Author: "Gbenga A Kayode" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Gbenga A Kayode"' showing total 91 results

Start Over Author "Gbenga A Kayode"

91 results on '"Gbenga A Kayode"'

1. Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Author: Angela E Micah, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Ian E Cogswell, Dylan Lasher, Brendan Lidral-Porter, Emilie R Maddison, Trang Nhu Ngoc Nguyen, Nishali Patel, Paola Pedroza, Juan Solorio, Hayley Stutzman, Golsum Tsakalos, Yifeng Wang, Wesley Warriner, Yingxi Zhao, Bianca S Zlavog, Cristiana Abbafati, Jaffar Abbas, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, E S Abhilash, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Michael R M Abrigo, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Mohammed Hussien Adem, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Ali Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Budi Aji, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Yibeltal Akelew, Hanadi Al Hamad, Khurshid Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Azmeraw T Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Francis Appiah, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Olatunde Aremu, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Atif Amin Baig, Abere Tilahun Bantie, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Sanjay Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Bernhard T Baune, Zombor Berezvai, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Virginia Bodolica, João Silva Botelho Botelho, Dejana Braithwaite, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Reinhard Busse, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ferrán Catalá-López, Collins Chansa, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Abdollah Dargahi, Sisay Abebe Debela, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Belay Desye, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Nancy Diao, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Leila Doshmangir, John Dube, Ebrahim Eini, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohamad Ezati Asar, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Alberto Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Peter Andras Gaal, Amiran Gamkrelidze, M A Garcia-Gordillo, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Urge Gerema, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Reza Ghanbari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Davide Golinelli, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Girma Garedew Goyomsa, Avirup Guha, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Samer Hamidi, Harapan Harapan, Reza Hashempour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Salman Hussain, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mustapha Immurana, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Linda Merin J, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Digisie Mequanint Jemere, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Vidya Kadashetti, Rajendra Kadel, Dler Hussein Kadir, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rajesh Kamath, Himal Kandel, Rami S Kantar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Gbenga A Kayode, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Cumali Keskin, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Himanshu Khajuria, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Stefan Kohler, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Dian Kusuma, Judit Lám, Demetris Lamnisos, Anders O Larsson, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Lee-Ling Lim, László Lorenzovici, Rafael Lozano, Vanessa Sintra Machado Machado, Farzan Madadizadeh, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Ana Laura Manda, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Miquel Martorell, Ali Masoud, Elezebeth Mathews, Richard James Maude, Enkeleint A Mechili, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, José João João Mendes Mendes, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Mestrovic, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Moonis Mirza, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Awoke Misganaw, Marcello Moccia, Javad Moghadasi, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Marita Mohammadshahi, Shafiu Mohammed, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Elias Mossialos, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Shruti Murthy, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S Naidoo, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Nafise Noroozi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Chukwudi Abrahams Obi, Abiola Ogunkoya, In-Hwan Oh, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, John Nelson Opio, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Tamás Palicz, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Tarang Parekh, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Jay Patel, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Mihaela Paun, Shrikant Pawar, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Mohsen Poursadeqiyan, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Sergio I Prada, Sima Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Temam Beshir Raru, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ramin Ravangard, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Robert C Reiner, Jr., Andre M N Renzaho, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Mavra A Riaz, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Aly M A Saad, Basema Saddik, Saeid Sadeghian, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Maitreyi Sahu, Morteza Saki, Payman Salamati, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Yaser Sayadi, Falk Schwendicke, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Naomi Setshegetso, Allen Seylani, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mohd Shanawaz, Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse Sharew, Rajesh Sharma, Maryam Shayan, Aziz Sheikh, Suchitra M Shenoy, Adithi Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, K M Shivakumar, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Wudneh Simegn, Jasvinder A Singh, Kuldeep Singh, Natia Skhvitaridze, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Muhammad Suleman, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Belay Negash Tefera, Ales Tichopad, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Lorainne Tudor Car, Derara Girma Tufa, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Milena Vasic, Dominique Vervoort, Vasily Vlassov, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Yasir Waheed, Richard G Wamai, Cong Wang, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Sanni Yaya, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Leila Zaki, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Alireza Zangeneh, Ali Zare Dehnavi, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Wu Zeng, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Liesl J Zuhlke, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, and Joseph L Dieleman
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation: There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study

Author: Joseph Jon Frostad, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Mathew M Baumann, Brigette F Blacker, Laurie B Marczak, Aniruddha Deshpande, Kirsten E Wiens, Kate E LeGrand, Kimberly B Johnson, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Victor Adekanmbi, Anurag Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Saeed Amini, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sagnik Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K Gill, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C D Iwu, Jalil Jaafari, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Naser Kamyari, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Faris Hasan Lami, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Paul H Lee, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Daiane Borges Machado, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Natalie Maria Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Benjamin K Mayala, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Yousef Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sandra B Munro, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Sanjeev Nair, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Hai Quang Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J Postma, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Prateek Rastogi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Andre M N Renzaho, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Enrico Rubagotti, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, David C Schwebel, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Aziz Sheikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ranjitha S Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, K M Shivakumar, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Leo Stockfelt, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Amir Taherkhani, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Saif Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Santosh Varughese, Francesco S Violante, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels. Methods: We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km × 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2·1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution. Findings: Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205 000 (95% uncertainty interval 147 000–257 000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution. Interpretation: Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.

Author: Elizabeth A Cromwell, Joshua C P Osborne, Thomas R Unnasch, Maria-Gloria Basáñez, Katherine M Gass, Kira A Barbre, Elex Hill, Kimberly B Johnson, Katie M Donkers, Shreya Shirude, Chris A Schmidt, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Mohsen Afarideh, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Vahid Alipour, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Davood Anvari, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Benjamin F Arnold, Marcel Ausloos, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Mohsen Bayati, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mahdi Bohluli, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Zahid A Butt, Felix Carvalho, Souranshu Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ahmad Daryani, Kebede Deribe, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Daniel Diaz, Hoa Thi Do, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Anwar Faraj, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Yousef Fatahi, Valery L Feigin, Eduarda Fernandes, Nataliya A Foigt, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Samer Hamidi, Claudiu Herteliu, Hagos Degefa de Hidru, Tarig B Higazi, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Zubair Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Behzad Karami Matin, Salah Eddin Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Taras Kavetskyy, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Maryam Keramati, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Neda Kianipour, Kelemu Tilahun Kibret, Yun Jin Kim, Soewarta Kosen, Kris J Krohn, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Van Charles Lansingh, Paul H Lee, Kate E LeGrand, Shanshan Li, Joshua Longbottom, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Afshin Maleki, Abdullah A Mamun, Ali Manafi, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Walter Mendoza, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R Miller, Mohammad Miri, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Shafiu Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Masoud Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Jonathan F Mosser, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gurudatta Naik, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Bogdan Oancea, Tinuke O Olagunju, Andrew T Olagunju, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Adrian Pana, Hadi Pourjafar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Priya Rathi, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Serge Resnikoff, Melese Abate Reta, Aziz Rezapour, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Ehsan Sadeghi, Abedin Saghafipour, S Mohammad Sajadi, Abdallah M Samy, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Monika Sawhney, Megan F Schipp, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Jae Il Shin, K M Shivakumar, Biagio Simonetti, Jasvinder A Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Takahiro Tabuchi, Leili Tapak, Robert L Thompson, Alan J Thomson, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Olalekan A Uthman, Natalie V S Vinkeles Melchers, Francesco S Violante, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Tomohide Yamada, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Leila Zaki, Sojib Bin Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Simon I Hay, and David M Pigott
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 × 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0·71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50·2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5 × 5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ultimately qualify.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Effect of community antiretroviral therapy on treatment outcomes among stable antiretroviral therapy patients in Nigeria: A quasi experimental study.

Author: Patrick Dakum, Juliet Ajav-Nyior, Timothy A Attah, Gbenga A Kayode, Asabe Gomwalk, Helen Omuh, Halima Ibrahim, Mercy Omozuafoh, Abimiku Alash'le, Charles Mensah, Young Oluokun, and Franca Akolawole
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: ObjectivesThis study evaluates the effect of Community Anti-retroviral Groups on Immunologic, Virologic and clinical outcomes of stable Antiretroviral Therapy patients in Nigeria.MethodA cohort of 251 eligible adults (≥18 years) on first-line ART for at least 6 months with CD4 counts >200 cells/mm3 and viral load ResultOut of the 251 stable antiretroviral therapy adults enrolled, 186 (75.3%) were female, 52 (22.7%) had attained post-secondary education and the mean age of participants was 38 years (SD: 9.5). Also, 66 (27.9%) were employed while 125 (52.7%) were self-employed and 46(19.41%) unemployed. 246 (98.0%) of the participants were retained in care. While there was no statistically significant change in the CD4 counts (456cells/mm3 vs 481cells/mm3 P-0.489) and Log10 viral load (3.54c/ml vs 3.69c/ml P-0.359) after one year of devolvement into the community, we observed a significant increase in body weight (60.8 vs 65, P-0.01).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that community antiretroviral therapy has a potential of maintaining optimum treatment outcomes while improving adherence and retention, and reducing the burden of HIV treatment on the health facility. This study provides baseline information for further research and vital information for HIV program implementers planning to decentralize the management of stable antiretroviral therapy clients.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Kirsten E Wiens, Paulina A Lindstedt, Brigette F Blacker, Kimberly B Johnson, Mathew M Baumann, Lauren E Schaeffer, Hedayat Abbastabar, Sr, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Sr, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Sr, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mohsen Afarideh, Sohail Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Anwar E Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Noore Alam, Sr, Samiah Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Sr, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Sr, Arianna Maever L Amit, Sr, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sr, Mina Anjomshoa, Amir Anoushiravani, Sr, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Sr, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Sr, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sr, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sr, Yared Asmare Aynalem IV, Samad Azari, Peter S Azzopardi, Ebrahim Babaee, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Alaa Badawi, Sr, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Sr, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Sr, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Estifanos Baye, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Mahya Beheshti Beheshti, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Michellr L Bell, Sr, Derrick A Bennett, Sr, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Robert S Bernstein, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Sr, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Sr, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Binyam Minuye Birihane IV, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa Bojia I, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B Britton, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Sr, Reinhard Busse, Sr, Zahid A Butt, Luis LA Alberto Cámera, Sr, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Sr, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Sr, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Sr, Franz Castro, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Sr, Pranab Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Tesfaye Yitna Yitna Chichiabellu, Jr, Ken Lee Chin, Sr, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Vera Marisa Costa, Carlos Culquichicon, Matiwos Soboka Daba, Giovanni Damiani, Sr, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Sr, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Gail Davey, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Adrian C Davis, Sr, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Sr, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sr, Kebede Deribe, Sr, Assefa Desalew, Aniruddha Deshpande, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Sr, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Kerrie E Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bereket Duko, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Hisham Atan Edinur, Sr, Andem Effiong, Sr, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Teshome Bekele Elema I, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Sr, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Iqbal RF Elyazar, Aklilu Endalamaw, Daniel Adane Endalew, Sr, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Sr, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Farshad Farzadfar, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L Feigin, Sr, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Sr, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M Gad, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Teshome Gebre, Sr, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Sr, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Sr, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Sr, Paramjit Singh Gill, Sr, Tiffany K Gill, Themba G G Ginindza, Nelson G M Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Sr, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Sr, Rajeev Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dessalegn H Haile, Sr, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Sr, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Edris Hasanpoor, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Sr, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru I, Thomas R Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Mohammad Hoseini, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Sr, Guoqing Hu, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ehimario U Igumbor, Sr, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Neda Izadi, Sr, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Sr, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Sr, Amaha Kahsay, Hamed Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Mohd Anisul Karim, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Yawukal chane Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mihiretu M Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Sr, Andre Pascal Kengne, Sr, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sr, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan I, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Khaled Khatab, Sr, Amir M Khater, Mona M Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Sr, Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M KMShivakumar, Sr, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Sr, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U G Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Sr, Pushpendra Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Sheetal D Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Felix Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Sr, Prabhat Lamichhane, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H Lee, Sr, Kate E LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Sr, Aubrey J Levine, Shanshan Li, Sr, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Jaifred Christian F Lopez, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D R Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Sr, Narayan B Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Sr, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Sr, Navid Manafi, Sr, Ana Laura Manda, Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C Maravilla, Gabriel Martinez, Sr, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sr, Kala M Mehta, Tefera C Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Sr, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Sr, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Sr, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Dara K Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Noushin Mohammadifard, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Sr, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Sr, Catrin E Moore, Sr, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor I, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Sr, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Sr, Sandra B Munro, Moses K Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, GVS Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Sr, Saravanan Muthupandian, Sr, Ashraf F Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S Naidoo, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Sr, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Sr, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Sr, Ionut Negoi, Sr, Henok Biresaw Netsere Netsere, Sr, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Sr, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dabere Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Sr, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Bogdan Oancea, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Sr, Eyal Oren, Doris V V Ortega-Altamirano, Sr, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Sr, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Sr, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Sangram Kishor Patel, Angel J Paternina-Caicedo, Sr, Ashish Pathak, Sr, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Sr, Kebreab Paulos, Sr, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Alexandre Pereira, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Sr, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I Prada, Sr, Narayan Prasad, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, SHAFIUR Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Sr, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Sr, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Sr, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M N Renzaho, Sr, Serge Resnikoff, Sr, Melese Abate Reta, Negar Rezaei, Mohammad sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Sr, Maria Rios-Blancas, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Elias Merdassa Roro, Sr, Jennifer M Ross, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sr, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Sr, Payman Salamati, Hosni Salem, Marwa R Rashad Salem I, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Sr, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Kaushik Sarkar, Sr, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan I, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Sr, David C Schwebel, Sr, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta IV, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Sr, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Sr, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Sr, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Hamid Sharifi, Hatem Samir Shehata, Sr, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Sr, Kenji Shibuya, Sr, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Sr, Desalegn Markos Shifti, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Sr, Reza Shirkoohi, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Sr, Anton Sokhan, Shahin Soltani, Ranjani Somayaji, Moslem Soofi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Sr, Ireneous N Soyiri, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Sr, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Marufa Sultana, Bruno Fokas Sunguya, Bryan L Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Jr, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Aberash Abay Tasew, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sr, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay I, Fisaha Haile Haile Tesfay, Belay Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nihal Thomas, Alemayehu Toma Toma, Sr, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Sr, Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Sr, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Sr, Francesco S Violante, Sr, Sebastian Vollmer, Sr, Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Sr, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Marcia Weaver, Bedilu Girma Weji, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Sr, Taweewat Wiangkham, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Sr, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Sr, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sr, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Sr, Ai-Min Wu, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Sr, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Christopher Sabo Yilgwan, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Sr, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Sr, Seok-Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Xiu-Ju George Zhao, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Sr, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Uptake of tuberculosis prevention therapy in people living with HIV/AIDS in northern Nigeria: a programme to increase use of isoniazid preventive therapy

Author: Fadimatu Yunusa, MPH, Maryam Bello, BSc, Gbenga A Kayode, PhD, Adeoye Adegboye, MPH, Geraldine Abone, MBBS, Fati Murtala-Ibrahim, B Pharm, Martha Okposo, MSc, Atinuke Anjorin, MBBS, Saswata Dutt, MBBS, Oche Yusuf, MHM, Nadia Sam-Agudu, and Patrick Dakum, MPH
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is a main cause of death in people living with HIV and results in around 39 000 deaths every year in Nigeria. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), the standard tuberculosis preventive therapy used in Nigeria, has been shown to significantly reduce mortality and prevent tuberculosis in people with HIV. Despite efforts and strategies to scale up this treatment in Nigeria, the process has remained very slow. Here we describe a programme to increase IPT uptake in health facilities in four states in northern Nigeria, while also monitoring trends in IPT use with the aim of increasing access for people with HIV. Methods: Data were collected at 90 health facilities in Nasarawa, Kano, and Katsina states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, between Oct 1, 2017, and March 31, 2019. A monitoring tool was used to track clinic attendance, IPT eligibility status, and percentage uptake of isoniazid (the proportion of people with HIV starting a 6 month course of isoniazid) in patients with HIV at these health facilities. Baseline data were collected between Oct 1, 2017, and Feb 28, 2018, and identified reasons for low IPT uptake included: stockout of isoniazid, documentation gaps, improper filling of the relevant source documents, and poor clinician awareness of use of IPT. In response to these barriers to uptake, interventions such as folder tagging and electronic prompts of eligible clients prior to clinic visits, clinician sensitisations through training and retraining to raise the awareness of IPT, and active tracking of eligible clients were implemented. We collected post-intervention data from March 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019. Analysis was done using Excel and STATA. Findings: During the 6 month pre-intervention period, 3659 (14%) patients were commenced on isoniazid out of 26 136 eligible patients. In the initial 6 months post-intervention, 18 367 (80%) patients were started on isoniazid out of 22 020 eligible patients. Uptake dropped suddenly in October, 2018, due to stockout of isoniazid. Remedial stock redistribution resulted in a steady increase of isoniazid uptake and a total number of 43 075 patients out of 50 050 patients (86%) commenced isoniazid within the 12 month review period. Interpretation: Capacity building of health-care workers on isoniazid through training and retraining resulted in marked improvements in IPT uptake through: increased health-care worker knowledge about IPT; proper documentation on the relevant source documents and the electronic medical records; and availability, and use of, isoniazid electronic prompts to highlight clients who were eligible for IPT. However, there is a need to strengthen drug logistics, especially in guaranteeing a consistent and adequate supply of isoniazid in all facilities to avoid stockouts, thus ensuring optimum IPT uptake or access for people living with HIV in Nigeria. Funding: Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Client Factors Affect Provider Adherence to Clinical Guidelines during First Antenatal Care.

Author: Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Irene Akua Agyepong, Nicolaas P A Zuithoff, Gbenga A Kayode, Diederick E Grobbee, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, and Evelyn K Ansah
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND:The first antenatal clinic (ANC) visit helps to distinguish pregnant women who require standard care, from those with specific problems and so require special attention. There are protocols to guide care providers to provide optimal care to women during ANC. Our objectives were to determine the level of provider adherence to first antenatal visit guidelines in the Safe Motherhood Protocol (SMP), and assess patient factors that determine complete provider adherence. METHODS:This cross-sectional study is part of a cohort study that recruited women who delivered in eleven health facilities and who had utilized antenatal care services during their pregnancy in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. A record review of the first antenatal visit of participants was carried out to assess the level of adherence to the SMP, using a thirteen-point checklist. Information on their socio-demographic characteristics and previous pregnancy history was collected using a questionnaire. Percentages of adherence levels and baseline characteristics were estimated and cluster-adjusted odds ratios (OR) calculated to identify determinants. RESULTS:A total of 948 women who had delivered in eleven public facilities were recruited with a mean age (SD) of 28.2 (5.4) years. Overall, complete adherence to guidelines pertained to only 48.1% of pregnant women. Providers were significantly more likely to completely adhere to guidelines when caring for multiparous women [OR = 5.43 (1.69-17.44), p
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Quantifying the validity of routine neonatal healthcare data in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana.

Author: Gbenga A Kayode, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Charles Brown-Davies, Diederick E Grobbee, Irene Akua Agyepong, Evelyn Ansah, and Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The District Health Information Management System-2 (DHIMS-2) is the database for storing health service data in Ghana, and similar to other low and middle income countries, paper-based data collection is being used by the Ghana Health Service. As the DHIMS-2 database has not been validated before this study aimed to evaluate its validity.Seven out of ten districts in the Greater Accra Region were randomly sampled; the district hospital and a polyclinic in each district were recruited for validation. Seven pre-specified neonatal health indicators were considered for validation: antenatal registrants, deliveries, total births, live birth, stillbirth, low birthweight, and neonatal death. Data were extracted on these health indicators from the primary data (hospital paper-registers) recorded from January to March 2012. We examined all the data captured during this period as these data have been uploaded to the DHIMS-2 database. The differences between the values of the health indicators obtained from the primary data and that of the facility and DHIMS-2 database were used to assess the accuracy of the database while its completeness was estimated by the percentage of missing data in the primary data.About 41,000 data were assessed and in almost all the districts, the error rates of the DHIMS-2 data were less than 2.1% while the percentages of missing data were below 2%. At the regional level, almost all the health indicators had an error rate below 1% while the overall error rate of the DHIMS-2 database was 0.68% (95% C I = 0.61-0.75) and the percentage of missing data was 3.1% (95% C I = 2.96-3.24).This study demonstrated that the percentage of missing data in the DHIMS-2 database was negligible while its accuracy was close to the acceptable range for high quality data.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Contextual risk factors for low birth weight: a multilevel analysis.

Author: Gbenga A Kayode, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Irene Akua Agyepong, Evelyn Ansah, Diederick E Grobbee, and Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Low birth weight (LBW) remains to be a leading cause of neonatal death and a major contributor to infant and under-five mortality. Its prevalence has not declined in the last decade in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Asia. Some individual level factors have been identified as risk factors for LBW but knowledge is limited on contextual risk factors for LBW especially in SSA.Contextual risk factors for LBW in Ghana were identified by performing multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of 6,900 mothers dwelling in 412 communities that participated in the 2003 and 2008 Demographic and Health Surveys in Ghana.Contextual-level factors were significantly associated with LBW: Being a rural dweller increased the likelihood of having a LBW infant by 43% (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.01-2.01; P-value
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Factors associated with suboptimal complementary feeding practices among mothers of infants and young children in India

Author: Adejoke M, Idowu, Gbenga A, Kayode, and Victor T, Adekanmbi
Abstract: To examine the current complementary feeding practices among infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months in India, and factors influencing these practices at child, parental, household and community levels.Data on 74,095 last-born children aged 6 to 23 months used in this study were obtained from the 2015 India Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Complementary feeding indicators (timely introduction of complementary foods to infants aged 6 to 8 months old, minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diets) were estimated, and their associated factors were identified using descriptive and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses.The prevalence of the timely introduction of complementary foods to infants aged 6 to 8 months was 45.1%. The proportion of children between ages 6 to 23 months who received the minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diets were 36%, 21% and 9.1%, respectively. Findings from the multivariate analyses revealed that mothers of infants delivered at home, mothers who had no antenatal check-up, mothers who are Hindus, mothers living in rural areas or those from the Western/Northern geographical regions of India were at higher risk of suboptimal complementary feeding practices.Conclusions. Our findings indicate that, among other factors, achieving the recommended four or more antenatal visits was consistently associated with improved complementary feeding practices. Thus, policies that ensure increased coverage and quality of antenatal check-up could improve complementary feeding practices of mothers in India, and help towards achieving sustainable development goal 2, targeted at eradicating hunger and malnutrition.
Published: 2022

11. Temporal trends in stillbirth over eight decades in England and Wales: A longitudinal analysis of over 56 million births and lives saved by improvements in maternity care

Author: Gbenga A, Kayode, Andrew, Judge, Christy, Burden, Cathy, Winter, Tim, Draycott, Basky, Thilaganathan, and Erik, Lenguerrand
Subjects: Adult, Wales, Adolescent, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Stillbirth, Young Adult, Pregnancy, Humans, Female, Maternal Health Services, Longitudinal Studies, Aged, Maternal Age
Abstract: BackgroundConsidering the public health importance of stillbirth, this study quantified the trends in stillbirths over eight decades in England and Wales.MethodsThis longitudinal study utilized the publicly available aggregated data from the Office for National Statistics that captured maternity information for babies delivered in England and Wales from 1940 to 2019. We computed the trends in stillbirth with the associated incidence risk difference, incidence risk ratio, and extra lives saved per decade.ResultsFrom 1940-2019, 56 906 273 births were reported. The stillbirth rate declined (85%) drastically up to the early 1980s. In the initial five decades, the estimated number of deaths per decade further decreased by 67 765 (9.49/1000 births) in 1940-1949, 2569 (0.08/1000 births) in 1950-1959, 9121 (3.50/1000 births) in 1960-1969, 15 262 (2.31/1000 births) in 1970-1979, and 10 284 (1.57/1000 births) in 1980-1989. However, the stillbirth rate increased by an additional 3850 (0.58/1000 births) stillbirths in 1990-1999 and 693 (0.11/1000 births) stillbirths in 2000-2009. The stillbirth rate declined again during 2010-2019, with 3714 fewer stillbirths (0.54/1000 births). The incidence of maternal age 35 years) increased.ConclusionsThe stillbirth rate declined drastically, but the rate of decline slowed in the last three decades. Though teenage pregnancy (
Published: 2022

12. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Author: Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, University of Oxford (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Canada Research Chairs, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Wellcome Trust, NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Finlands Akademi (Finlandia), Panjab University (India), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Danish National Research Foundation, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), South African Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Charles Sturt University (Australia), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Mizoram University (India), Kasturba Medical College (India), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Collaborators, GBD 2020 Alcohol, Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa B, Griswold, Max G, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md, Abhilash, E S, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adhikari, Kishor, Adhikari, Sangeet, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Agegnehu, Wubetu Yimam, Aggarwal, Manik, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Md Zakiul, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Allel, Kasim, Alonso, Jordi, Alvand, Saba, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Firehiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amiri, Sohrab, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arabloo, Jalal, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Aryan, Zahra, Asaad, Malke, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Astell-Burt, Thoma, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre ayanore, Ayinde, Olatunde O, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, Balchut/bilchut, Awraris Hailu, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Belo, Lui, Bennett, Derrick A, Benseñor, Isabela M, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Blokhina, Elena A Elena, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Brunoni, Andre R, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Cao, Yin, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Andre F, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Cherbuin, Nicola, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chudal, Nandita, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Churko, Chuchu, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Costanzo, Simona, Cowden, Richard G, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daniel, Beniam Darge, Danielewicz, Anna, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, de Araujo, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Rei, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dehghan, Azizallah, Demetriades, Andreas K, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Diress, Mengistie, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Duko, Bereket, Duncan, Bruce B, Edvardsson, Kristina, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadimanesh, Azin, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farahmand, Fatemeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fentaw, Zinabu, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Galvano, Fabio, Ganesan, Balasankar, Garg, Tushar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu, Gemechu, Tadele Regasa, Getacher, Lemma, Getachew, Motuma Erena, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Getie, Asmare, Ghaderi, Amir, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghandour, Lilian A, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozy, Sherief, Glozah, Franklin N, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Godos, Justyna, Goel, Amit, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golitaleb, Mohamad, Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gudayu, Temesgen Worku, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hall, Brian J, Halwani, Rabih, Handiso, Tiilahun Beyene, Hankey, Graeme J, Hariri, Sanam, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hossain, Sahadat, Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Loui, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamalpoor, Zahra, Jamshidi, Elham, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jebai, Rime, Jeddi, Seyed Ali, Jema, Alelign Tasew, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jindal, Har Ashish, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabthymer, Robel Hussen, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel, Kapoor, Neeti, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Moien AB, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Narinder, Kumar, Nithin, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Jerrald, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lozano, Rafael, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Mahjoub, Soleiman, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Villa, Francisco A, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mcgrath, John J, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensink, Gert B M, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Atte, Merga, Bedasa Taye, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirijello, Antonio, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Yousef, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Mulugeta, Beemnet Tekabe, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Murray, Christopher J L, Mwita, Julius C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nepal, Samata, Neupane, Sudan Prasad Prasad, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Morae, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Jay, Pati, Siddhartha, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Peden, Amy E, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prashant, Akila, Quan, Jianchao, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rasali, Drona Prakash, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Saeid, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Roth, Gregory A, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghian, Reihaneh, Saeed, Umar, Saeedi, Farhad, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwarzinger, Michaël, Schwebel, David C, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahin, Sarvenaz, Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba, Shahrokhi, Shayan, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shiferaw, Damtew Solomon, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Shivarov, Velizar, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shrestha, Roman, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, Natacha Torres da, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Solmi, Marco, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Stein, Dan J, Subba, Sonu Hangma, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taheri, Majid, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tareke, Minale, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temesgen, Worku Animaw, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Tiruneh, Chalachew, Todorovic, Jovana, Torrado, Marco, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Vakilian, Alireza, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Varmaghani, Mehdi, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vos, Theo, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Cong, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wubetu, Abate Dargie, Xu, Suowen, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yesera, Gesila Endashaw E, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yimaw, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahir, Mazyar, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zmaili, Mohammad, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Bryazka, D, Reitsma, Mb, Griswold, Mg, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Kangevari, Ma, Kangevari, Za, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdullah, Am, Abhilash, E, Abu Gharbieh, E, Acuna, Jm, Addolorato, G, Adebayo, Om, Adekanmbi, V, Adhikari, K, Adhikari, S, Adnani, Qe, Afzal, S, Agegnehu, Wy, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, Bo, Ahmad, Ar, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Rashid, Ta, Akunna, Cj, Al Hamad, H, Alam, Mz, Alem, Dt, Alene, Ka, Alimohamadi, Y, Alizadeh, A, Allel, K, Alonso, J, Alvand, S, Guzman, Na, Amare, F, Ameyaw, Ek, Amiri, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, Ja, Andrei, Cl, Andrei, T, Arabloo, J, Arshad, M, Artamonov, Aa, Aryan, Z, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, Ma, Burt, Ta, Athari, S, Atnafu, Dd, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayano, G, Ayanore, Ma, Ayinde, Oo, Mateos, Jla, Azadnajafabad, S, Azanaw, Mm, Khyavy, Ma, Jafari, Aa, Azzam, Ay, Badiye, Ad, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bairwa, M, Bakkannavar, Sm, Bakshi, Rk, Balchut, Ah, Null, T, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Baskaran, P, Belo, L, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bintoro, B, Blokhina, Eae, Bodicha, Bba, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Briko, Ni, Brunoni, Ar, Butt, Za, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, Af, Carvalho, M, Maia, Jmc, Castelpietra, G, de Araujo, Lfsc, Cattaruzza, M, Chakraborty, Pa, Charan, J, Chattu, Vk, Chaurasia, A, Cherbuin, N, Chu, Dt, Chudal, N, Chung, Sc, Churko, C, Ciobanu, Lg, Cirillo, M, Claro, Rm, Costanzo, S, Cowden, Rg, Criqui, Mh, Martins, Nc, Culbreth, Gt, Dachew, Ba, Dadras, O, Dai, Xc, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daniel, Bd, Danielewicz, A, Gela, Jd, Davletov, K, de Araujo, Jap, de Sa, Ar, Debela, Sa, Dehghan, A, Demetriades, Ak, Molla, Md, Desai, R, Desta, Aa, da Silva, Dd, Diaz, D, Digesa, Le, Diress, M, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, Dsouza, Hl, Duko, B, Duncan, Bb, Edvardsson, K, Ekholuenetale, M, Elgar, Fj, Elhadi, M, Elmonem, Ma, Endries, Ay, Eskandarieh, S, Etemadimanesh, A, Fagbamigbe, Af, Fakhradiyev, Ir, Farahmand, F, Farinha, Cse, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, Nk, Feigin, Vl, Feldman, R, Feng, Xq, Fentaw, Z, Ferrero, S, Desideri, Lf, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, Jm, Franklin, Rc, Gaal, Pa, Gad, Mm, Gallus, S, Galvano, F, Ganesan, B, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, Mgd, Gebremeskel, Tg, Gebremichael, Ma, Gemechu, Tr, Getacher, L, Getachew, Me, Obsa, Ag, Getie, A, Ghaderi, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, Sh, Ghandour, La, Nour, Mg, Ghashghaee, A, Ghozy, S, Glozah, Fn, Glushkova, Ev, Godos, J, Goel, A, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gudayu, Tw, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, Vb, Gupta, Vk, Nejad, Nh, Mirzaian, Ah, Hall, Bj, Halwani, R, Handiso, Tb, Hankey, Gj, Hariri, S, Haro, Jm, Hasaballah, Ai, Moghaddam, Hh, Hay, Si, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Heyi, Dz, Hezam, K, Hlongwa, Mm, Holla, R, Hossain, Mm, Hossain, S, Hosseini, Sk, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, Gq, Huang, Jj, Hussain, S, Ibitoye, Se, Ilic, Im, Ilic, Md, Immurana, M, Irham, Lm, Islam, Mm, Islam, Rm, Islam, Sm, Iso, H, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jabbarinejad, R, Jacob, L, Jakovljevic, M, Jamalpoor, Z, Jamshidi, E, Jayapal, Sk, Jayarajah, Uu, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Jeddi, Sa, Jema, At, Jha, Rp, Jindal, Ha, Jonas, Jb, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, Jj, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabthymer, Rh, Kamble, Bd, Kandel, H, Kanno, Gg, Kapoor, N, Karaye, Im, Karimi, Se, Kassa, Bg, Kaur, Rj, Kayode, Ga, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khan, Ia, Ab Khan, M, Kim, H, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kimokoti, Rw, Kivimaki, M, Klymchuk, V, Knudsen, Ak, Kolahi, Aa, Korshunov, Va, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, N, Ben, Lacey, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lee, Sw, Lee, Wc, Lee, Yh, Lim, Ll, Lim, S, Lobo, Sw, Lopukhov, Pd, Lorkowski, S, Lozano, R, Lucchetti, G, Madadizadeh, F, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahumud, Ra, Makki, A, Malekpour, Mr, Manjunatha, N, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, Ma, Raga, Jm, Villa, Fam, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, Pk, Mayeli, M, Mcgrath, Jj, Meena, Jk, Nasab, Em, Menezes, Rg, Mensink, Gbm, Mentis, Afa, Meretoja, A, Merga, Bt, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, Jm, Miazgowski, B, de Sa, Acmgn, Miller, Tr, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, Em, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mobarakabadi, M, Moccia, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, E, Hafshejani, Am, Mohammed, Ta, Moka, N, Mokdad, Ah, Momtazmanesh, S, Moradi, Y, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Mullany, Ec, Mulugeta, Bt, Zamora, Em, Murray, Cjl, Mwita, Jc, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, Md, Nangia, V, Nayak, Bp, Negoi, I, Negoi, Ri, Nejadghaderi, Sa, Nepal, S, Neupane, Spp, Kandel, Sn, Nigatu, Yt, Nowroozi, A, Nuruzzaman, Km, Nzoputam, Ci, Obamiro, Ko, Ogbo, Fa, Oguntade, A, Aliabad, Ho, Olakunde, Bo, Oliveira, Gmm, Bali, Ao, Omer, E, Altamirano, Dvo, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, S, Oumer, B, Mahesh, Pa, Monedero, Ap, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Jonas, Sp, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Park, Ek, Parry, Cdh, Kan, Fp, Patel, J, Pati, S, Patton, Gc, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Peden, Ae, Petcu, Ir, Phillips, Mr, Pinheiro, M, Plotnikov, E, Pradhan, Pm, Prashant, A, Quan, Jc, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raghav, Pr, Movaghar, Vr, Rahman, A, Rahman, Mm, Rahman, M, Rahmani, Am, Rahmani, S, Ranabhat, Cl, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, Cr, Rasali, Dp, Rashidi, Mm, Ratan, Za, Rawaf, Dl, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Renzaho, Amn, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Riahi, Sm, Rodriguez, Er, Roth, Ga, Rwegerera, Gm, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, R, Saeed, U, Saeedi, F, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sahraian, Ma, Rahman, Ksu, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, Am, Sanmarchi, F, Milicevic, Mm, Sarikhani, Y, Sathian, B, Saya, Gk, Sayyah, M, Schmidt, Mi, Schutte, Ae, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, Dc, Seidu, Aa, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahin, S, Sanavi, F, Shahrokhi, S, Shaikh, Ma, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, Mz, Beyranvand, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, Ra, Shetty, A, Shetty, Jk, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, Km, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, Nb, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silva, Da, da Silva, Nt, Singh, Ja, Singh, S, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Sleet, Da, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Ym, Sorensen, Rjd, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, In, Stein, Dj, Subba, Sh, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, Rt, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, Kk, Tareke, M, Tarkang, Ee, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, Wa, Temsah, Mh, Thankappan, Kr, Thapar, R, Thomas, Nk, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, Mrt, Tran, Mtn, Llimos, St, Tripathy, Jp, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, Sb, Vasankari, Tj, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, Mt, Wang, C, Wang, Yz, Wang, Yp, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, Nd, Wubetu, Ad, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, Gee, Yigit, A, Yimaw, Ae, Yon, Dk, Yonemoto, N, Yu, Ch, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Zj, Zhong, Cw, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, Ymh, Gakidou, E, Madureira-Carvalho, Am, Ciobanu, LG, Gakidou, Emma, and GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators
Subjects: Adult, Male, Alcohol Drinking, CONTROL POLICIES, adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, NDAS, ALL-CAUSE, GUIDELINES, GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, Medicine, General & Internal, DRINKING, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, DRINKERS, Child, Preschool, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, METAANALYSIS, MCC, Science & Technology, global burden of disease, Risk Factor, General Medicine, CANCER, alcohol drinking, AC, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, REDUCED MORTALITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the support for intellectual contributions to this manuscript by the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. L Belo acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. D Bennett is supported by the UK Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). M Carvalho acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. L Castro-de-Araujo was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Grant no. MR/T03355X/1 and by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant no. R01MH128911. FJ Elgar is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program. F Greaves acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for NW London. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. VB Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported by the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education –Project, Postdoc2MUNI “(No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). S M S Islam is funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and received funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution has been co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. M Kivimaki was supported by the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S011676/1), the US National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477), and the Academy of Finland (350426). K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B Lacey acknowledges support from the UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). G Lucchetti received a productivity scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development — CNPq (Level 1D). J McGrath was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professor). J McGrath is employed by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), which receives support from the Queensland Health Department. C Parry acknowleges the South African Medical Research Council. A Peden is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship (Grant ID: APP2009306). M R Phillips was supported in part by the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases - National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). M Pinheiro acknowledges FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória. A Rahman acknowledges the support from the Data Science Research Unit in Charles Sturt University (Bathurst, NSW, Australia). U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University (Cairo, Egypt) and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. N Senthil Kumar acknowledges the DBT, New Delhi sponsored Advanced State Level Biotech Hub (BT/NER/143/SP44475/2021), Mizoram University (Aizawl, Mizoram, India) for facilitating this work. F Sha is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20190929172835662). A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College (Mangalore, India) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal, India) for all the academic support. R Shrestha acknowledges a career development award from the National Institutes of Health (K01DA051346). D Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq - Brazil (309589/2021-5). D Sleet acknowledges partial support from Veritas Management Group, Inc and The Bizzell Group, LLC. S Trias-Llimós acknowledges research funding from the Juan de la Cierva-Formación program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC-2019-039314-I). Sí
Published: 2022

13. Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ewerton Cousin, Bruce B Duncan, Caroline Stein, Kanyin Liane Ong, Theo Vos, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Amir Abdoli, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abolhassani, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Gina Agarwal, Krishna K Agrawaal, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wuraola Akande-Sholabi, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Ziyad Al-Aly, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Adnan Ansar, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Benny Antony, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Damian Arizmendi, Benedetta Armocida, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Zahra Aryan, Samaneh Asgari, Tahira Ashraf, Thomas Astell-Burt, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Mohan Bairwa, Jennifer L Baker, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Palash Chandra Banik, Anthony Barnett, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Amadou Barrow, Neeraj Bedi, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, David Beran, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Setognal Birara, Virginia Bodolica, Aime Bonny, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Yin Cao, Chao Cao, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Joht Singh Chandan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Barbara Corso, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Jan-Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Daniel Diaz, Sanam Ebtehaj, Hisham Atan Edinur, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Iman El Sayed, Islam Y Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Umar Farooque, Xiaoqi Feng, Eduarda Fernandes, Florian Fischer, David Flood, Marisa Freitas, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Lemma Getacher, Mansour Ghafourifard, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Ghozali Ghozali, Paramjit Singh Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Mahaveer Golechha, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Graeme J Hankey, Shafiul Haque, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Abdiwahab Hashi, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Rabia Hussain, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Kevin S Ikuta, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, Md Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ranil Jayawardena, Ravi Prakash Jha, Oommen John, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Sewnet Adem Kebede, Pedram Keshavarz, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Moien AB Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Amir M Khater, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Anders O Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Wei-Chen Lee, Chiachi Bonnie Lee, Paul H Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Lee-Ling Lim, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Azeem Majeed, Ahmad Azam Malik, Borhan Mansouri, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Santi Martini, Prashant Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Nafiul Mehedi, Teferi Mekonnen, Ritesh G Menezes, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Agha Zeeshan Mirza, Prasanna Mithra, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Farhad Moradpour, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Christopher J L Murray, Ahmad Mustafa, Gabriele Nagel, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Rawlance Ndejjo, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Christoph Nowak, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Temitope T Ojo, Andrew T Olagunju, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Alberto Ortiz, Mayowa O Owolabi, Raffaele Palladino, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Mojtaba Parvizi, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Manju Pilania, Vivek Podder, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Akila Prashant, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Nazanin Rajai, Pradhum Ram, Juwel Rana, Kamal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Satish Rao, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniela Ribeiro, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Paul MacDaragh Ryan, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Markus P Schlaich, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mario Šekerija, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Allen Seylani, Masood Ali Shaikh, Hina Shamshad, Md Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Rahman Shiri, K M Shivakumar, Kerem Shuval, Jasvinder A Singh, Ambrish Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Amin Soheili, Jing Sun, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Hooman Tadbiri, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Md. Tariqujjaman, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nihal Thomas, Binod Timalsina, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello Tonelli, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Lorainne Tudor Car, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Riaz Uddin, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Madhur Verma, Victor E Villalobos-Daniel, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Rade Vukovic, Yasir Waheed, Richard G Wamai, Andrea Werdecker, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Xiaoyue Xu, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Sanni Yaya, Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie, Siyan Yi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ismaeel Yunusa, Siddhesh Zadey, Sojib Bin Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Nelson Zamora, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Alimuddin Zumla, Mohsen Naghavi, Maria Inês Schmidt, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, QE Econometrics, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Cousin, E, Duncan, B, Stein, C, Ong, K, Vos, T, Abbafati, C, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdoli, A, Abd-Rabu, R, Abolhassani, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Accrombessi, M, Adnani, Q, Afzal, M, Agarwal, G, Agrawaal, K, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, A, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akande-Sholabi, W, Akram, T, Al Hamad, H, Al-Aly, Z, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjana, R, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, B, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Arizmendi, D, Armocida, B, Artamonov, A, Arulappan, J, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Astell-Burt, T, Atorkey, P, Atout, M, Ayanore, M, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Baker, J, Baltatu, O, Banik, P, Barnett, A, Barone, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barrow, A, Bedi, N, Belete, R, Belgaumi, U, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Beran, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birara, S, Bodolica, V, Bonny, A, Brenner, H, Briko, N, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cao, Y, Cao, C, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, P, Chandan, J, Chattu, V, Chen, S, Choi, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Corso, B, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davila-Cervantes, C, De Neve, J, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Diaz, D, Ebtehaj, S, Edinur, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, Elmonem, M, Faisaluddin, M, Farooque, U, Feng, X, Fernandes, E, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Freitas, M, Gaal, P, Gad, M, Gaewkhiew, P, Getacher, L, Ghafourifard, M, Ghanei Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Gill, P, Ginawi, I, Glushkova, E, Golechha, M, Gopalani, S, Guimaraes, R, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gupta, S, Habtewold, T, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Halwani, R, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Haque, S, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, S, Hashi, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, M, Hossain, M, Hossain, S, Hosseini, M, Hoveidamanesh, S, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ikuta, K, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Islam, M, Islam, S, Islam, R, Ismail, N, Isola, G, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, I, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jayawardena, R, Jha, R, John, O, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Kayode, G, Kebede, S, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khan, M, Khater, A, Khoja, T, Khubchandani, J, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimaki, M, Korshunov, V, Korzh, O, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, W, Lee, C, Lee, P, Lee, S, Li, M, Lim, S, Lim, L, Lucchetti, G, Majeed, A, Malik, A, Mansouri, B, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mathur, P, Mcalinden, C, Mehedi, N, Mekonnen, T, Menezes, R, Mersha, A, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirza, A, Mithra, P, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Mostafavi, E, Mueller, U, Murray, C, Mustafa, A, Nagel, G, Nangia, V, Naqvi, A, Nayak, B, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, R, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Oguntade, A, Ojo, T, Olagunju, A, Onwujekwe, O, Ortiz, A, Owolabi, M, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandi-Perumal, S, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Parvizi, M, Pepito, V, Perianayagam, A, Petcu, I, Pilania, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Postma, M, Prashant, A, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmawaty, S, Rajai, N, Ram, P, Rana, J, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Rohloff, P, Rwegerera, G, Ryan, P, Saber-Ayad, M, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Schlaich, M, Seidu, A, Sekerija, M, Senthil Kumar, N, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamshad, H, Shawon, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, J, Shiri, R, Shivakumar, K, Shuval, K, Singh, J, Singh, A, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Soheili, A, Sun, J, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadbiri, H, Tadesse, E, Tariqujjaman, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Timalsina, B, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathy, J, Tudor Car, L, Tusa, B, Uddin, R, Upadhyay, E, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Verma, M, Villalobos-Daniel, V, Vladimirov, S, Vo, B, Vu, G, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Werdecker, A, Wickramasinghe, N, Winkler, A, Wubishet, B, Xu, X, Xu, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yatsuya, H, Yaya, S, Yazie, T, Yi, S, Yonemoto, N, Yunusa, I, Zadey, S, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zamora, N, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zmaili, M, Zumla, A, Naghavi, M, Schmidt, M, GBD 2019 Diabetes Mortality Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Cousin, E., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Ong, K. L., Vos, T., Abbafati, C., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abdelmasseh, M., Abdoli, A., Abd-Rabu, R., Abolhassani, H., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Accrombessi, M. M. K., Adnani, Q. E. S., Afzal, M. S., Agarwal, G., Agrawaal, K. K., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, A., Ahmed Salih, Y., Akande-Sholabi, W., Akram, T., Al Hamad, H., Al-Aly, Z., Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amini, S., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjana, R. M., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Antony, B., Anyasodor, A. E., Arabloo, J., Arizmendi, D., Armocida, B., Artamonov, A. A., Arulappan, J., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Astell-Burt, T., Atorkey, P., Atout, M. M. W., Ayanore, M. A., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Baker, J. L., Baltatu, O. C., Banik, P. C., Barnett, A., Barone, M. T. U., Barone-Adesi, F., Barrow, A., Bedi, N., Belete, R., Belgaumi, U. I., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Beran, D., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birara, S., Bodolica, V., Bonny, A., Brenner, H., Briko, N. I., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cao, Y., Cao, C., Cerin, E., Chakraborty, P. A., Chandan, J. S., Chattu, V. K., Chen, S., Choi, J. -Y. J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Corso, B., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Damasceno, A. A. M., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., De Neve, J. -W., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Diaz, D., Ebtehaj, S., Edinur, H. A., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Sayed, I., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., Elmonem, M. A., Faisaluddin, M., Farooque, U., Feng, X., Fernandes, E., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Freitas, M., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gaewkhiew, P., Getacher, L., Ghafourifard, M., Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Gill, P. S., Ginawi, I. A., Glushkova, E. V., Golechha, M., Gopalani, S. V., Guimaraes, R. A., Gupta, R. D., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. K., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, S., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Halwani, R., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Haque, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, S. S., Hashi, A., Hassanipour, S., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, M., Hossain, M. B. H., Hossain, S., Hosseini, M., Hoveidamanesh, S., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hussain, R., Hwang, B. -F., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikuta, K. S., Inbaraj, L. R., Iqbal, U., Islam, M. S., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, R. M., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Itumalla, R., Iwagami, M., Iyamu, I. O., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jayawardena, R., Jha, R. P., John, O., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Kapoor, N., Kayode, G. A., Kebede, S. A., Keshavarz, P., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khan, M. A., Khan, M. N., Khan, M., Khater, A. M., Khoja, T. A. M., Khubchandani, J., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kivimaki, M., Korshunov, V. A., Korzh, O., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, N., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, W. -C., Lee, C. B., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Li, M. -C., Lim, S. S., Lim, L. -L., Lucchetti, G., Majeed, A., Malik, A. A., Mansouri, B., Mantovani, L. G., Martini, S., Mathur, P., Mcalinden, C., Mehedi, N., Mekonnen, T., Menezes, R. G., Mersha, A. G., Miao Jonasson, J., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirza, A. Z., Mithra, P., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, A., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moni, M. A., Moradpour, F., Moradzadeh, R., Mostafavi, E., Mueller, U. O., Murray, C. J. L., Mustafa, A., Nagel, G., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A. A., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, R. I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Oguntade, A. S., Ojo, T. T., Olagunju, A. T., Onwujekwe, O. E., Ortiz, A., Owolabi, M. O., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Pardhan, S., Parekh, T., Parvizi, M., Pepito, V. C. F., Perianayagam, A., Petcu, I. -R., Pilania, M., Podder, V., Polibin, R. V., Postma, M. J., Prashant, A., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M., Rahmawaty, S., Rajai, N., Ram, P., Rana, J., Ranabhat, K., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rao, S., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Roever, L., Rohloff, P., Rwegerera, G. M., Ryan, P. M., Saber-Ayad, M. M., Sabour, S., Saddik, B., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Sahebkar, A., Sahoo, H., Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Salimzadeh, H., Samaei, M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Schlaich, M. P., Seidu, A. -A., Sekerija, M., Senthil Kumar, N., Seylani, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamshad, H., Shawon, M. S. R., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shetty, J. K., Shiri, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shuval, K., Singh, J. A., Singh, A., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Soheili, A., Sun, J., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tadbiri, H., Tadesse, E. G., Tariqujjaman, M., Thankappan, K. R., Thapar, R., Thomas, N., Timalsina, B., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathy, J. P., Tudor Car, L., Tusa, B. S., Uddin, R., Upadhyay, E., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Verma, M., Villalobos-Daniel, V. E., Vladimirov, S. K., Vo, B., Vu, G. T., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R. G., Werdecker, A., Wickramasinghe, N. D., Winkler, A. S., Wubishet, B. L., Xu, X., Xu, S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yatsuya, H., Yaya, S., Yazie, T. S. Y., Yi, S., Yonemoto, N., Yunusa, I., Zadey, S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zamora, N., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zmaili, M., Zumla, A., Naghavi, M., Schmidt, M. I., Collaborators, GBD 2019 Diabetes Mortality, and Lacey, BWH
Subjects: Adult, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, CHILDHOOD, universal health coverage, Global Health, 3121 Internal medicine, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Endocrinology, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, Internal Medicine, Humans, Diabetes mortality, diabetes, mortality, global burden of disease, under 25 years, COHORT, health care services, COMPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, Diabetes, Mortality trends, Age-specific diabetes, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, BRAZIL, Type I Diabetes, INSULIN, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, the Socio-demographic Index, Treatment, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, 1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, diabete, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, ACCESS, RA, RC
Abstract: Background:Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods:We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings:In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation:Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

14. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality

Author: Zohreh Arefi, Rasmus Havmoeller, Pietro Ferrara, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Payman Salamati, Agegnehu Bante Getenet, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Alexander C. Tsai, Andrew T Olagunju, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Tim Driscoll, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Taras Kavetskyy, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Richard C. Franklin, Naznin Hossain, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Suzanne Polinder, Ziad El-Khatib, Ashish Pathak, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, David M. Pigott, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik, Hadi Hassankhani, Nuworza Kugbey, Lal B. Rawal, Masoud Foroutan, Dejana Braithwaite, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Grant M. A. Wyper, Joht Singh Chandan, Akbar Barzegar, Hamid Safarpour, Kate E. LeGrand, Giulio Castelpietra, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Amin Soheili, Azeem Majeed, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Walter Mendoza, Ghulam Mustafa, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Pengpeng Ye, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Masoud Moradi, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Mohammad Rabiee, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Jack T Fox, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Pallab K. Maulik, Ai-Min Wu, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Fatemeh Rajati, Nathaniel J Henry, David C. Schwebel, Ali H. Mokdad, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Leonardo Roever, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Khalid A Altirkawi, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Farhad Ghamari, Ramesh Holla, Arash Sarveazad, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Suresh Jungari, Rohan Borschmann, Irfan Ullah, Nitin Joseph, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Ivo Rakovac, Mohammad Zamani, Antonio Maria Borzì, Atif Amin Baig, Mohsen Bayati, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mehdi Sayyah, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Fakher Rahim, Dillon O Sylte, Feng Sha, Palash Chandra Banik, Mohan Bairwa, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Yong Yu, Delia Hendrie, Spencer L. James, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Seok Jun Yoon, Siavash Rahimi, Jost B. Jonas, Michael R. Phillips, Diana Silva, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Samath D Dharmaratne, Roba Khundkar, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Joemer C. Maravilla, Eleonora Dubljanin, Arun Balachandran, Arman Latifi, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Alessandra C. Goulart, Andreea Mirica, Fatemeh Zarei, Habte Belete, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Atte Meretoja, Jasvinder A. Singh, Guilherme Borges, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Guoqing Hu, Archith Boloor, Luca Ronfani, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Yousef Khader, Adnan Kisa, Simon I. Hay, Takeshi Fukumoto, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Yuichiro Yano, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Ghasem Azarian, Sezer Kisa, Basema Saddik, Leake Gebremeskel, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Jennifer Rickard, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Smita Pakhale, Francesco Saverio Violante, Neeraj Bedi, Efat Mohamadi, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Marek Majdan, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Prateek Rastogi, Xuefeng Liu, Monika Sawhney, Ayman Grada, Prasanna Mithra, Shanshan Li, Masood Ali Shaikh, Erin B Hamilton, Hung Chak Ho, Zichen Liu, Irini Chatziralli, Paulo A. Lotufo, Yuming Guo, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Hamidreza Komaki, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Yoosik Youm, Kebreab Paulos, Saqib Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, M. Mofizul Islam, Ahad Bakhtiari, Karen M. Tabb, Davood Anvari, Tomislav Mestrovic, Yunquan Zhang, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rupak Desai, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Carlo La Vecchia, Amrit Banstola, Niguse Meles Alema, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Soraya Seedat, Filippo Ariani, Chi Linh Hoang, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Erika Ota, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Van C. Lansingh, Mohammed Madadin, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Dinh-Toi Chu, Bach Xuan Tran, Till Bärnighausen, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Bereket Duko Adema, In-Hwan Oh, Paul S. F. Yip, Ionut Negoi, Eduarda Fernandes, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Kelly Jones, Mahdi Safdarian, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Diego De Leo, Khanh Bao Tran, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Yasser S. Amer, Tommi Vasankari, Vasily Vlassov, Jose C. Adsuar, Zoubida Zaidi, Asadollah Gholamian, Theo Vos, Nauman Khalid, Malke Asaad, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Hoa Thi Do, Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Manasi Kumar, Josip Car, Shoaib Hassan, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Gurudatta Naik, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Mustafa Z. Younis, Farid Najafi, Ester Cerin, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Javad Nazari, Joel M. Francis, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Farahnaz Joukar, Babak Moazen, Kebede Deribe, Nithin Kumar, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Getinet Ayano, Serge Resnikoff, Mark A. Stokes, Alaa Badawi, Narinder Kumar, Habibolah Khazaie, Sojib Bin Zaman, Faris Lami, Jens R. Chapman, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Dhirendra N Sinha, Engida Yisma, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Junaid Khan, Shane D. Morrison, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ata Rafiee, Hadush Gebremariam, Oghenowede Eyawo, Amir Hasanzadeh, Ana Laura Manda, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Narayana Manjunatha, Navid Manafi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Ferrán Catalá-López, Hossein Poustchi, Ghobad Moradi, Suliman Alghnam, Tinuke O Olagunju, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sorin Hostiuc, Jalal Arabloo, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Chris D Castle, Joan B. Soriano, Syed Amir Gilani, Mariam Molokhia, Gaurav Gupta, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Isabela M. Benseñor, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Young Eun Kim, Olatunde Aremu, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Jae Il Shin, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Neha Chaudhary, Juan Sanabria, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Rekha Thapar, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Maciej Banach, Salman Rawaf, Nicholas L S Roberts, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Manoochehr Karami, Derrick A Bennett, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Soheil Hassanipour, Ashish Badiye, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Obinna Onwujekwe, Kewal Krishan, João Coelho, Ahmed Abdelalim, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tomasz Miazgowski, Rahman Shiri, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Navid Rabiee, Nikita Otstavnov, Brian J. Hall, Olalekan A. Uthman, Rohollah Kalhor, Swayam Prakash, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Martha Híjar, Taweewat Wiangkham, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Aidin Abedi, Savita Lasrado, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Yousef Veisani, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Amir Radfar, Pawan Faris, Oladimeji Adebayo, Fares Alahdab, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Tripti Khanna, Girikumar Kumaresh, Alireza Rafiei, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Cyrus Alinia, Era Upadhyay, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Ahmed Omar Bali, Farshad Farzadfar, Vivek Kumar, Sanghamitra Pati, Gholamreza Roshandel, Daiane Borges Machado, Yuan-Pang Wang, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Jeevan Pereira, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Soraya Siabani, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Janet L Leasher, Shafiu Mohammed, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Eun-Kee Park, Marwa Rashad Salem, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Paolo Lauriola, Amir Kasaeian, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Rovshan Khalilov, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shailesh Advani, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Nihad A. Almasri, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Salman Khazaei, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Matthew Cunningham, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amy E. Peden, Rajaram Yadav, Srikanta Banerjee, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Ronan A Lyons, Farzad Jalilian, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Soufiane Boufous, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Getnet Gedefaw, Tauseef Ahmad, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Hamed Zandian, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Dawit Habte Woldeyes, Robert C. Reiner, Rakhi Dandona, Akram Pourshams, Lorainne Tudor Car, Inbal Salz, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Farnam Mohebi, A. A. Fomenkov, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Yousef Mohammad, Arash Ziapour, Zabihollah Yousefi, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Neeti Kapoor, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Vinod C. Nayak, Yoshan Moodley, Venkatesh Maled, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Saif Ullah, Anwar Rafay, Ali Koolivand, Ibrahim A Khalil, Parul Puri, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Vinay Nangia, Tanuj Kanchan, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Saeed Shahabi, Tiffany K. Gill, Traolach S. Brugha, Michael K. Hole, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Pankaj Singh, Rosario Cárdenas, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Peter Memiah, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sadia Bibi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Daniel Y. Cho, Keyvan Pakshir, Aziz Rezapour, R V Polibin, Sudha Jayaraman, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Amir Manafi, Berhe Gebremichael, Ali Yadollahpour, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei, Ali Kabir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Sanofi, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Neurocenter, James, S. L., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Liu, Z., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Bertolacci, G. J., Cunningham, M., Henry, N. J., Legrand, K. E., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K. H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Adsuar, J. C., Advani, S. M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahmad, T., Ahmed, M. B., Ahmed, R., Aichour, M. T. E., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F. M., Alema, N. M., Alemu, B. W., Alghnam, S. A., Ali, B. A., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Altirkawi, K., Amer, Y. S. A., Andrei, C. L., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Anvari, D., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Ariani, F., Arora, A., Asaad, M., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azarian, G., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Bakhtiari, A., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Banik, P. C., Banstola, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barzegar, A., Bayati, M., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Behzadifar, M., Belete, H., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhat, A. G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Boloor, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Borzi, A. M., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Briko, N. I., Brugha, T., Budhathoki, S. S., Car, J., Cardenas, R., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Catala-Lopez, F., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chapman, J. R., Chattu, V. K., Chattu, S. K., Chatziralli, I., Chaudhary, N., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Chowdhury, M. A. K., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T., Cicuttini, F. M., Coelho, J. M., Costa, V. M., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Daryani, A., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., De Leo, D., Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Demsie, D. G., Deribe, K., Desai, R., Nasab, M. D., Da Silva, D. D., Forooshani, Z. S. D., Do, H. T., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Dubljanin, E., Adema, B. D., Eagan, A. W., Elemineh, D. A., El-Jaafary, S. I., El-Khatib, Z., Ellingsen, C. L., El Sayedzaki, M., Eskandarieh, S., Eyawo, O., Faris, P. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J. M., Franklin, R. C., Fukumoto, T., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebremariam, H., Gebremedhin, K. B., Gebremeskel, L. G., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gebremichael, B., Gedefaw, G. A., Geta, B., Getenet, A. B., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Gheshlagh, R. G., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S. A., Gill, T. K., Goudarzian, A. H., Goulart, A. C., Grada, A., Grivna, M., Guimaraes, R. A., Guo, Y., Gupta, G., Haagsma, J. A., Hall, B. J., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D. W., Haro, J. M., Hasanzadeh, A., Hassan, S., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R., Hendrie, D., Heydarpour, F., Hijar, M., Ho, H. C., Hoang, C. L., Hole, M. K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Hu, G., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Inbaraj, L. R., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Ivers, R. Q., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jha, R. P., John-Akinola, Y. O., Jonas, J. B., Jones, K. M., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jungari, S. B., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kahsay, A., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamil, T. A., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami, M., Kasaeian, A., Kassaye, H. G., Kavetskyy, T., Kayode, G. A., Keiyoro, P. N., Kelbore, A. G., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khalid, N., Khalil, I. A., Khalilov, R., Khan, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, J., Khanna, T., Khazaei, S., Khazaie, H., Khundkar, R., Kiirithio, D. N., Kim, Y. -E., Kim, Y. J., Kim, D., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Komaki, H., Kondlahalli, S. K. M., Koolivand, A., Korshunov, V. A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M. U. G., Krishan, K., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kugbey, N., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Kumaresh, G., Lami, F. H., Lansingh, V. C., Lasrado, S., Latifi, A., Lauriola, P., Vecchia, C. L., Leasher, J. L., Lee, S. W. H., Li, S., Liu, X., Lopez, A. D., Lotufo, P. A., Lyons, R. A., Machado, D. B., Madadin, M., Abd El Razek, M. M., Mahotra, N. B., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Malta, D. C., Manafi, N., Manafi, A., Manda, A. -L., Manjunatha, N., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Maravilla, J. C., Mason-Jones, A. J., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Maulik, P. K., Mehndiratta, M. M., Melketsedik, Z. A., Memiah, P. T. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, M. M., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Merie, H. E., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J. A., Mohebi, F., Bandpei, M. A. M., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moradi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Velasquez, I. M., Morrison, S. D., Mossie, T. B., Muluneh, A. G., Musa, K. I., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Naik, G., Naimzada, M. D., Najaf, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V., Nazari, J., Ndwandwe, D. E., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, D. N., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nikbakhsh, R., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nnaji, C. A., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oghenetega, O. B., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Bali, A. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orpana, H. M., Ota, E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Mahesh, A. P., Padubidri, J. R., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E. -K., Patel, S. K., Pathak, A., Pati, S., Paulos, K., Peden, A. E., Pepito, V. C. F., Pereira, J., Phillips, M. R., Polibin, R. V., Polinder, S., Pourmalek, F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Prakash, S., Pribadi, D. R. A., Puri, P., Syed, Z. Q., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rafee, A., Rafei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, S., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, V., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Renjith, V., Resnikoff, S., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A. I., Rickard, J., Gonzalez, C. M. R., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Saddik, B., Safarpour, H., Safdarian, M., Sajadi, S. M., Salamati, P., Salem, M. R. R., Salem, H., Salz, I., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Riera, L. S., Milicevic, M. M. S., Sarker, A. R., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., Sayyah, M., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Seyedmousavi, S., Sha, F., Shaahmadi, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Sheikh, A., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shiri, R., Siabani, S., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Singh, J. A., Singh, P. K., Sinha, D. N., Soheili, A., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soyiri, I. N., Stokes, M. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sykes, B. L., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Taddele, B. W., Tefera, Y. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekulu, G. H., Tesema, A. K. T., Tesfay, B. E., Thapar, R., Titova, M. V., Tlaye, K. G., Tohidinik, H. R., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, K. B., Tran, B. X., Tripathy, J. P., Tsai, A. C., Tsatsakis, A., Car, L. T., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uthman, O. A., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y. -P., Wiangkham, T., Wolde, H. F., Woldeyes, D. H., Wondmeneh, T. G., Wondmieneh, A. B., Wu, A. -M., Wyper, G. M. A., Yadav, R., Yadollahpour, A., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J., Youm, Y., Younis, M. Z., Yousef, Z., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Moghadam, T. Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zarei, F., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Dandona, R., Dharmaratne, S. D., Hay, S. I., Mokdad, A. H., Pigott, D. M., Reiner, R. C., Vos, T., James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Bertolacci, G, Cunningham, M, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Adsuar, J, Advani, S, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, R, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alema, N, Alemu, B, Alghnam, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Anvari, D, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Belete, H, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Boloor, A, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Borzì, A, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Briko, N, Brugha, T, Budhathoki, S, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chapman, J, Chattu, V, Chattu, S, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, D, Choi, J, Kabir Chowdhury, M, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cicuttini, F, Coelho, J, Costa, V, Dahlawi, S, Daryani, A, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Leo, D, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, M, Silva, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Do, H, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubljanin, E, Adema, B, Eagan, A, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, C, Zaki, M, Eskandarieh, S, Eyawo, O, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Franklin, R, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebremariam, H, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, L, Gebremeskel, G, Gebremichael, B, Gedefaw, G, Geta, B, Getenet, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Gheshlagh, R, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, T, Goudarzian, A, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guimarães, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, G, Haagsma, J, Hall, B, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Haro, J, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassan, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hendrie, D, Heydarpour, F, Híjar, M, Ho, H, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Inbaraj, L, Naghibi Irvani, S, Mofizul Islam, M, Shariful Islam, S, Ivers, R, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Jayaraman, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jha, R, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Jones, K, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahsay, A, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamil, T, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, H, Kavetskyy, T, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, A, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khalilov, R, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khan, J, Khanna, T, Khazaei, S, Khazaie, H, Khundkar, R, Kiirithio, D, Kim, Y, Kim, D, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Komaki, H, Kondlahalli, S, Koolivand, A, Korshunov, V, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Defo, B, Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kumar, V, Kumaresh, G, Lami, F, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, Latifi, A, Lauriola, P, Vecchia, C, Leasher, J, Huey Lee, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lopez, A, Lotufo, P, Lyons, R, Machado, D, Madadin, M, Abd El Razek, M, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Malta, D, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Manda, A, Manjunatha, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Maravilla, J, Mason-Jones, A, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Maulik, P, Mehndiratta, M, Melketsedik, Z, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Merie, H, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, J, Mohebi, F, Mohseni Bandpei, M, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moradi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Velásquez, I, Morrison, S, Mossie, T, Muluneh, A, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naik, G, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nascimento, B, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndwandwe, D, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, D, Thi Nguyen, H, Nikbakhsh, R, Anggraini Ningrum, D, Nnaji, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Orpana, H, Ota, E, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E, Patel, S, Pathak, A, Pati, S, Paulos, K, Peden, A, Filipino Pepito, V, Pereira, J, Phillips, M, Polibin, R, Polinder, S, Pourmalek, F, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Angga Pribadi, D, Puri, P, Syed, Z, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, S, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renjith, V, Resnikoff, S, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios González, C, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Saddik, B, Safarpour, H, Safdarian, M, Mohammad Sajadi, S, Salamati, P, Rashad Salem, M, Salem, H, Salz, I, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Riera, L, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarker, A, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Sayyah, M, Schwebel, D, Seedat, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Seyedmousavi, S, Sha, F, Shaahmadi, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Singh, J, Singh, P, Sinha, D, Soheili, A, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Sykes, B, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Taddele, B, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekulu, G, Tesema Tesema, A, Tesfay, B, Thapar, R, Titova, M, Tlaye, K, Tohidinik, H, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, K, Tran, B, Tripathy, J, Tsai, A, Tsatsakis, A, Car, L, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, O, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wiangkham, T, Wolde, H, Woldeyes, D, Wondmeneh, T, Wondmieneh, A, Wu, A, Wyper, G, Yadav, R, Yadollahpour, A, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Ye, P, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Youm, Y, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Moghadam, T, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zarei, F, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Zodpey, S, Dandona, R, Dharmaratne, S, Hay, S, Mokdad, A, Pigott, D, Reiner, R, Vos, T, James, S.L., Castle, C.D., Dingels, Z.V., Fox, J.T., Hamilton, E.B., Liu, Z., Roberts, N.L.S., Sylte, D.O., Bertolacci, G.J., Cunningham, M., Henry, N.J., Legrand, K.E., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R.S., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abosetugn, A.E., Abushouk, A.I., Adebayo, O.M., Adsuar, J.C., Advani, S.M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahmad, T., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed, R., Aichour, M.T.E., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F.M., Alema, N.M., Alemu, B.W., Alghnam, S.A., Ali, B.A., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N.A., Altirkawi, K., Amer, Y.S.A., Andrei, C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C.A.T., Anvari, D., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Ariani, F., Arora, A., Asaad, M., Quintanilla, B.P.A., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azarian, G., Badawi, A., Badiye, A.D., Baig, A.A., Bairwa, M., Bakhtiari, A., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Banik, P.C., Banstola, A., Barker-Collo, S.L., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barzegar, A., Bayati, M., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Behzadifar, M., Belete, H., Bennett, D.A., Bensenor, I.M., Berhe, K., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhat, A.G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z.A., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Boloor, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Borzì, A.M., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Briko, N.I., Brugha, T., Budhathoki, S.S., Car, J., Cárdenas, R., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Castelpietra, G., Catalá-López, F., Cerin, E., Chandan, J.S., Chapman, J.R., Chattu, V.K., Chattu, S.K., Chatziralli, I., Chaudhary, N., Cho, D.Y., Choi, J.-Y.J., Chowdhury, M.A.K., Christopher, D.J., Chu, D.-T., Cicuttini, F.M., Coelho, J.M., Costa, V.M., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Daryani, A., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., De Leo, D., Demeke, F.M., Demoz, G.T., Demsie, D.G., Deribe, K., Desai, R., Nasab, M.D., Da Silva, D.D., Forooshani, Z.S.D., Do, H.T., Doyle, K.E., Driscoll, T.R., Dubljanin, E., Adema, B.D., Eagan, A.W., Elemineh, D.A., El-Jaafary, S.I., El-Khatib, Z., Ellingsen, C.L., El Sayedzaki, M., Eskandarieh, S., Eyawo, O., Faris, P.S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S.-M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Folayan, M.O., Fomenkov, A.A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J.M., Franklin, R.C., Fukumoto, T., Geberemariyam, B.S., Gebremariam, H., Gebremedhin, K.B., Gebremeskel, L.G., Gebremeskel, G.G., Gebremichael, B., Gedefaw, G.A., Geta, B., Getenet, A.B., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Gheshlagh, R.G., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S.A., Gill, T.K., Goudarzian, A.H., Goulart, A.C., Grada, A., Grivna, M., Guimarães, R.A., Guo, Y., Gupta, G., Haagsma, J.A., Hall, B.J., Hamadeh, R.R., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D.W., Haro, J.M., Hasanzadeh, A., Hassan, S., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H.Y., Havmoeller, R., Hendrie, D., Heydarpour, F., Híjar, M., Ho, H.C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Hu, G., Ibitoye, S.E., Ilesanmi, O.S., Inbaraj, L.R., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, M.M., Islam, S.M.S., Ivers, R.Q., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A.U., Jha, R.P., John-Akinola, Y.O., Jonas, J.B., Jones, K.M., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jungari, S.B., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kahsay, A., Kalankesh, L.R., Kalhor, R., Kamil, T.A., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami, M., Kasaeian, A., Kassaye, H.G., Kavetskyy, T., Kayode, G.A., Keiyoro, P.N., Kelbore, A.G., Khader, Y.S., Khafaie, M.A., Khalid, N., Khalil, I.A., Khalilov, R., Khan, M., Khan, E.A., Khan, J., Khanna, T., Khazaei, S., Khazaie, H., Khundkar, R., Kiirithio, D.N., Kim, Y.-E., Kim, Y.J., Kim, D., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Komaki, H., Kondlahalli, S.K.M., Koolivand, A., Korshunov, V.A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M.U.G., Krishan, K., Defo, B.K., Bicer, B.K., Kugbey, N., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Kumar, N., Kumaresh, G., Lami, F.H., Lansingh, V.C., Lasrado, S., Latifi, A., Lauriola, P., Vecchia, C.L., Leasher, J.L., Lee, S.W.H., Li, S., Liu, X., Lopez, A.D., Lotufo, P.A., Lyons, R.A., Machado, D.B., Madadin, M., Abd El Razek, M.M., Mahotra, N.B., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Malta, D.C., Manafi, N., Manafi, A., Manda, A.-L., Manjunatha, N., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Maravilla, J.C., Mason-Jones, A.J., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Maulik, P.K., Mehndiratta, M.M., Melketsedik, Z.A., Memiah, P.T.N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, M.M., Meretoja, T.J., Meretoja, A., Merie, H.E., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Darwesh, A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J.A., Mohebi, F., Bandpei, M.A.M., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moradi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Velásquez, I.M., Morrison, S.D., Mossie, T.B., Muluneh, A.G., Musa, K.I., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Naik, G., Naimzada, M.D., Najaf, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B.R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V., Nazari, J., Ndwandwe, D.E., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, T.H., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, D.N., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nikbakhsh, R., Ningrum, D.N.A., Nnaji, C.A., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F.A., Oghenetega, O.B., Oh, I.-H., Olagunju, A.T., Olagunju, T.O., Bali, A.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Orpana, H.M., Ota, E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Mahesh, A.P., Padubidri, J.R., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E.-K., Patel, S.K., Pathak, A., Pati, S., Paulos, K., Peden, A.E., Pepito, V.C.F., Pereira, J., Phillips, M.R., Polibin, R.V., Polinder, S., Pourmalek, F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Prakash, S., Pribadi, D.R.A., Puri, P., Syed, Z.Q., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rafee, A., Rafei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, S., Rahman, M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Rao, S.J., Rashedi, V., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Renjith, V., Resnikoff, S., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A.I., Rickard, J., González, C.M.R., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Saddik, B., Safarpour, H., Safdarian, M., Sajadi, S.M., Salamati, P., Salem, M.R.R., Salem, H., Salz, I., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Riera, L.S., Milicevic, M.M.S., Sarker, A.R., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., Sayyah, M., Schwebel, D.C., Seedat, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Seyedmousavi, S., Sha, F., Shaahmadi, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Sheikh, A., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J.I., Shiri, R., Siabani, S., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Singh, J.A., Singh, P.K., Sinha, D.N., Soheili, A., Soriano, J.B., Sorrie, M.B., Soyiri, I.N., Stokes, M.A., Sufiyan, M.B., Sykes, B.L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K.M., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekulu, G.H., Tesema, A.K.T., Tesfay, B.E., Thapar, R., Titova, M.V., Tlaye, K.G., Tohidinik, H.R., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, K.B., Tran, B.X., Tripathy, J.P., Tsai, A.C., Tsatsakis, A., Car, L.T., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uthman, O.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y.-P., Wiangkham, T., Wolde, H.F., Woldeyes, D.H., Wondmeneh, T.G., Wondmieneh, A.B., Wu, A.-M., Wyper, G.M.A., Yadav, R., Yadollahpour, A., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S.-J., Youm, Y., Younis, M.Z., Yousef, Z., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Moghadam, T.Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zarei, F., Zhang, Z.-J., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Dandona, R., Dharmaratne, S.D., Hay, S.I., Mokdad, A.H., Pigott, D.M., Reiner, R.C., Vos, T., Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Fox, Jack T, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, and Public Health
Subjects: Male, Populations/contexts, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Global injuries, population, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, contexts, context, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research, Data, populations/contexts, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, methodology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Female, Public Health, TERRITORIES, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, descriptive epidemiology, Human, Disabilities, 195 COUNTRIES, statistical issue, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Life Expectancy, Environmental health, Injury prevention, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, statistical issues, Humans, Mortality, Estimation, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, DISABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, populations, Morbidity, Wounds and Injuries, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 1701 Psychology, Quality-adjusted life year, Years of potential life lost, 1701 Psychology, Life expectancy, Estimates, Human medicine, populations/context
Abstract: Background. While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods. In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results. GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions. GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. Seyed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Alaa Badawi acknowledges support by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Till Bärnighausen acknowledges support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Traolach Brugha received support from NatCen Social Research (http://natcen.ac.uk/) via NHS Digital and Department of Health and Social Care London, for the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) programme. Felix Carvalho received support from UID/MULTI/04378/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera M Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Kebede Deribe is supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust [grant number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Tim Driscoll acknowledges that work on occupational risk factors was partially supported by funds from the World Health Organization. Eduarda Fernandes acknowledges support from UID/QUI/50006/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Yuming Guo acknowledges support from Career Development Fellowships of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (numbers APP1107107 and APP1163693). Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges support by the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia through the Grant number OI175014; publication of results was not contingent upon Ministry's censorship or approval. Sudha Jayaraman acknowledges support from: NIH R21: 1R21TW010439-01A1 (PI); Rotary Foundation Global Grant #GG1749568 (PI); NIH P20: 1P20CA210284-01A1 (Co-PI) and DOD grant W81XWH-16-2-0040 (Co-I), during the period of this study. Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from a grant from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [grant number: XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001]. Kewal Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Mansai Kumar acknowledges support from FIC/ NIH K43 1K43MH114320-01. Amanda Mason-Jones acknowledges support by the University of York. Mariam Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’s National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Ilais Moreno Velasquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI, Senacyt, Panama). Mukhammad David Naimzada acknowledges support from Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Duduzile Ndwandwe acknowledges support from Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council. Stanislav S. Otstavnov acknowledges the support from the Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Ashish Pathak acknowledges support from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India (Grant number 2013-1253). Michael R Phillips acknowledges support in part by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81761128031). Abdallah M. Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena Santric Milicevic acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Sojib Bin Zaman acknowledges support from an "Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship.
Published: 2020

15. The burden of injury in Central, Eastern, and Western European sub-region: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study

Author: Juanita A. Haagsma, Periklis Charalampous, Filippo Ariani, Anne Gallay, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Evangelia Nena, Che Henry Ngwa, Alexander Rommel, Ausra Zelviene, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hanadi Al Hamad, Luciana Albano, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Olatunde Aremu, Ashokan Arumugam, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Massimiliano Beghi, Derrick A. Bennett, Akshaya S. Bhagavathula, Félix Carvalho, Giulio Castelpietra, Ledda Caterina, Joht Singh Chandan, Rosa A. S. Couto, Natália Cruz-Martins, Giovanni Damiani, Anna Dastiridou, Andreas K. Demetriades, Diana Dias-da-Silva, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Pietro Ferrara, Florian Fischer, Urbano Fra.Paleo, Silvia Ghirini, James C. Glasbey, Ionela-Roxana Glavan, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Michal Grivna, Netanja I. Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, M. Tasdik Hasan, Sorin Hostiuc, Ivo Iavicoli, Milena D. Ilic, Irena M. Ilic, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Joonas H. Kauppila, Gbenga A. Kayode, Moien A. B. Khan, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ai Koyanagi, Manasi Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Carlo La-Vecchia, Demetris Lamnisos, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Shai Linn, Joana A. Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Aurea Madureira-Carvalho, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Azeem Majeed, Ritesh G. Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Tomasz Miazgowski, Bartosz Miazgowski, Andreea Mirica, Mariam Molokhia, Shafiu Mohammed, Lorenzo Monasta, Francesk Mulita, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Ionut Negoi, Subas Neupane, Bogdan Oancea, Hans Orru, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Paolo Pedersini, Marina Pinheiro, Ivo Rakovac, Chythra R. Rao, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Violet Rodrigues, Luca Ronfani, Dominic Sagoe, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Brijesh Sathian, Aziz Sheikh, Rahman Shiri, Siddharudha Shivalli, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache, Bogdan Socea, Raúl A. R. C. Sousa, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Fimka Tozija, Sarah Van de Velde, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Massimiliano Veroux, Francesco S. Violante, Vasiliy Vlassov, Yanzhong Wang, Ali Yadollahpour, Sanni Yaya, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Suzanne Polinder, Marek Majdan, Haagsma, J, Charalampous, P, Ariani, F, Gallay, A, Moesgaard Iburg, K, Nena, E, Ngwa, C, Rommel, A, Zelviene, A, Abegaz, K, Al Hamad, H, Albano, L, Liliana Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Antonazzo, I, Aremu, O, Arumugam, A, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ayuso-Mateos, J, Engelbert Bain, L, Banach, M, Winfried Bärnighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Beghi, M, Bennett, D, Bhagavathula, A, Carvalho, F, Castelpietra, G, Caterina, L, Chandan, J, Couto, R, Cruz-Martins, N, Damiani, G, Dastiridou, A, Demetriades, A, Dias-da-Silva, D, Francis Fagbamigbe, A, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Fra. Paleo, U, Ghirini, S, Glasbey, J, Glavan, I, Gomes, N, Grivna, M, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hostiuc, S, Iavicoli, I, Ilic, M, Ilic, I, Jakovljevic, M, Jonas, J, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kauppila, J, Kayode, G, Khan, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, La-Vecchia, C, Lamnisos, D, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Linn, S, Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madureira-Carvalho, A, Mechili, E, Majeed, A, Menezes, R, Mentis, A, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miazgowski, B, Mirica, A, Molokhia, M, Mohammed, S, Monasta, L, Mulita, F, David Naimzada, M, Negoi, I, Neupane, S, Oancea, B, Orru, H, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Padron-Monedero, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Patel, J, Pedersini, P, Pinheiro, M, Rakovac, I, Rao, C, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rodrigues, V, Ronfani, L, Sagoe, D, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sathian, B, Sheikh, A, Shiri, R, Shivalli, S, Dora Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Smarandache, C, Socea, B, Sousa, R, Steiropoulos, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Roberto Tovani-Palone, M, Tozija, F, Van de Velde, S, Juhani Vasankari, T, Veroux, M, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Wang, Y, Yadollahpour, A, Yaya, S, Sergeevich Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Polinder, S, Majdan, M, Haagsma, J. A., Charalampous, P., Ariani, F., Gallay, A., Moesgaard Iburg, K., Nena, E., Ngwa, C. H., Rommel, A., Zelviene, A., Abegaz, K. H., Al Hamad, H., Albano, L., Liliana Andrei, C., Andrei, T., Antonazzo, I. C., Aremu, O., Arumugam, A., Atreya, A., Aujayeb, A., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Engelbert Bain, L., Banach, M., Winfried Barnighausen, T., Barone-Adesi, F., Beghi, M., Bennett, D. A., Bhagavathula, A. S., Carvalho, F., Castelpietra, G., Caterina, L., Chandan, J. S., Couto, R. A. S., Cruz-Martins, N., Damiani, G., Dastiridou, A., Demetriades, A. K., Dias-da-Silva, D., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Fr, a. Paleo U., Ghirini, S., Glasbey, J. C., Glavan, I. -R., Gomes, N. G. M., Grivna, M., Harlianto, N. I., Haro, J. M., Hasan, M. T., Hostiuc, S., Iavicoli, I., Ilic, M. D., Ilic, I. M., Jakovljevic, M., Jonas, J. B., Jerzy Jozwiak, J., Jurisson, M., Kauppila, J. H., Kayode, G. A., Khan, M. A. B., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, M., Kurmi, O. P., La-Vecchia, C., Lamnisos, D., Lasrado, S., Lauriola, P., Linn, S., Loureiro, J. A., Lunevicius, R., Madureira-Carvalho, A., Mechili, E. A., Majeed, A., Menezes, R. G., Mentis, A. -F. A., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, T., Miazgowski, B., Mirica, A., Molokhia, M., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Mulita, F., David Naimzada, M., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Oancea, B., Orru, H., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Padron-Monedero, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pardhan, S., Patel, J., Pedersini, P., Pinheiro, M., Rakovac, I., Rao, C. R., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rodrigues, V., Ronfani, L., Sagoe, D., Sanmarchi, F., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Sheikh, A., Shiri, R., Shivalli, S., Dora Sigfusdottir, I., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Yurievich Skryabin, V., Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A., Smarandache, C. -G., Socea, B., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Steiropoulos, P., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Roberto Tovani-Palone, M., Tozija, F., Van de Velde, S., Juhani Vasankari, T., Veroux, M., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Wang, Y., Yadollahpour, A., Yaya, S., Sergeevich Zastrozhin, M., Zastrozhina, A., Polinder, S., Majdan, M., Haagsma, Ja, Iburg, Km, Ngwa, Ch, Abegaz, Kh, Andrei, Cl, Antonazzo, Ic, Ayuso-Mateos, Jl, Bain, Le, Barnighausen, Tw, Bennett, Da, Couto, Ra, Demetriades, Ak, Fagbamigbe, Af, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fra Paleo, U, Glasbey, Jc, Glavan, Ir, Gomes, Ngm, Harlianto, Ni, Haro, Jm, Hasan, Mt, Ilic, Md, Ilic, Im, Jonas, Jb, Jozwiak, Jj, Jurisson, M, Kauppila, Jh, Kayode, Ga, Khan, Mab, Kurmi, Op, Loureiro, Ja, Mechili, Ea, Menezes, Rg, Mentis, Afa, Naimzada, Md, Rao, Cr, Rawaf, Dl, Santric-Milicevic, Mm, Sigfusdottir, Id, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Smarandache, Cg, Sousa, Rarc, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tovani-Palone, Mr, Vasankari, Tj, Wang, Yz, Zastrozhin, M, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Public Health, Tampere University, Health Sciences, and Clinical Medicine
Subjects: Science & Technology, Injuries, DEATHS, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Burden of disease, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3121 Internal medicine, Disability adjusted life years, Mortality, Europe, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Injurie, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, INEQUALITIES, Public Health, Human medicine, Disability adjusted life year, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Abstract: Background Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region. Previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study showed wide variation in injury death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates across Europe, indicating injury inequality gaps between sub-regions and countries. The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare GBD 2019 estimates on injury mortality and DALYs across European sub-regions and countries by cause-of-injury category and sex; 2) examine changes in injury DALY rates over a 20 year-period by cause-of-injury category, sub-region and country; and 3) assess inequalities in injury mortality and DALY rates across the countries. Methods We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2019 results on injuries in 44 European countries from 2000 to 2019. Inequality in DALY rates between these countries was assessed by calculating the DALY rate ratio between the highest-ranking country and lowest-ranking country in each year. Results In 2019, in Eastern Europe 80 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 71 to 89] people per 100,000 died from injuries; twice as high compared to Central Europe (38 injury deaths per 100,000; 95% UI 34 to 42) and three times as high compared to Western Europe (27 injury deaths per 100,000; 95%UI 25 to 28). The injury DALY rates showed less pronounced differences between Eastern (5129 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 4547 to 5864), Central (2940 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 2452 to 3546) and Western Europe (1782 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 1523 to 2115). Injury DALY rate was lowest in Italy (1489 DALYs per 100,000) and highest in Ukraine (5553 DALYs per 100,000). The difference in injury DALY rates by country was larger for males compared to females. The DALY rate ratio was highest in 2005, with DALY rate in the lowest-ranking country (Russian Federation) 6.0 times higher compared to the highest-ranking country (Malta). After 2005, the DALY rate ratio between the lowest- and the highest-ranking country gradually decreased to 3.7 in 2019. Conclusions Injury mortality and DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in Western Europe, although differences in injury DALY rates declined rapidly, particularly in the past decade. The injury DALY rate ratio of highest- and lowest-ranking country declined from 2005 onwards, indicating declining inequalities in injuries between European countries.
Published: 2022

16. Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Annie Haakenstad, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Megan Knight, Corinne Bintz, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Peng Zheng, Vin Gupta, Michael R M Abrigo, Abdelrahman I Abushouk, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Gina Agarwal, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Turki M Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Arianna Maever L Amit, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Celine M Barthelemy, Mohsen Bayati, Habib Benzian, Adam E Berman, Kelly Bienhoff, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Antonio Biondi, Archith Boloor, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Collins Chansa, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dinh-Toi Chu, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, William James Dangel, Ahmad Daryani, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meghnath Dhimal, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Hoa Thi Do, Chirag P Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Maha El Tantawi, Eduarda Fernandes, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Mohamed M Gad, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Thomas Glucksman, Houman Goudarzi, Rajat Das Gupta, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Josep Maria Haro, Edris Hasanpoor, Simon I Hay, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Nathaniel J Henry, Michael K Hole, Naznin Hossain, Mowafa Househ, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mohammad-Hasan Imani-Nasab, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Ankur Joshi, Rohollah Kalhor, Gbenga A Kayode, Nauman Khalid, Khaled Khatab, Adnan Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Faris Hasan Lami, Anders O Larsson, Janet L Leasher, Kate E LeGrand, Lee-Ling Lim, Narayan B Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Narayana Manjunatha, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Tomislav Mestrovic, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Yousef Mohammad, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Shane Douglas Morrison, Mohsen Naghavi, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Abhijit P Pakhare, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Norberto Perico, Hai Quang Pham, David M Pigott, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Maitreyi Sahu, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Soraya Seedat, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Edson Serván-Mori, Masood Ali Shaikh, Aziz Sheikh, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Caroline Stein, Dan J Stein, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Stephanie M Topp, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Saif Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Marco Vacante, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Vasily Vlassov, Theo Vos, Jamal Akeem Yearwood, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Sojib Bin Zaman, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Stephen S Lim, Christopher J L Murray, Rafael Lozano, Tampere University, and Clinical Medicine
Subjects: Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Universal Health Insurance, Health Sciences, Workforce, Humans, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Occupations, Hälsovetenskaper, 3121 Internal medicine, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Background: Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 strategy have drawn attention to the importance of HRH for achieving policy priorities such as universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous research has found substantial global disparities in HRH, the absence of comparable cross-national estimates of existing workforces has hindered efforts to quantify workforce requirements to meet health system goals. We aimed to use comparable and standardised data sources to estimate HRH densities globally, and to examine the relationship between a subset of HRH cadres and UHC effective coverage performance. Methods: Through the International Labour Organization and Global Health Data Exchange databases, we identified 1404 country-years of data from labour force surveys and 69 country-years of census data, with detailed microdata on health-related employment. From the WHO National Health Workforce Accounts, we identified 2950 country-years of data. We mapped data from all occupational coding systems to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (ISCO-88), allowing for standardised estimation of densities for 16 categories of health workers across the full time series. Using data from 1990 to 2019 for 196 of 204 countries and territories, covering seven Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) super-regions and 21 regions, we applied spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) to model HRH densities from 1990 to 2019 for all countries and territories. We used stochastic frontier meta-regression to model the relationship between the UHC effective coverage index and densities for the four categories of health workers enumerated in SDG indicator 3.c.1 pertaining to HRH: physicians, nurses and midwives, dentistry personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. We identified minimum workforce density thresholds required to meet a specified target of 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, and quantified national shortages with respect to those minimum thresholds. Findings: We estimated that, in 2019, the world had 104·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 83·5-128·0) health workers, including 12·8 million (9·7-16·6) physicians, 29·8 million (23·3-37·7) nurses and midwives, 4·6 million (3·6-6·0) dentistry personnel, and 5·2 million (4·0-6·7) pharmaceutical personnel. We calculated a global physician density of 16·7 (12·6-21·6) per 10 000 population, and a nurse and midwife density of 38·6 (30·1-48·8) per 10 000 population. We found the GBD super-regions of sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and north Africa and the Middle East had the lowest HRH densities. To reach 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, we estimated that, per 10 000 population, at least 20·7 physicians, 70·6 nurses and midwives, 8·2 dentistry personnel, and 9·4 pharmaceutical personnel would be needed. In total, the 2019 national health workforces fell short of these minimum thresholds by 6·4 million physicians, 30·6 million nurses and midwives, 3·3 million dentistry personnel, and 2·9 million pharmaceutical personnel. Interpretation: Considerable expansion of the world's health workforce is needed to achieve high levels of UHC effective coverage. The largest shortages are in low-income settings, highlighting the need for increased financing and coordination to train, employ, and retain human resources in the health sector. Actual HRH shortages might be larger than estimated because minimum thresholds for each cadre of health workers are benchmarked on health systems that most efficiently translate human resources into UHC attainment. Anders O. Larsson ingår i gruppen GBD 2019 Human Resources for Health Collaborators
Published: 2022

17. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Mosiur Rahman, Rehab Salah, Mario F P Peres, Licia Iacoviello, Benjamin A Stark, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Yannick Béjot, Deanna Anderlini, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Feng Sha, V. E. Nwatah, Pradip Gyanwali, Boris Bikbov, Bartosz Miazgowski, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ali Bijani, Imteyaz A Khan, Yaser Mokhayeri, Bogdan Oancea, Tarang Parekh, Martin Dichgans, Linh Gia Vu, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Mona Pathak, Maciej Banach, Marissa B Reitsma, Derrick A Bennett, Treska S Hassan, Allen Seylani, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Sorin Hostiuc, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Alessandra C. Goulart, Silvia Schiavolin, Simona Sacco, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Archith Boloor, Aimé Bonny, Graeme J. Hankey, Jiregna Darega Gela, Mohamed I Hegazy, Pedram Keshavarz, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Maseer Khan, Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa, Hualiang Lin, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Simon I. Hay, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Xuefeng Liu, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maryam Zamanian, Sezer Kisa, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Alberto Raggi, Shubha Jayaram, Tahira Ashraf, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Matthias Endres, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Dominique Vervoort, Hanadi Al Hamad, Mowafa Househ, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Yousef Khader, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Yuming Guo, Yunquan Zhang, Sami Almustanyir, Lalit Dandona, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chythra R Rao, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Irena Ilic, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Priya Rathi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Gyu Ri Kim, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alaa Makki, Yun Jin Kim, Vida Abedi, Shanshan Li, Kewal Krishan, David Flood, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Michele Romoli, Gregory A. Roth, Jagdish Khubchandani, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rupak Desai, Mohammed Shannawaz, Aziz Sheikh, Claudiu Herteliu, Xiaoyue Xu, Santi Martini, Kenji Shibuya, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Kairat Davletov, Mahya Beheshti, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ismaeel Yunusa, Maria Inês Schmidt, Koustuv Dalal, Sohail Ahmad, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ranil Jayawardena, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Mitra Abbasifard, Usman Iqbal, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Alireza Rafiei, Catherine O. Johnson, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Simona Giampaoli, Gaetano Isola, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Vishnu Renjith, Farshad Farzadfar, Irina Filip, Daniel Diaz, André Karch, Samer Hamidi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, David Colozza, Gbenga A. Kayode, Dinh-Toi Chu, Truong-Minh Pham, Arielle Wilder Bell, Aziz Rezapour, David Laith Rawaf, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Ivo Iavicoli, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Omid Dadras, Anayat Ullah, Gina Agarwal, Shafiu Mohammed, Bing-Fang Hwang, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Sanjay Basu, Michael Brauer, Tanuj Kanchan, Ahmad Azam Malik, Brigid Unim, Min Seo Kim, Kia Vosoughi, Tomasz Miazgowski, Warren D. Lo, Vivek Podder, Dana Bryazka, Chuanhua Yu, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Rufus Akinyemi, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Ettore Beghi, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bay Vo, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Savita Lasrado, Jalal Arabloo, Pablo M. Lavados, Samaneh Akbarpour, Khezar Hayat, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mariam Molokhia, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Aletta E. Schutte, Zahra Kamiab, Lidia Morawska, Mohammad Ali Moni, Bo Norrving, Tommi Vasankari, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ai Koyanagi, Tissa Wijeratne, Rizwan Kalani, Chenwen Zhong, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sepideh Ahmadi, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Pradyumna Agasthi, Saeed Shahabi, Adnan Kisa, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Adnan Ansar, Matilde Leonardi, Ali Koolivand, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Daniel Asfaw Erku, Alok Atreya, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dhaval Kolte, Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Michael Ekholuenetale, Navid Manafi, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Syed Amir Gilani, Mohamed M. Gad, Christopher J L Murray, Louis Jacob, Robert Ancuceanu, Simona Costanzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Nazanin Rajai, Muhammed Elhadi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Alireza Zandifar, Walter Muruet, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Hans Orru, Mikk Jürisson, Rajeev Gupta, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Till Bärnighausen, Mark Woodward, Masao Iwagami, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Sherief Ghozy, Amanda G. Thrift, Michael A. Piradov, Florian Fischer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Stefan Lorkowski, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Ali Yadollahpour, Abdiwahab Hashi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Mika Kivimäki, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alberico L. Catapano, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fakher Rahim, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Juan Jesus Carrero, Hiroyasu Iso, Abdallah M. Samy, Stefan Stortecky, Reza Malekzadeh, Ashwin Kamath, Nevine El Nahas, Ayesha Humayun, Miguel A Barboza, Sheng-Chia Chung, Carlo La Vecchia, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Rita Krishnamurthi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Milena Ilic, Lalit Yadav, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Abdel Douiri, Yousef Mohammad, Jason H Y Wu, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Ramesh Holla, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Itamar S. Santos, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Ben Lacey, Zahra Aryan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Moien Ab Khan, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Ramin Zand, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sung In Jang, Rakhi Dandona, Emanuele D'Amico, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Jaykaran Charan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Davide Sattin, Akram Pourshams, Markus P. Schlaich, Arief Hargono, Samaneh Asgari, Ovidiu Baltatu, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jakub Morze, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Manjari Tripathi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Soraya Siabani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vivek Gupta, Klara Dokova, Alireza Vakilian, Vardhmaan Jain, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Umar Farooque, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Vera Marisa Costa, Alessandro Gialluisi, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Suzanne Polinder, Nermin Ghith, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Michael H. Criqui, Asif Hanif, Ahmed Abualhasan, Veer Bala Gupta, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Zahid A Butt, Budi Aji, Baye Dagnew, Rasmus Havmoeller, Victor Volovici, Jitendra Singh, Paramjit Gill, Saverio Stranges, Eun Cheol Park, Andrew T Olagunju, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Woldesellassie M. Bezabhe, Sheikh M. Alif, Junjie Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Yvonne Teuschl, Rajkumar Doshi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Marcel Ausloos, Mohsen Naghavi, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Maarten J. Postma, Ghozali Ghozali, Yanzhong Wang, Ali H. Mokdad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Nitin Joseph, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Athar, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Albertino Damasceno, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Marcello Tonelli, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Sonali G. Choudhari, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Walter D. Johnson, Ro-Ting Lin, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Hermann Brenner, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Tea Lallukka, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, V. L., Stark, B. A., Johnson, C. O., Roth, G. A., Bisignano, C., Abady, G. G., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abedi, V., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, S., Salih, Y. A., Aji, B., Akbarpour, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Salman, R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Arabloo, J., Arnlov, J., Artanti, K. D., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Athar, M., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Baig, A. A., Baltatu, O. C., Banach, M., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barone, M. T. U., Basu, S., Bazmandegan, G., Beghi, E., Beheshti, M., Bejot, Y., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bezabhe, W. M., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birhanu, M. M., Boloor, A., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brenner, H., Bryazka, D., Butt, Z. A., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cantu-Brito, C., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catapano, A. L., Chakraborty, P. A., Charan, J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Chung, S. -C., Colozza, D., Costa, V. M., Costanzo, S., Criqui, M. H., Dadras, O., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Damasceno, A. A. M., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Gela, J. D., Davletov, K., De La Cruz-Gongora, V., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Dokova, K., Doshi, R., Douiri, A., Duncan, B. B., Eftekharzadeh, S., Ekholuenetale, M., El Nahas, N., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Erku, D. A., Faraon, E. J. A., Farooque, U., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, S., Gheshlagh, R. G., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Ghozy, S., Gialluisi, A., Giampaoli, S., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Golechha, M., Goulart, A. C., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Gyanwali, P., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Hargono, A., Hashi, A., Hassan, T. S., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iacoviello, L., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Iwagami, M., Jacob, L., Jain, V., Jang, S. -I., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jayawardena, R., Jeemon, P., Jha, R. P., Johnson, W. D., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalani, R., Kalhor, R., Kalkonde, Y., Kamath, A., Kamiab, Z., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karch, A., Katoto, P. D. M. C., Kayode, G. A., Keshavarz, P., Khader, Y. S., Khan, E. A., Khan, I. A., Khan, M., Khan, M. A. B., Khatib, M. N., Khubchandani, J., Kim, G. R., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Kolte, D., Koolivand, A., Laxminarayana, S. L. K., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Krishnamurthi, R. V., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Vecchia, C. L., Lacey, B., Lak, H. M., Lallukka, T., Lasrado, S., Lavados, P. M., Leonardi, M., Li, B., Li, S., Lin, H., Lin, R. -T., Liu, X., Lo, W. D., Lorkowski, S., Lucchetti, G., Saute, R. L., Abd El Razek, H. M., Magnani, F. G., Mahajan, P. B., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martini, S., Mazzaglia, G., Mehndiratta, M. M., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Mersha, A. G., Jonasson, J. M., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhayeri, Y., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. A., Al Montasir, A., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Morze, J., Muruet, W., Musa, K. I., Nagarajan, A. J., Naghavi, M., Swamy, S. N., Nascimento, B. R., Negoi, R. I., Kandel, S. N., Nguyen, T. H., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nwatah, V. E., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Olagunju, A. T., Orru, H., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Pana, A., Parekh, T., Park, E. -C., Kan, F. P., Pathak, M., Peres, M. F. P., Perianayagam, A., Pham, T. -M., Piradov, M. A., Podder, V., Polinder, S., Postma, M. J., Pourshams, A., Radfar, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahmani, A. M., Rajai, N., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reitsma, M. B., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezapour, A., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Roever, L., Romoli, M., Rynkiewicz, A., Sacco, S., Sadeghi, M., Moghaddam, S. S., Sahebkar, A., Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Salah, R., Samaei, M., Samy, A. M., Santos, I. S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sathian, B., Sattin, D., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Sha, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shannawaz, M., Shawon, Md. S. R., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shibuya, K., Siabani, S., Silva, D. A. S., Singh, J. A., Singh, J. K., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sobaih, B. H., Stortecky, S., Stranges, S., Tadesse, E. G., Tarigan, I. U., Temsah, M. -H., Teuschl, Y., Thrift, A. G., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, M., Tsegaye, G. W., Ullah, A., Unim, B., Unnikrishnan, B., Vakilian, A., Tahbaz, S. V., Vasankari, T. J., Venketasubramanian, N., Vervoort, D., Vo, B., Volovici, V., Vosoughi, K., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wafa, H. A., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y., Wijeratne, T., Winkler, A. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Woodward, M., Wu, J. H., Hanson, S. W., Xu, X., Yadav, L., Yadollahpour, A., Jabbari, S. H. Y., Yamagishi, K., Yatsuya, H., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zaman, M. S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zand, R., Zandifar, A., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Murray, C. J. L., Public Health, Neurosurgery, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Feigin, V, Stark, B, Johnson, C, Roth, G, Bisignano, C, Abady, G, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, Y, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, R, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Salman, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, A, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barone, M, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: Male, Aging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Stroke data, GUIDELINES, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Strokes, YOUNG-ADULTS, Prevalence, 80 and over, Aetiology, 610 Medicine & health, Stroke, POPULATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Middle Aged, Stroke types, ddc, 3. Good health, ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Income, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GBD, Population, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Neurology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, education, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Global burden, Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, MORTALITY, Prevention, 3112 Neurosciences, Neurosciences, 1103 Clinical Sciences, SERVICES, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Brain Disorders, Good Health and Well Being, Attributable risk, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosciences & Neurology, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, RC
Abstract: Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

18. Adherence to Guidelines in Postpartum Management of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy in Tertiary Health Facilities in Nigeria: A Multi-centre Study

Author: Patience Odusolu, Arie Franx, Salisu Mohammed Ishaku, Diederick E. Grobbee, KA Tunau, Aminu M. Baffah, Musa Abdulkarim, Hannifa Abubakar, Innocent Agbo, Lamaran Makama Dattijo, Lawal Oyeneyin, Joyce L. Browne, Olorunfemi O Owa, Onyebuchi K. Azubuike, Jamilu Tukur, Charlotte E. Warren, Gbenga A. Kayode, and Obstetrics & Gynecology
Subjects: Gestational hypertension, Medicine (General), medicine.medical_specialty, Nigeria, Health Informatics, Maternal morbidity, Preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, postpartum management, R5-920, Health Information Management, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, quality of care, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, Multi centre, nigerian tertiary hospitals, reproductive and urinary physiology, Eclampsia, Obstetrics, business.industry, Postpartum Period, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Anticoagulants, Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced, Venous Thromboembolism, medicine.disease, Blood pressure, Cohort, Female, Health Facilities, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business
Abstract: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) are a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Available guidelines for their postpartum management are expected to be optimally utilized. This study aimed to determine adherence to guidelines in selected Nigerian tertiary hospitals. It was nested in a cohort of women with HDPs who delivered in eight facilities between October 2017 and June 2018. Nine weeks after delivery, their cases were evaluated on prespecified indicators and supplemented with interviews. The level of adherence to the guidelines was determined using descriptive analyses, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, as well as charts. Of the 366 participants, 33 (9%), 75 (20%), 200 (55%), and 58 (16%) had chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, respectively. Only about a third had their blood pressure measured between postpartum days three and five. Similarly, a third of those with persistent hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) were not on antihypertensive medications within the first week postpartum. In addition, 37% and 42% of participants were not counseled on contraceptives and early subsequent antenatal visits, respectively. Among those with preeclampsia/eclampsia, 93% were not offered postpartum screening for thromboprophylaxis. Although all women with preeclampsia/eclampsia remained hypertensive two weeks after discharge, only 24% had medical reviews. Overall, only 58% and 44% of indicators were adhered to among all HDPs and preeclampsia/eclampsia-specific indicators, respectively. Level of adherence to guidelines on postpartum management of HDPs in Nigerian tertiary hospitals is poor. It is recommended that institutionalization of guidelines be prioritized and linked to the entire continuum from preconception through longer term postpartum care.
Published: 2021

19. Prevalence and determinants of chronic kidney disease in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in Nigeria: a cohort study

Author: Gbenga A. Kayode, Arie Franx, Diederick E. Grobbee, Timothy Olusegun Olanrewaju, Joyce L. Browne, Charlotte E. Warren, Salisu Mohammed Ishaku, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, and Obstetrics & Gynecology
Subjects: Adult, Gestational hypertension, medicine.medical_specialty, 030232 urology & nephrology, Nigeria, Renal function, Comorbidity, Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Chronic kidney disease, Internal medicine, Prevalence, medicine, Albuminuria, Humans, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Risk factor, Low- and middle-income countries, Eclampsia, Sub-Saharan Africa, business.industry, Research, Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced, medicine.disease, Monitoring program, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, Nephrology, Creatinine, Female, RC870-923, business, Follow-Up Studies, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Kidney disease, Cohort study
Abstract: Background Worldwide, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) complicate between 5 and 10% of pregnancies. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is disproportionately affected by a high burden of HDPs and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite mounting evidence associating HDPs with the development of CKD, data from SSA are scarce. Methods Women with HDPs (n = 410) and normotensive women (n = 78) were recruited at delivery and prospectively followed-up at 9 weeks, 6 months and 1 year postpartum. Serum creatinine was measured at all time points and the estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) using CKD-Epidemiology equation determined. CKD was defined as decreased eGFR2 lasting for ≥ 3 months. Prevalence of CKD at 6 months and 1 year after delivery was estimated. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors for CKD at 6 months and 1 year postpartum. Results Within 24 h of delivery, 9 weeks, and 6 months postpartum, women with HDPs were more likely to have a decreased eGFR compared to normotensive women (12, 5.7, 4.3% versus 0, 2 and 2.4%, respectively). The prevalence of CKD in HDPs at 6 months and 1 year postpartum was 6.1 and 7.6%, respectively, as opposed to zero prevalence in the normotensive women for the corresponding periods. Proportions of decreased eGFR varied with HDP sub-types and intervening postpartum time since delivery, with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia showing higher prevalence than chronic and gestational hypertension. Only maternal age was independently shown to be a risk factor for decreased eGFR at 6 months postpartum (aOR = 1.18/year; 95%CI 1.04–1.34). Conclusion Prior HDP was associated with risk of future CKD, with prior HDPs being more likely to experience evidence of CKD over periods of postpartum follow-up. Routine screening of women following HDP-complicated pregnancies should be part of a postpartum monitoring program to identify women at higher risk. Future research should report on both the eGFR and total urinary albumin excretion to enable detection of women at risk of future deterioration of renal function.
Published: 2021

20. Effect of community treatment initiative on antiretroviral therapy uptake among linkage-resistant people living with HIV in Northern Nigeria

Author: Amalachukwu Ukaere, Ernest Ekong, Patrick Dakum, Aliyu Gambo Gumel, Oche Baba Yusuf, Moses Katbi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Adeoye Adegboye, Chizoba Geraldine Abone, Atinuke Anjorin, Charles Mensah, Fadimatu Yunusa, Maryam Bello, and Adefisayo Adedoyin
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Anti-HIV Agents, 030106 microbiology, Hiv epidemic, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Nigeria, HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Treatment Refusal, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pharmacotherapy, Residence Characteristics, Environmental health, Antiretroviral treatment, Humans, Medicine, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, business.industry, HIV, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Viral Load, Antiretroviral therapy, Infectious Diseases, Cohort, Female, Northern nigeria, business, Viral load
Abstract: Background: Community Treatment Initiative (CTI) was developed in northern Nigeria as an intervention to link a cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who refused antiretroviral treatment through a conventional linkage method to care and treatment. The CTI attempted to take treatment to PLHIV in the community. Methods: This was a non-control interventional study that evaluated the proportion of linkage-resistant PLHIV linked to treatment through the CTI in nine geographical areas. Data were collected between October and December 2015. Linkage-resistant PLHIV were identified and linked to treatment using the CTI. Data were analyzed using Excel and IBM SPSS version 20.0. The simple proportion was used to estimate the linkage-resistant PLHIV who were eventually linked and retained in care and who ultimately achieved virological suppression (viral load
Published: 2019

21. The effect of an mHealth clinical decision-making support system on neonatal mortality in a low resource setting: A cluster-randomized controlled trial

Author: Hannah Brown Amoakoh, Diederick E. Grobbee, Evelyn K. Ansah, Irene Akua Agyepong, Charity Sarpong, Gbenga A. Kayode, Johannes B. Reitsma, Nicolaas P.A. Zuithoff, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, and Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Low and middle income countries, Psychological intervention, 01 natural sciences, Ghana, Odds, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Intervention (counseling), Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, mHealth, Neonatal mortality, Medicine(all), lcsh:R5-920, business.industry, 010102 general mathematics, Confounding, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Clinical trial, Emergency medicine, lcsh:Medicine (General), business, Research Paper
Abstract: Background: MHealth interventions promise to bridge gaps in clinical care but documentation of their effectiveness is limited. We evaluated the utilization and effect of an mhealth clinical decision-making support intervention that aimed to improve neonatal mortality in Ghana by providing access to emergency neonatal protocols for frontline health workers. Methods: In the Eastern Region of Ghana, sixteen districts were randomized into two study arms (8 intervention and 8 control clusters) in a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Institutional neonatal mortality data were extracted from the District Health Information System-2 during an 18-month intervention period. We performed an intention-to-treat analysis and estimated the effect of the intervention on institutional neonatal mortality (primary outcome measure) using grouped binomial logistic regression with a random intercept per cluster. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02468310) and Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR20151200109073). Findings: There were 65,831 institutional deliveries and 348 institutional neonatal deaths during the study period. Overall, 47∙3% of deliveries and 56∙9% of neonatal deaths occurred in the intervention arm. During the intervention period, neonatal deaths increased from 4∙5 to 6∙4 deaths and, from 3∙9 to 4∙3 deaths per 1000 deliveries in the intervention arm and control arm respectively. The odds of neonatal death was 2⋅09 (95% CI (1∙00;4∙38); p = 0∙051) times higher in the intervention arm compared to the control arm (adjusted odds ratio). The correlation between the number of protocol requests and the number of deliveries per intervention cluster was 0∙71 (p = 0∙05). Interpretation: The higher risk of institutional neonatal death observed in intervention clusters may be due to problems with birth and death registration, unmeasured and unadjusted confounding, and unintended use of the intervention. The findings underpin the need for careful and rigorous evaluation of mHealth intervention implementation and effects. Funding: Netherlands Foundation for Scientific Research - WOTRO, Science for Global Development; Utrecht University. Keywords: Neonatal mortality, Ghana, mHealth, Low and middle income countries
Published: 2019

22. Country Characteristics and Variation in Diabetes Prevalence among Asian Countries – an Ecological Study

Author: Indah Suci Widyahening, Gbenga A. Kayode, Diederick E. Grobbee, and Grace Wangge
Subjects: Asia, diabetes, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, prevalence, Ecological study, Diabetes prevalence, medicine.disease, Obesity, Endocrinology, Variation (linguistics), Diabetes mellitus, Health care, medicine, Asian country, Original Article, health system, business, Socioeconomic status, Demography
Abstract: Objectives To determine the variation in diabetes prevalence across Asian countries and its relationship with the quality of health system and socioeconomic characteristics of the country. Methodology An ecological analysis was conducted using publicly available data from the World Bank, the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation. Geographical variation in diabetes prevalence across countries was examined using control charts while the relationships between country-level determinants and diabetes prevalence were investigated using linear regression analysis. Results The control chart shows special-cause variation in diabetes prevalence in 21 (58%) of the Asian countries; nine countries were below the 99.8% control limits while twelve were above it. Fifteen (42%) countries suggest common-cause variation. Three country characteristics independently associated with diabetes prevalence were hypertension prevalence (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.55; p-value
Published: 2019

23. HIV-MSS: A user-friendly management support system for better planning of HIV care services

Author: Eren Demir, Gbenga Ayodele Kayode, Adekunle Olatayo Adeoti, Andre Pascal Kengne, and Shola Adeyemi
Subjects: User Friendly, Computer science, Health Policy, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, United Kingdom, World Wide Web, Hospitalization, Life Expectancy, Chronic Disease, medicine, Management support, Humans, Discrete event simulation
Abstract: The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection from a deadly disease to a manageable chronic condition. The life expectancy of people living with HIV has been prolonged dramatically. Therefore, health systems are now confronted with new challenges, with ever-increasing number of newly diagnosed cases, fuelling the pool of existing patients, with many comorbidities and requiring hospital admissions. Are health systems prepared to handle large and increasing numbers of people with HIV? We developed a HIV-Management Support System (MSS) to support service evaluation and management using simulation by capturing individual patient's pathways within HIV services in the United Kingdom. Two scenarios were tested: (1) the impact of increasing the number of diagnosed cases in steps of 5% on human resources and (2) the impact of treating all patients with ART on hospital admissions. A 5% increase in newly diagnosed HIV cases increases human resource requirements between 4% and 8%, whereas the impact of treating all HIV patients with ART on hospital admissions is far greater. HIV services are under intense pressure and managing patient and service needs are far more important than ever, hence the development of our HIV MSS is timely, to support better planning of services. Note that the HIV simulation model presented in this study is the first of its kind.
Published: 2021

24. Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

Author: Simachew Animen Bante, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Deniz Yuce, Ninuk Hariyani, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Shirin Djalalinia, Jalal Arabloo, Bay Vo, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Farahnaz Joukar, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Getinet Kassahun, Robert Ancuceanu, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Aubrey J. Cook, Jasvinder A. Singh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Sergio I. Prada, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Rajesh Sagar, Emmanuel Peprah, Fenta Hun Y. Beyene, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Yun Jin Kim, Maryam Adabi, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mathew M. Baumann, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Nooshin Abbasi, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Sanjay Basu, Hadi Hassankhani, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Keshab Deuba, Dilshad Manzar, Robert L. Thompson, Keivan Ahmadi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Alessandra C. Goulart, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Samata Nepal, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Irina Filip, Ian D. Letourneau, Ramesh Holla, Neda Kianipour, Maha El Tantawi, Lucas Earl, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Nauman Khalid, Kimberly B. Johnson, Iván Landires, Manasi Kumar, Babak Moazen, Rohol Lah Kalhor, Dinh-Toi Chu, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Nima Rezaei, Alexandre C. Pereira, Susan F. Rumisha, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Xuefeng Liu, Feng Sha, Mahaveer Golechha, Davood Anvari, Urvish K Patel, Bing-Fang Hwang, Samath D Dharmaratne, Muhammad Aqeel, Kebede Deribe, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Lillian Mwanri, Nuruzzaman Khan, Yunquan Zhang, Paula Moraga, Ai Koyanagi, Abdallah M. Samy, Nithin Kumar, Rahul Gupta, Samad Azari, Soheil Hassanipour, Archith Boloor, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Andrew J. Croneberger, Enrico Rubagotti, Jaykaran Charan, Khezar Hayat, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Kio Mars Sharafi, Ionut Negoi, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Yasser Vasseghian, Yihienew M. Bezabih, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Nazir Fattahi, Adnan Kisa, Alok Atreya, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Jaffar Abbas, Daniel Diaz, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Malke Asaad, Arief Hargono, Zahid A Butt, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Amir Radfar, Salman Rawaf, Vardhmaan Jain, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Krittika Bhattacharyya, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Emily Haeuser, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tomislav Mestrovic, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Arash Ziapour, Samantha Perkins, Deepa Jahagirdar, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Eduarda Fernandes, Nataliya Foigt, Audrey L. Serfes, Fissaha Tekulu Welay, Savita Lasrado, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Hedayat Abbastabar, Om P Kurmi, Hung Chak Ho, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Priya Rathi, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Giang Thu Vu, Farah Daoud, Tudorel Andrei, Ricardo de Souza Kuchenbecker, Fakher Rahim, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Sezer Kisa, Rajesh Elayedath, Shafiu Mohammed, Vinod C. Nayak, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Masoud Foroutan, Mingyou Yang, Yousef Mohammad, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Benjamin K. Mayala, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Nikha Bhardwaj, Masoud Moradi, Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Carlo La Vecchia, Tesfay B.B. Gebremariam, Ritesh G. Menezes, Olatunde Aremu, Bogdan Oancea, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Stefanie Watson, Yousef Moradi, Souranshu Chatterjee, Ugo Gori, Isabela M. Benseñor, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Paul Ward, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Usman Iqbal, Rekha Thapar, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Yasir Waheed, Ziad A. Memish, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Daiane Borges Machado, Shrikant Pawar, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kenji Shibuya, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, André Karch, Asif Hanif, Atif Amin Baig, Salah Eddin Karimi, Gulfaraz Khan, David Laith Rawaf, Andrew T Olagunju, Chuanhua Yu, Darshan B B, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Takeshi Fukumoto, Neeraj Bedi, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Deepak Madi, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Masood Ali Shaikh, Juwel Rana, Tanuj Kanchan, Mohamed M. Gad, Syed Amir Gilani, Victor Adekanmbi, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Tadele G. Adal, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Leila R Kalankesh, Gbenga A. Kayode, Bach Xuan Tran, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Andem Effiong, André Faro, Javad Nazari, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Rosario Cárdenas, Milena Ilic, Ravi Prakash Jha, Zebenay Workneh Bitew, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Dian Kusuma, Yum Ing Guo, Mowafa Househ, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Krista M. Steuben, Hadush Negash, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Irena Ilic, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Florian Fischer, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Kate E. LeGrand, Ravishankar Nagaraja, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Marwa Rashad Salem, Michael A. Cork, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Liliana Preotescu, Somayeh Bohlouli, Aziz Rezapour, Ana Melisa Pardo-Montaño, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Mohammad Ali Moni, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Leonardo Roever, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Andre R. Brunoni, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Nikita Otstavnov, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Fernando de la Hoz, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Jae Il Shin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Vaman Kulkarni, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sait Mentes Birlik, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, Yanzhong Wang, Maryam Keramati, Mahesh P A, Ali H. Mokdad, Muhammad Naveed, Nitin Joseph, Ronny Westerman, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Cork M.A., Henry N.J., Watson S., Croneberger A.J., Baumann M., Letourneau I.D., Yang M., Serfes A.L., Abbas J., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abreu L.G., Abu-Gharbieh E., Achappa B., Adabi M., Adal T.G., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alhassan R.K., Alipour V., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anvari D., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asaad M., Atnafu D.D., Atreya A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., B D.B., Baig A.A., Banach M., Bante S.A., Barboza M.A., Basu S., Bedi N., Ramirez D.F.B., Bensenor I.M., Beyene F.-H.Y., Bezabih Y.M., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birlik S.M., Bitew Z.W., Bohlouli S., Boloor A., Brunoni A.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Casta-neda-orjuela C.A., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chowdhury M.A.K., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daoud F., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Weaver N.D., De la Hoz F.P., Demeke F.M., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Deuba K., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., Elayedath R., El-Jaafary S.I., Faraon E.J.A., Faro A., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremed-Hin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S.A., Golechha M., Gori U., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Gugnani H.C., Guimaraes M.D.C., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y.-I., Gupta R., Haeuser E., Haider M.R., Haile T.G., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hariyani N., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Herteliu C., Ho H.C., Holla R., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hwang B.-F., Ibeneme C.U., Ibitoye S.E., Ile-Sanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Jahagir-Dar D., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Johnson K.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R.-L., Kanchan T., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keramati M., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khan M.N.N., Khatab K., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kosen S., Laxminarayana S.L.K., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kulkarni V., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lal D.K., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Amin H.I.M., Machado D.B., Madi D., Magis-Rodriguez C., Malta D.C., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D., Arnedo C.A.M., Martins-Melo F.R., Masoumi S.Z., Mayala B.K., Medina-Solis C.E., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mestrovic T., Mirica A., Moazen B., Mohammad Y., Mezerji N.M.G., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moni M.A., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Khaneghah A.M.-S., Mustafa G., Mwanri L., Nagaraja R., Nagarajan A.J., Naim-Zada M.D., Nascimento B.R., Naveed D.M., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Negash H., Negoi I., Nepal S., Nguefack-Tsague G., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nikbakhsh R., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Otstav-Nov N., A M.P., Padubidri J.R., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pardo-Montano A.M., Patel U.K., Pawar S., Peprah E.K., Pereira A., Perkins S., Pescarini J.M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pot-Too F.H., Prada S.I., Preotescu L., Pribadi D.R.A., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahmani A.M., Ramezanzadeh K., Rana J., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Roever L., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sagar R., Sajadi S.M., Salem M.R., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sathian B., Schaeffer L.E., Schneider I.J.C., Seidu A.-A., Sha F., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K.-M., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sligar A., Soheili A., Steuben K.M., Sufiyan M.B., Tadesse E.G., Tesema A.K.T., Tesfay F.H., Thapar R., Thompson R.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tsegaye G.W., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrish-Nan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vo B., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wang Y., Ward P., Welay F.T., Westerman R., Wickramasinghe N.D., Yaya S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yusefzadeh H., Zamanian M., Zastroz-Hin M.S., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cork, Michael A, Henry, Nathaniel J, Watson, Stefanie, Croneberger, Andrew J, Ahmed, Muktar B, Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, and Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease HIV
Subjects: Male, Latin Americans, lcsh:Medicine, LOW-INCOME, HIV Infections, HIV mortality, HIV/AIDS, Latin America, Mapping, Small area estimation, Spatial statistics, Vital registration, Vital registrations, 0302 clinical medicine, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Registries, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, media_common, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Regression analysis, General Medicine, Middle Aged, BRAZIL, Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, 3. Good health, AIDS, SEX, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, HEALTH, 0305 other medical science, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Inequality, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, TUBERCULOSIS, Small area estimations, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Sex Factors, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV mortalities, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Aged, Science & Technology, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, Ecological study, HIV, Bayes Theorem, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Vital Statistics, Spatial statistic, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries—apart from Ecuador—across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups—the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. Conclusions Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.
Published: 2021

25. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Author: Junaid Khan, Blake Angell, Marcel Ausloos, Catherine M. Antony, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kewal Krishan, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero, Simona Cătălina Ştefan, Tanuj Kanchan, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed I Hegazy, Richard James Maude, Salman Rawaf, Viktória Szerencsés, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Martin McKee, Reza Rawassizadeh, Anton C Harle, Neda Milevska Kostova, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Hassan Abolhassani, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Atta Abbas Naqvi, John Dube, Habib Benzian, Cristiano Piccinelli, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Mohammad Khammarnia, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Modhurima Moitra, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Emily Joy Callander, David Laith Rawaf, Saeed Shahabi, Mohsen Bayati, Raffaele Palladino, Shahin Soltani, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rafael Lozano, Himal Kandel, João Vasco Santos, MA Garcia-Gordillo, Savita Lasrado, Alexey V Breusov, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohamed, Reinhard Busse, Veer Bala Gupta, Ionut Negoi, Xiaochen Dai, Eun-Cheol Park, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Annie Haakenstad, Asadollah Gholamian, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ismaeel Yunusa, Hubert Amu, G. K. Mini, Francesco Saverio Violante, Michael Abdelmasseh, Yun Jin Kim, Yousef Moradi, Nataliya Foigt, Afshin Maleki, Pavanchand H Shetty, Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan, Ramesh Holla, Mina Anjomshoa, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Avirup Guha, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Alessandro Arrigo, Neda Kianipour, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mosiur Rahman, Tomas Y Ferede, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Alaa Makki, Joseph L Dieleman, Shuhei Nomura, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Souranshu Chatterjee, Yonas Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Hayley N Stutzman, Getinet Ayano, Atte Meretoja, Fahad Alanezi, Aravind Thavamani, Sonu Bhaskar, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Masood Ali Shaikh, Soewarta Kosen, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Ferrán Catalá-López, Samath D Dharmaratne, Stany W. Lobo, Alemayehu Hailu, Sebastian Vollmer, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Lalit Dandona, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Sezer Kisa, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Nasir Umar, Adrian Otoiu, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Harapan Harapan, Ivo Iavicoli, Jakub Morze, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Ian E Cogswell, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sadia Bibi, Stefan Kohler, Florian Fischer, Jagdish Khubchandani, Justice Nonvignon, Salah Eddin Karimi, Yousef Khader, Jan-Walter De Neve, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Tommi Vasankari, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Khezar Hayat, Chythra R Rao, Priya Rathi, Asma Tahir Awan, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Salime Goharinezhad, Ai Koyanagi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Angela E Micah, Rakhi Dandona, Jaykaran Charan, Lorainne Tudor Car, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Kenji Shibuya, Aziz Sheikh, B Reshmi, Rovshan Khalilov, Haroon Ahmed, Andrea Werdecker, Alberto Freitas, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Vasily Vlassov, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gyu Ri Kim, Ana Laura Manda, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Obinna Onwujekwe, Van C. Lansingh, Miklós Szócska, Gelin Xu, Ted R. Miller, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Till Bärnighausen, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Juan Sanabria, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Stefano Olgiati, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, V. E. Nwatah, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Ranil Jayawardena, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Atif Amin Baig, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Ali Bijani, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Francesco Sanmarchi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Allen Seylani, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Delia Hendrie, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Manthan D Janodia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Sorin Hostiuc, Marjan Ajami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Muhammad Aqeel, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Rawlance Ndejjo, Maarten J. Postma, Luis Camera, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adnan Kisa, Tahira Ashraf, Tudorel Andrei, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Virginia Bodolica, Chuanhua Yu, Moses K. Muriithi, Pascual R. Valdez, Paul S. F. Yip, Demetris Lamnisos, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Hamed Zandian, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Yeong Yeh Lee, Sana Salehi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Kyle E. Simpson, Sami Almustanyir Almustanyir, Bogdan Oancea, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Omid Dadras, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Turki Alanzi, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Shoaib Hassan, Rahul R. Zende, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Adam E. Berman, Long Khanh Dao Le, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Adithi Shetty, Getinet Kassahun, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Usha Ram, Linh Gia Vu, Emilie R Maddison, Yosef Alemayehu, Ali H. Mokdad, Tomislav Mestrovic, Mavra A Riaz, Muhammad Naveed, Koustuv Dalal, Syed Amir Gilani, Reza Malekzadeh, Nikha Bhardwaj, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Rohollah Kalhor, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Amadou Barrow, Christopher J L Murray, Budi Aji, Maitreyi Sahu, Sara D Friedman, Konrad Pesudovs, Robert Reiner, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Mustafa Z. Younis, Aidin Abedi, Sanjay Basu, Nancy Fullman, Darrah McCracken, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Falk Schwendicke, Ionela-Roxana Glavan, Mohamed H Hassanein, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Javad Nazari, Khurshid Alam, Bulat Idrisov, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Golnaz Heidari, Asif Hanif, Ghozali Ghozali, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Leila Doshmangir, Simiao Chen, Maha El Tantawi, Stephen S Lim, Bay Vo, Deepak Saxena, Jasvinder A. Singh, Robert Ancuceanu, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Kamal Hezam, Andrew T Olagunju, Sheikh Jamal Hossain, Lindsey E Wallace, Dejana Braithwaite, Sergio I. Prada, Adolfo Martinez-Valle, Brandon Cunningham, Vivek Gupta, Joseph Salama, Rezaul Karim Ripon, Bing-Fang Hwang, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Behzad Karami Matin, Tushar Garg, Cyrus Alinia, Yingxi Zhao, Richard G. Wamai, Satoshi Ezoe, Anders Larsson, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Maciej Banach, Billingsley Kaambwa, Nader Jahanmehr, Saeed Amini, Foluke Adetola Ojelabi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Samer Hamidi, Gaetano Isola, Tahereh Javaheri, Gbenga A. Kayode, Nikita Otstavnov, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, David M. Pereira, Mansour Ghafourifard, Saira Afzal, Ravi Prakash Jha, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Vahit Yigit, Farshad Farzadfar, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Shafiu Mohammed, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Nastaran Barati, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Himanshu Khajuria, Anas M. Saad, Mohammad Rabiee, Abdallah M. Samy, Srinivas Goli, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Mariam Molokhia, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Mohammad Ali Moni, E S Abhilash, Timur Aripov, Sepideh Ahmadi, Mehdi Sayyah, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Peter Andras Gaal, Babayemi O Olakunde, Brijesh Sathian, Anayat Ullah, Ritesh G. Menezes, Samad Azari, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sanni Yaya, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Jalal Arabloo, Saif Ullah, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Bahram Mohajer, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Vinay Nangia, Shrikant Pawar, Moslem Soofi, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Simon I. Hay, Miloje Savic, 2. Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator Network, Cicero AFG, Network, Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Micah, A. E., Cogswell, I. E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Mccracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L. E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R. R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K. H., Abhilash, E. S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Adhikari, T. B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M. B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C. J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R. K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A. T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azhar, G. S., Babalola, T. K., Bahrami, M. A., Baig, A. A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N. L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breusov, A. V., Briko, N. I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E. J., Camera, L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S. K., Chattu, V. K., Chen, S., Cicero, A. F. G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D. V., De Neve, J. -W., de Sa-Junior, A. R., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T. Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S. D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S. A., Glavan, I. -R., Glushkova, E. V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M. R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R. K., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M. H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S. J., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Hwang, B. -F., Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M. D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S. K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S. B., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jurisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G. R., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S. L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Le, L. K. D., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, Y. Y., Lim, S. S., Lobo, S. W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M. M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A. L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Marrugo Arnedo, C. A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S. Z., Maude, R. J., Mckee, M., Medina-Solis, C. E., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mesregah, M. K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T. A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S. M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Naimzada, M. D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A. A., Narayana, A. I., Nascimento, B. R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T. H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Nwatah, V. E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F. A. O., Olagunju, A. T., Olakunde, B. O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E. -C., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D. M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A. M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R. C., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M. A., Ripon, R. K., Saad, A. M., Sahraian, M. A., Sahu, M., Salama, J. S., Salehi, S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P. H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Shuja, K. H., Singh, J. A., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E. E., Stefan, S. C., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B. W., Tefera, Y. G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Villafane, J. H., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wamai, R. G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M. A., Wubishet, B. L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yigit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B. W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Hay, S. I., Murray, C. J. L., and Dieleman, J. L.
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, International Cooperation, HN, HM, Global Health, Gross domestic product, International Agencies/economics, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Per capita, Global health, Healthcare Financing, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, 2. Zero hunger, COVID 19, develompment assistance, health financing, projection 1995-250, INCOME, COVID-19, Development assistance, Health financing, COVID-19/economics, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Government Programs, Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Transparency (graphic), QR180, Economic Development, International development, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Government Programs/economics, Gross Domestic Product, Context (language use), 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Developing Countries/economics, Developing Countries, Government, Science & Technology, Public health, COVID-19, development assistance, global health, Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator Network, International Agencies, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Business, Global Health/economics, Health Expenditures, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, RC, Financing, Government/economics
Abstract: Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7
Published: 2021

26. Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Akram Pourshams, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Daiane Borges Machado, Alireza Rafiei, Aziz Rezapour, Khaled Khatab, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Asrat Arja, Asif Hanif, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Min Seo Kim, Tomislav Mestrovic, Razique Anwer, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Milena Ilic, Jost B. Jonas, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Fakher Rahim, Christopher J L Murray, Molly H Biehl, Hesam Alizade, Souranshu Chatterjee, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Sachin R Atre, Maciej Banach, Ashwin Kamath, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Irina Filip, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Robert Reiner, Shrikant Pawar, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Vardhmaan Jain, Shafiu Mohammed, Benn Sartorius, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Harapan Harapan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Tahvi Frank, Yasir Waheed, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Yosef Alemayehu, Sajjad Ahmad, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Khezar Hayat, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Ramesh Holla, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Darshan B B, Catherine M. Antony, Allen Seylani, Avinash Kumar, Alimuddin Zumla, Irena Ilic, Sofia Androudi, Liaqat Ali, Rafael Lozano, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Sanjay M Pattanshetty, Bach Xuan Tran, Eduarda Fernandes, Marissa B Reitsma, Ramaiah Itumalla, Catrin E. Moore, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Daniel Diaz, Mohsen Naghavi, R V Polibin, Nithin Kumar, Archith Boloor, Norberto Perico, Vahit Yigit, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Veer Bala Gupta, Nima Rezaei, Arief Hargono, Maarten J. Postma, Jitendra Singh, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Sapna Gupta, Omid Dadras, Takahiro Tabuchi, Sanjeev Misra, Salman Rawaf, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Omid Shafaat, Florian Fischer, Satish Saroshe, Simon I. Hay, Mosiur Rahman, Mohammad Ali Moni, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Sepideh Ahmadi, Deepak Madi, Alexander Kwarteng, Omid Rezahosseini, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Iván Landires, Mahesh P A, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Himanshu Khajuria, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Magdalene K. Walters, Ali H. Mokdad, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Avina Vongpradith, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Shubha Jayaram, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Giang Thu Vu, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Adnan Kisa, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Danilo Buonsenso, Nitin Joseph, G Anil Kumar, Rekha Thapar, Sanjeev Nair, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Joanna L Whisnant, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Savita Lasrado, Pintu Paul, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Mowafa Househ, Vivek Gupta, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Sanjay Basu, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Saira Afzal, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Jennifer M. Ross, Ai Koyanagi, Tushar Garg, Chythra R Rao, Sezer Kisa, Yigizie Yeshaw, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Brijesh Sathian, Zemenu Tamir, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Christine Lin, Dana Bryazka, Jason A. Anderson, Majid Pirestani, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Berhan Tsegaye, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Mareli M Claassens, Hmwe H Kyu, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Akila Prashant, Smriti Sinha, Linh Phuong Doan, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Fabio Barra, Rovshan Khalilov, Joshua A. Salomon, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Imad I. Tleyjeh, David Laith Rawaf, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Kamal Hezam, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur, Nasir Salam, Wei-Chen Lee, Stephen S Lim, Bay Vo, Mahaveer Golechha, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Muhammed Elhadi, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Boris Bikbov, Addis Aklilu, Ritesh G. Menezes, Amare Belachew Dagnew, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tanuj Kanchan, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Amir Radfar, Amir Emami, João Pedro Silva, Uzma Belgaumi, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Ahmed Al Montasir, Oladimeji Adebayo, Rabia Hussain, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Suma Nair, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Hanadi Al Hamad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Farahnaz Joukar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Himal Kandel, Susan M Sawyer, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Zahid A Butt, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Belay Tessema, Nikha Bhardwaj, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Kiomars Sharafi, Siyan Yi, Jianing Ma, Denis O Roshchin, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Jagdish Khubchandani, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Shymaa Enany, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Andrew T Olagunju, Parkes J Kendrick, Amador Goodridge, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Ali Bijani, Nour Mheidly, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Abdallah M. Samy, Mahfuzar Rahman, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Abdullah T Khoja, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Samer Hamidi, Javad Nazari, Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi, Lalit Dandona, Molly R Nixon, Parvaiz A Koul, Mika Shigematsu, Gbenga A. Kayode, Rachel Feldman, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kate E. LeGrand, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Xuefeng Liu, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Christian Garcia-Calavaro, Dinh-Toi Chu, Mihaela Hostiuc, Yohannes Tekalegn, Rajan Paudel, Prasanna Mithra, Narinder Kumar, Masood Ali Shaikh, Zubair Kabir, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Masoud Foroutan, Bogdan Oancea, Anayat Ullah, Saurabh Mehta, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Vahid Alipour, Tarik A. Rashid, Melese Abate Reta, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Emilie R Maddison, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Amadou Barrow, Ismaeel Yunusa, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Hassan Abolhassani, Ahmad Azam Malik, Xiaochen Dai, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Eyal Oren, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie, Kewal Krishan, Ranjitha S Shetty, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Jae Il Shin, Shafiul Haque, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Bhawna Gupta, Platon D. Lopukhov, Abdiwahab Hashi, Amanda Novotney, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Shoaib Hassan, Rakhi Dandona, Jaykaran Charan, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), and Collaborators, GBD 2019 Tuberculosis
Subjects: Male, PNEUMONIA, COUNTRIES, Tuberculosis, Population, HIV Infections, CHILDREN, Genders, Mortalities, Global Health, DIAGNOSIS, Microbiology, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Risk Factors, 1108 Medical Microbiology, Sex differences, INFECTION, medicine, Global health, Humans, education, Sex Characteristics, education.field_of_study, Global disease burdens, business.industry, Mortality rate, GBD 2019 Tuberculosis Collaborators, HIV, Bayes Theorem, 1103 Clinical Sciences, DIABETES-MELLITUS, medicine.disease, Verbal autopsy, Tuberculosis treatment, PREVALENCE, Infectious Diseases, Attributable risk, Coinfection, Female, INJURIES, GENDER, HEALTH, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08–1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45–9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000–279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1·15 million (1·01–1·32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000–425 000) more deaths and 1·01 million (0·82–1·23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820–11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300–100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1·5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4·27 (3·69–5·02), 6·17 (5·48–7·02), and 1·17 (1·07–1·28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2·23 (2·03–2·44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1·06 (1·05–1·08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

27. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning

Author: Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Joshua C.P. Osborne, Thomas R. Unnasch, María Gloria Basáñez, Katherine M. Gass, Kira A. Barbre, Elex Hill, Kimberly B. Johnson, Katie M. Donkers, Shreya Shirude, Chris A. Schmidt, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mohsen Afarideh, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Vahid Alipour, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Davood Anvari, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Benjamin F. Arnold, Marcel Ausloos, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Mohsen Bayati, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mahdi Bohluli, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Zahid A. Butt, Félix Carvalho, Souranshu Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ahmad Daryani, Kebede Deribe, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Daniel Diaz, Hoa Thi Do, Maysaa El Sayed Zak, Maha El Tantawi, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Anwar Faraj, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Yousef Fatahi, Valery L. Feigin, Eduarda Fernandes, Nataliya A. Foigt, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Arvin Haj‐mirzaian, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Samer Hamidi, Claudiu Herteliu, Hagos Degefa De Hidru, Tarig B. Higazi, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Irena M. Ilic, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Zubair Kabir, Leila R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Behzad Karami Matin, Salah Eddin Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Taras Kavetskyy, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Maryam Keramati, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M. Khater, Neda Kianipour, Kelemu Tilahun Kibret, Yun Jin Kim, Soewarta Kosen, Kris J. Krohn, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Charles Lansingh Van, Paul H. Lee, Kate E. Legrand, S. (Shanshan) Li, Joshua Longbottom, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Afshin Maleki, Abdullah Mamun, Ali Manafi, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Walter Mendoza, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R. Miller, Mohammad Miri, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Abdollah Mohammadian Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Shafiu Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Masoud Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Jonathan F. Mosser, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gurudatta Naik, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Bogdan Oancea, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Andrew T. Olagunju, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Adrian Pana, Hadi Pourjafar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Priya Rathi, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Serge Resnikoff, Melese Abate Reta, Aziz Rezapour, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Ehsan Sadeghi, Abedin Saghafipour, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Abdallah M. Samy, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Monika Sawhney, Megan F. Schipp, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, A (Aziz) Sheikh, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Jae Il Shin, K. M. Shivakumar, Biagio Simonetti, Jasvinder A. Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Takahiro Tabuchi, Leili Tapak, Robert L. Thompson, Alan J. Thomson, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Olalekan A. Uthman, Natalie V.S.Vinkeles Melchers, Francesco S. Violante, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Tomohide Yamada, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi Feyzabadi, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Leila Zaki, Sojib Bin Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Simon I. Hay, David M. Pigott, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Joshua C.P. Osborne, Thomas R. Unnasch, María Gloria Basáñez, Katherine M. Gass, Kira A. Barbre, Elex Hill, Kimberly B. Johnson, Katie M. Donkers, Shreya Shirude, Chris A. Schmidt, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mohsen Afarideh, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Vahid Alipour, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Davood Anvari, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Benjamin F. Arnold, Marcel Ausloos, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Mohsen Bayati, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mahdi Bohluli, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Zahid A. Butt, Félix Carvalho, Souranshu Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ahmad Daryani, Kebede Deribe, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Daniel Diaz, Hoa Thi Do, Maysaa El Sayed Zak, Maha El Tantawi, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Anwar Faraj, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Yousef Fatahi, Valery L. Feigin, Eduarda Fernandes, Nataliya A. Foigt, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Arvin Haj‐mirzaian, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Samer Hamidi, Claudiu Herteliu, Hagos Degefa De Hidru, Tarig B. Higazi, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Irena M. Ilic, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Zubair Kabir, Leila R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Behzad Karami Matin, Salah Eddin Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Taras Kavetskyy, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Maryam Keramati, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M. Khater, Neda Kianipour, Kelemu Tilahun Kibret, Yun Jin Kim, Soewarta Kosen, Kris J. Krohn, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Charles Lansingh Van, Paul H. Lee, Kate E. Legrand, S. (Shanshan) Li, Joshua Longbottom, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Afshin Maleki, Abdullah Mamun, Ali Manafi, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Walter Mendoza, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R. Miller, Mohammad Miri, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Abdollah Mohammadian Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Shafiu Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Masoud Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Jonathan F. Mosser, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gurudatta Naik, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Bogdan Oancea, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Andrew T. Olagunju, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Adrian Pana, Hadi Pourjafar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Priya Rathi, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Serge Resnikoff, Melese Abate Reta, Aziz Rezapour, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Ehsan Sadeghi, Abedin Saghafipour, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Abdallah M. Samy, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Monika Sawhney, Megan F. Schipp, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, A (Aziz) Sheikh, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Jae Il Shin, K. M. Shivakumar, Biagio Simonetti, Jasvinder A. Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Takahiro Tabuchi, Leili Tapak, Robert L. Thompson, Alan J. Thomson, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Olalekan A. Uthman, Natalie V.S.Vinkeles Melchers, Francesco S. Violante, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Tomohide Yamada, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi Feyzabadi, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Leila Zaki, Sojib Bin Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Simon I. Hay, and David M. Pigott
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 × 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0.71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50.2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5×5-km location. The for
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Prevalence and determinants of chronic kidney disease in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in Nigeria

Author: Salisu M. Ishaku, Timothy Olusegun Olanrewaju, Joyce L. Browne, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Gbenga A. Kayode, A (Arie) Franx, Diederick E. Grobbee, Charlotte E. Warren, Salisu M. Ishaku, Timothy Olusegun Olanrewaju, Joyce L. Browne, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Gbenga A. Kayode, A (Arie) Franx, Diederick E. Grobbee, and Charlotte E. Warren
Abstract: Background: Worldwide, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) complicate between 5 and 10% of pregnancies. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is disproportionately affected by a high burden of HDPs and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite mounting evidence associating HDPs with the devel
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Rezaul Karim Ripon, Lydia M. Haile, Richard C. Franklin, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Sonali G. Choudhari, Chythra R Rao, Maria Inês Schmidt, Jeff T. Zhao, Hanadi Al Hamad, Bing-Fang Hwang, Christopher R. Cederroth, Howard J. Hoffman, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Avina Vongpradith, David Laith Rawaf, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Maja Pasovic, Ismail Tareque, Alessandra Lugo, Theo Vos, Rabia Hussain, Golnaz Heidari, Tarik A. Rashid, Ghozali Ghozali, Stephen S Lim, Bay Vo, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Himal Kandel, Jitendra Singh, Adrian Davis, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Houman Sotoudeh, Arif Mohammed, Rekha Thapar, Mohammad Rabiee, Florian Fischer, Deepika Singhal, Haroon Ahmed, Irina Filip, Michael Ekholuenetale, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Abdallah M. Samy, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Ionela-Roxana Glavan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Aziz Rezapour, Jalal Arabloo, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Chuanhua Yu, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Vahid Rashedi, Shrikant Pawar, Shelly Chadha, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Charlie Ashbaugh, Stany W. Lobo, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Baye Dagnew, Walter Mendoza, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Turki Alanzi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Jasvinder A. Singh, Veer Bala Gupta, Maheswar Satpathy, Ali H. Mokdad, Simon I. Hay, Sadia Bibi, Louis Jacob, Christopher J L Murray, Liaqat Ali, Keyvan Pakshir, Allen Seylani, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Till Bärnighausen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Voilet Rodrigues, Vahit Yigit, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ali Yadollahpour, Rose G Bender, Victor M. Oguoma, Rohollah Kalhor, Saif Ullah, Mohammad Zamani, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mowafa Househ, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Juwel Rana, Fakher Rahim, Soraya Siabani, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Khezar Hayat, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohamed, Palash Chandra Banik, Nikha Bhardwaj, Brijesh Sathian, Fahad Alanezi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Hans Orru, Nawzad K. Al-Salihi, Navid Rabiee, Xuefeng Liu, Iván Landires, Paul S Briant, Jost B. Jonas, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Farhad Ghamari, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Lalit Dandona, Molly R Nixon, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Silvano Gallus, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Salman Rawaf, Mohammad Abdollahi, Ted R. Miller, Masao Iwagami, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Savita Lasrado, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Umar Saeed, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Ivo Iavicoli, Yonas Akalu, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf, Assefa Desalew, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Amare Belachew Dagnew, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Jingkai Wei, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Kaloyan Kamenov, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Katrin Burkart, Anjali Singal, Shahina Pardhan, Rakhi Dandona, Jaykaran Charan, Akram Pourshams, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Kerrie E. Doyle, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Hai Quang Pham, Atif Amin Baig, Hubert Amu, Judie Arulappan, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Alaa Makki, Syed Amir Gilani, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Abhay Gaidhane, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Ismaeel Yunusa, Ali Bijani, Billy Randall Hammond, Neeti Rustagi, Bogdan Oancea, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Amadou Barrow, Mosiur Rahman, Ashkan Afshin, Yigizie Yeshaw, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Winfried Schlee, Andrew T Olagunju, Dinh-Toi Chu, Vasily Vlassov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sanjeev Misra, Rosa A. S. Couto, Marina Pinheiro, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Amir Abdoli, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Aislyn U. Orji, Vivek Gupta, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Haile L.M., Kamenov K., Briant P.S., Orji A.U., Steinmetz J.D., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Afshin A., Ahmed H., Rashid T.A., Akalu Y., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Al Hamad H., Ali L., Alipour V., Al-Raddadi R.M., Amu H., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arulappan J., Ashbaugh C., Atnafu D.D., Babar Z.-U.-D., Baig A.A., Banik P.C., Barnighausen T.W., Barrow A., Bender R.G., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bibi S., Bijani A., Burkart K., Cederroth C.R., Charan J., Choudhari S.G., Chu D.-T., Couto R.A.S., Dagnew A.B., Dagnew B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Desalew A., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M.L., Dhimal M., Doyle K.E., Duncan B.B., Ekholuenetale M., Filip I., Fischer F., Franklin R.C., Gaidhane A.M., Gaidhane S., Gallus S., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghozali G., Gilani S.A., Glavan I.-R., Golechha M., Goulart B.N.G., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Hamidi S., Hammond B.R., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Hoffman H.J., Hopf K.P., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hussain R., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jayapal S.K., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Kalhor R., Al-Salihi N.K., Kandel H., Kasa A.S., Kayode G.A., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khatib M.N., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Kumar G.A., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lim S.S., Liu X., Lobo S.W., Lugo A., Makki A., Mendoza W., Mersha A.G., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Misra S., Mohamed T.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed A., Mokdad A.H., Moni M.A., Kandel S.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nixon M.R., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Oguoma V.M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Orru H., Owolabi M.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pardhan S., Kan F.P., Pasovic M., Pawar S., Pham H.Q., Pinheiro M., Pourshams A., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M., Rahmani A.M., Rana J., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezapour A., Ripon R.K., Rodrigues V., Rustagi N., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Samy A.M., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Schlee W., Schmidt M.I., Seylani A., Shaikh M.A., Shannawaz M., Shiferaw W.S., Siabani S., Singal A., Singh J.A., Singh J.K., Singhal D., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sotoudeh H., Spurlock E.E., Taddele B.W., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Thapar R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Ullah S., Tahbaz S.V., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vo B., Vongpradith A., Vu G.T., Wei J., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yigit V., Yirdaw B.W., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zamani M., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao J.T., Murray C.J.L., Davis A.C., Vos T., Chadha S., Haile, Lydia M, Kamenov, Kaloyan, Briant, Paul Svitil, Orji, Aislyn U, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akalu, Yona, Alahdab, Fare, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Ali, Liaqat, Alipour, Vahid, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Amu, Hubert, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Arulappan, Judie, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din, Baig, Atif Amin, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrow, Amadou, Bender, Rose G, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Burkart, Katrin, Cederroth, Christopher R, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Couto, Rosa A S, Dagnew, Amare Belachew, Dagnew, Baye, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Desalew, Assefa, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duncan, Bruce B, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gallus, Silvano, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozali, Ghozali, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hamidi, Samer, Hammond, Billy Randall, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Hoffman, Howard J, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Househ, Mowafa, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Loui, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kameran Al-Salihi, Nawzad, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kayode, Gbenga A, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Kosen, Soewarta, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Xuefeng, Lobo, Stany W, Lugo, Alessandra, Makki, Alaa, Mendoza, Walter, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Arif, Mokdad, Ali H, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nixon, Molly R, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Oancea, Bogdan, Oguoma, Victor Maduabuchi, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Orru, Han, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pardhan, Shahina, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pasovic, Maja, Pawar, Shrikant, Pham, Hai Quang, Pinheiro, Marina, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Radfar, Amir, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rana, Juwel, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashedi, Vahid, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezapour, Aziz, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Rodrigues, Voilet, Rustagi, Neeti, Saeed, Umar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Schlee, Winfried, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Seylani, Allen, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Siabani, Soraya, Singal, Anjali, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Singhal, Deepika, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sotoudeh, Houman, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareque, Md Ismail, Thapar, Rekha, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ullah, Saif, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vongpradith, Avina, Vu, Giang Thu, Wei, Jingkai, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yigit, Vahit, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zamani, Mohammad, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T, Murray, Christopher J L, Davis, Adrian C, Vos, Theo, and Chadha, Shelly
Subjects: Hearing aid, Male, Hearing loss, medicine.medical_treatment, Psychological intervention, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Affect (psychology), Health Services Accessibility, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Tinnitus, Medicine, General & Internal, 0302 clinical medicine, Neonatal Screening, Hearing Aids, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Hearing, General & Internal Medicine, Health care, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, Age Factor, Disabled Persons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hearing Loss, Hearing Lo, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Science & Technology, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Age Factors, Infant, GBD 2019 Hearing Loss Collaborators, General Medicine, Articles, medicine.disease, Otitis, Hearing Aid, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Disabled Person, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Demography
Abstract: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study on the prevalence of hearing loss in 2019, as well as the condition's associated disability. Methods: We did systematic reviews of population-representative surveys on hearing loss prevalence from 1990 to 2019. We fitted nested meta-regression models for severity-specific prevalence, accounting for hearing aid coverage, cause, and the presence of tinnitus. We also forecasted the prevalence of hearing loss until 2050. Findings: An estimated 1·57 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·51–1·64) people globally had hearing loss in 2019, accounting for one in five people (20·3% [19·5–21·1]). Of these, 403·3 million (357·3–449·5) people had hearing loss that was moderate or higher in severity after adjusting for hearing aid use, and 430·4 million (381·7–479·6) without adjustment. The largest number of people with moderate-to-complete hearing loss resided in the Western Pacific region (127·1 million people [112·3–142·6]). Of all people with a hearing impairment, 62·1% (60·2–63·9) were older than 50 years. The Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index explained 65·8% of the variation in national age-standardised rates of years lived with disability, because countries with a low HAQ Index had higher rates of years lived with disability. By 2050, a projected 2·45 billion (2·35–2·56) people will have hearing loss, a 56·1% (47·3–65·2) increase from 2019, despite stable age-standardised prevalence. Interpretation: As populations age, the number of people with hearing loss will increase. Interventions such as childhood screening, hearing aids, effective management of otitis media and meningitis, and cochlear implants have the potential to ameliorate this burden. Because the burden of moderate-to-complete hearing loss is concentrated in countries with low health-care quality and access, stronger health-care provision mechanisms are needed to reduce the burden of unaddressed hearing loss in these settings. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.
Published: 2020

30. Can an mhealth clinical decision-making support system improve adherence to neonatal healthcare protocols in a low-resource setting?

Author: Diederick E. Grobbee, J. B. Reitsma, Irene Akua Agyepong, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Hannah Brown Amoakoh, Evelyn K. Ansah, and Gbenga A. Kayode
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical Decision-Making, Psychological intervention, Jaundice, Ghana, Developing countries, Asphyxia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sepsis, Intervention (counseling), Infant Mortality, Health care, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, mHealth, Protocol (science), business.industry, Health care delivery, 030503 health policy & services, Medical record, lcsh:RJ1-570, Infant, Newborn, Infant, lcsh:Pediatrics, Telemedicine, Checklist, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Emergency medicine, Neonatal health, medicine.symptom, 0305 other medical science, business, Research Article
Abstract: Background This study assessed health workers’ adherence to neonatal health protocols before and during the implementation of a mobile health (mHealth) clinical decision-making support system (mCDMSS) that sought to bridge access to neonatal health protocol gap in a low-resource setting. Methods We performed a cross-sectional document review within two purposively selected clusters (one poorly-resourced and one well-resourced), from each arm of a cluster-randomized trial at two different time points: before and during the trial. The total trial consisted of 16 clusters randomized into 8 intervention and 8 control clusters to assess the impact of an mCDMSS on neonatal mortality in Ghana. We evaluated health workers’ adherence (expressed as percentages) to birth asphyxia, neonatal jaundice and cord sepsis protocols by reviewing medical records of neonatal in-patients using a checklist. Differences in adherence to neonatal health protocols within and between the study arms were assessed using Wilcoxon rank-sum and permutation tests for each morbidity type. In addition, we tracked concurrent neonatal health improvement activities in the clusters during the 18-month intervention period. Results In the intervention arm, mean adherence was 35.2% (SD = 5.8%) and 43.6% (SD = 27.5%) for asphyxia; 25.0% (SD = 14.8%) and 39.3% (SD = 27.7%) for jaundice; 52.0% (SD = 11.0%) and 75.0% (SD = 21.2%) for cord sepsis protocols in the pre-intervention and intervention periods respectively. In the control arm, mean adherence was 52.9% (SD = 16.4%) and 74.5% (SD = 14.7%) for asphyxia; 45.1% (SD = 12.8%) and 64.6% (SD = 8.2%) for jaundice; 53.8% (SD = 16.0%) and 60.8% (SD = 11.7%) for cord sepsis protocols in the pre-intervention and intervention periods respectively. We observed nonsignificant improvement in protocol adherence in the intervention clusters but significant improvement in protocol adherence in the control clusters. There were 2 concurrent neonatal health improvement activities in the intervention clusters and over 12 in the control clusters during the intervention period. Conclusion Whether mHealth interventions can improve adherence to neonatal health protocols in low-resource settings cannot be ascertained by this study. Neonatal health improvement activities are however likely to improve protocol adherence. Future mHealth evaluations of protocol adherence must account for other concurrent interventions in study contexts.
Published: 2020

31. Cohort Profile: The Nigerian HIV Geriatric Cohort Study

Author: Gbenga A. Kayode, Echezona E. Ezeanolue, Prosper Okonkwo, Michael Odutola, Hadiza Khamofu, Iboro Nta, John Oko Okpanachi, Yohanna Kambai Avong, Nicaise Ndembi, Charles Mensah, James Okuma, and Patrick Dakum
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Nigeria, HIV Infections, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Elderly, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Middle Aged, Viral Load, medicine.disease, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Treatment Outcome, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Cohort, HIV/AIDS, Female, Median body, Biostatistics, business, Geriatric, Research Article, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Background The Nigerian HIV Geriatric Cohort (NHGC) is a longitudinal cohort setup to learn how elderly people living with HIV (EPLHIV) in Nigeria fare, despite not being prioritized by the national treatment program, and to deepen knowledge for their differentiated care and achieve better outcomes. In this paper, we describe data collected on sociodemographic and clinical data from EPLHIV from the inception of Nigeria’s national HIV program to 2018. Methods Patient-level data spanning the period 2004 to 2018, obtained from comprehensive HIV treatment hospitals, that are supported by four major PEPFAR-implementing partners in Nigeria were used. These 4 entities collaborated as member organizations of the Nigeria Implementation Science Alliance. We defined elderly as those aged 50 years and above. From deidentified treatment records, demographic and clinical data of EPLHIV ≥50-year-old at ART initiation during the review period was extracted, merged into a single REDcap® database, and described using STATA 13. Results A total of 101,652 EPLHIV were analysed. Women accounted for 53,608 (53%), 51,037 (71%) of EPLHIV identified as married and 33,446 (51%) unemployed. Median age was 57.1 years (IQR 52–60 years) with a median duration on ART treatment of 4.1 years (IQR 1.7–7.1 years). ART profile showed that 97,586 (96%) were on 1st-line and 66,125 (65%) were on TDF-based regimens. Median body mass index (BMI) was 22.2 kg/m2 (IQR 19.5–25.4 kg/m2) with 43,012 (55%), 15,081 (19%) and 6803 (9%) showing normal (BMI 18.5 – 2), overweight (BMI 25 - 2) and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) ranges respectively. Prevalence of hypertension (systolic-BP > 140 mmHg or diastolic-BP > 90 mmHg) was 16,201 (21%). EPLHIV median CD4 count was 381 cells/μL (IQR 212–577 cells/μL) and 26,687 (82%) had a viral load result showing Conclusions This cohort describes the clinical and non-clinical profile of EPLHIV in Nigeria. We are following up the cohort to design and implement intervention programs, develop prognostic models to achieve better care outcomes for EPLHIV. This cohort would provide vital information for stakeholders in HIV prevention, care and treatment to understand the characteristics of EPLHIV.
Published: 2020

32. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Author: Gregory A. Roth, George A. Mensah, Catherine O. Johnson, Giovanni Addolorato, Enrico Ammirati, Larry M. Baddour, Noël C. Barengo, Andrea Z. Beaton, Emelia J. Benjamin, Catherine P. Benziger, Aimé Bonny, Michael Brauer, Marianne Brodmann, Thomas J. Cahill, Jonathan Carapetis, Alberico L. Catapano, Sumeet S. Chugh, Leslie T. Cooper, Josef Coresh, Michael Criqui, Nicole DeCleene, Kim A. Eagle, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Valery L. Feigin, Joaquim Fernández-Solà, Gerry Fowkes, Emmanuela Gakidou, Scott M. Grundy, Feng J. He, George Howard, Frank Hu, Lesley Inker, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Nicholas Kassebaum, Walter Koroshetz, Carl Lavie, Donald Lloyd-Jones, Hong S. Lu, Antonio Mirijello, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Ali Mokdad, Andrew E. Moran, Paul Muntner, Jagat Narula, Bruce Neal, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Glaucia Moraes de Oliveira, Catherine Otto, Mayowa Owolabi, Michael Pratt, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Marissa Reitsma, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Nancy Rigotti, Anthony Rodgers, Craig Sable, Saate Shakil, Karen Sliwa-Hahnle, Benjamin Stark, Johan Sundström, Patrick Timpel, Imad M. Tleyjeh, Marco Valgimigli, Theo Vos, Paul K. Whelton, Magdi Yacoub, Liesl Zuhlke, Christopher Murray, Valentin Fuster, Noel C. Barengo, Andrea Beaton, Aime Bonny, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Sumeet Chugh, Michael H. Criqui, Nicole K. DeCleene, Joaquim Fernández-Sola, F. Gerry R. Fowkes, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Walter J. Koroshetz, Awoke T. Misganaw, Ali H. Mokdad, Gláucia M.M. Oliveira, Catherine M. Otto, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Marissa B. Reitsma, Nancy A. Rigotti, Craig A. Sable, Saate S. Shakil, Karen Sliwa, Benjamin A. Stark, Imad I. Tleyjeh, Liesl J. Zuhlke, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Alireza Abdi, Aidin Abedi, Victor Aboyans, Woldu A. Abrha, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Abdelrahman I. Abushouk, Dilaram Acharya, Tim Adair, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Zanfina Ademi, Shailesh M. Advani, Khashayar Afshari, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Pradyumna Agasthi, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar B. Ahmed, Budi Aji, Yonas Akalu, Wuraola Akande-Sholabi, Addis Aklilu, Chisom J. Akunna, Fares Alahdab, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Khalid F. Alhabib, Sheikh M. Alif, Vahid Alipour, Syed M. Aljunid, François Alla, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Adeladza K. Amegah, Saeed Amini, Arya Aminorroaya, Hubert Amu, Dickson A. Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Tudorel Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Zelalem A. Anteneh, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Benny Antony, Razique Anwer, Lambert T. Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Johan Ärnlöv, Kurnia D. Artanti, Zerihun Ataro, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Asma T. Awan, Mamaru A. Awoke, Henok T. Ayele, Muluken A. Ayza, Samad Azari, Darshan B. B, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Atif A. Baig, Ahad Bakhtiari, Maciej Banach, Palash C. Banik, Emerson A. Baptista, Miguel A. Barboza, Lingkan Barua, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Yannick Béjot, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Adam E. Berman, Yihienew M. Bezabih, Akshaya S. Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Mulugeta M. Birhanu, Archith Boloor, Luisa C. Brant, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay I. Briko, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Leah E. Cahill, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis A. Cámera, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Carlos Cantu-Brito, Josip Car, Juan J. Carrero, Felix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Ken L. Chin, Jee-Young J. Choi, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Massimo Cirillo, Sean Coffey, Sara Conti, Vera M. Costa, David K. Cundiff, Omid Dadras, Baye Dagnew, Xiaochen Dai, Albertino A.M. Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Kairat Davletov, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Fernando P. De la Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Behailu T. Derseh, Rupak Desai, Günther Deuschl, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Raja Ram Dhungana, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Klara Dokova, Abdel Douiri, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Duraes, Arielle W. Eagan, Sanam Ebtehaj, Aziz Eftekhari, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Michael Ekholuenetale, Nevine El Nahas, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Sadaf Esteghamati, Atkilt E. Etisso, Oghenowede Eyawo, Ibtihal Fadhil, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Pawan S. Faris, Medhat Farwati, Farshad Farzadfar, Eduarda Fernandes, Carlota Fernandez Prendes, Pietro Ferrara, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, David Flood, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M. Gad, Shilpa Gaidhane, Morsaleh Ganji, Jalaj Garg, Abadi K. Gebre, Birhan G. Gebregiorgis, Kidane Z. Gebregzabiher, Gebreamlak G. Gebremeskel, Lemma Getacher, Abera Getachew Obsa, Alireza Ghajar, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Simona Giampaoli, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit S. Gill, Richard F. Gillum, Ekaterina V. Glushkova, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Mahaveer Golechha, Kebebe B. Gonfa, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Alessandra C. Goulart, Jenny S. Guadamuz, Avirup Guha, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Teklehaimanot G. Haile, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Arief Hargono, Risky K. Hartono, Maryam Hashemian, Abdiwahab Hashi, Shoaib Hassan, Hamid Y. Hassen, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Charles U. Ibeneme, Segun E. Ibitoye, Olayinka S. Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina N. Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M. Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Masao Iwagami, Vardhmaan Jain, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi P. Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek J. Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Tanvir Kahlon, Rizwan Kalani, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Ibrahim Kamel, Himal Kandel, Amit Kandel, André Karch, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Patrick D.M.C. Katoto, Gbenga A. Kayode, Yousef S. Khader, Mohammad Khammarnia, Muhammad S. Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Ejaz A. Khan, Khaled Khatab, Gulam M.A. Kibria, Yun Jin Kim, Gyu Ri Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Dhaval Kolte, Ali Koolivand, Vladimir A. Korshunov, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Vaman Kulkarni, G. Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Dian Kusuma, Gene F. Kwan, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Zohra S. Lassi, Paolo Lauriola, Wayne R. Lawrence, Avula Laxmaiah, Kate E. LeGrand, Ming-Chieh Li, Bingyu Li, Shanshan Li, Stephen S. Lim, Lee-Ling Lim, Hualiang Lin, Ziqiang Lin, Ro-Ting Lin, Xuefeng Liu, Alan D. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Alessandra Lugo, Nirmal K. M, Fabiana Madotto, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad A. Malik, Abdullah A. Mamun, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Santi Martini, Manu R. Mathur, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Toni Meier, Ritesh G. Menezes, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R. Miller, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Hamed Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Shafiu Mohammed, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Yaser Mokhayeri, Mariam Molokhia, Ahmed A. Montasir, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Jakub Morze, Sumaira Mubarik, Walter Muruet, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ahamarshan J. Nagarajan, Mahdi Nalini, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Bruno R. Nascimento, Vinod C. Nayak, Javad Nazari, Milad Nazarzadeh, Ruxandra I. Negoi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huong L.T. Nguyen, Molly R. Nixon, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Brice E. Nouthe, Christoph Nowak, Oluwakemi O. Odukoya, Felix A. Ogbo, Andrew T. Olagunju, Hans Orru, Alberto Ortiz, Samuel M. Ostroff, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Utsav Parekh, Eun-Cheol Park, Mojtaba Parvizi, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K. Patel, Mona Pathak, Rajan Paudel, Veincent Christian F. Pepito, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Hai Q. Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Michael A. Piradov, Farhad Pishgar, Vivek Podder, Roman V. Polibin, Akram Pourshams, Dimas R.A. Pribadi, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Ivo Rakovac, Pradhum Ram, Sudha Ramalingam, Juwel Rana, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Sowmya J. Rao, Priya Rathi, Lal Rawal, Wasiq F. Rawasia, Reza Rawassizadeh, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ross L. Roberts-Thomson, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Michele Romoli, Gholamreza Roshandel, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Seyedmohammad Saadatagah, Maha M. Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Saeed Safari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Sana Salehi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M. Samy, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Arash Sarveazad, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Maria I. Schmidt, Aletta E. Schutte, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Feng Sha, Saeed Shahabi, Izza Shahid, Masood A. Shaikh, Mahdi Shamali, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Md Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Aziz Sheikh, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Ivy Shiue, Kerem Shuval, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J. Siddiqi, Diego A.S. Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ambrish Singh Mtech, Valentin Y. Skryabin, Anna A. Skryabina, Amin Soheili, Emma E. Spurlock, Leo Stockfelt, Stefan Stortecky, Saverio Stranges, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Hooman Tadbiri, Eyayou G. Tadesse, Degena B. Tadesse, Masih Tajdini, Md Tariqujjaman, Berhane F. Teklehaimanot, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Ayenew K. Tesema, Bhaskar Thakur, Kavumpurathu R. Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Amanda G. Thrift, Binod Timalsina, Marcello Tonelli, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos R. Tovani-Palone, Avnish Tripathi, Jaya P. Tripathy, Thomas C. Truelsen, Guesh M. Tsegay, Gebiyaw W. Tsegaye, Nikolaos Tsilimparis, Biruk S. Tusa, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad S. Usman, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Pascual R. Valdez, Tommi J. Vasankari, Diana Z. Velazquez, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Giang T. Vu, Isidora S. Vujcic, Yasir Waheed, Yanzhong Wang, Fang Wang, Jingkai Wei, Robert G. Weintraub, Abrha H. Weldemariam, Ronny Westerman, Andrea S. Winkler, Charles S. Wiysonge, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lijing L. Yan, Srikanth Yandrapalli, Yuichiro Yano, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, Yigizie Yeshaw, Christopher S. Yilgwan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Geevar Zachariah, Sojib Bin Zaman, Muhammed S. Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Ramin Zand, Alireza Zandifar, Afshin Zarghi, Mikhail S. Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Wangjian Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Zhiyong Zou, Yves Miel H. Zuniga, and Christopher J.L. Murray
Subjects: BMI, body mass index, GBD, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, IS, ischemic stroke, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, MV, mitral valve, SDI, sociodemographic index, Global Health, UI, uncertainty interval, Global Burden of Disease, GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, LDL, low-density lipoprotein, Case fatality rate, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, IKF, impaired kidney function, 1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Incidence (epidemiology), Health Policy, IHD, ischemic heart disease, 1. No poverty, AC, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, 3. Good health, HICs, high-income countries, Cardiovascular Diseases, DALYs, disability-adjusted life years, TMREL, theoretical minimum risk exposure level, Public Health, HHD, hypertensive heart disease, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, AF, atrial fibrillation, Population health, CVD, cardiovascular disease, LMICs, low- and middle-income countries, PM, particulate matter, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, JACC State-of-the-Art Review, RHD, rheumatic heart disease, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, LPA, low physical activity, YLLs, years of life lost, Health policy, Disease burden, PAD, peripheral artery disease, business.industry, SBP, systolic blood pressure, Public health, CKD, chronic kidney disease, The Present and Future, AFL, atrial flutter, Correction, HAP, household air pollution, ICD, International Classification of Diseases, CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease, YLDs, years lived with disability, Years of potential life lost, CHA, congenital heart anomalies, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Heart Disease Risk Factors, business, population health
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases., Central Illustration, Highlights • The burden of CVD, in number of DALYs and deaths, continues to increase globally. • CVD burden attributable to modifiable risk factors continues to increase globally. • Countries should invest in existing cost-effective public health programs and clinical interventions to target modifiable risks, promote healthy aging across the lifespan, and reduce disability and premature death due to CVD.
Published: 2020

33. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Soufiane Boufous, Yousef Veisani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Edward J Mills, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, William James Dangel, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Salime Goharinezhad, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Peng Zheng, Michael Assmus, Elisabetta Pupillo, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Noushin Mohammadifard, Stephen S Lim, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Leah E. Cahill, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Abdullah Al Mamun, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Alyssa Pennini, Dietrich Plass, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Alexandrea Watson, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Paul S Briant, Frank B. Osei, Blair R. Bumgarner, Maciej Banach, Ravensara S. Travillian, Kai-Lan Chang, Shirin Djalalinia, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Silvano Gallus, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Aaron van Donkelaar, Azeem Majeed, Hans Kromhout, Robert Ancuceanu, Blessing J. Akombi, Pushpendra Singh, Nayu Ikeda, William M. Gardner, Zahid A Butt, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rahman Shiri, Benn Sartorius, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Hiroyasu Iso, Luis Camera, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Giulio Castelpietra, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Parkes J Kendrick, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Jeff T. Zhao, Samiah Alam, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Takahiro Tabuchi, Manu Raj Mathur, Søren Thorgaard Skou, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Mehdi Bohluli, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Itamar S. Santos, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Lars Johansson, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Nevine El Nahas, Silvia Schiavolin, Kevin D. Shield, Dinh-Toi Chu, Shiva Borzouei, Paul S. F. Yip, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Deanna Anderlini, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Weijia Fu, João Pedro Silva, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gaorui Guo, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Charles D. H. Parry, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Anna E. Torre, Vinod C Nayak, Jamileh Shadid, Susanne Breitner, Mohammad Khammarnia, Mathilde Touvier, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Hosna Janjani, Floriane Ausloos, Irmina Maria Michalek, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Jessica A. Cruz, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Abiodun M. Adeoye, André Faro, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Erin C Mullany, Giannina Ferrara, Martin McKee, Emmanuel Peprah, Oommen John, Reza Saeedi, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Yingxi Zhao, Omid Shafaat, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Farid Najafi, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Tarun Gupta, Łukasz Szumowski, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Tanvir M. Huda, Perminder S. Sachdev, Farhad Ghamari, Era Upadhyay, Vivek Kumar, Guoqing Hu, Vinay Nangia, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Saeed Shahabi, Golnaz Heidari, Ashraf Nabhan, Robert C. Reiner, Aziz Rezapour, Justin J. Lang, Rakhi Dandona, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anna-Karin Danielsson, André Karch, Filippo Ariani, Ahmed Abdelalim, Masih Tajdini, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Mohamed Hsairi, Jae Il Shin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Meghan D. Mooney, Fiona B. Bennitt, Hesam Alizade, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pradhum Ram, Soraya Siabani, Evanson Z. Sambala, Reza Malekzadeh, Falk Schwendicke, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Roya Mirzaei, Rachel Feldman, Hosni Salem, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Lorainne Tudor Car, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ramesh Holla, Ritesh G. Menezes, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Hai Quang Pham, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Harvey Whiteford, Shanshan Li, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, Franz Castro, Lisa M. Force, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Mina Anjomshoa, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Irina Filip, Santi Martini, Randah R. Hamadeh, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Tim Driscoll, Jingkai Wei, Hermann Brenner, Reza Rawassizadeh, Radoslaw Sierpinski, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Marisa Freitas, Srikanta Banerjee, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Shahin Soltani, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Reed J D Sorensen, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Hussain Jafari, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Sezer Kisa, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Khalid F. Alhabib, Basema Saddik, Michael R. Phillips, Vishnu Renjith, Yafeng Wang, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Liliana G Ciobanu, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Gelin Xu, Richard C. Franklin, Junjie Wu, Thomas R. Hird, Mohammad Zamani, Diana Silva, Fotis Topouzis, Irena Ilic, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Hadi Pourjafar, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Ziyad Al-Aly, A. A. Fomenkov, Charlie Ashbaugh, Mowafa Househ, Paul I. Dargan, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Iffat Elbarazi, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Reza Shirkoohi, João M. Furtado, Arash Ziapour, Morteza Jafarinia, M. Mofizul Islam, Anamika Pandey, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Tanuj Kanchan, Lee Ling Lim, Muktar Omer Omer, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Helen Bitew, V. Prakash, Fereshteh Mehri, Randall V. Martin, Claudiu Herteliu, Constance D. Pond, Min Jeong Shin, Morteza Oladnabi, Antonio Maria Borzì, Yousef Mohammad, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Kevin S Ikuta, Maryam Mirzaei, Andreea Mirica, Sofia Boston Redford, Siamak Sabour, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Davood Anvari, Ghobad Moradi, Jordi Alonso, Shiwei Liu, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Owen R. Cooper, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Kejia Hu, Hannah J. Henrikson, Sanni Yaya, Robert P. Dellavalle, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Sergey Soshnikov, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Zabihollah Yousefi, Iman El Sayed, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Neeti Kapoor, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Fatemeh Amiri, Mariam Molokhia, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, J. Becker, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Ben Lacey, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Simon Yadgir, Spencer L. James, Cory N. Spencer, Aletta E. Schutte, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Rixing Xu, Jonathan F. Mosser, Josep Maria Haro, Enrico Rubagotti, Anurag Agrawal, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Hoa Thi Do, Ettore Beghi, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Abraham Geremew, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Farzad Jalilian, J. Jason West, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Albertino Damasceno, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Nazir Fattahi, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Michael Brauer, Mark A. Stokes, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Lidia Morawska, Fiona J Charlson, Babak Moazen, Dejana Braithwaite, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sergio I. Prada, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Atafar, Heather Orpana, Daniela Balzi, Marco Vacante, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Jacek A. Kopec, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Leonardo Roever, Yannick Béjot, Markus P. Schlaich, Hamed Zandian, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Klara Dokova, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Rakesh Ghosh, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Adnan Kisa, Ghasem Azarian, Caroline Stein, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Sinead Langan, Kunihiro Matsushita, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Bahram Armoon, Dan J. Stein, Jessica Fanzo, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Luca Ronfani, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Adrian Oţoiu, Arash Sarveazad, Marc L. Serre, Mostafa Hosseini, Nicolas Cherbuin, George D. Thurston, Jalal Arabloo, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Ana Laura Manda, Ahmed Abualhasan, Nima Rezaei, Yuan-Pang Wang, Theodore Patrick Younker, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Adam E. Berman, Khezar Hayat, Rosario Cárdenas, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Simon I. Hay, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Leo Stockfelt, Ai Koyanagi, Giorgia Giussani, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mehedi Hasan, Negar Rezaei, Maja Pasovic, Jukka Takala, Bogdan Oancea, Sare Safi, A. Werdecker, Florian Fischer, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Takeshi Fukumoto, Maha Atout, Brijesh Sathian, Cristina Bosetti, Mitchell T. Wallin, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Anthony Masaka, Chantal Huynh, Justin Lo, Jordan Weiss, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alberto Raggi, Peter W. Gething, Cristiana Abbafati, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Isabela M. Benseñor, Emilie R Maddison, John J. McGrath, Salman Khazaei, Scott B. Patten, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Celine M. Barthelemy, Ashish Badiye, George C. Patton, Obinna Onwujekwe, Peter Allebeck, Victor Aboyans, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Nicholas L S Roberts, Joht Singh Chandan, Hans W. Hoek, Usman Iqbal, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Haley Lescinsky, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Anders Larsson, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Richard T. Burnett, Yang Liu, Carlo La Vecchia, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Melanie S. Hammer, Prasanna Mithra, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Kanyin L. Ong, Mona Pathak, Afshin Maleki, Saeid Safiri, Masood Ali Shaikh, Kate Causey, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali S. Shalash, Abdiwahab Hashi, Ionut Negoi, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, François Alla, Giuseppe Grosso, Houman Goudarzi, Di H. Cross, Vera Marisa Costa, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Bo Norrving, Kerem Shuval, Jacob L. Stubbs, Muhammad Ali, Shuhei Nomura, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Navid Rabiee, Dana Bryazka, Hussen Mohammed, Asadollah Gholamian, Ashley Marks, Rizwan Kalani, Molly E. Herbert, Islam Y. Elgendy, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Chuanhua Yu, Suzanne Polinder, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Kylie Ball, Turki Alanzi, Mohsen Bayati, Hamed Mirzaei, Christopher M Odell, Amira Shaheen, Ziad A. Memish, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Michael A. Piradov, Hamed Kalani, Lorenzo Monasta, Christopher S Yilgwan, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Riaz Uddin, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Vinay Srinivasan, Hamid Ahmadieh, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Raffaele Palladino, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Mika Shigematsu, Stein Emil Vollset, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nasir Salam, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Samer Hamidi, Rajesh Sagar, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Kara Estep, Ester Cerin, Michael T. Chung, Simon Øverland, Amir Taherkhani, Sheng Chia Chung, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joan B. Soriano, Tahereh Javaheri, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Gbenga A. Kayode, Christopher R. Cederroth, Razique Anwer, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Kaja Abbas, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Louisa Degenhardt, Tahiya Alam, Mohammad Miri, Alibek Mereke, David Laith Rawaf, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Moslem Soofi, Edris Hasanpoor, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Joanna L Whisnant, Christopher J L Murray, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Damian Santomauro, Katrin Burkart, Tudorel Andrei, Alberto Baldasseroni, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Valery L. Feigin, Nauman Khalid, Ewerton Cousin, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Themba G.G. Ginindza, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sanjay Basu, Getinet Ayano, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Iyad Sultan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Keivan Ahmadi, Fariba Dorostkar, Rajeev Gupta, David M. Pereira, Mustafa Z. Younis, Adel Spotin, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Shailesh Advani, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Konrad Pesudovs, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Reshmi Bhageerathy, H. Dean Hosgood, Giulia Carreras, Sarika Chaturvedi, James L. Fisher, In-Hwan Oh, G Anil Kumar, Christoph Nowak, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Puja C Rao, Marcel Ausloos, Ali Kabir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Minh Nguyen, Ashkan Afshin, Payman Salamati, Colin Angus, Mona M. Khater, Ehsan Sadeghi, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Antonio Biondi, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Andrew T Olagunju, Amir Radfar, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Marcello Tonelli, Hesam Ghiasvand, Hanne Christensen, Juan Jesus Carrero, Maryam Adabi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Kurt Straif, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Lope H Barrero, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Fareed, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Juan A Rivera, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Janni Leung, Shokofeh Maleki, Mohd Anisul Karim, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Kiomars Sharafi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Helena Manguerra, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Nermin Ghith, Maha El Tantawi, Awoke Misganaw, Yunquan Zhang, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Holly E. Erskine, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Javad Javidnia, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Alaa Badawi, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Kyle E. Simpson, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Vivekanand Jha, Tomasz Miazgowski, Aaron J Cohen, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Alessandra Lugo, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Caitlyn Steiner, Gholamreza Roshandel, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Laura Kemmer, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh, Kris J. Krohn, Phoebe Anne Rhinehart, Sarah Wozniak, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Kate E. LeGrand, Christian Kieling, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Robin Room, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Kelly Cercy, Paul H. Lee, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Dinesh Bhandari, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Aziz Sheikh, Michellr L. Bell, Marwa Rashad Salem, Kirsten E. Wiens, Emma U.R. Smith, Hassan Abolhassani, Cristiano Piccinelli, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, G.K. Mini, Christian Razo, Manuela L. Ferreira, Diego De Leo, Francesco Saverio Violante, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Tea Lallukka, Dickson A. Amugsi, Anna Poznańska, Graeme J. Hankey, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Eirini Skiadaresi, Jai K Das, Felix Greaves, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mansour Ghafourifard, M. DeLang, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Brian J. Hall, Ravi Prakash Jha, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Neeraj Bhala, Stefan Lorkowski, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Abbas Mosapour, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Khurshid Alam, Rajat Das Gupta, Matilde Leonardi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Mohamed M. Gad, Kelly Compton, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Catherine M. Antony, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Gina Agarwal, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Om P Kurmi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Yahya Safari, Guilherme Borges, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Kenji Shibuya, Bahman Yousefi, Berrin Serdar, Karen M. Tabb, Sonali Kochhar, Till Bärnighausen, Kala M. Mehta, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Arash Etemadi, Melissa Y. Wei, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Rade Vukovic, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Shoshana H. Ballew, Miriam Levi, Zainab Samad, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Ramu Rawat, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Mahesh P A, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Tampere University, Tays Research Services, Health Sciences, Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adekanmbi, V., Adeoye, A. M., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Advani, S. M., Agarwal, G., Aghamir, S. M. K., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, M. B., Akalu, T. Y., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T., Akombi, B., Akunna, C. J., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, S., Alam, T., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alemu, B. W., Alhabib, K. F., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S. M., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Alonso, J., Altirkawi, K. A., Amini-Rarani, M., Amiri, F., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Angus, C., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Ariani, F., Armoon, B., Arnlov, J., Arzani, A., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Atafar, Z., Atnafu, D. D., Atout, M. M. W., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z. N., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Bahrami, M. A., Bakhshaei, M. H., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S. M., Baldasseroni, A., Ball, K., Ballew, S. H., Balzi, D., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Bante, A. B., Baraki, A. G., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrero, L. H., Barthelemy, C. M., Barua, L., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Becker, J. S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bell, M. L., Bennitt, F. B., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhageerathy, R., Bhala, N., Bhandari, D., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R. K., Bitew, H., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Boon-Dooley, A. S., Borges, G., Borzi, A. M., Borzouei, S., Bosetti, C., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Briant, P. S., Briko, A. N., Briko, N. I., Britton, G. B., Bryazka, D., Bumgarner, B. R., Burkart, K., Burnett, R. T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Cahill, L. E., Camera, L. L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cardenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Castro, F., Causey, K., Cederroth, C. R., Cercy, K. M., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chang, K. -L., Charlson, F. J., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, S., Cherbuin, N., Chimed-Ochir, O., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Christensen, H., Chu, D. -T., Chung, M. T., Chung, S. -C., Cicuttini, F. M., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Classen, T. K. D., Cohen, A. J., Compton, K., Cooper, O. R., Costa, V. M., Cousin, E., Cowden, R. G., Cross, D. H., Cruz, J. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damasceno, A. A. M., Damiani, G., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W. J., Danielsson, A. -K., Dargan, P. I., Darwesh, A. M., Daryani, A., Das, J. K., Das Gupta, R., das Neves, J., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davitoiu, D. V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Delang, M., Dellavalle, R. P., Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Demsie, D. G., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dervenis, N., Dhungana, G. P., Dianatinasab, M., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dibaji Forooshani, Z. S., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. T., Dokova, K., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Driscoll, T. R., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Edvardsson, D., El Nahas, N., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I. Y., El-Jaafary, S. I., Elyazar, I. R., Emmons-Bell, S., Erskine, H. E., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Etemadi, A., Etisso, A. E., Fanzo, J., Farahmand, M., Fareed, M., Faridnia, R., Farioli, A., Faro, A., Faruque, M., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V. L., Feldman, R., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, G., Ferrari, A. J., Ferreira, M. L., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N. A., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Force, L. M., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R. C., Freitas, M., Fu, W., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J. M., Gad, M. M., Gakidou, E., Gallus, S., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gardner, W. M., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebreslassie, A. A. A. A., Geremew, A., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Gething, P. W., Ghadimi, M., Ghadiri, K., Ghaffarifar, F., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Ghashghaee, A., Ghiasvand, H., Ghith, N., Gholamian, A., Ghosh, R., Gill, P. S., Ginindza, T. G. G., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Goharinezhad, S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goudarzi, H., Goulart, A. C., Greaves, F., Grivna, M., Grosso, G., Gubari, M. I. M., Gugnani, H. C., Guimaraes, R. A., Guled, R. A., Guo, G., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Haddock, B., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hafiz, A., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hall, B. J., Halvaei, I., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammer, M. S., Hankey, G. J., Haririan, H., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hasanpoor, E., Hashi, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henrikson, H. J., Herbert, M. E., Herteliu, C., Heydarpour, F., Hird, T. R., Hoek, H. W., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hosgood, H. D., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Hsieh, V. C. -R., Hu, G., Hu, K., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Huynh, C. K., Hwang, B. -F., Iannucci, V. C., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikeda, N., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Inbaraj, L. R., Ippolito, H., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Irvine, C. M. S., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Iso, H., Ivers, R. Q., Iwu, C. C. D., Iwu, C. J., Iyamu, I. O., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jafari, H., Jafarinia, M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., James, S. L., Janjani, H., Javaheri, T., Javidnia, J., Jeemon, P., Jenabi, E., Jha, R. P., Jha, V., Ji, J. S., Johansson, L., John, O., John-Akinola, Y. O., Johnson, C. O., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalani, H., Kalani, R., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karim, M. A., Kassa, G. M., Katikireddi, S. V., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keiyoro, P. N., Keller, C., Kemmer, L., Kendrick, P. J., Khalid, N., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, M., Khatab, K., Khater, M. M., Khatib, M. N., Khayamzadeh, M., Khazaei, S., Kieling, C., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K. S., Kocarnik, J. M., Kochhar, S., Kopec, J. A., Korshunov, V. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M. U. G., Krishan, K., Krohn, K. J., Kromhout, H., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, V., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Lang, J. J., Langan, S. M., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lauriola, P., Lazarus, J. V., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Legrand, K. E., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lescinsky, H., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, S., Lim, L. -L., Linn, S., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, J., Lopez, A. D., Lopez, J. C. F., Lopukhov, P. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lu, A., Lugo, A., Maddison, E. R., Mahasha, P. W., Mahdavi, M. M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manda, A. L., Manguerra, H., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M. A., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Maravilla, J. C., Marks, A., Martin, R. V., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Masoumi, S. Z., Mathur, M. R., Matsushita, K., Maulik, P. K., Mcalinden, C., Mcgrath, J. J., Mckee, M., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mehri, F., Mehta, K. M., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Mereke, A., Mereta, S. T., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mini, G. K., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei, R., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Misganaw, A. T., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, A. S., Mohammed, H., Mohammed, J. A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mooney, M. D., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mosser, J. F., Mouodi, S., Mousavi, S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mueller, U. O., Mukhopadhyay, S., Mullany, E. C., Musa, K. I., Muthupandian, S., Nabhan, A. F., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M. D., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Nansseu, J. R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V. C., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, M., Nigatu, Y. T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nomura, S., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Otoiu, A., Oancea, B., Odell, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H., Okunga, E. W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Omer, M. O., Ong, K. L., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orpana, H. M., Ortiz, A., Osarenotor, O., Osei, F. B., Ostroff, S. M., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Overland, S., Owolabi, M. O., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Parry, C. D. H., Pasovic, M., Pasupula, D. K., Patel, S. K., Pathak, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A. E., Pennini, A., Pepito, V. C. F., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, D. M., Pesudovs, K., Pham, H. Q., Phillips, M. R., Piccinelli, C., Pilz, T. M., Piradov, M. A., Pirsaheb, M., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Polkinghorne, K. R., Pond, C. D., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Poznanska, A., Prada, S. I., Prakash, V., Pribadi, D. R. A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Raggi, A., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Ram, P., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, P. C., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, V., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rawat, R., Razo, C., Redford, S. B., Reiner, R. C., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Rhinehart, P. -A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D. C., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Rivera, J. A., Roberts, N. L. S., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Room, R., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Rubagotti, E., Rwegerera, G. M., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P. S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Sadeghi, M., Saeedi, R., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Safari, Y., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Sajadi, S. M., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salem, H., Salem, M. R. R., Salimzadeh, H., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samad, Z., Samadi Kafil, H., Sambala, E. Z., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Pimienta, T. G., Santomauro, D. F., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Saxena, S., Schaeffer, L. E., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Senbeta, A. M., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Serdar, B., Serre, M. L., Shadid, J., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shalash, A. S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sheikh, A., Sheikhtaheri, A., Shibuya, K., Shield, K. D., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shin, M. -J., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shuval, K., Siabani, S., Sierpinski, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J. P., Simpson, K. E., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skiadaresi, E., Skou, S. T. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Smith, E. U. R., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soshnikov, S., Soyiri, I. N., Spencer, C. N., Spotin, A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Srinivasan, V., Stanaway, J. D., Stein, C., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Stockfelt, L., Stokes, M. A., Straif, K., Stubbs, J. L., Sufiyan, M. B., Suleria, H. A. R., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Sultan, I., Szumowski, Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tabuchi, T., Taherkhani, A., Tajdini, M., Takahashi, K., Takala, J. S., Tamiru, A. T., Taveira, N., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H., Tesema, G. A., Tessema, Z. T., Thurston, G. D., Titova, M. V., Tohidinik, H. R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Torre, A. E., Touvier, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Tsatsakis, A., Tudor Car, L., Tyrovolas, S., Uddin, R., Umeokonkwo, C. D., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vacante, M., Valdez, P. R., van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Wallin, M. T., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. -P., Watson, A., Wei, J., Wei, M. Y. W., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, J., Werdecker, A., West, J. J., Westerman, R., Whisnant, J. L., Whiteford, H. A., Wiens, K. E., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wozniak, S. S., Wu, A. -M., Wu, J., Wulf Hanson, S., Xu, G., Xu, R., Yadgir, S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yamagishi, K., Yaminfirooz, M., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yeheyis, T. Y., Yilgwan, C. S., Yilma, M. T., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Younker, T. P., Yousefi, B., Yousefi, Z., Yousefinezhadi, T., Yousuf, A. Y., Yu, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zamani, M., Zamanian, M., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, J. T., Zhao, X. -J. G., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Ziapour, A., Zimsen, S. R. M., Brauer, M., Afshin, A., Lim, S. S., Lacey, B, Sartorius, B, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adekanmbi, V, Adeoye, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Akalu, T, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Akunna, C, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, S, Alam, T, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alemu, B, Alhabib, K, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, Arnlov, J, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Assmus, M, Atafar, Z, Atnafu, D, Atout, M, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Baldasseroni, A, Ball, K, Ballew, S, Balzi, D, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Bante, A, Baraki, A, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Barthelemy, C, Barua, L, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Becker, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bell, M, Bennitt, F, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bhagavathula, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bin Sayeed, M, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bisignano, C, Biswas, R, Bitew, H, Bohlouli, S, Bohluli, M, Boon-Dooley, A, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Borzouei, S, Bosetti, C, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Breitborde, N, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Briko, A, Briko, N, Britton, G, Bryazka, D, Bumgarner, B, Burkart, K, Burnett, R, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano Dos Santos, F, Cahill, L, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, K, Charlson, F, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Cherbuin, N, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Classen, T, Cohen, A, Compton, K, Cooper, O, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Cowden, R, Cross, D, Cruz, J, Dahlawi, S, Damasceno, A, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dangel, W, Danielsson, A, Dargan, P, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, das Neves, J, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davitoiu, D, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Delang, M, Dellavalle, R, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Driscoll, T, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Elyazar, I, Emmons-Bell, S, Erskine, H, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Fanzo, J, Farahmand, M, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Faruque, M, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Feldman, R, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, G, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Force, L, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Ayalew Gebreslassie, A, Geremew, A, Gershberg Hayoon, A, Gething, P, Ghadimi, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Ghosh, R, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Haddock, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammer, M, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasanpoor, E, Hashi, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henrikson, H, Herbert, M, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hird, T, Hoek, H, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Hu, K, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Huynh, C, Hwang, B, Iannucci, V, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Ippolito, H, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Iwu, C, Iyamu, I, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, K, Jafari, H, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, James, S, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Javidnia, J, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Johansson, L, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, H, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Kassa, G, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Keiyoro, P, Keller, C, Kemmer, L, Kendrick, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei, S, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kopec, J, Korshunov, V, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kromhout, H, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lang, J, Langan, S, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Levi, M, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lo, J, Lopez, A, Lopez, J, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Lugo, A, Maddison, E, Mahasha, P, Mahdavi, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manda, A, Manguerra, H, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantilla Herrera, A, Maravilla, J, Marks, A, Martin, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Matsushita, K, Maulik, P, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mereke, A, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misganaw, A, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mooney, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Mullany, E, Musa, K, Muthupandian, S, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, M, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Odell, C, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Osarenotor, O, Osei, F, Ostroff, S, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, Mahesh, P, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Parry, C, Pasovic, M, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Pathak, M, Patten, S, Patton, G, Toroudi, H, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, D, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piccinelli, C, Pilz, T, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, K, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Poznanska, A, Prada, S, Prakash, V, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Razo, C, Redford, S, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Rhinehart, P, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Rivera, J, Roberts, N, Rodriguez-Ramirez, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi, R, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, Y, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sajadi, S, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samad, Z, Samadi Kafil, H, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Pimienta, T, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Serdar, B, Serre, M, Shadid, J, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shibuya, K, Shield, K, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shin, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skiadaresi, E, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spencer, C, Spotin, A, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stein, C, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, M, Straif, K, Stubbs, J, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tabuchi, T, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Takahashi, K, Takala, J, Tamiru, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesema, G, Tessema, Z, Thurston, G, Titova, M, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, R, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, van Donkelaar, A, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Watson, A, Wei, J, Wei, M, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, West, J, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Whiteford, H, Wiens, K, Wolfe, C, Wozniak, S, Wu, A, Wu, J, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, G, Xu, R, Yadgir, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaminfirooz, M, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, T, Yilgwan, C, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Younker, T, Yousefi, B, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Zimsen, S, Lim, S, Murray, C, GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborator, Violante FS, Biosciences, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Public Health, Bin Sayeed, M. S. B., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Elyazar, I. R. F., Ayalew Gebreslassie, A. A. A., Ginindza, T. G., Matin, B. K., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Khaneghah, A. M., Mahesh, P. A., Toroudi, H. P., Syed, Z. Q., Salem, M. R., Skou, S. T., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tudor Car, L. T., and Moghadam, T. Z.
Subjects: Male, Nutritional Sciences, Specific risk, Contaminación del Aire Interior, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic Factor, systematic analysis, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Health Risk Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Disease studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, METABOLIC RISKS, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Factores de Riesgo, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Public health, Injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, GBD, risck factors, attributable burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Relative risk, Environmental health, Health, Hypertension, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Leading risk factors, Global Health Metrics, Cohort study, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, UNITED-STATES, Risk Assessment, DIET, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, POLLUTION, CLUSTERS, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Risk factor, education, Global burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Malnutrition, Klinisk medicin, Global Burden of Diseases, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Enfermedades, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk factors, Disease study, Hyperglycemia, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Clinical Medicine, business, RA
Abstract: Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020

34. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18:a geospatial analysis

Author: Nataliya Foigt, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Paramjit Gill, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Mario Poljak, Siavash Rahimi, Olalekan A. Uthman, Animut Alebel, Mohsen Naghavi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Maarten J. Postma, Zemichael Gizaw, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Leonardo Roever, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Smita Pakhale, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Robert C. Reiner, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Walter Mendoza, Azeem Majeed, Agus Sudaryanto, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Kate E. LeGrand, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mehdi Sayyah, Konrad Pesudovs, Mahesh P A, Nihal Thomas, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Muhammad Usman, Balbir Singh, Ahsan Saleem, Ahmed Abualhasan, Maheswar Satpathy, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Ali H. Mokdad, Irfan Ullah, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Si Si, Bartosz Miazgowski, Moses K. Muriithi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Brijesh Sathian, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Tufa Kolola, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Andrew T Olagunju, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Rosario Cardenas, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Benjamin K. Mayala, Soraya Siabani, Ebrahim Babaee, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Miliva Mozaffor, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Joseph Frostad, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Quynh Anh P. Nguyen, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Junaid Khan, Dessalegn Haile, Marcel Ausloos, David C. Schwebel, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Milena Ilic, Ionut Negoi, Ninuk Hariyani, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Sachin R Atre, Goura Kishor Rath, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Eirini Skiadaresi, Simon I. Hay, Preeti Dhillon, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Nicole Davis Weaver, Mowafa Househ, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Bahram Armoon, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Alexandria Brown, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Mihiretu Kebede, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Kala M. Mehta, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Shiwei Liu, Norberto Perico, I A Adedeji, Sergio I. Prada, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Brigette F. Blacker, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Amit Arora, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Sanjay Zodpey, Farshad Farzadfar, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Ajay Patle, Daniel Adane Endalew, Jagdish Khubchandani, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Derrick A Bennett, Ziad A. Memish, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Hisham Atan Edinur, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Robert S. Bernstein, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Tomohide Yamada, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Mohamed I Hegazy, Liliana Preotescu, Sanjay Basu, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Alem Girmay, Sonali Kochhar, Meghnath Dhimal, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Saravanan Muthupandian, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Shally Awasthi, Samer Hamidi, Davide Guido, Van C. Lansingh, Engida Yisma, Muhammad Redzwan S Rashid Ali, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Ali Kiadaliri, Hamed Zandian, Aparna Lal, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Dhirendra N Sinha, Florian Fischer, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Khanh Bao Tran, Kimberly B. Johnson, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Vo Dinh Bay, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gbenga A. Kayode, John S. Ji, Akhil Soman ThekkePurakkal, Santi Martini, Behzad Heibati, Kebreab Paulos, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Vishnu Renjith, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Dinh Toi Chu, Gregory M. Garcia, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Krishna K. Aryal, Irina Filip, Michelle L. Bell, Manfred S. Green, Alaa Badawi, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Anton Sokhan, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Navid Manafi, Siddhesh Zadey, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Manu Raj Mathur, Till Bärnighausen, Paula Moraga, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Mahya Beheshti, Farnam Mohebi, Genet Melak Alamene, Andem Effiong, Thomas R. Hird, Colm McAlinden, In-Hwan Oh, Arash Etemadi, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Rajesh Sharma, Puja C Rao, Masoud Foroutan, Sangram Kishor Patel, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Aniruddha Deshpande, Paul H. Lee, Tukur Dahiru, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Alireza Rafiei, Somayeh Bohlouli, Juan Sanabria, Javad Nazari, Siamak Sabour, Izza Shahid, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, André Karch, Mehdi Yaseri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Pushpendra Kumar, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Sojib Bin Zaman, Gillian I. Hollerich, Hajer Elkout, Jonathan F. Mosser, Fakher Rahim, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Benny Antony, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Bineyam Taye, Ghulam Mustafa, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Vahid Alipour, Themba G. Ginindza, Wubalem Fekadu, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Delia Hendrie, Santosh Varughese, Manasi Kumar, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Aziz Sheikh, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Mohsen Bayati, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Kinley Wangdi, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Marzieh Nojomi, Carlo La Vecchia, Nuworza Kugbey, Zubair Kabir, Aslam Pervaiz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, Narinder Pal Singh, Jan Walter De Neve, Mohammad Khazaei, G. K. Mini, Eun-Kee Park, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Syed Ather Hussain, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Nasir Salam, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Babak Moazen, Adnan Kisa, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Mitchell T. Wallin, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Anwar Ahmed, Yousef Mohammad, Tanuj Kanchan, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Rajesh Sagar, Marwa Rashad Salem, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Ammar Albujeer, Yasir Waheed, Noore Alam, Vera Marisa Costa, Rajat Das Gupta, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Amira Shaheen, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Ken Lee Chin, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Kirsten E. Wiens, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, K M Shivakumar, Ziad El-Khatib, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Ronny Westerman, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, D J Christopher, Valery L. Feigin, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mathew M. Baumann, Platon D. Lopukhov, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Hai Quang Pham, Luis Alberto Cámera, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Ahmad Daryani, Teferi Mekonnen, Yousef Veisani, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Parvaiz A Koul, Daniel Diaz, Ali S. Akanda, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Daniel J. Weiss, Nauman Khalid, Hassen Mohammed, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Abdullah Al Mamun, Yoshan Moodley, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Abdu A. Adamu, Fatemeh Rajati, German Martinez, Habib Benzian, Georgy Lebedev, Ben Lacey, Amir Hasanzadeh, Amir Khater, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Virendra Singh, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Gabrielle Britton, Tiffany K. Gill, Sezer Kisa, Zahid A. Butt, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ian Pollock, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Savita Lasrado, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Benn Sartorius, Maciej Banach, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Hedley Quintana, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Praveen Hoogar, Ehsan Sadeghi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Bogdan Oancea, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Ester Cerin, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jennifer Rickard, M Alijanzadeh, Ali Almasi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sandra B. Munro, Ambrish Singh, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Daniel Asmelash, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Natalie Maria Cormier, Samiah Alam, Yahya Salimi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Anh Kim Dang, Jae Il Shin, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Taweewat Wiangkham, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Eleonora Dubljanin, Itamar S. Santos, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Amir Kasaeian, Yahya Safari, Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi, Mohammad Fareed, Peter Memiah, Ali Kabir, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ali Yadollahpour, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Reza Malekzadeh, Shymaa Enany, Hamidreza Haririan, Ayman Grada, Amador Goodridge, Salvatore Rubino, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Jalal Arabloo, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Masoud Behzadifar, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Hosni Salem, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, G Anil Kumar, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Jasvinder A. Singh, Yuan-Pang Wang, Tissa Wijeratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Sebastian Vollmer, Rakhi Dandona, Ahmed Abdelalim, Akram Pourshams, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Alex Yeshaneh, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ali S. Shalash, Bahram Mohajer, Nefsu Awoke, Hoa Thi Do, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Giang Hai Ha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Vinay Nangia, David M. Pigott, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Andrew S. Azman, Amira Hamed Darwish, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Soewarta Kosen, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Soufiane Boufous, Mehedi Hasan, Franz Castro, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Oliver J. Brady, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Olatunde Aremu, Samad Azari, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Saeed Amini, Mehdi Ahmadi, Andualem Henok, Yafeng Wang, Nevine El Nahas, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Gurudatta Naik, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, hawariat, Enrico Rubagotti, Andre Faro, Kebede Deribe, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Robert L. Thompson, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Lalit Dandona, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Ashish Pathak, Masoud Moradi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Chabila C Mapoma, Aubrey J. Levine, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Keivan Ahmadi, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Kewal Krishan, Hany Aref, Alebachew Fasil Fasil, Aziz Eftekhari, Claudiu Herteliu, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Zoubida Zaidi, Simin Mouodi, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Getinet Ayano, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Usman Iqbal, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Mohsen Mazidi, Hamidreza Komaki, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Mina Anjomshoa, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Mostafa Leili, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Tomislav Mestrovic, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Chi Linh Hoang, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Christopher J L Murray, Reza Shirkoohi, Aditya Prasad Dash, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Rajeev Gupta, Mustafa Z. Younis, Maha El Tantawi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Aleksandra Barac, Christiane Dolecek, Mohammad Mahdi Zamani, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Faris Lami, Mehdi Naderi, Yunquan Zhang, Babak Eshrati, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Navid Rabiee, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Netsanet Fentahun, Nuruzzaman Khan, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Surendra Karki, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Sonia Lewycka, Rashmi Gupta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Binaya Chalise, Masood Ali Shaikh, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Kerrie E. Doyle, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Jorge Cano, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Boris Bikbov, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mohsen Afarideh, Behnam Heidari, Fares Alahdab, Takahiro Tabuchi, J. Car, Hilton Y. Lam, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Linda Morales, Brian J. Hall, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Carsten Flohr, Ravi Prakash Jha, Shafiu Mohammed, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Abbas Mosapour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Eugenio Traini, Aisha Elsharkawy, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Anas M. Saad, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Farah Daoud, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Public Health, Johnson, KB, Local Burden of Disease 2019 Neglected Tropical Diseases Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Geospatial analysis, 030231 tropical medicine, Elephantiasis, ELIMINATION, computer.software_genre, Article, Local Burden of Disease 2019 Neglected Tropical Diseases Collaborators, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Environmental health, Global health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mass drug administration, Lymphatic filariasis, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Tropical disease, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, QR, Geography, Lymphatic system, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, ITC-GOLD, computer, 0605 Microbiology
Abstract: Background Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020

35. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Author: Joseph Frostad, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Brigette F. Blacker, Nuworza Kugbey, Bineyam Taye, Carlo La Vecchia, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Benny Antony, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Daniel Asmelash, Manu Raj Mathur, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Sachin R Atre, Tomislav Mestrovic, Rajeev Gupta, Smita Pakhale, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Quynh Anh P. Nguyen, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Chi Linh Hoang, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Ninuk Hariyani, Ken Lee Chin, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Mohammad Fareed, Mustafa Z. Younis, Navid Rabiee, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Brian J. Hall, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Sonia Lewycka, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ravi Prakash Jha, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Habib Benzian, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Siddhesh Zadey, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Kinley Wangdi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Savita Lasrado, Goura Kishor Rath, Lalit Dandona, Farshad Farzadfar, Georgy Lebedev, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Aniruddha Deshpande, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ambrish Singh, Fatemeh Rajati, Sonali Kochhar, Amir Khater, Ali Almasi, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Rajesh Sharma, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Sezer Kisa, Arash Etemadi, Zubair Kabir, Aslam Pervaiz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Syed Ather Hussain, Mohsen Mazidi, Hamidreza Komaki, Reza Shirkoohi, Alex Yeshaneh, Faris Lami, Maha El Tantawi, Yunquan Zhang, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bahram Mohajer, Christiane Dolecek, Vinay Nangia, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Usman Iqbal, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Chuanhua Yu, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Masoud Moradi, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Dinh-Toi Chu, Claudiu Herteliu, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Mostafa Leili, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Ester Cerin, Bahram Armoon, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Shafiu Mohammed, Alexandria Brown, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Abbas Mosapour, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mohamed M. Gad, Eugenio Traini, Aisha Elsharkawy, David M. Pigott, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Daryani, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Derrick A Bennett, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Bogdan Oancea, Jagdish Khubchandani, Sandra B. Munro, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Daniel Adane Endalew, Davide Guido, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Zemichael Gizaw, Muhammad Usman, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Aziz Eftekhari, André Karch, Narinder Pal Singh, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Amira Hamed Darwish, Soufiane Boufous, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Zahid A Butt, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Gregory M. Garcia, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Genet Melak Alamene, Andem Effiong, André Faro, Amit Arora, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Dhirendra N Sinha, Amir Kasaeian, Ali Kabir, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Akhil Soman ThekkePurakkal, Anwar Ahmed, Tanuj Kanchan, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Daniel J. Weiss, Ziad El-Khatib, Jorge Cano, Javad Nazari, Ashish Pathak, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Nuruzzaman Khan, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Harish Chander Gugnani, Ali S. Akanda, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Abdu A. Adamu, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Mohsen Afarideh, Tiffany K. Gill, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Oliver J. Brady, Ebrahim Babaee, Takahiro Tabuchi, Alebachew Fasil, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Marwa Rashad Salem, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Paula Moraga, J. Car, Hoa Thi Do, Samad Azari, hawariat, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Michelle L. Bell, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mehedi Hasan, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Santi Martini, Vishnu Renjith, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Chabila C Mapoma, Aubrey J. Levine, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Anh Kim Dang, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Kala M. Mehta, Boris Bikbov, Assefa Desalew, Carsten Flohr, Yahya Safari, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Saeed Amini, Mehdi Ahmadi, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Anas M. Saad, Robert C. Reiner, Ammar Albujeer, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Teferi Mekonnen, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Irina Filip, Ali Yadollahpour, Ali Kiadaliri, Hamed Zandian, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Paramjit Gill, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Nicole Davis Weaver, Surendra Karki, Masoud Behzadifar, Vo Dinh Bay, Giang Hai Ha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, In-Hwan Oh, Puja C Rao, Van Charles Lansingh, Kewal Krishan, Hany Aref, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Shymaa Enany, Ayman Grada, Amador Goodridge, Salvatore Rubino, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Maheswar Satpathy, Amir Radfar, Aparna Lal, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Mehdi Naderi, Siavash Rahimi, Animut Alebel, Mohammad Rabiee, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Sojib Bin Zaman, Alem Girmay, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Abdallah M. Samy, Mario Poljak, G Anil Kumar, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Andrew S. Azman, Ronny Westerman, Thomas R. Hird, Themba G. Ginindza, Babak Moazen, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Shally Awasthi, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Roman Topor-Madry, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Kamarul Imran Musa, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Afsaneh Arzani, Yousef Veisani, Farshad Pourmalek, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Kiomars Sharafi, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Zoubida Zaidi, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Mohammad Zamani, Takeshi Fukumoto, Masoud Foroutan, Noore Alam, Simin Mouodi, Miliva Mozaffor, Khanh Bao Tran, Farnam Mohebi, Sanjay Basu, Robert L. Thompson, Behzad Heibati, Santosh Varughese, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Gabriel Martinez, Getinet Ayano, Farah Daoud, Konrad Pesudovs, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Tukur Dahiru, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Andualem Henok, Mina Anjomshoa, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Navid Manafi, Yousef Mohammad, Keivan Ahmadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Binaya Chalise, Masood Ali Shaikh, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Delia Hendrie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Si Si, Manasi Kumar, Netsanet Fentahun, Amira Shaheen, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Ben Lacey, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, K M Shivakumar, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Yahya Salimi, Adnan Kisa, Hisham Atan Edinur, Benn Sartorius, Kate E. LeGrand, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Ehsan Sadeghi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Samiah Alam, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Andrew T Olagunju, Obinna Onwujekwe, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Behnam Heidari, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Yafeng Wang, Irfan Ullah, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Virendra Singh, Tufa Kolola, Mehdi Yaseri, Abdullah Al Mamun, Hilton Y. Lam, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Samath D Dharmaratne, Hajer Elkout, Yoshan Moodley, Linda Morales, Adrian Pana, Nauman Khalid, Hassen Mohammed, Fakher Rahim, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Platon D. Lopukhov, Marzieh Nojomi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Dessalegn Haile, Mohsen Bayati, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Yasir Waheed, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ian Pollock, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Anton Sokhan, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Junaid Khan, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Enrico Rubagotti, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Gillian I. Hollerich, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Eleonora Dubljanin, Itamar S. Santos, Wubalem Fekadu, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Florian Fischer, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Nihal Thomas, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Nasir Salam, Muhammad Ali, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Marcel Ausloos, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Jae Il Shin, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Rajesh Sagar, Ahmed Abdelalim, Benjamin K. Mayala, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Soraya Siabani, Jonathan F. Mosser, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Valery L. Feigin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Mathew M. Baumann, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Jasvinder A. Singh, Sebastian Vollmer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Agus Sudaryanto, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ahsan Saleem, Ali S. Shalash, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Ahmed Abualhasan, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Meghnath Dhimal, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Akram Pourshams, Ionut Negoi, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Franz Castro, Nefsu Awoke, Vahid Alipour, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Mitchell T. Wallin, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Ziad A. Memish, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Peter Memiah, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bartosz Miazgowski, Babak Eshrati, Moses K. Muriithi, Mihiretu Kebede, Mowafa Househ, Monika Sawhney, Preeti Dhillon, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Ajay Patle, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Arash Ziapour, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Eun-Kee Park, Kirsten E. Wiens, Hai Quang Pham, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, G. K. Mini, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Hedley Quintana, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Rajat Das Gupta, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Rahul Gupta, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Liliana Preotescu, Walter Mendoza, Manfred S. Green, Mahesh P A, Somayeh Bohlouli, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ali H. Mokdad, Aditya P Dash, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Kimberly B. Johnson, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Engida Yisma, Azeem Majeed, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Hala Elhabashy, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Juan Sanabria, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Leonardo Roever, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Mehdi Sayyah, Shanshan Li, Kebreab Paulos, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Mahya Beheshti, Siamak Sabour, Izza Shahid, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Brijesh Sathian, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Taweewat Wiangkham, Soewarta Kosen, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Luis Camera, Nevine El Nahas, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Gurudatta Naik, Kebede Deribe, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborator, Violante FS, Public Health, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Department of Oncology, Yisma, Engida, and Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators
Subjects: Drinking water access, Sanitation, Universal design, Geographic Mapping, Socioeconomic Factor, DISEASE, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Hygiene, 11. Sustainability, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 1. No poverty, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 6. Clean water, Low-income countries, 3. Good health, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, CHILD GROWTH, TERRITORIES, HYGIENE, Human, 0605 Microbiology, Diarrhea, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators, Developing country, Article, Geographical inequalities, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 12. Responsible consumption, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS, Environmental health, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, QUALITY, Sanitation/statistics & numerical data, Open defecation, Improved sanitation, hand washing, Developing Countries, Models, Statistical, Middle-income countries, Drinking Water, lcsh:RA1-1270, Bayes Theorem, GLOBAL BURDEN, diarrheal disease, DIARRHEA, Diarrhea/epidemiology, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborator, Socioeconomic Factors, 0605 Microbiology, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Business, Human medicine, Sanitation facilities, ITC-GOLD
Abstract: Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce highresolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). LGA has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. OOA acknowledges the Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation, and DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa. SMAl acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. HTA acknowledges Aksum University. MAu and CH are partly supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. AAz acknowledges funding from the Gates Foundation (OPP1171700). ABad is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). DABen was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. GBB is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. FCar acknowledges UID/ MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. VMC acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. JDN acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. DBD acknowledges support from the Gates Foundation. KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. AGo acknowledges Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). CH is partly supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). SMSI is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. MJ and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. JK is a recipient of the 2020 Benjamin V Cohen Peace Fellowship from Ball State University Center for Peace and Conflict Studies. YJK’s work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ ITCM/0001. KKr is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. BL acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. PTNM acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. ANA acknowledges Debre Markos University for its support in-terms of office and internet access while reviewing this paper. AMSam received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. MMS-M acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). AShi acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. MRS acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah university of Medical sciences for their wise advice. JBS is part of Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. RT-S was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. BU acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. TWij acknowledges the Migraine Foundation Australia and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka. CSW was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. SBZ received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training program in support of his academic career.
Published: 2020

36. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Manisha Dubey, Fatemeh Rajati, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Amir Khater, Reza Shirkoohi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Ronny Westerman, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Ravi Mehrotra, Sezer Kisa, Junaid Khan, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Marcel Ausloos, Getnet Gedefaw, Hamed Zandian, Edward J Mills, Aparna Lal, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Yousef Veisani, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Oliver J. Brady, David Laith Rawaf, Tamer H. Farag, Simin Mouodi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Samad Azari, Getinet Ayano, Faris Lami, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Maryam Adabi, Alaa Badawi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Amir Hasanzadeh, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Bineyam Taye, Nader Jafari Balalami, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Kewal Krishan, Muhammad Ali, Ehsan Sadeghi, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Lal B. Rawal, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Behnam Heidari, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Eric L. Ding, Noushin Mohammadifard, Nihal Thomas, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sanghamitra Pati, Addisu Melese, Niranjan Kissoon, Farzad Manafi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Yahya Salimi, Pranab Chatterjee, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Benjamin K. Mayala, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Zahid A Butt, Olufemi Ajumobi, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Shafiu Mohammed, Charles Shey Shey Wiysonge, Félix Carvalho, Masresha Tessema Anegago, Yun Jin Kim, Ai-Min Wu, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Ana-Laura Manda, Aziz Eftekhari, Rakhi Dandona, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Nicole Davis Weaver, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Marwa Rashad Salem, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Dongyu Zhang, Saeed Safari, Vivekanand Jha, Keivan Ahmadi, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Hamidreza Haririan, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Surendra Karki, Kirsten E. Wiens, Boikhutso Tlou, Soraya Siabani, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Asnakew Achaw Ayele, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Susanna Dunachie, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Tissa Wijeratne, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, André Karch, Ebrahim Babaee, Akram Pourshams, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bal Govind Chauhan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vera Marisa Costa, Mehdi Yaseri, Tahereh Pashaei, Benn Sartorius, Helen Derara Diro, Anelisa Jaca, Mostafa Hosseini, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Franz Castro, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chalachew Genet Akal, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Sonia Lewycka, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Ibrahim A Khalil, Genet Melak Alamene, George C Patton, Andem Effiong, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Collins Chansa, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Van C. Lansingh, Chabila C Mapoma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Aubrey J. Levine, Miliva Mozaffor, Till Bärnighausen, Ali Rostami, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Colm McAlinden, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Neeraj Bedi, Irfan Ullah, Winfried März, Rajeev Gupta, Masood Ali Shaikh, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Abbas Mosapour, Javad Nazari, Obinna Onwujekwe, Narinder Pal Singh, Dabere Nigatu, Tanuj Kanchan, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aklilu Endalamfaw, Hajer Elkout, Michelle L. Bell, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nefsu Awoke, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Muki Shey, Christiane Dolecek, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Syed Ather Hussain, Birhan Tamene Alemnew, Arash Etemadi, Anwar E. Ahmed, Vinay Nangia, Sachin R Atre, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Robert C. Reiner, Rajat Das Gupta, Aniruddha Deshpande, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Chi Linh Hoang, Bahram Armoon, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Ebrahim M Yimer, Rashmi Gupta, Ahmed Omar Bali, Dadi Marami, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Getnet Mengistu, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Ali S. Akanda, Satar Rezaei, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Irina Filip, Mohammad Fareed, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Yared A Asmare Aynalem, Gelin Xu, Zubair Kabir, Khalid A Altirkawi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Yibeltal Alemu Bekele, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Quique Bassat, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Nuruzzaman Khan, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Nathaniel J Henry, Meghnath Dhimal, Hosein Shabaninejad, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Eugenio Traini, Mohammad Zamani, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Rafael Moreira Claro, Pushpendra Kumar, Shai Linn, Lucas Earl, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Getenet Dessie, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, John S. Ji, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Aisha Elsharkawy, Ken Lee Chin, Mustafa Z. Younis, Daniel Diaz, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Tomohide Yamada, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Platon D. Lopukhov, Alireza Rafiei, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Hossein Poustchi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Francesco Saverio Violante, Leonardo Roever, Giovanni Damiani, Maha El Tantawi, Nuworza Kugbey, Hadi Pourjafar, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Dinh-Toi Chu, Farkhonde Salehi, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Farnam Mohebi, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Senbagam Duraisamy, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Eleonora Dubljanin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Fakher Rahim, Jasvinder A. Singh, Jai K Das, Savita Lasrado, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Santosh Varughese, Adnan Kisa, Laurie B. Marczak, Amira Shaheen, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Arash Ziapour, Alex Yeshaneh, Ninuk Hariyani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Asmamaw Demis, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Praveen Hoogar, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Yunquan Zhang, Yousef Mohammad, Iman El Sayed, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Marzieh Nojomi, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sameh Magdeldin, Anton Sokhan, Nauman Khalid, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ben Lacey, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Khanh Bao Tran, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Parvaneh Mirabi, Boris Bikbov, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Assefa Desalew, Yasir Waheed, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Brian J. Hall, James A Platts-Mills, Gbenga A. Kayode, Jan-Walter De Neve, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Navid Manafi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ali Bijani, Hedley Quintana, Shanshan Li, Kebreab Paulos, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Oladimeji Adebayo, David Teye Doku, Brijesh Sathian, Bakhtiar Piroozi, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Netsanet Fentahun, Shymaa Enany, Ayman Grada, Salvatore Rubino, Kenji Shibuya, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Andrea Farioli, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Mohsen Afarideh, Maciej Banach, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Rakesh Lodha, David M. Pigott, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Hadi Hassankhani, Daniel Adane Endalew, Siamak Sabour, Yoshan Moodley, Preeti Dhillon, Dilaram Acharya, Anas M. Saad, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Mohammad Rabiee, Ajay Patle, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Davide Guido, Chuanhua Yu, Abdallah M. Samy, Ali Talha Khalil, Ashish Awasthi, Pascual R. Valdez, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taweewat Wiangkham, Anthony Masaka, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Huyen Phuc Do, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Farah Daoud, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Suleman Atique, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Indang Trihandini, Mario Poljak, Bartosz Miazgowski, Huda Basaleem, Rafael Alves Guimares, Mina Anjomshoa, Peng Jia, Yafeng Wang, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Itamar S. Santos, Alireza Khatony, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Samath D Dharmaratne, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Konrad Pesudovs, Tina Beyranvand, Liliana Preotescu, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Enrico Rubagotti, Amira Hamed Darwish, Mahdi Safdarian, Ali Yadollahpour, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Moses K. Muriithi, Azmeraw T. Amare, Si Si, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Khaled Khatab, Masoud Behzadifar, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, G Anil Kumar, Margaret Kosek, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Kimberly B. Johnson, Andrew T Olagunju, Mowafa Househ, In-Hwan Oh, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Jae Il Shin, Ahmed Abdelalim, Catherine A. Welgan, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Sebastian Vollmer, Xiu-Ju Zhao, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Degu Abate, Ali S. Shalash, Davide Rasella, Melese Abate Reta, Hedayat Abbastabar, Manu Raj Mathur, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Joseph Frostad, Eirini Skiadaresi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Brigette F. Blacker, Carlo La Vecchia, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Foad Abd-Allah, Elias Merdassa Roro, Agus Sudaryanto, Fariba Ghassemi, Behzad Karami Matin, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Maheswar Satpathy, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Pallab K. Maulik, Amir Kasaeian, Ali H. Mokdad, Alemayehu Toma Mena, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ali Kabir, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Aberash Abay Tassew, Kala M. Mehta, Ionut Negoi, Hosni Salem, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Saleem M Rana, Engida Yisma, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Hossein Farzam, Krishna K. Aryal, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Juan Sanabria, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Shirin Djalalinia, Suraj Bhattarai, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Claudiu Herteliu, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Mohsen Bayati, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Gulfaraz Khan, Mostafa Leili, Nasir Salam, Ehsan Khodamoradi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Vahid Alipour, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rajesh Sagar, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Manasi Kumar, Mehdi Sharif, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Navid Rabiee, Gvs Murthy, Hamed Kalani, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Claudio Alberto Davila, Oluchi Okpala, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Mathew M. Baumann, Bereket Duko Adema, Lorenzo Monasta, Paul S. F. Yip, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Dhirendra N Sinha, Farid Najafi, Kebede Deribe, Paula Moraga, Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Vishnu Renjith, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Kamarul Imran Musa, Getaneh Alemu Abebe, Farshad Pourmalek, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Derrick A Bennett, Ahmad Daryani, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Apurba Shil, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Salman Khazaei, Jennifer Rickard, Ali Almasi, Sandra B. Munro, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Local Burden Dis Diarrhoea, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, Reiner, Robert C, Wiens, Kirsten E, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Baumann, Mathew M, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, Tampere University, Health Sciences, University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborator, and Violante FS
Subjects: Low income countries, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, THERAPY, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Global health, Medicine, WATER, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), 1. No poverty, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Diarrhoea, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Middle income countries, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, TERRITORIES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Infants, Diarrhea, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, Childhood deaths, RJ, sanitation, Developing country, Childhood diarrhoeal morbidity, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Environmental health, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Life Science, Humans, Healthcare Disparities, Oral rehydration therapy, Risk factor, hand washing, Developing Countries, Disease burden, Global Nutrition, Wereldvoeding, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, CHOLERA, Public health, Bayes Theorem, diarrheal disease, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Human medicine, Diarrea, business
Abstract: Background: Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods: We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings: The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation: By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). S Aljunid reports additional funding from the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project outside of the study. A Awasthi is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through the INSPIRE Faculty Program outside of the study. A Badawi reports additional funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada outside of the study. A Barac reports additional funding from the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (no III45005) outside of the study. T Bärnighausen reports additional funding by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research outside of the study. F Carvalho and E Fernandez report additional funding from the Portuguese national funds (UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019) outside of the study. V M Costa reports additional funding from Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for her grant (SFRH/BPD/110001/2015), which was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitória – DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 outside of the study. J De Neve reports additional funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation outside of the study. K Deribe reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 201900) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship outside of the study. D Endalew and M Moradi report additional funding from Wolkite University. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana report additional funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI (project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084) outside of the study. C Herteliu reports additional funding from the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness (Project ID P_40_382) and the European Fund for Regional Development, through InterReg Romania-Hungary (project code EMS ROHU 217) outside of the study. P Hoogar reports additional funding from the Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalaghatagi and The Department of Studies in Anthropology, Karnatak University, D S Islam reports additional funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University outside of the study. A Khatony reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah outside of the study. J Khubchandani reports additional funding from Merck Research Laboratories outside of the study. K Krishan reports additional funding from the UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India outside of the study. M Kumar reports additional funding from the Fogarty Foundation/NIH through a K43 award (TW010716-01A1) outside of the study. B Lacey reports additional funding from the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK) outside of the study. A M Samy reports additional funding from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program (EFMP) outside of the study. S Seyedmousavi reports additional funding from the Intramural Program of National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA outside of the study. M Shey reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust Kenji Shibuya reports additional funding from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology outside of the study. M Sobhiyeh reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences outside of the study. J Soriano reports additional funding from Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain outside of the study. N Taveira reports additional funding from the LIFE study (RIA2016MC-1615) of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) program supported by the European Union outside of the study. B Unnikrishnan reports additional funding from the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India outside of the study. T Wijeratne reports additional funding from the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka outside of the study. C S Wiysonge reports additional funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa outside of the study.
Published: 2020

37. Ecologic correlation between underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rate among countries infected with SARS-CoV-2

Author: Gbenga A. Kayode, Evaezi Okpokoro, Elima Jedy-Agba, Ezenwa James Onyemata, Alash’le Abimiku, and Victoria Igbinomwanhia
Subjects: COPD, Correlation coefficient, business.industry, Case fatality rate, Pandemic, medicine, Life expectancy, Ecological study, medicine.disease, business, Ecological correlation, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Demography
Abstract: BackgroundThe ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unprecedented in scope. High income countries (HIC) seemingly account for the majority of the mortalities considering that these countries have screened more persons. Low middle income countries (LMIC) countries may experience far worse mortalities considering the existence of a weaker health care system and the several underlying population level morbidities. As a result, it becomes imperative to understand the ecological correlation between critical underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rates (CFR).MethodThis is an ecological study using data on COVID-19 cases, prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, adult HIV prevalence, quality of air and life expectancy. We plotted a histogram, performed the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and used spearman correlation to assess the degree of correlation between COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) and other covariates mentioned above.ResultAs at the 31st of March 2020, there were a total of 846,281 cases of COVID-19 from 204 countries and a global case fatality rate of 5% (range 0% to 29%). Angola and Sudan both had the highest CFR of 29%, while Italy had the highest number of deaths (i.e. 12,428) as at 31st of March 2020. Adult HIV prevalence has a significant but weak negative correlation with CFR (correlation coefficient = - 0.24, p value =0.01) while all the other variables have positive correlation with CFR due to COVID-19 though not statistically significant. Of the 204 countries analyzed, only 11 countries (i.e. 5%) had complete datasets across all 5 population level morbidities (i.e. prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, life expectancy, quality of air, and adult HIV prevalence variables). Correlations of CFR from these 11 countries were similar to that from the 204 countries except for the correlation with quality of air and prevalence of tobacco use. Conclusion: While we interpret our data with caution given the fact that this is an ecological study, our findings suggest that population level factors such as prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, life expectancy and quality of air are positively correlated with CFR from COVID-19 but, adult HIV prevalence has a weak and negative correlation with COVID-19 CFR and would require extensive research.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

38. Uptake of tuberculosis prevention therapy in people living with HIV/AIDS in northern Nigeria: a programme to increase use of isoniazid preventive therapy

Author: Adeoye Adegboye, Gbenga A. Kayode, Saswata Dutt, Geraldine Abone, Oche Baba Yusuf, Nadia A. Sam-Agudu, Fati Murtala-Ibrahim, Fadimatu Yunusa, Maryam Bello, Patrick Dakum, Atinuke Anjorin, and Martha Okposo
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, business.industry, Medical record, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Isoniazid, Psychological intervention, Retraining, Attendance, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, Federal capital territory, medicine.disease, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Family medicine, parasitic diseases, Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Tuberculosis is a main cause of death in people living with HIV and results in around 39 000 deaths every year in Nigeria. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), the standard tuberculosis preventive therapy used in Nigeria, has been shown to significantly reduce mortality and prevent tuberculosis in people with HIV. Despite efforts and strategies to scale up this treatment in Nigeria, the process has remained very slow. Here we describe a programme to increase IPT uptake in health facilities in four states in northern Nigeria, while also monitoring trends in IPT use with the aim of increasing access for people with HIV. Methods Data were collected at 90 health facilities in Nasarawa, Kano, and Katsina states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, between Oct 1, 2017, and March 31, 2019. A monitoring tool was used to track clinic attendance, IPT eligibility status, and percentage uptake of isoniazid (the proportion of people with HIV starting a 6 month course of isoniazid) in patients with HIV at these health facilities. Baseline data were collected between Oct 1, 2017, and Feb 28, 2018, and identified reasons for low IPT uptake included: stockout of isoniazid, documentation gaps, improper filling of the relevant source documents, and poor clinician awareness of use of IPT. In response to these barriers to uptake, interventions such as folder tagging and electronic prompts of eligible clients prior to clinic visits, clinician sensitisations through training and retraining to raise the awareness of IPT, and active tracking of eligible clients were implemented. We collected post-intervention data from March 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019. Analysis was done using Excel and STATA. Findings During the 6 month pre-intervention period, 3659 (14%) patients were commenced on isoniazid out of 26 136 eligible patients. In the initial 6 months post-intervention, 18 367 (80%) patients were started on isoniazid out of 22 020 eligible patients. Uptake dropped suddenly in October, 2018, due to stockout of isoniazid. Remedial stock redistribution resulted in a steady increase of isoniazid uptake and a total number of 43 075 patients out of 50 050 patients (86%) commenced isoniazid within the 12 month review period. Interpretation Capacity building of health-care workers on isoniazid through training and retraining resulted in marked improvements in IPT uptake through: increased health-care worker knowledge about IPT; proper documentation on the relevant source documents and the electronic medical records; and availability, and use of, isoniazid electronic prompts to highlight clients who were eligible for IPT. However, there is a need to strengthen drug logistics, especially in guaranteeing a consistent and adequate supply of isoniazid in all facilities to avoid stockouts, thus ensuring optimum IPT uptake or access for people living with HIV in Nigeria. Funding Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria
Published: 2020

39. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Priya Rathi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Edris Hasanpoor, Sanni Yaya, Mohsen Bayati, Maciej Banach, Raffaele Palladino, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Shahin Soltani, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Tudorel Andrei, Mehdi Bohluli, Nikita Otstavnov, Yanfang Su, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Simon I. Hay, Mansour Ghafourifard, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Pushpendra Singh, Salman Rawaf, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Robert Ancuceanu, Samer Hamidi, Maarten J. Postma, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ted R. Miller, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Gbenga A. Kayode, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Jonathan F. Mosser, Chaw Yin Myint, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Yingxi Zhao, Aziz Sheikh, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Andrew T Olagunju, Atif Amin Baig, Ali H. Mokdad, Anders Larsson, Atte Meretoja, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Brandon Cunningham, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Anamika Pandey, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Salime Goharinezhad, Angela E Micah, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Hayley N Stutzman, Farshad Farzadfar, M. Mofizul Islam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saqib Ali, Srikanta Banerjee, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Anirudh Kotlo, Ravensara S. Travillian, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Sergio I. Prada, Biagio Simonetti, Maitreyi Sahu, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Hoa Thi Do, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Modhurima Moitra, In-Hwan Oh, Ayman Grada, Kenji Shibuya, Sojib Bin Zaman, Steven D Bachmeier, Hilda L Harb, Edson Serván-Mori, Bahram Mohajer, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, German Martinez, Till Bärnighausen, Reza Malekzadeh, Adam E. Berman, Matthew T. Schneider, Michael K. Hole, Reza Rawassizadeh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Bianca S. Zlavog, Mohammad Rabiee, Moses K. Muriithi, Anton C Harle, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Yohannes Kinfu, Olatunde Aremu, Cristiana Abbafati, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Joseph L Dieleman, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo, Muge Cevik, Hassan Abolhassani, Farnam Mohebi, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Neda Milevska Kostova, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Spencer L. James, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Miloje Savic, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sawyer W Crosby, Ayesha Humayun, Hamidreza Setayesh, G Anil Kumar, Juan Sanabria, Jalal Arabloo, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shokofeh Maleki, Junjie Wu, Nathaniel J Henry, Efat Mohamadi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Samad Azari, Delia Hendrie, Ahad Bakhtiari, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Masood Ali Shaikh, Shafiu Mohammed, Justice Nonvignon, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Khurshid Alam, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Usman Iqbal, Chuanhua Yu, Luis Camera, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Abigail Chapin, Pascual R. Valdez, Reinhard Busse, Tomislav Mestrovic, Paul S. F. Yip, Christopher J L Murray, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mustafa Z. Younis, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Rahul R. Zende, Mina Anjomshoa, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Zohre Javaheri, Saravanan Muthupandian, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Lalit Dandona, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Nancy Fullman, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Jasvinder A. Singh, Amin Soheili, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Tommi Vasankari, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Vasily Vlassov, Kyle E. Simpson, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ian E Cogswell, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Sanjay Basu, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Leila Doshmangir, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Maha El Tantawi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed Omar Bali, Joshua A. Salomon, Hamidreza Komaki, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Emilie R Maddison, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Ferrán Catalá-López, Stefan Kohler, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anwar Faraj, Rafael Lozano, Rufus Akinyemi, Florian Fischer, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Rohollah Kalhor, Falk Schwendicke, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Micah, A. E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S. D., Chapin, A., Cogswell, I. E., Crosby, S. W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M. T., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R. R., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z. H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Babalola, T. K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A. A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Barnighausen, T. W., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Berman, A. E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camera, L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V. K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H. T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fullman, N., Gad, M. M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Ilesanmi, O. S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, M. M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S. L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S. W. H., Lim, L. -L., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M. M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Myint, C. -Y., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sao Jose, B. P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V. Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Stefan, S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, Y., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Violante FS, Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET)
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, Psychological intervention, HIV Infections, burden of disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, DISEASE, ALLOCATION, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Sustainable development, Global health, health economics, Healthcare Financing, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, DALY, Healthy lives, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Sustainable Development, 3. Good health, tuberculosis, IMPOVERISHMENT, TERRITORIES, Financing, Human, Financing, Personal, Resource (biology), Tuberculosi, 195 COUNTRIES, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Burden, HIV/AIDS, tubercolosis, malaria, Human resources, Developing Countries, Government, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Health economics, business.industry, DISABILITY, CATASTROPHE, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, Malaria, SDG, health sector spending, development assistant for health, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA, Health Expenditures, business, EXPENDITURE
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. FINDINGS: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8-8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7-11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0-25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3-11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9-5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81·6% (81·6-81·7) in 2015 to 83·1% (82·8-83·3) in 2030. INTERPRETATION: Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30608-5
Published: 2020

40. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Author: Ninuk Hariyani, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Anas M. Saad, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Behzad Karami Matin, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Afsaneh Arzani, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Anelisa Jaca, Amir Kasaeian, Fereshteh Ansari, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Ali Kabir, Jorge Cano, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Tufa Kolola, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Dessalegn Haile, Shivakumar Km Marulasiddaiah M. KMShivakumar, Narayan Prasad, Pranab Chatterjee, Shafiu Mohammed, Ravi Prakash Jha, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Ahmad Daryani, Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Abbas Mosapour, Ebrahim Babaee, Rajat Das Gupta, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Teshome Bekele Elema I, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Mohamed M. Gad, Eugenio Traini, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Mohsen Afarideh, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Aisha Elsharkawy, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Soufiane Boufous, Obinna Onwujekwe, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Meghnath Dhimal, Bruno F. Sunguya, Daniel Adane Endalew, Hosein Shabaninejad, Siddhesh Zadey, Takahiro Tabuchi, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Davide Guido, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Hala Elhabashy, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Anthony Masaka, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Matiwos Soboka Daba, Tesfaye Yitna Yitna Chichiabellu, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Reinhard Busse, Abdullah Al Mamun, Genet Melak Alamene, George C Patton, Andem Effiong, Rushdia Ahmed, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Nizal Sarrafzadegan I, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Kimberly B. Johnson, Benn Sartorius, Shirin Djalalinia, Mohsen Bayati, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Navid Rabiee, Javad Nazari, Krishna K. Aryal, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Yoshan Moodley, Anh Kim Dang, Mohammad Khazaei, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Hagos Degefa de Hidru I, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Oliver J. Brady, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Samiah Alam, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Mohsen Mazidi, Hamed Kalani, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Ali Bijani, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, German Martinez, Elias Merdassa Roro, Hamidreza Komaki, Giovanni Damiani, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Reza Shirkoohi, Aditya Prasad Dash, Benny Antony, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Josip Car, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Shahin Soltani, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, John S. Ji, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Shanshan Li, Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa Bojia I, Estifanos Baye, Hany Aref, Kebreab Paulos, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Felix Lam, Themba G.G. Ginindza, Behnam Heidari, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Mostafa Leili, Sohail Ahmad, Babak Moazen, Samad Azari, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Khanh Bao Tran, Okechukwu S Ogah, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Irina Filip, Bogdan Oancea, Lalit Dandona, Desalegn Markos Shifti, Nasir Salam, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Sheetal D. Lad, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ken Lee Chin, Masoud Moradi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Behzad Heibati, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Mahya Beheshti, Ali Yadollahpour, Gelin Xu, Siamak Sabour, Neda Izadi, Carlos Culquichicón, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Félix Carvalho, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Yun Jin Kim, Rajesh Sagar, Fakher Rahim, Catrin E. Moore, Thomas R. Hird, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Anton Sokhan, Faris Lami, Masoud Behzadifar, Ritesh G. Menezes, Amira Hamed Darwish, Mohammad Zamani, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Navid Manafi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Daniel Diaz, Eleonora Dubljanin, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Suraj Bhattarai, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Noore Alam, Jasvinder A. Singh, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Robert C. Reiner, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Nuruzzaman Khan I, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Bereket Duko, Joemer C. Maravilla, Rakhi Dandona, Sandra B. Munro, Jae Il Shin, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Claudiu Herteliu, Ahmed Abdelalim, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Hedley Quintana, Akram Pourshams, Franz Castro, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Aberash Abay Tasew, Linda Morales, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Rajeev Gupta, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andrea Werdecker, Santi Martini, Fatemeh Rajati, Andre Pascal Kengne, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Kewal Krishan, Marzieh Nojomi, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Nefsu Awoke, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Edris Hasanpoor, Ayele Geleto Bali, Moslem Soofi, Prabhat Lamichhane, Peter Azzopardi, Amir Khater, G Anil Kumar, Catherine A. Welgan, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Virendra Singh, Arash Ziapour, Zahid A Butt, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sanjay Zodpey, Amaha Kahsay, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Simin Mouodi, Salman Rawaf, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Ai-Min Wu, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Yasir Waheed, Delia Hendrie, Hadi Pourjafar, Farnam Mohebi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Nauman Khalid, Sezer Kisa, Chi Linh Hoang, Niranjan Kissoon, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Valery L. Feigin, Mathew M. Baumann, Alemayehu Toma, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Ali Kiadaliri, Hamed Zandian, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Getinet Ayano, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Manu Raj Mathur, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Yousef Mohammad, Luis Camera, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Negar Rezaei, Ted R. Miller, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Sebastian Vollmer, Sanjay Basu, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Miliva Mozaffor I, Mihiretu Kebede, Preeti Dhillon, Dilaram Acharya, Iman El Sayed, Narendar Manohar, Paul S. F. Yip, Ben Lacey, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Adrian Davis, Dinh-Toi Chu, Ranjani Somayaji, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Mohan Bairwa, Gurudatta Naik, André Karch, Gudlavalleti V S Murthy, Avula Laxmaiah, Farid Najafi, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Christopher S Yilgwan, Samer Hamidi, Keivan Ahmadi, Kebede Deribe, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Engida Yisma, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali S. Shalash, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Sachin R Atre, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mehedi Hasan, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Surendra Karki, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Gbenga A. Kayode, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Paul H. Lee, Deepak Paudel, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Hatem S Shehata, Mohammad Fareed, Adnan Kisa, Hisham Atan Edinur, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Shafiur Rahman, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Bahram Mohajer, Narinder Pal Singh, Shai Linn, Savita Lasrado, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mohd Anisul Karim, Praveen Hoogar, Kerrie E. Doyle, Bedilu Girma Weji, Juan Sanabria, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mohamed Hsairi, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Paramjit Gill, Dabere Nigatu, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Muhammad Usman, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Aziz Sheikh, Florian Fischer, Peter Memiah, Rakesh Lodha, Nihal Thomas, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Tanuj Kanchan, Vinay Nangia, Ashraf Nabhan, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Eirini Skiadaresi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Michellr L. Bell, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Aklilu Endalamaw, Vishnu Renjith, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Smita Pakhale, Doris V.V. Ortega-Altamirano, Noushin Mohammadifard, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Vo Dinh Bay, Kirsten E. Wiens, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Mustafa Z. Younis, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Maarten J. Postma, Usman Iqbal, Abdu A. Adamu, Marwa R.Rashad Salem I, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Masoud Foroutan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, In-Hwan Oh, Yahya Salimi, Takeshi Fukumoto, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Tiffany K. Gill, Angel Paternina-Caicedo, Walter Mendoza, Sojib Bin Zaman, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Brigette F. Blacker, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ambrish Singh, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Mahesh P A, Carlo La Vecchia, Alex Yeshaneh, Benjamin K. Mayala, Aniruddha Deshpande, Agus Sudaryanto, Neeraj Bedi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Vahid Alipour, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Boris Bikbov, Ahmed Abualhasan, Ali H. Mokdad, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Alessandra C. Goulart, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Masood Ali Shaikh, Roya Safari-Faramani, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amir Anoushiravani, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Paula Moraga, Maha El Tantawi, Rosario Cárdenas, Assefa Desalew, Vivek Kumar, Mina Anjomshoa, Junaid Khan, Jagdish Khubchandani, Marcel Ausloos, Soraya Siabani, Anwar E. Ahmed, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Vuong Minh Nong, Kaushik Sarkar, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Yafeng Wang, Mitchell T. Wallin, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Melese Abate Reta, Kala M. Mehta, Yahya Safari, Marufa Sultana, David C. Schwebel, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Samath D Dharmaratne, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Gail Davey, Milena Ilic, Yunquan Zhang, Bahram Armoon, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Yawukal chane Kasahun, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Serge Resnikoff, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Bartosz Miazgowski, Huda Basaleem, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Enrico Rubagotti, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Maryam Adabi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, hawariat, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Hossein Poustchi, Moses K. Muriithi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ayman Grada, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Ashish Pathak, Salvatore Rubino, Kenji Shibuya, Ana Laura Manda, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Mohammad Hoseini, Sonali Kochhar, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, Amir Radfar, Till Bärnighausen, Marcia R. Weaver, Mowafa Househ, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Arash Etemadi, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Zubair Kabir, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chabila C Mapoma, Aubrey J. Levine, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Aslam Pervaiz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Sadaf Esteghamati, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Jennifer M. Ross, Ionut Negoi, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Mostafa Hosseini, Hajer Elkout, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Nuworza Kugbey, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Payman Salamati, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ehsan Sadeghi, Andrew T Olagunju, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Hamid Sharifi, Liliana Preotescu, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Taweewat Wiangkham, Soewarta Kosen, Kovin Naidoo, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Berhe Etsay Tesfay I, Yogesh Sabde, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Belay Tessema, Reza Malekzadeh, Tinuke O Olagunju, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Derrick A Bennett, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Teshome Gebre, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Salman Khazaei, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Kate E. LeGrand, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Irfan Ullah, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hadi Hassankhani, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborator, Violante FS, Wiens, KE, Lindstedt, PA, Blacker, BF, Johnson, KB, Yisma, E, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Reiner, Robert C, Duko, Bereket, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Local Burden Dis Diarrhoea, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
Subjects: RJ101, medicine.medical_treatment, CHILDREN, ZINC, 0302 clinical medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, Geography, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 1. No poverty, Low income and middle income countries, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Geographical inequalities, 0605 Microbiology, Diarrhea, AFRICA, Inequality, DEATHS, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Developing country, Article, RS, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, MORBIDITY, Environmental health, DIARRHEAL DISEASE, medicine, Humans, Oral rehydration therapy, Healthcare Disparities, Developing Countries, Models, Statistical, CHOLERA, MORTALITY, Infant, Newborn, Infant, lcsh:RA1-1270, Bayes Theorem, Middle income, GLOBAL BURDEN, Child mortality, 0605 Microbiology, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Health Care Surveys, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Fluid Therapy, NA, Human medicine, ITC-GOLD
Abstract: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910-68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Velásquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT, Panamá). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council.
Published: 2020

41. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Simon Yadgir, Victor Aboyans, Justin J. Lang, Catherine O. Johnson, Soewarta Kosen, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Heather Orpana, Samuel B. Albertson, Mahdi Afshari, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Adrian Oţoiu, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Kidanemaryam Berhe, André Faro, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Theodore Patrick Younker, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Linda Morales, Amanda Deen, Noushin Mohammadifard, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ai Koyanagi, Michele Nguyen, Chieh Han, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mika Shigematsu, Mohammed Shannawaz, Khurshid Alam, Javad Nazari, Bryan L. Sykes, Rajat Das Gupta, Stephen S Lim, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Michael Brauer, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kaja Abbas, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Mark A. Stokes, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Kanyin L. Ong, Kate Causey, Ahmed Omar Bali, Matilde Leonardi, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, André Karch, Blair R. Bumgarner, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Saeed Amini, Parvaiz A Koul, Blessing J. Akombi, Ro Ting Lin, Dabere Nigatu, Alaa Badawi, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Deanna Anderlini, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Rupert R A Bourne, Tanuj Kanchan, Catherine P. Benziger, Tahiya Alam, M. Mofizul Islam, Muktar Omer Omer, Leila Zaki, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Inbal Salz, Katharine J Looker, Shiwei Liu, Fatemeh Amiri, Christopher R. Cederroth, Mitra Abbasifard, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Lidia Morawska, Davood Anvari, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Hadi Pourjafar, Abdu A. Adamu, Maryam Adabi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jessica A. Cruz, Foad Abd-Allah, Amir Hasanzadeh, Jordan Weiss, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Joanna L Whisnant, Kelly Compton, Priya Parmar, Sanjay Basu, Leila R Kalankesh, Nickolas Reinig, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Damian Santomauro, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, David M. Pereira, Joht Singh Chandan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Hans W. Hoek, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Yasser Vasseghian, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Charlie Ashbaugh, Fariba Dorostkar, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Golnaz Heidari, Kala M. Mehta, Saeed Shahabi, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hai Quang Pham, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kareha M Agesa, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Mohammad, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Saravanan Muthupandian, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Maryam Mirzaei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Shadrach Wilson, Iman El Sayed, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Eirini Skiadaresi, Reza Shirkoohi, Tim Driscoll, Morteza Jafarinia, Maha El Tantawi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Dickson A. Amugsi, Awoke Misganaw, Maseer Khan, Norito Kawakami, Jingkai Wei, Jai K Das, Vishnu Renjith, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Islam Y. Elgendy, Prateek Rastogi, Lauren B. Wilner, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Ben Lacey, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Sam Rolfe, Iffat Elbarazi, Yannick Béjot, Raimundas Lunevicius, Sezer Kisa, Harish Chander Gugnani, Basema Saddik, Manu Raj Mathur, Mansour Ghafourifard, Riaz Uddin, Anna Poznańska, Faris Lami, Niguse Meles Alema, Michael T. Chung, Arya Aminorroaya, Arash Sarveazad, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, João M. Furtado, Hamid Ahmadieh, Sara Conti, Yunquan Zhang, Manthan D Janodia, Aislyn U. Orji, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Jalal Arabloo, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Simona Cătălina Ştefan, Ester Cerin, Nuno Taveira, Lars Jacob Stovner, Amir Taherkhani, Masoud Foroutan, Tomasz Miazgowski, Amir Manafi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Graeme J. Hankey, Mojgan Gitimoghaddam, Chantal Huynh, G Anil Kumar, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Turki Alanzi, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Brian J. Hall, Edward J Mills, Ali Kabir, Ravi Prakash Jha, Akbar Barzegar, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Chirag P. Doshi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mohsen Naghavi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Maarten J. Postma, David Edvardsson, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Catherine M. Antony, Hannah Han, Ken Lee Chin, Getinet Ayano, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Oliver J. Brady, Mohsen Bayati, Christopher M Odell, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Susanna Dunachie, Raffaele Palladino, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Alessandra Lugo, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Paulo A. Lotufo, Maia Kereselidze, Salman Rawaf, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Mahesh P A, Harvey Whiteford, Gina Agarwal, Pallab K. Maulik, Ranjitha S Shetty, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Prasanna Mithra, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Razique Anwer, Marcello Tonelli, Hanne Christensen, Juan Jesus Carrero, Ali H. Mokdad, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Stephen R. Robinson, Saeid Safiri, Masood Ali Shaikh, Rajesh Sagar, Kelly Cercy, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, João Vasco Santos, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Sarah Lewington, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Praveen Hoogar, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Peng Zheng, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Paul H. Lee, Cameron J. Kneib, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Harrison Chase Gottlich, Andrew M. Briggs, Alibek Mereke, Om P Kurmi, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Shahram Saeidi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Aminu K. Bello, Tomi Akinyemiju, Ambrish Singh, Anamika Pandey, Matthew Cunningham, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Christine Linehan, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Dinesh Bhandari, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Valery L. Feigin, Christopher J L Murray, James D. Harvey, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Girikumar Kumaresh, Javad Yoosefi Lebni, Elisabetta Pupillo, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Marlena S Bannick, Caitlyn Steiner, Agus Sudaryanto, Eduardo Bernabé, Fereshteh Mehri, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Shaun Roberts, Rajeev Gupta, Jamal A. Yearwood, Nima Rezaei, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, David M. Pigott, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Fiona J Charlson, Norberto Perico, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sergio I. Prada, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Mustafa Z. Younis, Neeraj Bhala, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Hue Thi Mai, Marwa Rashad Salem, Reza Pourmirza Kalhori, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Stefan Lorkowski, Farzad Jalilian, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Haley Lescinsky, Gholamreza Roshandel, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Kirsten E. Wiens, Ionut Negoi, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Daniel J. Weiss, Sare Safi, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Fablina Sharara, François Alla, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Jack T Fox, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Brittney S. Sheena, Kyle E. Simpson, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, George C. Patton, Rashid Abdi Guled, Tim C.D. Lucas, Alberto Raggi, Peter W. Gething, Mohaimenul Islam, Abdallah M. Samy, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Roman Topor-Madry, C. E. G. Brayne, Phoebe Anne Rhinehart, Isabela M. Benseñor, Michal Grivna, Taren M. Gorman, Natalie C. Momen, Afsaneh Arzani, Tufa Kolola, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Abolhassani, Perminder S. Sachdev, Vivek Kumar, Anton Sokhan, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Nataliya A. Foigt, Venkatesh Maled, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Ashley Marks, Rizwan Kalani, Soraya Siabani, Jiayu Wang, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh, Kris J. Krohn, Falk Schwendicke, Alex R. Chang, Muhammad Ali, Christine Lin, Rose G Bender, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Tissa Wijeratne, Chris D Castle, Saif Ullah, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joan B. Soriano, Syed Amir Gilani, Jianing Ma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Dana Bryazka, Christian Razo, Manuela L. Ferreira, Ankur Joshi, Alireza Rafiei, Vinay Nangia, Victor Adekanmbi, Frances E. Dean, Chuanhua Yu, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Ashish Pathak, Angel Paternina-Caicedo, Mehdi Ahmadi, Zichen Liu, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Diego De Leo, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Getenet Dessie, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Christopher S. Crowe, Farhad Ghamari, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ramesh Holla, Kate E. LeGrand, Christian Kieling, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Shivanthi Balalla, Molly H Biehl, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mina Anjomshoa, Abdel Douiri, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Rade Vukovic, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Michael R. Phillips, Yafeng Wang, Sachin R Atre, Miriam Levi, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Deepak Paudel, Hung Chun Liu, Zainab Samad, Robert P. Dellavalle, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Mohammad Fareed, Enrico Rubagotti, Samantha Leigh Larson, Anurag Agrawal, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Janni Leung, Shokofeh Maleki, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Michael Kravchenko, Mohd Anisul Karim, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Jacob L. Stubbs, Timothy J. Steiner, Helena Manguerra, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Amira Shaheen, Stein Emil Vollset, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Ilana N. Ackerman, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Floriane Ausloos, Nauman Khalid, Ewerton Cousin, Nermin Ghith, Nebiyu Dereje Dereje, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Ahmed Abdelalim, Benn Sartorius, Giulio Castelpietra, Masih Tajdini, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Akram Pourshams, Ritesh G. Menezes, Eve E. Wool, Mohamed Hsairi, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Lorainne Tudor Car, Rachelle Buchbinder, Franz Castro, Samiah Alam, Iman Ansari, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Sanni Yaya, Silvia Schiavolin, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Khalid A Altirkawi, Marco Vacante, Jacek A. Kopec, Archith Boloor, Simon I. Hay, Mathilde Touvier, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Scott B. Patten, Arash Ziapour, Carlo La Vecchia, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Thomas Truelsen, Houman Goudarzi, Ryan Fitzgerald, Di H. Cross, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Alexandrea Watson, Bo Norrving, Kerem Shuval, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Jasvinder A. Singh, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Shirin Djalalinia, Marisa Freitas, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Hiroyasu Iso, Hussain Jafari, Lee Ling Lim, Roman V. Polibin, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Luis Camera, Fabiana Madotto, Gregory A. Roth, Nevine El Nahas, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Anna E. Torre, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Hailey Hagins, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Hirut Teame, Silvano Gallus, Tudorel Andrei, Suzanne H. Keddie, Madgalene K. Walters, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Catherine Bisignano, Iyad Sultan, Ira Martopullo, Emma L. Collins, Spencer L. James, Rasmus Havmoeller, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Paramjit Gill, Maryam Hashemian, Klara Dokova, Weijia Fu, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Zohra S Lassi, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Sanjeev Nair, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Shelly Balassyano, Giulia Carreras, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Reinhard Busse, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abdullah Al Mamun, Sarika Chaturvedi, Stefania Mondello, Christoph Nowak, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Efat Mohamadi, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Paul S Briant, M Alijanzadeh, Giuseppe Gorini, Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Katya Anne Shackelford, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Minh Nguyen, Payman Salamati, Itamar S. Santos, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Louisa Degenhardt, Dietrich Plass, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Mona M. Khater, Alyssa Pennini, Ehsan Sadeghi, Salah Eddin Karimi, Ravensara S. Travillian, Alexander C. Tsai, Emilie E. Agardh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Hamed Zandian, Zahid A Butt, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Jeff T. Zhao, Paolo Cortesi, Giorgia Giussani, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Andrew T Olagunju, Søren Thorgaard Skou, Peter Allebeck, Benjamin C Cowie, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, In-Hwan Oh, Erin B. Hamilton, Puja C Rao, Vinod C Nayak, Carla Fornari, Khezar Hayat, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Emmanuel Peprah, Oommen John, Sonyah Terrason, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Sojib Bin Zaman, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot, Celine M. Barthelemy, Nicholas L S Roberts, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Ghajar, Mark G. Shrime, Hamed Kalani, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lisa M. Force, Irina Filip, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Gelin Xu, Thomas R. Hird, Kara Estep, Mohammad Zamani, Lalit Dandona, João Massano, Antonio Maria Borzì, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Delia Hendrie, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Rachel Feldman, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Nazir Fattahi, Joshua R. Ehrlich, Adnan Kisa, Ghasem Azarian, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Reed J D Sorensen, Roderick J. Hay, Johan Ärnlöv, Liliana G Ciobanu, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Sofia Boston Redford, Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei, Jae Il Shin, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Abhijit Pakhare, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Rixing Xu, Jonathan F. Mosser, Meresa Berwo Mengesha, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Jaimie D. Adelson, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alireza Vakilian, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali S. Shalash, Vos, T, Lim, S, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi, M, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abrams, E, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu-Raddad, L, Abushouk, A, Acebedo, A, Ackerman, I, Adabi, M, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Afshari, M, Afshin, A, Agardh, E, Agarwal, G, Agesa, K, Aghaali, M, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmadpour, E, Akalu, T, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, S, Alam, T, Alanzi, T, Albertson, S, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alema, N, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Aminorroaya, A, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Amul, G, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Ariani, F, Arnlov, J, Aryal, K, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asghari, B, Ashbaugh, C, Atnafu, D, Atre, S, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, Babaee, E, Badawi, A, Bagherzadeh, M, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balakrishnan, S, Balalla, S, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, Banik, P, Bannick, M, Bante, A, Baraki, A, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barthelemy, C, Barua, L, Barzegar, A, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Bazmandegan, G, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bello, A, Bender, R, Bennett, D, Bennitt, F, Bensenor, I, Benziger, C, Berhe, K, Bernabe, E, Bertolacci, G, Bhageerathy, R, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Biehl, M, Bikbov, B, Bin Sayeed, M, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bisanzio, D, Bisignano, C, Biswas, R, Bohlouli, S, Bohluli, M, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Boon-Dooley, A, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Bourne, R, Brady, O, Brauer, M, Brayne, C, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Briko, N, Britton, G, Bryazka, D, Buchbinder, R, Bumgarner, B, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castle, C, Castro, F, Catala-Lopez, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, A, Charlson, F, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chin, K, Cho, D, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Collins, E, Compton, K, Conti, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Cowden, R, Cowie, B, Cromwell, E, Cross, D, Crowe, C, Cruz, J, Cunningham, M, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, das Neves, J, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Dean, F, Decleene, N, Deen, A, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, R, Demeke, F, Demsie, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Desalew, A, Dessie, G, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Dingels, Z, Dirac, M, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorostkar, F, Doshi, C, Doshmangir, L, Douiri, A, Doxey, M, Driscoll, T, Dunachie, S, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Edvardsson, D, Ehrlich, J, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, Elhabashy, H, El-Jaafary, S, Elyazar, I, Emamian, M, Emmons-Bell, S, Erskine, H, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Farahmand, M, Faraj, A, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farinha, C, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Faruque, M, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Feldman, R, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Fitzgerald, R, Flohr, C, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Force, L, Fornari, C, Foroutan, M, Fox, J, Freitas, M, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gakidou, E, Galles, N, Gallus, S, Gamkrelidze, A, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Gebrehiwot, A, Gebremedhin, K, Gebreslassie, A, Gershberg Hayoon, A, Gething, P, Ghadimi, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gitimoghaddam, M, Giussani, G, Goli, S, Gomez, R, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Gorman, T, Gottlich, H, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Goulart, B, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, A, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Haddock, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Hagins, H, Haile, L, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamagharib Abdullah, K, Hamilton, E, Han, C, Han, H, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Harvey, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasanzadeh, A, Hashemian, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, B, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Henrikson, H, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hird, T, Hoek, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Huda, T, Hugo, F, Huynh, C, Hwang, B, Iannucci, V, Ibitoye, S, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Ippolito, H, Irvani, S, Islam, M, Islam, S, Islami, F, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Iwu, C, Iyamu, I, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, K, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafari, H, Jafarinia, M, Jahagirdar, D, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Jalilian, F, James, S, Janjani, H, Janodia, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jia, P, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joshi, A, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, H, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Karimi, S, Kassa, G, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kawakami, N, Kayode, G, Keddie, S, Keller, C, Kereselidze, M, Khafaie, M, Khalid, N, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khodayari, M, Khundkar, R, Kianipour, N, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimaki, M, Kneib, C, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kolola, T, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumar, V, Kumaresh, G, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Kyu, H, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lam, J, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Larson, S, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lau, K, Lavados, P, Lazarus, J, Ledesma, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Levi, M, Lewington, S, Li, S, Lim, L, Lin, C, Lin, R, Linehan, C, Linn, S, Liu, H, Liu, S, Liu, Z, Looker, K, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, T, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Ma, J, Maclachlan, J, Maddison, E, Maddison, R, Madotto, F, Mahasha, P, Mai, H, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manafi, A, Manafi, N, Manguerra, H, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantilla Herrera, A, Maravilla, J, Marks, A, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Masoumi, S, Massano, J, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Meitei, W, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mengesha, M, Mereke, A, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mihretie, K, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misganaw, A, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, D, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Momen, N, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Mooney, M, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morales, L, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Munro, S, Muriithi, M, Musa, K, Muthupandian, S, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nagel, G, Naghshtabrizi, B, Nair, S, Nandi, A, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Netsere, H, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, J, Nguyen, M, Nichols, E, Nigatu, D, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Otoiu, A, Oancea, B, Odell, C, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Oluwasanu, M, Omar Bali, A, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Orji, A, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Ostroff, S, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakhare, A, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Park, E, Parmar, P, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Paternina-Caicedo, A, Pathak, A, Pathak, M, Patten, S, Patton, G, Paudel, D, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, A, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Pigott, D, Pilgrim, T, Pilz, T, Pirsaheb, M, Plana-Ripoll, O, Plass, D, Pokhrel, K, Polibin, R, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, K, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Pourmirza Kalhori, R, Pourshams, A, Poznanska, A, Prada, S, Prakash, V, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rao, S, Rasella, D, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Razo, C, Redford, S, Reiner, R, Reinig, N, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Rezapour, A, Rhinehart, P, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, A, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Roberts, N, Roberts, S, Robinson, S, Roever, L, Rolfe, S, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeidi, S, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salahshoor, M, Salamati, P, Salehi Zahabi, S, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Salz, I, Samad, Z, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Sbarra, A, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Shackelford, K, Shadid, J, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sharara, F, Sheena, B, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shetty, R, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, W, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shrime, M, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simpson, K, Singh, A, Singh, J, Skiadaresi, E, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Sobngwi, E, Sokhan, A, Soltani, S, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Sreeramareddy, C, Stanaway, J, Stark, B, Stefan, S, Stein, C, Steiner, C, Steiner, T, Stokes, M, Stovner, L, Stubbs, J, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, M, Sulo, G, Sultan, I, Sykes, B, Sylte, D, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tadakamadla, S, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Takahashi, K, Taveira, N, Teagle, W, Teame, H, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Teklehaimanot, B, Terrason, S, Tessema, Z, Thankappan, K, Thomson, A, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, A, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsai, A, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, R, Ullah, S, Undurraga, E, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Vakilian, A, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vongpradith, A, Vukovic, A, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Walters, M, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Ward, J, Watson, A, Wei, J, Weintraub, R, Weiss, D, Weiss, J, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Whiteford, H, Wiangkham, T, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wilner, L, Wilson, S, Wojtyniak, B, Wolfe, C, Wool, E, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Wunrow, H, Xu, G, Xu, R, Yadgir, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaminfirooz, M, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yearwood, J, Yeheyis, T, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yoosefi Lebni, J, Younis, M, Younker, T, Yousefi, Z, Yousefifard, M, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zangeneh, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Zimsen, S, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Vos, Theo, S Lim, Stephen, Abbafati, Cristiana, M Abbas, Kaja, Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, M Abrams, Elissa, Guimarães Abreu, Luca, M Abrigo, Michael R, Jamal Abu-Raddad, Laith, I Abushouk, Abdelrahman, Acebedo, Alyssa, N Ackerman, Ilana, Adabi, Maryam, A Adamu, Abdu, M Adebayo, Oladimeji, Adekanmbi, Victor, D Adelson, Jaimie, O Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adham, Davoud, Afshari, Mahdi, Afshin, Ashkan, E Agardh, Emilie, Agarwal, Gina, M Agesa, Kareha, Aghaali, Mohammad, Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Seyed, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Yihunie Akalu, Temesgen, Olusola Akinyemi, Rufu, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, M Alanzi, Turki, B Albertson, Samuel, Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline, Meles Alema, Niguse, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyru, Alipour, Vahid, Mohamed Aljunid, Syed, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Alonso, Jordi, M Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, A Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, J Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amiri, Fatemeh, L Amit, Arianna Maever, A Amugsi, Dickson, Gayle Herrera Amul, Gianna, Anderlini, Deanna, Liliana Andrei, Catalina, Andrei, Tudorel, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, T Antonio, Carl Abelardo, M Antony, Catherine, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Y Aravkin, Aleksandr, Ariani, Filippo, Ärnlöv, Johan, K Aryal, Krishna, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, A Asadi-Pooya, Ali, Asghari, Babak, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Debalkie Atnafu, Desta, R Atre, Sachin, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz, Ayano, Getinet, Amogre Ayanore, Martin, Asmare Aynalem, Yared, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Nigussie Azene, Zelalem, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Hossein Bakhshaei, Mohammad, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balassyano, Shelly, Banach, Maciej, Chandra Banik, Palash, S Bannick, Marlena, Bante Bante, Agegnehu, Gebreegziabher Baraki, Adhanom, A Barboza, Miguel, Lyn Barker-Collo, Suzanne, M Barthelemy, Celine, Barua, Lingkan, Barzegar, Akbar, Basu, Sanjay, T Baune, Bernhard, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, K Bello, Aminu, G Bender, Rose, A Bennett, Derrick, B Bennitt, Fiona, M Bensenor, Isabela, P Benziger, Catherine, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bernabe, Eduardo, J Bertolacci, Gregory, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, A Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bibi, Sadia, H Biehl, Molly, Bikbov, Bori, Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Muhammad, Biondi, Antonio, Minuye Birihane, Binyam, Bisanzio, Donal, Bisignano, Catherine, Kishore Biswas, Raaj, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Rao Rao Bolla, Srinivasa, Boloor, Archith, S Boon-Dooley, Alexandra, Borges, Guilherme, Maria Borzì, Antonio, Bourne, Rupert, J Brady, Oliver, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol, K Breitborde, Nicholas J, Brenner, Hermann, Svitil Briant, Paul, M Briggs, Andrew, Ivanovich Briko, Nikolay, B Britton, Gabrielle, Bryazka, Dana, Buchbinder, Rachelle, R Bumgarner, Blair, Busse, Reinhard, A Butt, Zahid, Luciano Caetano Dos Santos, Florentino, LA Alberto Cámera, Lui, R Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, J Carrero, Juan, Carvalho, Felix, Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Joao, A Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlo, Castelpietra, Giulio, D Castle, Chri, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, R Cederroth, Christopher, M Cercy, Kelly, Cerin, Ester, Singh Chandan, Joht, R Chang, Alex, J Charlson, Fiona, Kumar Chattu, Vijay, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Lee Chin, Ken, Youngwhan Cho, Daniel, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, T Chung, Michael, M Cicuttini, Flavia, G Ciobanu, Liliana, Cirillo, Massimo, L Collins, Emma, Compton, Kelly, Conti, Sara, Angelo Cortesi, Paolo, Marisa Costa, Vera, Cousin, Ewerton, G Cowden, Richard, C Cowie, Benjamin, A Cromwell, Elizabeth, H Cross, Di, Stephen Crowe, Christopher, A Cruz, Jessica, Cunningham, Matthew, A Dahlawi, Saad M, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Mohammad Darwesh, Aso, Daryani, Ahmad, K Das, Jai, Das Gupta, Rajat, das Neves, José, Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, E Dean, France, K DeCleene, Nicole, Deen, Amanda, Degenhardt, Louisa, Paul Dellavalle, Robert, Mekonnen Demeke, Feleke, Getnet Demsie, Desalegn, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dereje Dereje, Nebiyu, Dervenis, Nikolao, Desai, Rupak, Desalew, Assefa, Ayalew Dessie, Getenet, Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Samath, Prasad Dhungana, Govinda, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra, V Dingels, Zachary, Ashworth Dirac, M, Djalalinia, Shirin, Thi Do, Hoa, Dokova, Klara, Dorostkar, Fariba, P Doshi, Chirag, Doshmangir, Leila, Douiri, Abdel, C Doxey, Matthew, Robert Driscoll, Tim, J Dunachie, Susanna, B Duncan, Bruce, Rodrigues Duraes, Andre, Wilder Eagan, Arielle, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edvardsson, David, R Ehrlich, Joshua, El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Y Elgendy, Islam, Rashad Elhabashy, Hala, I El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, Rf Elyazar, Iqbal, Hassan Emamian, Mohammad, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, E Erskine, Holly, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Etemadi, Arash, Esaiyas Etisso, Atkilt, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, E Sá Farinha, Carla Sofia, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Faruque, Mithila, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, L Feigin, Valery, Feldman, Rachel, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, J Ferrari, Alize, L Ferreira, Manuela, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, L Fisher, Jame, Fitzgerald, Ryan, Flohr, Carsten, Sorio Flor, Luisa, A Foigt, Nataliya, Oluwatoyin Folayan, Morenike, M Force, Lisa, Fornari, Carla, Foroutan, Masoud, T Fox, Jack, Freitas, Marisa, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, M Furtado, João, M Gad, Mohamed, Gakidou, Emmanuela, C Galles, Natalie, Gallus, Silvano, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, L Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto, M Gardner, William, Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Biniyam, Mekonnen Gebrehiwot, Abiyu, Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Ketema, Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Assefa, Gershberg Hayoon, Anna, W Gething, Peter, Ghadimi, Maryam, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Amir Gilani, Syed, Singh Gill, Paramjit, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Goli, Sriniva, Santiago Gomez, Ricardo, Vali Gopalani, Sameer, Gorini, Giuseppe, M Gorman, Taren, Chase Gottlich, Harrison, Goudarzi, Houman, C Goulart, Alessandra, Niegia Garcia Goulart, Bárbara, Grada, Ayman, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Mohammed, Chander Gugnani, Harish, Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Andre, Alves Guimarães, Rafael, Abdi Guled, Rashid, Guo, Gaorui, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, A Haagsma, Juanita, Haddock, Beatrix, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Hagins, Hailey, M Haile, Lydia, J Hall, Brian, Halvaei, Iman, R Hamadeh, Randah, Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan, B Hamilton, Erin, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, J Hankey, Graeme, Maria Haro, Josep, D Harvey, Jame, I Hasaballah, Ahmed, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, J Havmoeller, Rasmu, J Hay, Roderick, I Hay, Simon, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, J Henrikson, Hannah, J Henry, Nathaniel, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, R Hird, Thoma, W Hoek, Han, K Hole, Michael, Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Dean Hosgood, H, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, G Hoy, Damian, Hsairi, Mohamed, Chia-Rong Hsieh, Vivian, Hu, Guoqing, M Huda, Tanvir, N Hugo, Fernando, K Huynh, Chantal, Hwang, Bing-Fang, C Iannucci, Vincent, Emmanuel Ibitoye, Segun, S Ikuta, Kevin, Stephen Ilesanmi, Olayinka, M Ilic, Irena, D Ilic, Milena, Raja Inbaraj, Leeberk, Ippolito, Helen, Sina Naghibi Irvani, Seyed, Mofizul Islam, M, Islam, Mdmohaimenul, Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Q Ivers, Rebecca, D Iwu, Chidozie C, Osamuyi Iyamu, Ihoghosa, Jaafari, Jalil, H Jacobsen, Kathryn, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafari, Hussain, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Ali Jahani, Mohammad, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, L James, Spencer, Janjani, Hosna, Dilipkumar Janodia, Manthan, Upendra Jayatilleke, Achala, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Prakash Jha, Ravi, Jha, Vivekanand, S Ji, John, Jia, Peng, John, Oommen, O John-Akinola, Yetunde, Owens Johnson, Catherine, Charlotte Johnson, Sarah, B Jonas, Jost, Joo, Tama, Joshi, Ankur, Jerzy Jozwiak, Jacek, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalani, Rizwan, R Kalankesh, Leila, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karch, André, Anisul Karim, Mohd, Eddin Karimi, Salah, Mullu Kassa, Getachew, J Kassebaum, Nichola, Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Kawakami, Norito, A Kayode, Gbenga, H Keddie, Suzanne, Keller, Cathleen, Kereselidze, Maia, Abdullatif Khafaie, Morteza, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Maseer, Khatab, Khaled, M Khater, Mona, Nazli Khatib, Mahalaqua, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Taghi Khodayari, Mohammad, Khundkar, Roba, Kianipour, Neda, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Jin Kim, Yun, W Kimokoti, Ruth, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, J Kneib, Cameron, Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ann, M Kocarnik, Jonathan, Kolola, Tufa, A Kopec, Jacek, Kosen, Soewarta, A Koul, Parvaiz, Koyanagi, Ai, A Kravchenko, Michael, Krishan, Kewal, J Krohn, Kri, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Anil Kumar, G, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kumaresh, Girikumar, P Kurmi, Om, Kusuma, Dian, Hmwe Kyu, Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Kumar Lal, Dharmesh, Lalloo, Ratilal, O Lam, Jennifer, Hasan Lami, Fari, Landires, Iván, J Lang, Justin, Charles Lansingh, Van, Leigh Larson, Samantha, O Larsson, Ander, Lasrado, Savita, S Lassi, Zohra, Mei-Ming Lau, Kathryn, M Lavados, Pablo, V Lazarus, Jeffrey, R Ledesma, Jorge, H Lee, Paul, Wen Huey Lee, Shaun, E LeGrand, Kate, Leigh, Jame, Leonardi, Matilde, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lin, Christine, Lin, Ro-Ting, Linehan, Christine, Linn, Shai, Liu, Hung-Chun, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Zichen, J Looker, Katharine, D Lopez, Alan, D Lopukhov, Platon, Lorkowski, Stefan, A Lotufo, Paulo, D Lucas, Tim C, Lugo, Alessandra, Lunevicius, Raimunda, A Lyons, Ronan, Ma, Jianing, H MacLachlan, Jennifer, R Maddison, Emilie, Maddison, Ralph, Madotto, Fabiana, Walter Mahasha, Phetole, Thi Mai, Hue, Majeed, Azeem, Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Carvalho Malta, Deborah, A Mamun, Abdullah, Manafi, Amir, Manafi, Navid, Manguerra, Helena, Mansouri, Borhan, Ali Mansournia, Mohammad, M Mantilla Herrera, Ana, C Maravilla, Joemer, Marks, Ashley, Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Francisco, Martopullo, Ira, Zahra Masoumi, Seyedeh, Massano, João, Ballard Massenburg, Benjamin, Raj Mathur, Manu, K Maulik, Pallab, Mcalinden, Colm, J McGrath, John, Mckee, Martin, Mohan Mehndiratta, Man, Mehri, Fereshteh, M Mehta, Kala, Bigyananda Meitei, Wahengbam, N Memiah, Peter T, Mendoza, Walter, G Menezes, Ritesh, Worku Mengesha, Endalkachew, Berwo Mengesha, Meresa, Mereke, Alibek, Meretoja, Atte, J Meretoja, Tuomo, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Maria Michalek, Irmina, Mulatu Mihretie, Kebadnew, R Miller, Ted, J Mills, Edward, Mirica, Andreea, M Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Temesgen Misganaw, Awoke, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, K Mohammad, Dara, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, H Mokdad, Ali, Molokhia, Mariam, C Momen, Natalie, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, D Mooney, Meghan, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morales, Linda, Morawska, Lidia, Moreno Velásquez, Ilai, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Douglas Morrison, Shane, F Mosser, Jonathan, Mouodi, Simin, Meysam Mousavi, Seyyed, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Otto Mueller, Ulrich, B Munro, Sandra, K Muriithi, Mose, Imran Musa, Kamarul, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Naderi, Mehdi, Jayaraman Nagarajan, Ahamarshan, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Nair, Sanjeev, K Nandi, Anita, Nangia, Vinay, Richie Nansseu, Jobert, C Nayak, Vinod, Nazari, Javad, Negoi, Ionut, Irina Negoi, Ruxandra, Biresaw Netsere Netsere, Henok, W Ngunjiri, Josephine, Tat Nguyen, Cuong, Nguyen, Jason, Nguyen, Michele, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Nigatu, Dabere, T Nigatu, Yeshambel, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, R Nixon, Molly, A Nnaji, Chukwudi, Nomura, Shuhei, Norrving, Bo, Jacques Noubiap, Jean, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Oţoiu, Adrian, Oancea, Bogdan, M Odell, Christopher, Akpojene Ogbo, Felix, Oh, In-Hwan, Wandera Okunga, Emmanuel, Oladnabi, Morteza, T Olagunju, Andrew, Olubukunola Olusanya, Bolajoko, Olusegun Olusanya, Jacob, Morenike Oluwasanu, Mojisola, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer Omer, Muktar, L Ong, Kanyin, E Onwujekwe, Obinna, U Orji, Aislyn, M Orpana, Heather, Ortiz, Alberto, M Ostroff, Samuel, Otstavnov, Nikita, S Otstavnov, Stanislav, Øverland, Simon, O Owolabi, Mayowa, P A, Mahesh, Rao Padubidri, Jagadish, P Pakhare, Abhijit, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Park, Eun-Kee, G Kumari Parmar, Priya, Kumar Pasupula, Deepak, Kishor Patel, Sangram, J Paternina-Caicedo, Angel, Pathak, Ashish, Pathak, Mona, B Patten, Scott, C Patton, George, Paudel, Deepak, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, E Peden, Amy, Pennini, Alyssa, Christian Filipino Pepito, Veincent, K Peprah, Emmanuel, Pereira, Alexandre, M Pereira, David, Perico, Norberto, Quang Pham, Hai, R Phillips, Michael, M Pigott, David, Pilgrim, Thoma, M Pilz, Tessa, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Plass, Dietrich, Narayan Pokhrel, Khem, V Polibin, Roman, Polinder, Suzanne, R Polkinghorne, Kevan, J Postma, Maarten, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza, Pourshams, Akram, Poznańska, Anna, I Prada, Sergio, Ria Angga Pribadi, Dima, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Aziz Rahman, Muhammad, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Lal Ranabhat, Chhabi, C Rao, Puja, J Rao, Sowmya, Rasella, Davide, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Laith Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Razo, Christian, Boston Redford, Sofia, C Reiner Jr, Robert, Reinig, Nickola, Bettay Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, N Renzaho, Andre M, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Sadegh Rezai, Mohammad, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne, Mohammad Riahi, Seyed, P Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz, Cury Ribeiro, Daniel, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, S Roberts, Nicholas L, Roberts, Shaun, R Robinson, Stephen, Roever, Leonardo, Rolfe, Sam, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, A Roth, Gregory, Rubagotti, Enrico, Fred Rumisha, Susan, Sabour, Siamak, S Sachdev, Perminder, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeidi, Shahram, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Ali Sahraian, Mohammad, Mohammad Sajadi, S, Reza Salahshoor, Mohammad, Salamati, Payman, Salehi Zahabi, Saleh, Salem, Hosni, R Rashad Salem, Marwa, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, A Salomon, Joshua, Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, M Samy, Abdallah, Sanabria, Juan, Francesco Santomauro, Damian, S Santos, Itamar, Vasco Santos, João, M Santric-Milicevic, Milena, Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Sivan, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, N Sbarra, Alyssa, E Schaeffer, Lauren, Schiavolin, Silvia, Inês Schmidt, Maria, Elisabeth Schutte, Aletta, C Schwebel, David, Schwendicke, Falk, Muleta Senbeta, Anbissa, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, G Sepanlou, Sadaf, Anne Shackelford, Katya, Shadid, Jamileh, Shahabi, Saeed, A Shaheen, Amira, Ali Shaikh, Masood, S Shalash, Ali, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomar, Sharara, Fablina, S Sheena, Brittney, Sheikhtaheri, Abba, S Shetty, Ranjitha, Shibuya, Kenji, Shibabaw Shiferaw, Wondimeneh, Shigematsu, Mika, Il Shin, Jae, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, G Shrime, Mark, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Dora Sigfusdottir, Inga, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Pedro Silva, João, E Simpson, Kyle, Singh, Ambrish, A Singh, Jasvinder, Skiadaresi, Eirini, T Skou Skou, Søren, Yurievich Skryabin, Valentin, Sobngwi, Eugene, Sokhan, Anton, Soltani, Shahin, D Sorensen, Reed J, B Soriano, Joan, Bekele Sorrie, Muluken, N Soyiri, Ireneou, T Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar, D Stanaway, Jeffrey, A Stark, Benjamin, Cătălina Ştefan, Simona, Stein, Caroline, Steiner, Caitlyn, J Steiner, Timothy, A Stokes, Mark, Jacob Stovner, Lar, L Stubbs, Jacob, Sudaryanto, Agu, Babale Sufiyan, Mu'Awiyyah, Sulo, Gerhard, Sultan, Iyad, L Sykes, Bryan, O Sylte, Dillon, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, M Tabb, Karen, Kumar Tadakamadla, Santosh, Taherkhani, Amir, Tajdini, Masih, Takahashi, Ken, Taveira, Nuno, L Teagle, Whitney, Teame, Hirut, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Fseha Teklehaimanot, Berhane, Terrason, Sonyah, Tadesse Tessema, Zemenu, Raman Thankappan, Kavumpurathu, M Thomson, Azalea, Reza Tohidinik, Hamid, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, E Torre, Anna, Touvier, Mathilde, Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, Marco, Xuan Tran, Bach, Travillian, Ravensara, E Troeger, Christopher, Clement Truelsen, Thoma, C Tsai, Alexander, Tsatsakis, Aristidi, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Saif, A Undurraga, Eduardo, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vacante, Marco, Vakilian, Alireza, R Valdez, Pascual, Varughese, Santosh, Juhani Vasankari, Tommi, Vasseghian, Yasser, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, S Violante, Francesco, Vlassov, Vasily, Emil Vollset, Stein, Vongpradith, Avina, Vukovic, Ana, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, K Walters, Madgalene, Wang, Jiayu, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, L Ward, Joseph, Watson, Alexandrea, Wei, Jingkai, G Weintraub, Robert, J Weiss, Daniel, Weiss, Jordan, Westerman, Ronny, L Whisnant, Joanna, A Whiteford, Harvey, Wiangkham, Taweewat, E Wiens, Kirsten, Wijeratne, Tissa, B Wilner, Lauren, Wilson, Shadrach, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, A Wolfe, Charles D, E Wool, Eve, Wu, Ai-Min, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Yong Wunrow, Han, Xu, Gelin, Xu, Rixing, Yadgir, Simon, Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yaminfirooz, Mousa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, A Yearwood, Jamal, Y Yeheyis, Toma, Gizachew Yeshitila, Yordano, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yoosefi Lebni, Javad, Z Younis, Mustafa, Patrick Younker, Theodore, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf Yousuf, Abdilahi, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaki, Leila, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zangeneh, Alireza, Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Mikhail, Alemayehu Zewdie, Kaleab, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, T Zhao, Jeff, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, M Zimsen, Stephanie R, Naghavi, Mohsen, L Murray, Christopher J, Tampere University, Tays Research Services, Health Sciences, Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Acebedo, A., Ackerman, I. N., Adabi, M., Adamu, A. A., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Adelson, J. D., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Afshari, M., Afshin, A., Agardh, E. E., Agarwal, G., Agesa, K. M., Aghaali, M., Aghamir, S. M. K., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmadpour, E., Akalu, T. Y., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T., Akombi, B., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S., Alam, T., Alanzi, T. M., Albertson, S. B., Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E., Alema, N. M., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Alijanzadeh, M., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Aminorroaya, A., Amiri, F., Amit, A. M. L., Amugsi, D. A., Amul, G. G. H., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansari, I., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aravkin, A. Y., Ariani, F., Arnlov, J., Aryal, K. K., Arzani, A., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Asghari, B., Ashbaugh, C., Atnafu, D. D., Atre, S. R., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Aynalem, Y. A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z. N., Babaee, E., Badawi, A., Bagherzadeh, M., Bakhshaei, M. H., Bakhtiari, A., Balakrishnan, S., Balalla, S., Balassyano, S., Banach, M., Banik, P. C., Bannick, M. S., Bante, A. B., Baraki, A. G., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barthelemy, C. M., Barua, L., Barzegar, A., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Bazmandegan, G., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A. K., Bender, R. G., Bennett, D. A., Bennitt, F. B., Bensenor, I. M., Benziger, C. P., Berhe, K., Bernabe, E., Bertolacci, G. J., Bhageerathy, R., Bhala, N., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bibi, S., Biehl, M. H., Bikbov, B., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Bisanzio, D., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R. K., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Bolla, S. R. R., Boloor, A., Boon-Dooley, A. S., Borges, G., Borzi, A. M., Bourne, R., Brady, O. J., Brauer, M., Brayne, C., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Briant, P. S., Briggs, A. M., Briko, N. I., Britton, G. B., Bryazka, D., Buchbinder, R., Bumgarner, B. R., Busse, R., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Cardenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Castle, C. D., Castro, F., Catala-Lopez, F., Causey, K., Cederroth, C. R., Cercy, K. M., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chang, A. R., Charlson, F. J., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, S., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chin, K. L., Cho, D. Y., Christensen, H., Chu, D. -T., Chung, M. T., Cicuttini, F. M., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Collins, E. L., Compton, K., Conti, S., Cortesi, P. A., Costa, V. M., Cousin, E., Cowden, R. G., Cowie, B. C., Cromwell, E. A., Cross, D. H., Crowe, C. S., Cruz, J. A., Cunningham, M., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damiani, G., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Darwesh, A. M., Daryani, A., Das, J. K., Das Gupta, R., das Neves, J., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Dean, F. E., Decleene, N. K., Deen, A., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R. P., Demeke, F. M., Demsie, D. G., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dereje, N. D., Dervenis, N., Desai, R., Desalew, A., Dessie, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhungana, G. P., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Dibaji Forooshani, Z. S., Dingels, Z. V., Dirac, M. A., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. T., Dokova, K., Dorostkar, F., Doshi, C. P., Doshmangir, L., Douiri, A., Doxey, M. C., Driscoll, T. R., Dunachie, S. J., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Ebrahimi Kalan, M., Edvardsson, D., Ehrlich, J. R., El Nahas, N., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhabashy, H. R., El-Jaafary, S. I., Elyazar, I. R., Emamian, M. H., Emmons-Bell, S., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Etemadi, A., Etisso, A. E., Farahmand, M., Faraj, A., Fareed, M., Faridnia, R., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Farioli, A., Faro, A., Faruque, M., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V. L., Feldman, R., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrari, A. J., Ferreira, M. L., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Fitzgerald, R., Flohr, C., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N. A., Folayan, M. O., Force, L. M., Fornari, C., Foroutan, M., Fox, J. T., Freitas, M., Fu, W., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J. M., Gad, M. M., Gakidou, E., Galles, N. C., Gallus, S., Gamkrelidze, A., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gardner, W. M., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebrehiwot, A. M., Gebremedhin, K. B., Gebreslassie, A. A. A. A., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Gething, P. W., Ghadimi, M., Ghadiri, K., Ghafourifard, M., Ghajar, A., Ghamari, F., Ghashghaee, A., Ghiasvand, H., Ghith, N., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gitimoghaddam, M., Giussani, G., Goli, S., Gomez, R. S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Gorman, T. M., Gottlich, H. C., Goudarzi, H., Goulart, A. C., Goulart, B. N. G., Grada, A., Grivna, M., Grosso, G., Gubari, M. I. M., Gugnani, H. C., Guimaraes, A. L. S., Guimaraes, R. A., Guled, R. A., Guo, G., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Haagsma, J. A., Haddock, B., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hafiz, A., Hagins, H., Haile, L. M., Hall, B. J., Halvaei, I., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamagharib Abdullah, K., Hamilton, E. B., Han, C., Han, H., Hankey, G. J., Haro, J. M., Harvey, J. D., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasanzadeh, A., Hashemian, M., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, B., Heidari, G., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Hendrie, D., Henrikson, H. J., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Heydarpour, F., Hird, T. R., Hoek, H. W., Hole, M. K., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hosgood, H. D., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Hsieh, V. C. -R., Hu, G., Huda, T. M., Hugo, F. N., Huynh, C. K., Hwang, B. -F., Iannucci, V. C., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Inbaraj, L. R., Ippolito, H., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, M. M., Islam, M., Islam, S. M. S., Islami, F., Iso, H., Ivers, R. Q., Iwu, C. C. D., Iyamu, I. O., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jadidi-Niaragh, F., Jafari, H., Jafarinia, M., Jahagirdar, D., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., Jalilian, F., James, S. L., Janjani, H., Janodia, M. D., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jenabi, E., Jha, R. P., Jha, V., Ji, J. S., Jia, P., John, O., John-Akinola, Y. O., Johnson, C. O., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joshi, A., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalani, H., Kalani, R., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamiab, Z., Kanchan, T., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karim, M. A., Karimi, S. E., Kassa, G. M., Kassebaum, N. J., Katikireddi, S. V., Kawakami, N., Kayode, G. A., Keddie, S. H., Keller, C., Kereselidze, M., Khafaie, M. A., Khalid, N., Khan, M., Khatab, K., Khater, M. M., Khatib, M. N., Khayamzadeh, M., Khodayari, M. T., Khundkar, R., Kianipour, N., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y. -E., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kivimaki, M., Kneib, C. J., Knudsen, A. K. S., Kocarnik, J. M., Kolola, T., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M. A., Krishan, K., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Kumar, V., Kumaresh, G., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., Kyu, H. H., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lam, J. O., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Lang, J. J., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, S. L., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lassi, Z. S., Lau, K. M. -M., Lavados, P. M., Lazarus, J. V., Ledesma, J. R., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Legrand, K. E., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lescinsky, H., Leung, J., Levi, M., Lewington, S., Li, S., Lim, L. -L., Lin, C., Lin, R. -T., Linehan, C., Linn, S., Liu, H. -C., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Looker, K. J., Lopez, A. D., Lopukhov, P. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lucas, T. C. D., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Ma, J., Maclachlan, J. H., Maddison, E. R., Maddison, R., Madotto, F., Mahasha, P. W., Mai, H. T., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manafi, A., Manafi, N., Manguerra, H., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M. A., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Maravilla, J. C., Marks, A., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., Masoumi, S. Z., Massano, J., Massenburg, B. B., Mathur, M. R., Maulik, P. K., Mcalinden, C., Mcgrath, J. J., Mckee, M., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mehri, F., Mehta, K. M., Meitei, W. B., Memiah, P. T. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Mengesha, M. B., Mereke, A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mihretie, K. M., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Misganaw, A. T., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Momen, N. C., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Mooney, M. D., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morales, L., Morawska, L., Moreno Velasquez, I., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mouodi, S., Mousavi, S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mueller, U. O., Munro, S. B., Muriithi, M. K., Musa, K. I., Muthupandian, S., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagel, G., Naghshtabrizi, B., Nair, S., Nandi, A. K., Nangia, V., Nansseu, J. R., Nayak, V. C., Nazari, J., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Netsere, H. B. N., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, J., Nguyen, M., Nichols, E., Nigatu, D., Nigatu, Y. T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nomura, S., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Otoiu, A., Oancea, B., Odell, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H., Okunga, E. W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Omar Bali, A., Omer, M. O., Ong, K. L., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orji, A. U., Orpana, H. M., Ortiz, A., Ostroff, S. M., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Overland, S., Owolabi, M. O., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Pakhare, A. P., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Park, E. -K., Parmar, P. G. K., Pasupula, D. K., Patel, S. K., Paternina-Caicedo, A. J., Pathak, A., Pathak, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paudel, D., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A. E., Pennini, A., Pepito, V. C. F., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, A., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pham, H. Q., Phillips, M. R., Pigott, D. M., Pilgrim, T., Pilz, T. M., Pirsaheb, M., Plana-Ripoll, O., Plass, D., Pokhrel, K. N., Polibin, R. V., Polinder, S., Polkinghorne, K. R., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Pourmirza Kalhori, R., Pourshams, A., Poznanska, A., Prada, S. I., Prakash, V., Pribadi, D. R. A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, P. C., Rao, S. J., Rasella, D., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Razo, C., Redford, S. B., Reiner, R. C., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezai, M. S., Rezapour, A., Rhinehart, P. -A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, A. L. P., Ribeiro, D. C., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Roberts, N. L. S., Roberts, S., Robinson, S. R., Roever, L., Rolfe, S., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rubagotti, E., Rumisha, S. F., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P. S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Sadeghi, M., Saeidi, S., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M. A., Sajadi, S. M., Salahshoor, M. R., Salamati, P., Salehi Zahabi, S., Salem, H., Salem, M. R. R., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J. A., Salz, I., Samad, Z., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santomauro, D. F., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Sbarra, A. N., Schaeffer, L. E., Schiavolin, S., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Senbeta, A. M., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Shackelford, K. A., Shadid, J., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shalash, A. S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Shannawaz, M., Sharafi, K., Sharara, F., Sheena, B. S., Sheikhtaheri, A., Shetty, R. S., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W. S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shrime, M. G., Shuval, K., Siabani, S., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J. P., Simpson, K. E., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Skiadaresi, E., Skou, S. T. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Sobngwi, E., Sokhan, A., Soltani, S., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soyiri, I. N., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stanaway, J. D., Stark, B. A., Stefan, S. C., Stein, C., Steiner, C., Steiner, T. J., Stokes, M. A., Stovner, L. J., Stubbs, J. L., Sudaryanto, A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sulo, G., Sultan, I., Sykes, B. L., Sylte, D. O., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tadakamadla, S. K., Taherkhani, A., Tajdini, M., Takahashi, K., Taveira, N., Teagle, W. L., Teame, H., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Teklehaimanot, B. F., Terrason, S., Tessema, Z. T., Thankappan, K. R., Thomson, A. M., Tohidinik, H. R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Torre, A. E., Touvier, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Troeger, C. E., Truelsen, T. C., Tsai, A. C., Tsatsakis, A., Tudor Car, L., Tyrovolas, S., Uddin, R., Ullah, S., Undurraga, E. A., Unnikrishnan, B., Vacante, M., Vakilian, A., Valdez, P. R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S. E., Vongpradith, A., Vukovic, A., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Walters, M. K., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. -P., Ward, J. L., Watson, A., Wei, J., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, D. J., Weiss, J., Westerman, R., Whisnant, J. L., Whiteford, H. A., Wiangkham, T., Wiens, K. E., Wijeratne, T., Wilner, L. B., Wilson, S., Wojtyniak, B., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wool, E. E., Wu, A. -M., Wulf Hanson, S., Wunrow, H. Y., Xu, G., Xu, R., Yadgir, S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yamagishi, K., Yaminfirooz, M., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yearwood, J. A., Yeheyis, T. Y., Yeshitila, Y. G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J., Yoosefi Lebni, J., Younis, M. Z., Younker, T. P., Yousefi, Z., Yousefifard, M., Yousefinezhadi, T., Yousuf, A. Y., Yu, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zaki, L., Zaman, S. B., Zamani, M., Zamanian, M., Zandian, H., Zangeneh, A., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zewdie, K. A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, J. T., Zhao, Y., Zheng, P., Zhou, M., Ziapour, A., Zimsen, S. R. M., Naghavi, M., Murray, C. J. L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

42. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: William M. Gardner, Rawlance Ndejjo, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf, João Pedro Silva, M. Mofizul Islam, Cong Zhu, Abdul Hafiz, Irmina Maria Michalek, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Leonardo Roever, Mustefa Glagn, Davood Anvari, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Rakhi Dandona, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Mansour Ghafourifard, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Jaykaran Charan, Akram Pourshams, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Lorainne Tudor Car, Franz Castro, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Luca Ronfani, Marina Pinheiro, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Sofia Androudi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Myron Anthony Godinho, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Getinet Ayano, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Kyle E. Simpson, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Amr Hassan, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Anna V. Korotkova, Brijesh Sathian, Marcello Tonelli, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Juan Jesus Carrero, Cameron J. Kneib, Ravi Prakash Jha, David H. Shaw, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Tanuj Kanchan, Khezar Hayat, Hamid Sharifi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Muktar Omer Omer, Fatemeh Amiri, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Hannah Han, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Adam E. Berman, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Thomas Pilgrim, Leila Doshmangir, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, David M. Pigott, Hadi Hassankhani, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Teklemariam Gultie, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ilse N. Dippenaar, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot, Maha El Tantawi, Xuefeng Liu, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Keyghobad Ghadiri, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Yunquan Zhang, Vera Marisa Costa, Iyad Sultan, Mostafa Hosseini, Abdulaziz Khalid Abu Haimed, Haidong Wang, Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Celine M. Barthelemy, Hosna Janjani, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Alireza Rafiei, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Pradyumna Agasthi, Tiffany K. Gill, Martin McKee, Khaled Khatab, Jae Il Shin, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Giancarlo Logroscino, Hassan Abolhassani, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Ahmad Daryani, Ziyad Al-Aly, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Michael T. Chung, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mehedi Hasan, Saeed Shahabi, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Yohannes Kinfu, Nicholas L S Roberts, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mika Shigematsu, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Deepa Jahagirdar, Islam Y. Elgendy, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Dara K. Mohammad, Yingxi Zhao, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Vinod C. Nayak, Reinhard Busse, Andrew T. Leever, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Stefania Mondello, Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh, Kris J. Krohn, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Jianing Ma, Moses K. Muriithi, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Nobuyuki Horita, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Daniel Y. Cho, Miloje Savic, Moslem Soofi, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Freweini Gebrearegay G. Tela, Jonathan F. Mosser, Palash Chandra Banik, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Natalie C. Galles, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Hadi Pourjafar, Roman Topor-Madry, Ayesha Humayun, Leila Zaki, Nuworza Kugbey, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Naznin Hossain, Jiregna Darega Gela, Jordi Alonso, Ruth W Kimokoti, A. A. Fomenkov, Jalal Arabloo, Aletta E. Schutte, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Maciej Banach, Deanna Anderlini, Moses J. Bockarie, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Randah R. Hamadeh, Farhad Islami, Olalekan A. Uthman, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Kairat Davletov, Soraya Seedat, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mojgan Gitimoghaddam, G Anil Kumar, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Hiroyasu Iso, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, João M. Furtado, Christian Razo, Neeti Kapoor, Mowafa Househ, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Mohammad Khammarnia, Santi Martini, Feng Sha, Marco Vacante, Jacek A. Kopec, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kate E. LeGrand, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Arun Balachandran, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Leake G. Gebremeskel, Smita Pakhale, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Yousef Mohammad, Bernhard T. Baune, Azeem Majeed, Luis Camera, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Paolo Lauriola, Irfan Ullah, Aruna M Kamath, Maryam Mirzaei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Iman El Sayed, Mohammad Farahmand, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Megan Knight, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Teferi Mekonnen, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Paulo A. Lotufo, Mehdi Naderi, Tomislav Mestrovic, André Faro, Mohsen Bayati, Raffaele Palladino, Shahin Soltani, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Abdiwahab Hashi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Dejana Braithwaite, Sergio I. Prada, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Reza Pourmirza Kalhori, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Paul S. F. Yip, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Gebremariam Woldu, Rashmi Gupta, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Marcel Ausloos, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, K M Shivakumar, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Archith Boloor, Aidin Abedi, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Nihad A. Almasri, Simachew Animen Bante, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Antonio Biondi, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Sarika Chaturvedi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Abhay Gaidhane, George A. Mensah, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Avina Vongpradith, Javad Nazari, Amir Khater, Michael K. Hole, Ben Lacey, Razique Anwer, Łukasz Szumowski, Ai Koyanagi, Rajesh Sagar, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Seyed M Karimi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mona Pathak, Nithin Kumar, Masoud Foroutan, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Abbas Mosapour, Kebede Deribe, Nermin Ghith, Vaman Kulkarni, Sanjay Zodpey, Asadollah Gholamian, Mohammed Shannawaz, Nancy Fullman, Benn Sartorius, Giulio Castelpietra, Ghulam Mustafa, Silvia Schiavolin, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Rafael Lozano, Christopher J L Murray, Guoqing Hu, Andrew M. Briggs, Ashish Badiye, Yousef Khader, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Claudia I. Mastrogiacomo, Emma Smith, Yasser Vasseghian, Saeed Amini, Asif Hanif, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Maryam Adabi, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Bhaskar Thakur, Ravi Mehrotra, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Lalit Dandona, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Simon I. Hay, Kiirithio N. Ngari, Obinna Onwujekwe, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Lorenzo Monasta, Neda Kianipour, Khurshid Alam, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Khalid A Altirkawi, Jaimie Adelson, Hamed Zandian, Frank Tanser, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, John Everett Mumford, Morteza Oladnabi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Masoud Moradi, Maseer Khan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Amy E. Peden, Dhirendra N Sinha, Shanshan Li, Shailesh Advani, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Matilde Leonardi, Lope H Barrero, Nicholas Steel, Dinh-Toi Chu, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Pushpendra Singh, Adrian Otoiu, Fabrizio Tediosi, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Pawan Faris, George C. Patton, Christopher Troeger, Mohammed Madadin, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Paul H. Lee, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Samer Hamidi, Young-Ho Khang, Rufus Akinyemi, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Rupak Desai, Eduardo Bernabé, Jamal A. Yearwood, Nima Rezaei, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Vasily Vlassov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Reed J D Sorensen, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Tahereh Javaheri, Tamer H. Farag, Paolo Cortesi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Manu Raj Mathur, Getie Lake Aynalem, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Doris V.V. Ortega-Altamirano, Giorgia Giussani, Liliana G Ciobanu, Suraj Bhattarai, Basema Saddik, Mustafa Z. Younis, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ira Martopullo, Mohamed M. Gad, Kanyin L. Ong, Addisu Melese, Fotis Topouzis, Hanne Christensen, In-Hwan Oh, Arash Sarveazad, Shuhei Nomura, Peter Memiah, Sergej M. Ostojic, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Dinesh Bhandari, Ahmed Omar Bali, Farahnaz Joukar, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Ferrán Catalá-López, Caroline Stein, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Stephen S Lim, Siamak Sabour, Kelly Compton, Shoaib Hassan, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Claudiu Herteliu, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Muluken Altaye Ayza, Angela Y. Chang, Leila R Kalankesh, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Lal B. Rawal, Soewarta Kosen, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Theo Vos, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Oladimeji Adebayo, Mikk Jürisson, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Carlo La Vecchia, Khalil Eskandari, Aziz Sheikh, Jagdish Khubchandani, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Stefan Kohler, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Michele Romoli, Jasvinder A. Singh, Neeraj Bedi, Ivo Iavicoli, Alyssa Pennini, Subas Neupane, Emmanuel Peprah, Sojib Bin Zaman, Marwa Rashad Salem, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Ramesh Holla, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Robert Ancuceanu, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Ettore Beghi, Quique Bassat, B Reshmi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ionut Negoi, Peter Azzopardi, Florian Fischer, Kerem Shuval, Sorin Hostiuc, Hmwe H Kyu, Ver Bilano, Siddhesh Zadey, Davide Rasella, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Radoslaw Sierpinski, Irina Filip, Michelle L. Bell, Malke Asaad, Ravensara S. Travillian, Christopher R. Cederroth, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Ashkan Afshin, Saqib Ali, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Zahid A Butt, Sagun Paudel, Vahid Rashedi, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Thomas R. Hird, Shokofeh Maleki, Atif Amin Baig, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Ai-Min Wu, Fablina Sharara, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Ratilal Lalloo, Rohollah Kalhor, Rosario Cárdenas, Amir Radfar, Salime Goharinezhad, Fereshteh Mehri, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Spencer A. Pease, Diana Silva, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Samath D Dharmaratne, Darshan B B, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Dickson A. Amugsi, Lee Ling Lim, Agegnehu Bante, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Majid A Almadi, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Takahiro Tabuchi, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ritesh G. Menezes, Giovanni Damiani, Delia Hendrie, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Sanjay Basu, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Gholamreza Roshandel, Borhan Mansouri, Enrico Rubagotti, Anurag Agrawal, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Graeme J. Hankey, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Silvano Gallus, Jeevan Pereira, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Giulia Carreras, Fariba Dorostkar, Pietro Ferrara, Andrea Farioli, Christoph Nowak, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Perminder S. Sachdev, Era Upadhyay, Tommi Vasankari, Susan M Sawyer, Adnan Kisa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Abdollahi, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Sajid Hameed, Sanni Yaya, Bach Xuan Tran, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Ismail Tareque, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Kewal Krishan, Soraya Siabani, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Maryam Zamanian, Joshua A. Salomon, Bianca S. Zlavog, Vinay Nangia, Falk Schwendicke, Takeshi Fukumoto, Hung Chak Ho, Jordan Weiss, Maha Atout, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma, Efat Mohamadi, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joan B. Soriano, Syed Amir Gilani, Victor Adekanmbi, Marina Karanikolos, Alberto Raggi, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Weijia Fu, Reza Shirkoohi, Aditya Prasad Dash, Peng Jia, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Ashraf Nabhan, Isabela M. Benseñor, Morteza Jafarinia, Joht Singh Chandan, Usman Iqbal, Amira Shaheen, Deepak Saxena, Lauren B. Wilner, Nataliya A. Foigt, Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas, David C. Schwebel, Gail Davey, Milena Ilic, Josep Maria Haro, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Muhammad Ali, Mona M. Khater, Ehsan Sadeghi, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Mark A. Stokes, Davide Sattin, Ewerton Cousin, Oliver J. Brady, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Andrew T Olagunju, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Goura Kishor Rath, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Nayu Ikeda, James L. Fisher, Peng Zheng, Elisabetta Pupillo, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Riaz Uddin, Ester Cerin, Amir Taherkhani, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Richard G. Wamai, Anders Larsson, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Hosni Salem, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Srikanta Banerjee, Yang Xie, Yuichiro Yano, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Themba G. Ginindza, Manasi Kumar, Babak Moazen, Bing-Fang Hwang, Cristiana Abbafati, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Samuel B. Albertson, Chieh Han, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Mihaela Hostiuc, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Colm McAlinden, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Abdulaziz M. Almulhim, Magdalene K. Walters, Ali H. Mokdad, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Catherine M. Antony, Ken Lee Chin, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Gina Agarwal, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Savita Lasrado, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Fares Alahdab, Om P Kurmi, Sonali Kochhar, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Ali Almasi, Till Bärnighausen, Michael A. Piradov, Zubair Kabir, Boris Bikbov, Philip B. Mitchell, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Yahya Safari, Anirudh Kotlo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Biagio Simonetti, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Kenji Shibuya, GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborator, Violante FS, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Neurologian yksikkö, HUS Neurocenter, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital Area, GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators, Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Mumford, John Everett, Knight, Megan, Barthelemy, Celine M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abreu, Lucas Guimarãe, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adabi, Maryam, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alahdab, Fare, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Albertson, Samuel B, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, Françoi, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Azzopardi, Peter S, B, Darshan B, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badiye, Ashish D, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Balachandran, Arun, Balassyano, Shelly, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Bante, Simachew Animen, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Bayisa Abdissa, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye, Bell, Michelle L, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berman, Adam E, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Bori, Bilano, Ver, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bockarie, Moses John, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brady, Oliver J, Braithwaite, Dejana, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R, Cercy, Kelly M, Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Angela Y, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chin, Ken Lee, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Comfort, Haley, Compton, Kelly, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davey, Gail, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolao, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dippenaar, Ilse N, Do, Hoa Thi, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigue, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Edvardsson, David, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elgendy, Islam Y, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Ezekannagha, Oluchi, Farag, Tamer, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C, Gallus, Silvano, Gardner, William M, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremeskel, Leake G, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Ginindza, Themba G, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Glagn, Mustefa, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guimarães, Rafael Alve, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gultie, Teklemariam, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohanne, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hird, Thomas R, Ho, Hung Chak, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hollingsworth, Bruce, Hoogar, Praveen, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Jaafari, Jalil, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jia, Peng, John-Akinola, Yetunde O, Jonas, Jost B, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karanikolos, Marina, Karimi, Seyed M, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M, Khater, Mona M, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J, Kocarnik, Jonathan M, Kochhar, Sonali, Kohler, Stefan, Kopec, Jacek A, Korotkova, Anna V, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Manasi, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Landires, Iván, Lansingh, Van Charle, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Lauriola, Paolo, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Ledesma, Jorge R, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T, Legrand, Kate E, Leigh, Jame, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S, Lim, Lee-Ling, Liu, Xuefeng, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lu, Alton, Ma, Jianing, Madadin, Mohammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mcalinden, Colm, Mckee, Martin, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mekonnen, Teferi, Melese, Addisu, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Mitchell, Philip B, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Mosapour, Abba, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Muriithi, Moses K, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nabhan, Ashraf F, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nayak, Vinod C, Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane, Suba, Ngari, Kiirithio N, Nguefack-Tsague, George, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Diep Ngoc, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Norheim, Ole F, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Otoiu, Adrian, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In-Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V V, Ortiz, Alberto, Ostojic, Sergej M, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao., Pakhale, Smita, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha, Pathak, Mona, Patton, George C, Paudel, Sagun, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A, Peden, Amy E, Pennini, Alyssa, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Jeevan, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thoma, Pilz, Tessa M, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza, Pourshams, Akram, Prada, Sergio I, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razo, Christian, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Rezaei, Nima, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Safari, Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salem, Marwa R Rashad, Salem, Hosni, Salomon, Joshua, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Savic, Miloje, Sawyer, Susan M, Saxena, Deepak, Sbarra, Alyssa N, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomar, Sharara, Fablina, Sharifi, Hamid, Shaw, David H, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abba, Shetty, B Suresh Kumar, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Shrime, Mark G, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, João Pedro, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Pushpendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U R, Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Caroline, Stokes, Mark A, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tanser, Frank C, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Teagle, Whitney L, Tediosi, Fabrizio, Tefera, Yonas Getaye Getaye, Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thakur, Bhaskar, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Troeger, Christopher E, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Irfan, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vongpradith, Avina, Vos, Theo, Waheed, Yasir, Walters, Magdalene K, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Jordan, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wilner, Lauren B, Woldu, Gebremariam, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wu, Ai-Min, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xie, Yang, Xu, Rixing, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhu, Cong, Ziapour, Arash, Zlavog, Bianca S, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J L, Lacey, B, Sartorius, B, Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Lozano, R, Fullman, N, Mumford, J, Knight, M, Barthelemy, C, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu Haimed, A, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Akinyemi, R, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Albertson, S, Alemu, Y, Alhassan, R, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Almadi, M, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almulhim, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Athari, S, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Aynalem, G, Ayza, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi, P, B, D, Babaee, E, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Baig, A, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balachandran, A, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Bante, A, Bante, S, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bockarie, M, Bohlouli, S, Bojia, H, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Braithwaite, D, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Briko, N, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, L, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, A, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Chin, K, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Comfort, H, Compton, K, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darega Gela, J, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Dash, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, De Neve, J, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dippenaar, I, Do, H, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elgendy, I, Elyazar, I, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Ezekannagha, O, Farag, T, Farahmand, M, Faraon, E, Farinha, C, Farioli, A, Faris, P, Faro, A, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gakidou, E, Galles, N, Gallus, S, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Gebrehiwot, A, Gebremeskel, L, Gebremeskel, G, Gesesew, H, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gill, T, Ginindza, T, Gitimoghaddam, M, Giussani, G, Glagn, M, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Goudarzian, A, Goulart, B, Gubari, M, Guimarães, R, Guled, R, Gultie, T, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haile, T, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Han, C, Han, H, Handiso, D, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Hird, T, Ho, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hollingsworth, B, Hoogar, P, Hopf, K, Horita, N, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Islami, F, Iso, H, Iwu, C, Jaafari, J, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jahagirdar, D, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Jayatilleke, A, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jia, P, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami Matin, B, Karanikolos, M, Karimi, S, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimäki, M, Kneib, C, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kohler, S, Kopec, J, Korotkova, A, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kugbey, N, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Kyu, H, La Vecchia, C, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lau, K, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Ledesma, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leever, A, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Li, S, Lim, S, Lim, L, Liu, X, Logroscino, G, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Ma, J, Madadin, M, Mahasha, P, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malagón-Rojas, J, Maleki, S, Malta, D, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Massenburg, B, Mastrogiacomo, C, Mathur, M, Mcalinden, C, Mckee, M, Medina-Solís, C, Meharie, B, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mehri, F, Mehrotra, R, Mekonnen, T, Melese, A, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mitchell, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, J, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Muriithi, M, Mustafa, G, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Ngari, K, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norheim, O, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Otoiu, A, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Oluwasanu, M, Omar Bali, A, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Ortiz, A, Ostojic, S, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Øverland, S, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pakhale, S, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pangaribuan, H, Pathak, M, Patton, G, Paudel, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, S, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Peprah, E, Pereira, J, Pigott, D, Pilgrim, T, Pilz, T, Pinheiro, M, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Pokhrel, K, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Pourmirza Kalhori, R, Pourshams, A, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Quazi Syed, Z, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rath, G, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razo, C, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Reshmi, B, Rezaei, N, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Roberts, N, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, M, Sadeghi, E, Safari, Y, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salahshoor, M, Salem, M, Salem, H, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Savic, M, Sawyer, S, Saxena, D, Sbarra, A, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sharara, F, Sharifi, H, Shaw, D, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shetty, B, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, W, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, K, Shrime, M, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Sinha, D, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Stanaway, J, Steel, N, Stein, C, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Sultan, I, Szumowski, Ł, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Taddele, B, Tadesse, D, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, A, Tanser, F, Tareque, M, Tarigan, I, Teagle, W, Tediosi, F, Tefera, Y, Tela, F, Tessema, Z, Thakur, B, Titova, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Troeger, C, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Ullah, I, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Waheed, Y, Walters, M, Wamai, R, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wilner, L, Woldu, G, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xie, Y, Xu, R, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yearwood, J, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yusefzadeh, H, Zadey, S, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaidi, S, Zaki, L, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Y, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zlavog, B, Zodpey, S, Murray, C, Tampere University, Health Sciences, 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. E., Knight, M., Barthelemy, C. M., Abbafati, C., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu Haimed, A. K., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Adelson, J., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Advani, S. M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Aghamir, S. M. K., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Akinyemi, R. O., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Albertson, S. B., Alemu, Y. M., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Alla, F., Almadi, M. A. H., Almasi, A., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Almulhim, A. M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amiri, F., Amit, A. M. L., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C. L., Androudi, S., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aravkin, A. Y., Aremu, O., Arnlov, J., Asaad, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Athari, S. S., Atout, M. M. W., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Aynalem, Y. A., Aynalem, G. L., Ayza, M. A., Azari, S., Azzopardi, P. S., B, D. B., Babaee, E., Badiye, A. D., Bahrami, M. A., Baig, A. A., Bakhshaei, M. H., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S. M., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Banik, P. C., Bante, A. B., Bante, S. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrero, L. H., Bassat, Q., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Baye, B. A., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Behzadifar, M., Bekuma, T. T. T., Bell, M. L., Bensenor, I. M., Berman, A. E., Bernabe, E., Bernstein, R. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, P., Bhat, A. G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Bilano, V., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Bockarie, M. J., Bohlouli, S., Bojia, H. A., Bolla, S. R. R., Boloor, A., Brady, O. J., Braithwaite, D., Briggs, A. M., Briko, N. I., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camera, L. A., Cardenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Castro, F., Catala-Lopez, F., Cederroth, C. R., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chang, A. Y., Charan, J., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, S., Chin, K. L., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Christensen, H., Chu, D. -T., Chung, M. T., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Compton, K., Cortesi, P. A., Costa, V. M., Cousin, E., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damiani, G., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Darega Gela, J., Darwesh, A. M., Daryani, A., Dash, A. P., Davey, G., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davletov, K., De Neve, J. -W., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Deribe, K., Dervenis, N., Desai, R., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhungana, G. P., Dianatinasab, M., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dippenaar, I. N., Do, H. T., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Edvardsson, D., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elgendy, I. Y., Elyazar, I. R., Eskandari, K., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Esteghamati, A., Ezekannagha, O., Farag, T., Farahmand, M., Faraon, E. J. A., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Farioli, A., Faris, P. S., Faro, A., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V. L., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Feyissa, G. T., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N. A., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J. M., Fu, W., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J. M., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, A. M., Gakidou, E., Galles, N. C., Gallus, S., Gardner, W. M., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebrehiwot, A. M., Gebremeskel, L. G., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gesesew, H. A., Ghadiri, K., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gill, T. K., Ginindza, T. G., Gitimoghaddam, M., Giussani, G., Glagn, M., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Godinho, M. A., Goharinezhad, S., Gopalani, S. V., Goudarzian, A. H., Goulart, B. N. G., Gubari, M. I. M., Guimaraes, R. A., Guled, R. A., Gultie, T., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hafiz, A., Haile, T. G., Hamadeh, R. R., Hameed, S., Hamidi, S., Han, C., Han, H., Handiso, D. W., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hashi, A., Hassan, S., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Hendrie, D., Herteliu, C., Hird, T. R., Ho, H. C., Hole, M. K., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hopf, K. P., Horita, N., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsieh, V. C. -R., Hu, G., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikeda, N., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, M. D., Inbaraj, L. R., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Irvine, C. M. S., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Islami, F., Iso, H., Iwu, C. J., Jaafari, J., Jadidi-Niaragh, F., Jafarinia, M., Jahagirdar, D., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janjani, H., Javaheri, T., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jenabi, E., Jha, R. P., Jha, V., Ji, J. S., Jia, P., John-Akinola, Y. O., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kabir, Z., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A. M., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karanikolos, M., Karimi, S. M., Kassebaum, N. J., Katikireddi, S. V., Kayode, G. A., Keiyoro, P. N., Khader, Y. S., Khammarnia, M., Khan, M., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y. -H., Khatab, K., Khater, A. M., Khater, M. M., Khatib, M. N., Khayamzadeh, M., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kivimaki, M., Kneib, C. J., Kocarnik, J. M., Kochhar, S., Kohler, S., Kopec, J. A., Korotkova, A. V., Korshunov, V. A., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krohn, K. J., Kugbey, N., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., Kyu, H. H., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Landires, I., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lau, K. M. -M., Lauriola, P., Lazarus, J. V., Ledesma, J. R., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Leever, A. T., Legrand, K. E., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Li, S., Lim, S. S., Lim, L. -L., Liu, X., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A. D., Lopukhov, P. D., Lotufo, P. A., Lu, A., Ma, J., Madadin, M., Mahasha, P. W., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Malagon-Rojas, J. N., Maleki, S., Malta, D. C., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M. A., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., Massenburg, B. B., Mastrogiacomo, C. I., Mathur, M. R., Mcalinden, C., Mckee, M., Medina-Solis, C. E., Meharie, B. G., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mehri, F., Mehrotra, R., Mekonnen, T., Melese, A., Memiah, P. T. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mitchell, P. B., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J. A., Mokdad, A. H., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Moradi, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Muriithi, M. K., Mustafa, G., Nabhan, A. F., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M. D., Nangia, V., Nansseu, J. R., Nayak, V. C., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Neupane, S., Ngari, K. N., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, D. N., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nnaji, C. A., Nomura, S., Norheim, O. F., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Otoiu, A., Ogbo, F. A., Oghenetega, O. B., Oh, I. -H., Okunga, E. W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Omar Bali, A., Omer, M. O., Ong, K. L., Onwujekwe, O. E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. V., Ortiz, A., Ostojic, S. M., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Overland, S., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Pakhale, S., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pangaribuan, H. U., Pathak, M., Patton, G. C., Paudel, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pease, S. A., Peden, A. E., Pennini, A., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, J., Pigott, D. M., Pilgrim, T., Pilz, T. M., Pinheiro, M., Piradov, M. A., Pirsaheb, M., Pokhrel, K. N., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Pourmirza Kalhori, R., Pourshams, A., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahim, F., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rasella, D., Rashedi, V., Rath, G. K., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Razo, C., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Rezaei, N., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D. C., Rickard, J., Roberts, N. L. S., Roever, L., Romoli, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rubagotti, E., Rwegerera, G. M., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P. S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, M., Sadeghi, E., Safari, Y., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M. A., Sajadi, S. M., Salahshoor, M. R., Salem, M. R. R., Salem, H., Salomon, J., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Savic, M., Sawyer, S. M., Saxena, D., Sbarra, A. N., Schaeffer, L. E., Schiavolin, S., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Seedat, S., Sha, F., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsizadeh, M., Shannawaz, M., Sharafi, K., Sharara, F., Sharifi, H., Shaw, D. H., Sheikh, A., Sheikhtaheri, A., Shetty, B. S. K., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W. S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shrime, M. G., Shuval, K., Siabani, S., Sierpinski, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, D. A. S., Silva, J. P., Simonetti, B., Simpson, K. E., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Sinha, D. N., Skryabin, V. Y., Smith, E. U. R., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soyiri, I. N., Spurlock, E. E., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stanaway, J. D., Steel, N., Stein, C., Stokes, M. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Suleria, H. A. R., Sultan, I., Szumowski, L., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabuchi, T., Tadakamadla, S. K., Taddele, B. W., Tadesse, D. B., Taherkhani, A., Tamiru, A. T., Tanser, F. C., Tareque, M. I., Tarigan, I. U., Teagle, W. L., Tediosi, F., Tefera, Y. G. G., Tela, F. G., Tessema, Z. T., Thakur, B., Titova, M. V., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tovani-Palone, M. R. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Troeger, C. E., Tudor Car, L., Uddin, R., Ullah, I., Umeokonkwo, C. D., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uthman, O. A., Vacante, M., Valdez, P. R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S. E., Vongpradith, A., Vos, T., Waheed, Y., Walters, M. K., Wamai, R. G., Wang, H., Wang, Y. -P., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, J., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Wilner, L. B., Woldu, G., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wu, A. -M., Wulf Hanson, S., Xie, Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yamagishi, K., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yearwood, J. A., Yeshitila, Y. G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefi, Z., Yousefinezhadi, T., Yusefzadeh, H., Zadey, S., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zaidi, S. S., Zaki, L., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zewdie, K. A., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X. -J. G., Zhao, Y., Zheng, P., Zhu, C., Ziapour, A., Zlavog, B. S., Zodpey, S., and Murray, C. J. L.
Subjects: Index (economics), Servicios de Salud, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, universal health coverage, sustaibale develpment goal, global burden of disease, performance, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Universal Health Insurance, RA0421, 11. Sustainability, Per capita, Medical economics, Disease, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, effective coverage of health services, GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators, education.field_of_study, Public health, Medical care, Sjúkdómar, 4. Education, 1. No poverty, Health coverage, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Hälsovetenskaper, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Health services, 3. Good health, Global burden of disease, Health Expenditures, Humans, World Health Organization, Purchasing power parity, Scale (social sciences), Lýðheilsa, universal health coverag, CANCER SURVIVAL, ACCESS, Human, Heilsuhagfræði, medicine.medical_specialty, Health coverage, GBD, GBD, Universal health, GBD 2019, Population, Health expenditures, 3122 Cancers, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, Health systems, Heilbrigðisvísindi, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Development economics, Health Sciences, medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Alþjóðaheilbrigðisstofnunin, QUALITY, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, PROGRESS, Disease burden, Health services accessibility, CARE, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Morbility, Administración de los Servicios de Salud, Medical policy, Business, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>= 65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target-1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023-we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45.8 (95% uncertainty interval 44.2-47.5) in 1990 to 60.3 (58.7-61.9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2.6% [1.9-3.3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010-2019 relative to 1990-2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0.79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388.9 million (358.6-421.3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3.1 billion (3.0-3.2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968.1 million [903.5-1040.3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people-the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close-or how far-all populations are in benefiting from UHC., Lucas Guimaraes Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (Capes) -Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Olatunji O Adetokunboh acknowledges South African Department of Science & Innovation, and National Research Foundation. Anurag Agrawal acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship IA/CPHS/14/1/501489. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi acknowledges Grant U01HG010273 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as part of the H3Africa Consortium. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi is further supported by the FLAIR fellowship funded by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Sciences. Syed Mohamed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu, and Adrian Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDSUEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Till Winfried Barnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Juan J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). Felix Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma TransitA3ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Jan-Walter De Neve acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe acknowledges support by Wellcome Trust grant number 201900/Z/16/Z as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Claudiu Herteliu acknowledges partial support by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Praveen Hoogar acknowledges the Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education(MAHE), Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalghatgi. Bing-Fang Hwang acknowledges support from China Medical University (CMU108-MF-95), Taichung, Taiwan. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through the Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Aruna M Kamath acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health T32 grant (T32GM086270). Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15) and an NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02). Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). Kewal Krishan acknowledges support from the DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716 Fogarty International Center/NIMH. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. Ivan Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciA3n (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENACYT), Panama. Jeffrey V Lazarus acknowledges support by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, European Union [CP18/00074]). Peter T N Memiah acknowledges CODESRIA; HISTP. Subas Neupane acknowledges partial support from the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital. Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). Alberto Ortiz acknowledges support by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. George C Patton acknowledges support from a National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship. Marina Pinheiro acknowledges support from FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 -Norma transitA3ria. Alberto Raggi, David Sattin, and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 -Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Daniel Cury Ribeiro acknowledges support from the Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship -Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/111). Perminder S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC Australia. Abdallah M Samy acknowledges support from a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez acknowledges institutional support from University of Applied and Environmental Sciences in Bogota, Colombia, and Carlos III Institute of Health in Madrid, Spain. Maria Ines Schmidt acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges a fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. Aziz Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Kenji Shibuya acknowledges Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos acknowledges partial support from grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, Australia. Marcello Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary, AB, Canada., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

43. Additional file 1 of Can an mhealth clinical decision-making support system improve adherence to neonatal healthcare protocols in a low-resource setting?

Author: Amoakoh, Hannah Brown, Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin, Agyepong, Irene Akua, Amoakoh-Coleman, Mary, Gbenga A. Kayode, J. B. Reitsma, Grobbee, Diederick E., and Ansah, Evelyn K.
Subjects: Data_FILES
Abstract: Additional file 1.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Effect of clients Strategic Index Case Testing on community-based detection of HIV infections (STRICT study)

Author: Adefisayo Adedoyin, Adeoye Adegboye, Gbenga A. Kayode, Maryam Bello, Fadimatu Yunusa, Moses Katbi, and Patrick Dakum
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Adult, Counseling, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Sexual Behavior, Population, Prevalence, Nigeria, HIV Infections, Ambulatory Care Facilities, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Informed consent, Residence Characteristics, Health care, Medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, Confidentiality, Serologic Tests, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Index case, education.field_of_study, business.industry, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Partner notification, 030112 virology, Infectious Diseases, Sexual Partners, Family medicine, Female, Contact Tracing, business, Contact tracing
Abstract: Background: Strategic Index Case Testing (STRICT), a form of partner notification service, was initiated to track, identify and notify sexual partners of people living with HIV (Index clients) with the sole aim of testing them to determine their HIV status and linking clients who are positive to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). This research analyzed the HIV sero-prevalence among sexual partners of HIV positive clients using STRICT and determines the role of STRICT in HIV epidemic control. Methods: This is a non-control Interventional study that determined the impact of Strategic Index Case Testing (STRICT) on detecting previously undiagnosed HIV infections among sexual partners of positive index clients. This study was conducted in seven Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Karu, Nasarawa, Lafia, Doma, AMAC, Bwari, and Ushongo. These LGAs were selected for HIV epidemic control due to projected high prevalence of HIV from previous program level data. HTS was offered to sexual partners of index PLHIV from facility and community within the LGAs. Index clients were PLHIV diagnosed from outreaches, hot spots set up in strategic places and Provider Initiated Testing and Counseling (PITC) in comprehensive and primary health care facilities. Newly diagnosed PLHIV and those already enrolled and commenced on ART from October 2015 to July 2016 were identified from source registers. These index clients were counseled on how to notify their sexual partners about their HIV status and on bringing them for HIV Testing and Counseling (HTS). Those unable to do so after a given period of time were assisted by health workers in informing their various sexual partners based on the confidential agreement and informed consent signed by the Index clients. Findings: A total of 1277 index cases were counseled and interviewed with 879 index clients agreeing to disclosure, giving a disclosure rate of 68.3%. We identified 888 sexual partners from the interviews and traced 870 (97.9%) sexual contacts. A total of 741 (85.2%) of 870 sexual contacts traced were tested for HIV, out of which 378 (51%) tested positive using an HIV rapid test kit, and this was statistically significant at P Value = 0.0254. A total of 348 (92.1%) out of 378 HIV positive sexual partners were immediately commenced on ART using the recommended UNAIDS Test and Treat approach to HIV epidemic control. Interpretation: STRICT identifies the need for reaching out to sexual partners of index clients and providing them with HIV Testing Services (HTS) as they belong to a high risk priority population and also linking them to care and treatment. This group of people must be reached with HTS strategies in order to end the HIV epidemic as evidenced by high sero-prevalence of 51% among them. Keywords: HIV, HIV testing services, HIV partner testing, Contact tracing, Partner notification services, Index case, STRICT
Published: 2018

45. Research within international non-governmental organisation programmes in low and middle-income countries: challenges amid opportunities

Author: Maria van der Harst, Arie Franx, Charlotte E. Warren, Diederick E. Grobbee, Salisu Mohammed Ishaku, Gbenga A. Kayode, Joyce L Browne, and Obstetrics & Gynecology
Subjects: Medicine (General), Economic growth, media_common.quotation_subject, review, Psychological intervention, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, R5-920, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Political science, Humans, Quality (business), Developing Countries, Poverty, media_common, Reproductive health, business.industry, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Health services research, Research needs, health services research, Family planning, Low and middle income countries, Income, Commentary, Implementation research, business
Abstract: Summary box Over the past decades, enormous efforts have gone into improving access to quality health services in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) through the activities of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs).1 However, for most of these INGO-implemented interventions, responding to health research needs of these populations is not a priority, with a few exceptions.2 In instances where research is of interest, the capacities to generate valid evidence are limited.3 This is compounded by the limited number of academic research institutions with the capacity to conduct the required research in many LMICs despite the urgent need for locally led research efforts.3 4 Although there has been an expansion in INGO-led implementation science programmes recently in many LMICs, they are mainly motivated by the need to bridging the ‘know-do-gaps’, rather than providing answers to emerging health research questions based on implementation research principles.5 Without rigorous research methods, concepts and methods of current implementation science programmes in both high-income countries (HIC) and LMICs cannot …
Published: 2021

46. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning

Author: Fereshteh Ansari, Richard C. Franklin, Naznin Hossain, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Mahdi Bohluli, Irena Ilic, Anwar Faraj, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ehsan Sadeghi, Bach Xuan Tran, Leila Zaki, Mohammad Miri, Maha El Tantawi, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Kira A Barbre, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Mehdi Naderi, Behzad Karami Matin, Yunquan Zhang, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Zahid A Butt, Nuruzzaman Khan, Robert L. Thompson, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Rovshan Khalilov, Usman Iqbal, K M Shivakumar, Leili Tapak, Chris A Schmidt, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Chuanhua Yu, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Davood Anvari, Hoa Thi Do, Abdullah Al Mamun, Obinna Onwujekwe, Serge Resnikoff, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Joshua C. P. Osborne, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Turki Alanzi, Katie M Donkers, Amir Kasaeian, Eirini Skiadaresi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Paul S. F. Yip, Tomislav Mestrovic, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Katherine Gass, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Gurudatta Naik, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Ahmed Omar Bali, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Paul H. Lee, Vahid Alipour, Kebede Deribe, Megan F. Schipp, Ziyad Al-Aly, Biagio Simonetti, Masoud Moradi, Jalal Arabloo, Reza Rawassizadeh, Saif Ullah, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Abedin Saghafipour, Fakher Rahim, Tinuke O Olagunju, Kimberly B. Johnson, Souranshu Chatterjee, Salvatore Rubino, Nataliya Foigt, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Taras Kavetskyy, Carlo La Vecchia, Eduarda Fernandes, Mohsen Mazidi, Claudiu Herteliu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Aziz Sheikh, Yong Yu, David Laith Rawaf, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Natalie V S Vinkeles Melchers, Samath D Dharmaratne, Enrico Rubagotti, Fahad Alanezi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Masoud Foroutan, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Milena Ilic, Melese Abate Reta, Dian Kusuma, Ali Manafi, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Giovanni Damiani, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Van C. Lansingh, Till Bärnighausen, Benjamin F. Arnold, Natalie Maria Cormier, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ahmad Daryani, Ali Bijani, Jae Il Shin, Samer Hamidi, Jasvinder A. Singh, Mohsen Bayati, Tomohide Yamada, Zubair Kabir, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Jonathan F. Mosser, Gbenga A. Kayode, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Shahin Soltani, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Salah Eddin Karimi, Alan J Thomson, Daniel Diaz, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Oliver J. Brady, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Yousef Fatahi, Sadia Bibi, Bogdan Oancea, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Kelemu Tilahun Kibret, Valery L. Feigin, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Ted R. Miller, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Atif Amin Baig, Maryam Zamanian, Kate E. LeGrand, Salahuddin Mohammed, Yuming Guo, Irfan Ullah, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Mowafa Househ, Ionut Negoi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Hadi Pourjafar, Navid Manafi, Neda Kianipour, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Olalekan A. Uthman, Arash Ziapour, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Paula Moraga, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, María-Gloria Basáñez, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Mona M. Khater, Andrew T Olagunju, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Davide Guido, Kiomars Sharafi, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Tarig B. Higazi, Afshin Maleki, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Thomas R. Unnasch, Mohsen Afarideh, Takahiro Tabuchi, Shreya Shirude, Marcel Ausloos, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Amira Shaheen, Shafiu Mohammed, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Eugenio Traini, Leila R Kalankesh, Kris J. Krohn, Colm McAlinden, Walter Mendoza, Maryam Keramati, Ravi Prakash Jha, David M. Pigott, Elex Hill, Abdallah M. Samy, Farah Daoud, Wanji, Samuel, Public Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), Department for International Development (Reino Unido), Unión Europea, Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh Van C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Pigott D.M., and Cuidado de la Salud y Desarrollo Sostenible
Subjects: Oncocercosis, Decision Analysis, RC955-962, Onchocerciasis, law.invention, Geographical Locations, Medical Conditions, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, 030212 general & internal medicine, Onchocerca, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Data Management, biology, Pharmaceutics, wc_695, Enfermedades Parasitarias, Onchocerciasi, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Transmission (mechanics), Helminth Infections, Engineering and Technology, Mass Drug Administration, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Management Engineering, Cartography, Human, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Computer and Information Sciences, Drug Administration, 030231 tropical medicine, Decision tree, wa_395, Dermatology, wc_765, Environment, wc_885, Research and Analysis Methods, Skin Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Drug Therapy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Diagnostic Medicine, Tropical Medicine, Parasitic Diseases, medicine, Humans, Disease Eradication, Spatial analysis, Ivermectin, Data collection, Receiver operating characteristic, Data Visualization, Decision Trees, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 06 Biological Sciences, Elimination planning, Africa, Implementation units, Public health, Tropical Diseases, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Health Care, ROC Curve, People and Places, Health Statistics, Morbidity, Scale (map), Forecasting
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 × 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0·71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50·2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5 × 5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ultimately qualify., Author summary As of 2018, it was unknown if onchocerciasis transmission occurred among approximately 2 400 implementation units (IUs; typically, second administrative-level units, such as districts) considered potentially endemic. These IUs have either never been surveyed for onchocerciasis or historical data are not sufficient to define contemporary endemicity status. Given the large number of IUs for which baseline data collection is likely required to achieve continental elimination, there is a need to prioritise areas for surveys to ensure that those suitable for endemic transmission, and therefore potentially eligible for mass drug administration, are able to initiate interventions as soon as possible. We used boosted regression trees to predict environmental suitability for onchocerciasis, with corresponding measures of uncertainty. We summarized the fine scale spatial predictions at the IU level by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to identify a threshold that maximized agreement with the occurrence locations to identify IUs that may warrant prioritisation for mapping surveys. This analysis suggests that approximately half of the IUs considered for surveys could be classified as environmentally suitable for onchocerciasis. In order to develop an elimination strategy, many national onchocerciasis elimination programmes (NOEPs) need a mechanism to synthesise historical data to define priority areas for surveys.
Published: 2021

47. SmartHIV Manager: a web-based computer simulation system for better management of HIV services

Author: Nneoma Idika, Andre Pascal Kengne, Adekunle Olatayo Adeoti, Gbenga Ayodele Kayode, Ahmad Aliyu, Usame Yakutcan, Eren Demir, Christian Isichei, and Shola Adeyemi
Subjects: Decision support system, Knowledge management, Work (electrical), business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Emergency Medicine, Web application, Journal of Public Health, Hiv services, Simulation system, Disease management (health), business
Published: 2021

48. Prevalence of hypertension among patients aged 50 and older living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Author: Olalekan A. Uthman, Alash'le Abimiku, James Okuma, Victor Adekanmbi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Patrick Dakum, Yohanna Kambai Avong, Taofeekat Ali, and Ezenwa James Onyemata
Subjects: wa_950, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), MEDLINE, HIV Infections, wc_503, Subgroup analysis, Cochrane Library, medicine.disease_cause, elderly, wg_20, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, hypertension prevalence, Global health, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, wa_900, HIV, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Observational Studies as Topic, wg_100, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, Hypertension, Cohort, Observational study, business, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Research Article, RC, Demography
Abstract: Background: Hypertension is one of the common medical conditions observed among patients aged 50 years and elder living with HIV (EPLWH) and to date no systematic review has estimated its global prevalence.\ud \ud Purpose: To conduct a systematic review to estimate the global prevalence of hypertension among EPLWH.\ud \ud Data Sources: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Global Health databases for relevant publications up till May 25, 2018.\ud \ud Study Selection: Observational studies (cohort or cross-sectional studies) that estimated the prevalence of hypertension among EPLWH.\ud \ud Data Extraction: Required data were extracted independently by three reviewers and the main outcome was hypertension prevalence among EPLWH.\ud \ud Data Synthesis: The 24 (n = 29,987) eligible studies included were conducted in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. A low level bias threat to the estimated hypertension prevalence rates was observed. The global prevalence of hypertension among EPLWH was estimated at 42.0% (95% CI 29.6%–55.4%), I 2 = 100%. The subgroup analysis showed that North America has the highest prevalence of hypertension 50.2% (95% CI 29.2% –71.2%) followed by Europe 37.8% (95% CI 30.7%–45.7%) sub-Saharan Africa 31.9% (95% CI 18.5% –49.2%) and Asia 31.0% (95% CI 26.1%–36.3%). We found the mean age of the participants explaining a considerable part of variