that improves aged oocyte quality, suggesting that PCA is available to improve the quality of aged oocytes in vitro., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Diazinon (DZN) is a refractory organophosphorus pesticide (OP) in the surrounding environment due to its overuse in agriculture. The antioxidant activity of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea is at least 100 times greater than that of vitamin C. This study aimed to study the effects of DZN on the meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes, as well as the protective roles of EGCG. Firstly, the effects of DZN and EGCG on meiotic nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes were detected, and then embryonic development was investigated by chemical parthenogenetic activation. Next, the spindle assembly, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, and finally the early apoptosis of oocytes were examined by immunofluorescence staining. The results revealed that DZN exposure significantly reduced the quality of porcine oocytes, such as failure of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, evidenced by abnormal spindle assembly, disordered chromosome alignment, low MMP, observably increased ROS, severe DNA damage, and early apoptosis. Appropriate EGCG could significantly reduce all these defects caused by DZN. In conclusion, EGCG can help prevent the harm that DZN exposure can do. These findings offer convincing support for enhancing the oocyte quality from EGCG through daily ordinary beverages., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

For humans, ARTs (assisted reproductive technologies) have become the most effective method to treat subfertility/infertility in clinic. To obtain enough oocytes during ART, ovarian stimulation is performed by exogenous hormones, and some patients undergo several ovarian stimulation cycles. Although some adverse effects of ARTs on women and offspring are reported, few studies are focused on the effects of multiple superovulation on ovarian reserve. In the present study, we found that repeated superovulation significantly reduced primordial follicle number and the serum AMH. Compared to the decreased antral follicle number, the expression of genes related to primordial follicle activation, such as Foxo3 , Akt , and Rptor, and the atretic follicle number in ovaries were increased by superovulation times. We further found that repeated superovulation reduced the plasma level of FSH, LH, and estradiol, and increased the expression of genes related to apoptosis ( Bax , Casp3 ( caspase-3 ), Casp8 , and Casp9 ) in granulosa cells, providing evidence that repeated superovulation disrupted the balance between survival and death in granulosa cells. In summary, our results suggest that repeated superovulation has adverse effects on folliculogenesis.

Intranasal sufentanil combined with intranasal dexmedetomidine exhibited an estimated sedation success probability as high as 94.9%, higher satisfaction scores, and only minor adverse events during endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). This is a promising method for EUS sedation that does not require the presence of an anesthesiologist., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Organophosphorus pesticide diazinon (DZN) has adverse effects on animals and humans by direct contact or the spread of food chain. The antioxidant melatonin has protective effects on female reproduction. This study aimed to explore the effects of DZN on meiosis maturation in mouse cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) and the effects of melatonin., Main Methods: Different concentrations of DZN and melatonin were added during the in vitro maturation of COCs. Then we detected the extrusion rate of the first polar body, the number of sperms binding to oocyte, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS), early apoptosis. Subsequently, the expression of Juno, CX37, CX43 and ERK1/2 were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting., Key Findings: DZN exposure results in the failure of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocyte meiosis. Destruction of repositioning and function of mitochondria increases the levels of ROS and early apoptosis. The DZN-exposed oocytes express less Juno resulting to bind less sperms than normal. The loss of gap junctions and failure to activate ERK1/2 also contribute to the failure of cytoplasmic maturation. All these ultimately lead to the poor oocyte quality and low fertility. Appropriate melatonin can effectively restore all these defects., Significance: Under DZN exposure, melatonin can significantly improve the quality of oocytes, and melatonin promotes oocyte maturation by protecting gap junction and restoring ERK1/2 pathway, which is a new breakthrough for improving female fertility., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Maternal diabetes mellitus reduces oocyte quality, such as abnormalities of spindle assembly and chromosome segregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease of fertilization rate, increase of ROS, and so on. So, it is important to research how to restore the decreased oocyte quality induced by maternal diabetes mellitus. Polyphenols are the most abundant bioactive components of green tea. It is reported that tea polyphenols have many health functions, for instance anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetes. Thus, we hypothesize that tea polyphenols may play a crucial role in alleviating adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality. In the present study, we researched the effects of tea polyphenols on diabetic oocyte maturation in vitro . Compared with the control, oocytes from diabetic mice displayed a lower maturation rate and a higher frequency of spindle defects and chromosome misalignment. However, tea polyphenols significantly increased the oocyte maturation rate, and reduced the incidence of abnormal spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Tea polyphenols also obviously decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in diabetic oocytes, and increased the expression of antioxidant genes ( Sod1 and Sod2 ). Abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential was also alleviated in diabetic oocytes, and the expression of genes regulating mitochondrial fusion ( Opa1 , Mfn1 and Mfn2 ) and fission ( Drp1 ) was significantly increased while tea polyphenols were added. Meanwhile, tea polyphenols reduced DNA damage in diabetic oocytes which may be mediated by the increased expression of Rad51 , related to DNA damage repair. Our results suggest that tea polyphenols would, at least partially, restore the adverse effects of diabetes mellitus on oocyte quality.

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) has been used to prevent maternal transmission of disease-causing mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). However, because MRT requires nuclear transfer, it carries the risk of mtDNA carryover and hence of the reversion of mtDNA to pathogenic levels owing to selective replication and genetic drift. Here we show in HeLa cells, mouse embryos and human embryos that mtDNA heteroplasmy can be reduced by pre-labelling the mitochondrial outer membrane of a donor zygote via microinjection with an mRNA coding for a transmembrane peptide fused to an autophagy receptor, to induce the degradation of the labelled mitochondria via forced mitophagy. Forced mitophagy reduced mtDNA carryover in newly reconstructed embryos after MRT, and had negligible effects on the growth curve, reproduction, exercise capacity and other behavioural characteristics of the offspring mice. The induction of forced mitophagy to degrade undesired donor mtDNA may increase the clinical feasibility of MRT and could be extended to other nuclear transfer techniques., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Aims: We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on emergency and cardiovascular disease-related calls in Hangzhou, China., Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study, collecting data on emergency calls to the Hangzhou Emergency Center (HEC) during the COVID-19 epidemic (January 20, 2020, to March 15, 2020). Data were compared with the same period in 2019., Results: Compared to 2019, the number of emergency calls has dropped by 21.63%, ambulance calls by 29.02%, rescue calls by 22.57%, and cardiovascular disease-related emergency calls by 32.86%. The numbers of emergency, ambulance, and rescue calls in 2020 were significantly lower than in 2019., Conclusions: During the COVID-19 epidemic in Hangzhou, the numbers of emergency and cardiovascular disease-related calls have decreased significantly. These results point to a severe social problem that requires the attention of the medical community and the government., (© 2021. Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland.)

Tea is the second most popular beverage in the world and beneficial to health. It has been demonstrated that tea polyphenols can reduce the risk of diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, etc . But the knowledge of tea extract on the female germline is limited. Folliculogenesis is a complicated process and prone to be affected by ROS. Tea polyphenols can reduce the accumulation of ROS in folliculogenesis and affect oocyte maturation. Tea extract also influences granulosa cell proliferation and expansion during oocyte growth and maturation. However, the studies about the benefits of tea extract on female germline are few, and the underlying mechanisms are obscure. In the present study, we will mainly discuss the effects of tea extract on ovarian function, oocyte maturation, and the underlying possible mechanisms, and according to the discussion, we suggest that tea extract may have benefits for oocytes at an appropriate dose.

Background: Many people have experienced novel coronavirus pneumonia since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. The Chinese government has encouraged people to wear face masks in public places; however, due to the large population, there may be a series of problems related to this recommendation, including shortages of masks and lack of an optimal disposal method for used masks., Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of mask shortages and used masks in China., Methods: A questionnaire survey was designed to assess the current status of mask shortages and used masks. The differences among groups were analyzed with chi-square tests., Results: The constituent ratio of those who reuse masks was 61%. Obtaining masks from the drugstore was reported to be very difficult due to high demand and short supply, and approximately 1/3 of the respondents purchased expensive masks. Most people know how to properly handle used masks, and only 7% of them casually discard masks. However, 50% of respondents have seen others throw away used masks at will. A further subgroup analysis showed that respondents in Central China tended to use masks repeatedly, as did medical personnel. Females, people living in the central region, and medical personnel may find it more difficult to purchase masks in drugstores. Non-medical personnel may be more likely to buy expensive masks. Females, people living in the western region, and medical personnel may be more likely to know how to properly handle used masks and not to discard used masks at will. Medical personnel may be more likely to observe others discarding used masks at will., Conclusion: In response to COVID-19, the public should be encouraged to use face masks and are advised not to reuse or throw away masks at will due to safety concerns., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 Chen et al.)

Purpose: To investigate the antitumor efficacy of pingyangmycin (PYM) in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody and determine the capability of PYM to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells., Methods: The murine 4T1 breast cancer and B16 melanoma models were used for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of the combination of PYM with anti-PD-1 antibody. The ELISA kits were used to quantify the ICD related ATP and HMGB1 levels. The Transwell assay was conducted to determine the chemotaxis ability of THP-1 cell in vitro. The flow cytometry was used to measure reactive oxygen species level and analyze the ratio of immune cell subsets., Results: PYM induced ICD in murine 4T1 breast cancer and B16 melanoma cells and increased the release of nucleic acid fragments that may further promote the monocytic chemotaxis. In the 4T1 murine breast cancer model, PYM alone, anti-PD-1 antibody alone, and their combination suppressed tumor growth by 66.3%, 16.1% and 77.6%, respectively. PYM markedly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody against 4T1 breast cancer. The calculated CDI (coefficient of drug interaction) indicated synergistic effect. Evaluated by graphic analysis, the nucleated cells intensity in the femur bone marrow remained unchanged. Histopathological observations revealed no noticeable toxico-pathological changes in the lung and various organs, indicating that the PYM and anti-PD-1 antibody combination exerted enhanced efficacy at well-tolerated dosage level. By the combination treatment, a panel of immunological changes emerged. The ratio of CD3 + cells, NK cells and NKT cells increased and Tregs decreased in peripheral blood. The DCs increased in the spleen. Prominent changes occurred in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The ratio of CD8 + cells increased, while that of CD4 + cells decreased; however, the ratio of CD3 + cells remained unchanged, implying that certain immunological responses emerged in the tumor microenvironment. PYM alone could also increase CD8 + cells and reduce CD4 + cells in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes., Conclusions: The studies indicate that PYM, as an ICD inducer with mild myelosuppression effect, may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody in association with tumor infiltrating CD8 + T cell augmentation.

Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used non-selective and oxidizing herbicide in farmland, orchards, flower nursery, and grassland. Overuse of PQ will accumulate in the body and affect the reproduction in mammals. In this study, we found that PQ could reduce the female fertility by oral administration for 21 days in mice. PQ exposure could impair the nuclear maturation by perturbing the spindle assembly and kinetochore-microtubule attachment to cause the misaligned chromosomes during meiosis. In the meantime, PQ exposure disturbed the mitochondrial distribution and enhanced the level of reactive oxygen species and early apoptosis, which thereby deteriorated the early embryo development. Also, PQ administration could cause some changes in epigenetic modifications such as the level of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3. Therefore, PQ administration reduces the female fertility by impairing the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes in mice., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Sun, Wang, Yang, Ge, Zhao, Luo, Shen, Sun and Yin.)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of persistent organic environmental pollutants with a total of 209 homologs. The homolog 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118) is one of the most important dioxin-like PCBs and is highly toxic. PCB118 can accumulate in human tissues, serum and breast milk, which leads to direct exposure of the fetus during development. In the present study, pregnant mice were exposed to 0, 20 and 100 μg/kg/day of PCB118 during the stage of fetal primordial germ cell migration. Compared with the control group, we found morphological alterations of the seminiferous tubules and a higher sperm deformity rate in the male offspring in the treatment groups. Furthermore, the methylation patterns in the treatment groups of the imprinted genes H19 and Gtl2 in the sperm were altered in the male offspring. We also characterized the disturbance of the expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Dnmt3l, and Uhrf1. The results indicated that intrauterine exposure to low doses of PCB118 could significantly damage the reproductive health of the male offspring. Therefore, attention should be paid to the adverse effects of PCB118 exposure during pregnancy on the reproductive system of male offspring., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objective: In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary habits and the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers in Qidong, an hepatitis B virus (HBV)-epidemic area in China., Methods: A total of 3199 HBsAg carriers aged 30-70 years in a prospective cohort in Qidong, China from 2007 to 2011 were included in the study. At baseline, all participants self-reported their dietary habits in a questionnaire interview. A follow-up check-up was performed every 6 months to identify HCC cases until November 2017. Cox's regression analysis and an interaction analysis were performed to estimate the relative risks of HCC in terms of baseline diet., Results: Among 3199 HBsAg-positive participants, 270 developed HCC (143.86/100 000 person-years [PYs]). Compared with participants who rarely consume garlic, the risk of HCC in those who consumed it ≥ once per week decreased along with the increase in frequency (HR = 1.00, 0.90 and 0.62 in those who consumed it rarely vs those who consumed it 1-6 times per week and ≥ 7 times per week, respectively). This study found a synergistic effect between garlic and tea consumption on the risk of HCC (P = 0.039 for a multiplicative interaction)., Conclusions: HBsAg carriers should improve their diet. Regular consumption of garlic and tea drinking may reduce the HCC incidence in HBsAg carriers., (© 2020 Chinese Medical Association Shanghai Branch, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Objective: To study the clinical significance of serum calcitonin in the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma and to analyze its cost-benefit. Methods: One hundred and forty one patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma who undertook calcitonin test and frozen pathological examination were enrolled in this study from Oct 2012 to Mar 2018. Using the method of χ(2) test, the positive rate of calcitonin test and frozen pathological examination in diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC) were compared. Firstly, we compared the correct checkout cost of calcitonin test and that of frozen pathological examination (total number of patients×cost of examination/the correctly detected number of patients) . Secondly, we calculated whether calcitonin test help patients save money(average cost of treatment in hospital for MTC×number of patients who were evaluated to be candidate for surgery-cost of calcitonin test×total number of patients)/total number of patients. Results: 139 patients were positive in calcitonin test among 141 patients, and the positive rate was 98.58%. 91 patients were positive in frozen pathological examination, and the positive rate was 64.54% (χ(2)=97.821, P< 0.000 1) . Cost-benefit analysis showed that the correct checkout cost of calcitonin test and frozen pathological examination were 71.01 yuan and 426.10 yuan, also,1 371 938.64 yuan could be saved totally and 9 730.06 yuan could be saved per patient because of calcitonin test. Conclusion: Serum calcitonin test had a significant effect on the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma and was economical and practical.

It is demonstrated that repeated superovulation has deleterious effects on mouse ovaries and cumulus cells. However, little is known about the effects of repeated superovulation on early embryos. Epigenetic reprogramming is an important event in early embryonic development and could be easily disrupted by the environment. Thus, we speculated that multiple superovulations may have adverse effects on histone modifications in the early embryos. Female CD1 mice were randomly divided into four groups: (a) spontaneous estrus cycle (R0); (b) with once superovulation (R1); (c) with three times superovulation at a 7-day interval (R3) and (d) with five times superovulation at a 7-day interval (R5). We found that repeated superovulation remarkably decreased the fertilization rate. With the increase of superovulation times, the rate of early embryo development was decreased. The expression of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog was also affected by superovulation in blastocysts. The immunofluorescence results showed that the acetylation level of histone 4 at lysine 12 (H4K12ac) was significantly reduced by repeated superovulation in mouse early embryos (P < 0.01). Acetylation level of histone 4 at lysine 16 (H4K16ac) was also significantly reduced in pronuclei and blastocyst along with the increase of superovulation times (P < 0.01). H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 were significantly increased in four-cell embryos and blastocysts. We further found that repeated superovulation treatment increased the mRNA level of histone deacetylases Hdac1, Hdac2 and histone methyltransferase G9a, but decreased the expression level of histone demethylase-encoding genes Kdm6a and Kdm6b in early embryos. In a word, multiple superovulations alter histone modifications in early embryos.

Co-receptor tropism has been identified to correlate with HIV-1 transmission and the disease progression in patients. A molecular epidemiology investigation of co-receptor tropism is important for clinical practice and effective control of HIV-1. In this study, we investigated the co-receptor tropism on HIV-1 variants of 85 antiretroviral-naive patients with Geno2pheno algorithm at a false-positive rate of 10%. Our data showed that a majority of the subjects harboured the CCR5-tropic virus (81.2%, 69/85). No significant differences in gender, age, baseline CD4+ T-cell counts and transmission routes were observed between subjects infected with CXCR4-tropic or CCR5-tropic virus. The co-receptor tropism appeared to be associated with the virus genotype; a significantly more CXCR4-use was predicted in CRF01&#95;AE infections whereas all CRF07&#95;BC and CRF08&#95;BC were predicted to use CCR5 co-receptor. Sequences analysis of V3 revealed a higher median net charge in the CXCR4 viruses over CCR5 viruses (4.0 vs. 3.0, P &lt; 0.05). The predicted N-linked glycosylation site between amino acids 6 and 8 in the V3 region was conserved in CCR5 viruses, but not in CXCR4 viruses. Besides, variable crown motifs were observed in both CCR5 and CXCR4 viruses, of which the most prevalent motif GPGQ existed in both viral tropism and almost all genotypes identified in this study except subtype B. These findings may offer important implications for clinical practice and enhance our understanding of HIV-1 biology.

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) has been widely used as marine antifouling composition, preservative, biocide, and a stabilizer in plastic industry. Previous studies have indicated that TBTO can cause immunotoxicity as an environmental pollutant. However, little is known about its reproductive toxicity, especially on female oocyte maturation and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, mouse oocytes were cultured with different concentrations of TBTO in vitro, and several crucial events during meiotic maturation were evaluated. We found that the first polar body extrusion rate was significantly reduced, which reflected the disruption of meiotic maturation. The rate of abnormal spindle organization increased significantly, accompanied with a higher rate of chromosome misalignment. In addition, TBTO treatment increased reactive oxygen species generation markedly, which also accelerated the early-stage apoptosis. Moreover, heterogeneous mitochondrial distribution, mitochondrial dysfunction, and higher rate of aneuploidy were detected, which consequently disrupted in vitro fertilization. In conclusion, our results indicated that TBTO exposure could impair mouse oocyte maturation by affecting spindle organization, chromosome alignment, mitochondria functions, oxidative stress, and apoptosis., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Androgenetic complete hydatidiform moles are human pregnancies with no embryos and affect 1 in every 1,400 pregnancies. They have mostly androgenetic monospermic genomes with all the chromosomes originating from a haploid sperm and no maternal chromosomes. Androgenetic complete hydatidiform moles were described in 1977, but how they occur has remained an open question. We identified bi-allelic deleterious mutations in MEI1, TOP6BL/C11orf80, and REC114, with roles in meiotic double-strand breaks formation in women with recurrent androgenetic complete hydatidiform moles. We investigated the occurrence of androgenesis in Mei1-deficient female mice and discovered that 8% of their oocytes lose all their chromosomes by extruding them with the spindles into the first polar body. We demonstrate that Mei1 -/- oocytes are capable of fertilization and 5% produce androgenetic zygotes. Thus, we uncover a meiotic abnormality in mammals and a mechanism for the genesis of androgenetic zygotes that is the extrusion of all maternal chromosomes and their spindles into the first polar body., (Copyright © 2018 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Previous studies suggest that hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and ammonia (NH 3 ) are two major air pollutants which can cause damage to porcine health. However, the mechanisms underlying toxic effects of these compounds on porcine oocyte maturation are not clear. To clarify the mechanism, we evaluated the oocyte quality by detecting some events during oocytes maturation. In our study, porcine oocytes were cultured with different concentrations of Na 2 S and/or NH 4 Cl in vitro and the rate of the first polar body extrusion decreased significantly. Also, actin filament was seriously disrupted to damage the cytoskeleton which resulted in reduced rate of oocyte maturation. We explored the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and found that the ROS level was increased significantly after Na 2 S treatment but not after NH 4 Cl treatment. Moreover, early stage apoptosis rate was significantly increased and autophagy protein LC3 B expression level was higher in oocytes treated with Na 2 S and/or NH 4 Cl, which might be caused by ROS elevation. Additionally, exposure to Na 2 S and/or NH 4 Cl also caused ROS generation and early apoptosis in cumulus cells, which might further affect oocyte maturation in vitro. In summary, our data suggested that exposure to H 2 S and/or NH 3 decreased porcine oocyte maturation in vitro, which might be caused by actin disruption, ROS generation, early apoptosis and autophagy., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Study Question: What are the effects of high-glucose concentrations on DNA methylation of human oocytes?, Summary Answer: High-glucose concentrations altered DNA methylation levels of Peg3 and Adiponectin in human in vitro maturation oocytes., What Is Known Already: Maternal diabetes has a detrimental influence on oocyte quality including epigenetic modifications, as shown in non-human mammalian species., Study Design, Size, Duration: Immature metaphase I (MI) stage oocytes of good quality were retrieved from patients who had normal ovarian potential and who underwent ICSI in the Reproductive Medicine Center of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University. MI oocytes were cultured in medium with different glucose concentrations (control, 10 mM and 15 mM) in vitro and 48 h later, oocytes with first polar body extrusion were collected to check the DNA methylation levels., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: MI oocytes underwent in vitro maturation (IVM) at 37°C with 5% mixed gas for 48 h. Then the mature oocytes were treated with bisulfite buffer. Target sequences were amplified using nested or half-nested PCR and the DNA methylation status was tested using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and bisulfite sequencing (BS)., Main Results and the Role of Chance: High-glucose concentrations significantly decreased the first polar body extrusion rate. Compared to controls, the DNA methylation levels of Peg3 in human IVM oocytes were significantly higher in 10 mM (P < 0.001) and 15 mM (P < 0.001) concentrations of glucose. But the DNA methylation level of H19 was not affected by high-glucose concentrations in human IVM oocytes. We also found that there was a decrease in DNA methylation levels in the promoter of adiponectin in human IVM oocytes between controls and oocytes exposed to 10 mM glucose (P = 0.028)., Large Scale Data: N/A., Limitations Reasons for Caution: It is not clear whether the alterations are beneficial or not for the embryo development and offspring health. The effects of high-glucose concentrations on the whole process of oocyte maturation are still not elucidated. Another issue is that the number of oocytes used in this study was limited., Wider Implications of the Findings: This is the first time that the effects of high-glucose concentration on DNA methylation of human oocytes have been elucidated. Our result indicates that in humans, the high risk of chronic diseases in offspring from diabetic mothers may originate from abnormal DNA modifications in oocytes., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This work was supported by the fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (81401198) and Doctor Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural University (1116008).The authors declare that there are no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Calcium ion fluctuation is closely related to the transformation of cell cycle. However, little is known about the function of L-type calcium channel in mammalian oocyte and embryo development. We thus studied the roles of L-type calcium channel in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation, parthenogenetic activation and early embryonic development. We used the antagonist Amlodipine to block L-type calcium channel. Oocytes or zygotes were cultured to different time points with 0 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM and 50 μM Amlodipine. Then we checked the rate of first polar body extrusion, spindle formation, asymmetric division parthenogenetic activation and early embryo cleavage. The results showed that Amlodipine treatment did not affect germinal vesicle breakdown, but caused disruption of cytoskeleton organization, symmetric division, formation of mature oocytes with a large polar body, or reduced the first polar body extrusion, depending on its concentrations. Amlodipine treatment also resulted in decreased parthenogenetic activation and arrested early embryonic development. Overall, these data suggest that proper function of L-type calcium channel is critical for oocyte maturation, activation, and early embryonic development., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Osteosarcoma is suggested to be caused by genetic and molecular alterations that disrupt osteoblast differentiation. Recent studies have reported that transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) contributes to osteoblast differentiation and bone development. However, the level of TMEM119 expression and its roles in osteosarcoma have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, TMEM119 mRNA and protein expression was found to be up-regulated in osteosarcoma compared with normal bone cyst tissues. The level of TMEM119 protein expression was strongly associated with tumor size, clinical stage, distant metastasis and overall survival time. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) GSE42352 dataset revealed TMEM119 expression in osteosarcoma tissues to be positively correlated with cell cycle, apoptosis, metastasis and TGF-β signaling. We then knocked down TMEM119 expression in U2OS and MG63 cells using small interfering RNA, which revealed that downregulation of TMEM119 could inhibit the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. We also found that TMEM119 knockdown significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, and decreased the expression of TGF-β pathway-related factors (BMP2, BMP7 and TGF-β). TGF-β application rescued the inhibitory effects of TMEM119 knockdown on osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion. Further in vitro experiments with a TGF-β inhibitor (SB431542) or BMP inhibitor (dorsomorphin) suggested that TMEM119 significantly promotes cell migration and invasion, partly through TGF-β/BMP signaling. In conclusion, our data support the notion that TMEM119 contributes to the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, and functions as an oncogene in osteosarcoma.

In this study, a methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis system was used to analyze DNA methylation level in three cotton accessions. Two disease-sensitive near-isogenic lines, PD94042 and IL41, and one disease-resistant Gossypium mustelinum accession were exposed to Verticillium wilt, to investigate molecular disease resistance mechanisms in cotton. We observed multiple different DNA methylation types across the three accessions following Verticillium wilt exposure. These included hypomethylation, hypermethylation, and other patterns. In general, the global DNA methylation level was significantly increased in the disease-resistant accession G. mustelinum following disease exposure. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the disease-sensitive accession PD94042, and a significant decrease was observed in IL41. Our results suggest that disease-resistant cotton might employ a mechanism to increase methylation level in response to disease stress. The differing methylation patterns, together with the increase in global DNA methylation level, might play important roles in tolerance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. Through cloning and analysis of differently methylated DNA sequences, we were also able to identify several genes that may contribute to disease resistance in cotton. Our results revealed the effect of DNA methylation on cotton disease resistance, and also identified genes that played important roles, which may shed light on the future cotton disease-resistant molecular breeding.

Controlled ovarian stimulation by exogenous gonadotrophins is a key procedure during the in vitro fertilization cycle to obtain a sufficient number of oocytes in humans. Previous studies demonstrated that repeated superovulation had deleterious effects on the ovaries. However, whether repeated superovulation adversely affects the mitochondrial functions of cumulus cells remains unclear. In this study, mice were divided into three groups: superovulation once (R1); superovulation three times (R3), and superovulation five times (R5). We evaluated the effects of repeated superovulation on mitochondrial DNA copies (mtDNA) and observed decreased mtDNA copies per cell with increasing number of superovulation cycles. Further, we investigated the DNA methylation status in exon 2 and the mRNA expression level of nuclear-encoded DNA polymerase gamma A (PolgA). The results showed that the DNA methylation levels of PolgA in R1 and R5 were slightly lower than in R3. Additionally, the altered DNA methylation in PolgA coincided with the changes in PolgA expression in cumulus cells. We also found that the mRNA expression of COX1, CYTB, ND2, and ND4 was altered by repeated superovulation in cumulus cells. Thus, repeated superovulation had adverse effects on mitochondrial function.

Females homozygous for the Purkinje cell degeneration mutation (pcd) are fertile, although the success rate is much lower than in the wild type. We performed detailed analysis of reproductive abnormalities of pcd females. The number of oocytes produced following exogenous gonadotropin treatment was much lower in pcd3J-/- females than in pcd3J+/+ females. Furthermore, the estrous cyclicity of pcd3J-/- females according to the appearance of the vagina was almost undetectable comparing to that of the wild type. Histological analyses and follicle counting of 4- and 8-week-old pcd3J-/- ovaries showed an increase in the number of secondary follicles and a decrease in the number of antral follicles, indicating that AGTPBP1/ CCP1 plays an important role in the development of secondary follicles into antral follicles. Consistent with a previous analysis of the pcd cerebellum, pcd3J-/- ovaries also showed a clear increase in the level of polyglutamylation. Gene expression analysis showed that both oocytes and cumulus cells express CCP1. However, Ccp4 and CCP6, which can compensate the function of CCP1, were not expressed in mouse ovaries. Failure of microtubule deglutamylation did not affect the structure and function of the meiotic spindle in properly aligning chromosomes in the center of the nucleus during meiosis in pcd3J-/- females. We also showed that the pituitary-derived growth and reproduction-related endocrine system functions normally in pcd3J-/- mice. The results of this study provide insight into additional functions of CCP1, which cannot be fully explained by the side chain deglutamylation of microtubules alone.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the number of oocytes retrieved and clinical outcomes in young women with normal ovarian reserve who were undergoing their first in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycle. The transfer strategy based on yielded oocytes was also discussed in this article., Methods: A total of 1567 patients who underwent first long protocol of IVF treatment in our reproductive medical center between January 2010 and June 2014 were categorized into five groups based on the retrieved oocyte number, namely, 4∼6, 7∼9, 10∼12, 13∼15, and ≥16. Baseline parameters were similar among the groups. Primary outcome was defined as the cumulative live birth rate (CLBR), and secondary outcomes included the rate of patients with high risks for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)., Results: It was found that the CLBR increased with the number of oocytes, as well as the rate for high risks of OHSS. In fresh cycles, 10∼12 oocyte group demonstrated the highest implantation rate (53.32 %), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) (73.13 %), and live birth rate (LBR) (61.14 %), with no significant differences. Moreover, both cumulative CPR (CCPR) and CLBR became significantly higher in the 10∼12 oocyte group, compared with 4∼6 and 7∼9 groups. However, when the retrieved oocytes increased to 13∼15 or ≥16, the cumulative results did not have a significant increase. Also, the high risk rate of OHSS was much lower in the 10∼12 group (11.53 %) than that in the 13∼15 group (29.97 %) and ≥16 group (77.30 %). Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that when ≥10 oocytes were retrieved, the CLBR increased significantly (P < 0.01). When oocyte number exceeded 16, the CPR of frozen embryo transfer cycle was much higher than that of fresh cycle (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: For young women with normal ovarian reserve, retrieving 10∼12 oocytes might result in optimized pregnancy outcomes in a fresh cycle with low OHSS risk and would not compromise cumulative outcomes. When ≥16 oocytes were retrieved, a "freeze-all" embryo strategy might be preferable.

It has become a current social trend for women to delay childbearing. However, the quality of oocytes from older females is compromised and the pregnancy rate of older women is lower. With the increased rate of delayed childbearing, it is becoming more and more crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying the compromised quality of oocytes from older women, including mitochondrial dysfunctions, aneuploidy and epigenetic changes. Establishing proper epigenetic modifications during oogenesis and early embryo development is an important aspect in reproduction. The reprogramming process may be influenced by external and internal factors that result in improper epigenetic changes in germ cells. Furthermore, germ cell epigenetic changes might be inherited by the next generations. In this review, we briefly summarise the effects of ageing on oocyte quality. We focus on discussing the relationship between ageing and epigenetic modifications, highlighting the epigenetic changes in oocytes from advanced-age females and in post-ovulatory aged oocytes as well as the possible underlying mechanisms., (© 2015 Society for Reproduction and Fertility.)

The global prevalence of weight loss is increasing, especially in young women. However, the extent and mechanisms by which maternal weight loss affects the offspring is still poorly understood. Here, using an enriched environment (EE)-induced weight loss model, we show that maternal weight loss improves general health and reprograms metabolic gene expression in mouse offspring, and the epigenetic alterations can be inherited for at least two generations. EE in mothers induced weight loss and its associated physiological and metabolic changes such as decreased adiposity and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Relative to controls, their offspring exhibited improved general health such as reduced fat accumulation, decreased plasma and hepatic lipid levels, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Maternal weight loss altered gene expression patterns in the liver of offspring with coherent down-regulation of genes involved in lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Epigenomic profiling of offspring livers revealed numerous changes in cytosine methylation depending on maternal weight loss, including reproducible changes in promoter methylation over several key lipid biosynthesis genes, correlated with their expression patterns. Embryo transfer studies indicated that oocyte alteration in response to maternal metabolic conditions is a strong factor in determining metabolic and epigenetic changes in offspring. Several important lipid metabolism-related genes have been identified to partially inherit methylated alleles from oocytes. Our study reveals a molecular and mechanistic basis of how maternal lifestyle modification affects metabolic changes in the offspring., (© 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

The present study aimed to investigate the role of JWA gene in the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells and the effect on the MAPK signaling pathway. Human PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells were cultured in vitro , and small interfering RNA (siRNA) was designed for the JWA gene. The siRNA was transfected into PANC-1 cells. Subsequently, the cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay; cell apoptosis was detected by analyzing BAX and Bcl-2 protein expression; cell migration and invasion were measured using Transwell ® chambers; and the protein expression of JWA and ERK1/2, JNK and p38 and their phosphorylated forms were measured by western blotting. By utilizing the MTT assay, the results showed that when JWA protein expression was inhibited, the proliferation of PANC-1 cells was enhanced. In addition, the expression of apoptosis-associated protein (AAP) BAX was substantially decreased, while the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor gene, Bcl-2 , was significantly enhanced. Using Transwell chambers, it was found that the number of penetrating PANC-1 cells was significantly increased after transfection with JWA siRNA, suggesting that the migration and invasion of the cells was substantially increased. By studying the association between JWA and the MAPK pathway in PANC-1 cells, it was found that the expression of p-ERK1/2 of the MAPK pathway was significantly downregulated following JWA siRNA transfection. However, the expression levels of ERK1/2, JNK, p38, p-JNK and p-p38 showed no significant differences. In conclusion, it was shown that JWA affects the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells which could be attributed to effects on the expression of ERK1/2 in the MAPK pathway.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug. Abuse of METH produces long-term behavioral changes including behavioral, sensitization, tolerance, and dependence. It induces neurotoxic effects in several areas of the brain via enhancing dopamine (DA) level abnormally, which may cause a secondary release of glutamate (GLU). However, repeated administration of METH still increases release of GLU even when dopamine content in tissue is significantly depleted. It implies that some other mechanisms are likely to involve in METH-induced GLU release. The goal of this study was to observe METH affected glutamatergic synaptic transmission in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons and to explore the mechanism of METH modulated GLU release. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that METH (0.1-50.0μM) increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). However, METH decreased the frequency of sEPSCs and mEPSCs at high concentration of 100μM. The postsynaptic NMDA receptor currents and P/Q-type calcium channel were not affected by the use of METH (10,100μM). METH did not present visible effect on N-type Ca(2+) channel current at the concentration lower than 50.0μM, but it was inhibited by use of METH at a 100μM. The effect of METH on glutamatergic synaptic transmission was not revered by pretreated with DA receptor antagonist SCH23390. These results suggest that METH directly modulated presynaptic GLU release at a different concentration, while dopaminergic system was not involved in METH modulated release of GLU in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Offspring of diabetic mothers are susceptible to the onset of metabolic syndromes, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity at adulthood, and this trend can be inherited between generations. Genetics cannot fully explain how the noncommunicable disease in offspring of diabetic mothers is caused and inherited by the next generations. Many studies have confirmed that epigenetics may be crucial for the detrimental effects on offspring exposed to the hyperglycemic environment. Although the adverse effects on epigenetics in offspring of diabetic mothers may be the result of the poor intrauterine environment, epigenetic modifications in oocytes of diabetic mothers are also affected. Therefore, the present review is focused on the epigenetic alterations in oocytes and embryos of diabetic mothers. Furthermore, we also discuss initial mechanistic insight on maternal diabetes mellitus causing alterations of epigenetic modifications., (© 2014 by the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Inc.)

Background: The adverse effects on offspring of diabetic and/or obese mothers can be passed to the next generation. However, the mechanisms behind this are still unclear. Epigenetics may play a key role during this process., Methods: To confirm the hypothesis, we investigated the DNA methylation of several imprinted genes in spermatozoa of offspring from diabetic and/or obese mothers utilizing streptozotocin (STZ)- and high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse models., Results: We found that the DNA methylation of Peg3 was significantly increased in spermatozoa of offspring of obese mothers compared to that in spermatozoa of offspring of normal mothers. The DNA methylation of H19 was significantly higher in spermatozoa of offspring of diabetic mothers than that in spermatozoa of offspring of non-diabetic mothers., Conclusions: These results indicate that pre-gestational diabetes and/or obesity can alter DNA methylation in offspring spermatozoa.

Background: Maternal obesity has adverse effects on oocyte quality, embryo development, and the health of the offspring., Objectives: To understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the negative effects of maternal obesity, we investigated the DNA methylation status of several imprinted genes and metabolism-related genes., Methods: Using a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse model of obesity, we analyzed the DNA methylation of several imprinted genes and metabolism-related genes in oocytes from control and obese dams and in oocytes and liver from their offspring. Analysis was performed using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and bisulfite sequencing., Results: DNA methylation of imprinted genes in oocytes was not altered in either obese dams or their offspring; however, DNA methylation of metabolism-related genes was changed. In oocytes of obese mice, the DNA methylation level of the leptin (Lep) promoter was significantly increased and that of the Ppar-α promoter was reduced. Increased methylation of Lep and decreased methylation of Ppar-α was also observed in the liver of female offspring from dams fed the high-fat diet (OHFD). mRNA expression of Lep and Ppar-α was also significantly altered in the liver of these OHFD. In OHFD oocytes, the DNA methylation level of Ppar-α promoter was increased., Conclusions: Our results indicate that DNA methylation patterns of several metabolism-related genes are changed not only in oocytes of obese mice but also in oocytes and liver of their offspring. These data may contribute to the understanding of adverse effects of maternal obesity on reproduction and health of the offspring.

The cellular functions of the trans-Golgi network protein TGN38 remain unknown. In this research, we studied the expression, localization and functions of TGN38 in the meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. TGN38 was expressed at every stage of oocyte meiotic maturation and colocalized with γ-tubulin at metaphase I and metaphase II. The spindle microtubule disturbing agents nocodazole and taxol did not affect the colocalization of TGN38 and γ-tubulin. Depletion of TGN38 with specific siRNAs resulted in increased metaphase I arrest, accompanied with spindle assembly checkpoint activation and decreased first polar extrusion (PB1). In the oocytes that had extruded the PB1 after the depletion of TGN38, symmetric division occurred, leading to the production of 2 similarly sized cells. Moreover, the peripheral migration of metaphase I spindle and actin cap formation were impaired in TGN38-depleted oocytes. Our data suggest that TGN38 may regulate the metaphase I/anaphase I transition and asymmetric cell division in mouse oocytes.

The demonstration of batch-to-batch consistency to confirm the reliability of the manufacturing process has become a mandatory step in vaccine development. This is a post-hoc analysis aimed to provide more solid evidence on the immunogenicity and consistency of 3 consecutive batches of a novel inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine. In total 10 245 healthy Chinese children aged 6-35 months had been recruited and randomized to receive one of 3 batches of EV71 vaccine or placebo according to a two-dose immunization schedule in a phase 3 clinical trial. Blood samples were taken just before and 28 days after vaccinations for serological tests of EV71 neutralizing antibody (NTAb) titer from the subjects. Among them, 7263 (70.9%) subjects with seronegative EV71 NTAb at baseline and the data of serological tests post-vaccination available were included for the analysis. The results showed that EV71 vaccine elicited high geometric mean titers (GMTs) of 407.0 U/mL (95% CI, 373.5-443.6) for batch 1, 468.1 U/mL (95% CI, 432.2-507.0) for batch 2, and 520.6 U/mL (95% CI, 481.2-563.3) for batch 3. The two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the GMT ratios between each pair of vaccine batches were all within an interval of [0.67, 1.5]. Subjects who received EV71 vaccines demonstrated significant higher GMTs than those received placebos did (P<0.001). In terms of incidence of both local and general adverse reactions, no differences were found among 3 vaccine batches and placebos. EV71 vaccine was highly immunogenic in children, and the 3 consecutive batches were well consistent.

Background: Maternal diabetes mellitus not only has severe deleterious effects on fetal development, but also it affects transmission to the next generation. However, the underlying mechanisms for these effects are still not clear., Methods: We investigated the methylation patterns and expressions of the imprinted genes Peg3, Snrpn, and H19 in mid-gestational placental tissues and on the whole fetus utilizing the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic mouse model for quantitative analysis of methylation by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression of Peg3 was evaluated by Western blot., Results: We found that the expression of H19 was significantly increased, while the expression of Peg3 was significantly decreased in dpc10.5 placentas of diabetic mice. We further found that the methylation level of Peg3 was increased and that of H19 was reduced in dpc10.5 placentas of diabetic mice. When pronuclear embryos of normal females were transferred to normal/diabetic (NN/ND) pseudopregnant females, the methylation and expression of Peg3 in placentas was also clearly altered in the ND group compared to the NN group. However, when the pronuclear embryos of diabetic female were transferred to normal pesudopregnant female mice (DN), the methylation and expression of Peg3 and H19 in dpc10.5 placentas was similar between the two groups., Conclusions: We suggest that the effects of maternal diabetes on imprinted genes may primarily be caused by the adverse uterus environment.

The duration of a woman's reproductive period is determined by the size and persistence of a dormant oocyte pool. Specific oocyte genes are essential for follicle maintenance and female fertility. The mechanisms that regulate the expression of these genes are poorly understood. We found that a cullin-ring finger ligase-4 (CRL4) complex was crucial in this process. Oocyte-specific deletion of the CRL4 linker protein DDB1 or its substrate adaptor VPRBP (also known as DCAF1) caused rapid oocyte loss, premature ovarian insufficiency, and silencing of fertility maintaining genes. CRL4(VPRBP) activates the TET methylcytosine dioxygenases, which are involved in female germ cell development and zygote genome reprogramming. Hence, CRL4(VPRBP) ubiquitin ligase is a guardian of female reproductive life in germ cells and a maternal reprogramming factor after fertilization.

In animals, mtDNA is always transmitted through the female and this is termed "maternal inheritance." Recently, autophagy was reported to be involved in maternal inheritance by elimination of paternal mitochondria and mtDNA in Caenorhabditis elegans; moreover, by immunofluorescence, P62 and LC3 proteins were also found to colocalize to sperm mitochondria after fertilization in mice. Thus, it has been speculated that autophagy may be an evolutionary conserved mechanism for paternal mitochondrial elimination. However, by using two transgenic mouse strains, one bearing GFP-labeled autophagosomes and the other bearing red fluorescent protein-labeled mitochondria, we demonstrated that autophagy did not participate in the postfertilization elimination of sperm mitochondria in mice. Although P62 and LC3 proteins congregated to sperm mitochondria immediately after fertilization, sperm mitochondria were not engulfed and ultimately degraded in lysosomes until P62 and LC3 proteins disengaged from sperm mitochondria. Instead, sperm mitochondria unevenly distributed in blastomeres during cleavage and persisted in several cells until the morula stages. Furthermore, by using single sperm mtDNA PCR, we observed that most motile sperm that had reached the oviduct for fertilization had eliminated their mtDNA, leaving only vacuolar mitochondria. However, if sperm with remaining mtDNA entered the zygote, mtDNA was not eliminated and could be detected in newborn mice. Based on these results, we conclude that, in mice, maternal inheritance of mtDNA is not an active process of sperm mitochondrial and mtDNA elimination achieved through autophagy in early embryos, but may be a passive process as a result of prefertilization sperm mtDNA elimination and uneven mitochondrial distribution in embryos.

Maternal diabetes has adverse effects not only on oocyte quality but also on embryo development. However, it is still unknown whether the DNA imprinting in oocytes is altered by diabetes. By using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse models we investigated the effect of maternal diabetes on DNA methylation of imprinted genes in oocytes. Mice which were judged as being diabetic 4 days after STZ injection were used for experiments. In superovulated oocytes of diabetic mice, the methylation pattern of Peg3 differential methylation regions (DMR) was affected in a time-dependent manner, and evident demethylation was observed on Day 35 after STZ injection. The expression level of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) was also decreased in a time-dependent manner in diabetic oocytes. However, the methylation patterns of H19 and Snrpn DMRs were not significantly altered by maternal diabetes, although there were some changes in Snrpn. In NOD mice, the methylation pattern of Peg3 was similar to that of STZ-induced mice. Embryo development was adversely affected by maternal diabetes; however, no evident imprinting abnormality was observed in oocytes from female offspring derived from a diabetic mother. These results indicate that maternal diabetes has adverse effects on DNA methylation of maternally imprinted gene Peg3 in oocytes of a diabetic female in a time-dependent manner, but methylation in offspring's oocytes is normal.

A one-step multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed for one-tube and simultaneous detection of three genogroups of human norovirus, genogroup I, II and IV (GI, GII and GIV). The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were evaluated and 50 samples were tested by using this assay. The results showed that the multiplex assay had high sensitivity and specificity. The amplification efficiencies of the assay were 91.3%, 90.1%, 88.9% and the detection limits were up to 16.9, 6.3, 43.0 copies/reaction respectively for norovirus GI, GII and GIV detection. No cross-reaction with the other examined RNA viruses was observed, and the qualitative analysis of samples showed that the multiplex assay had a good consistency with its corresponding monoplex assays for the detection of norovirus GI, GII and GIV (Kappa values were 0.848, 0.876 and 0.812 respectively)., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The adverse effects of maternal diabetes on oocyte maturation and embryo development have been reported., Methods: In this study, we used time-lapse live cell imaging confocal microscopy to investigate the dynamic changes of ER and the effects of diabetes on the ER's structural dynamics during oocyte maturation, fertilization and early embryo development., Results: We report that the ER first became remodeled into a dense ring around the developing MI spindle, and then surrounded the spindle during migration to the cortex. ER reorganization during mouse early embryo development was characterized by striking localization around the pronuclei in the equatorial section, in addition to larger areas of fluorescence deeper within the cytoplasm. In contrast, in diabetic mice, the ER displayed a significantly higher percentage of homogeneous distribution patterns throughout the entire ooplasm during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. In addition, a higher frequency of large ER aggregations was detected in GV oocytes and two cell embryos from diabetic mice., Conclusions: These results suggest that the diabetic condition adversely affects the ER distribution pattern during mouse oocyte maturation and early embryo development.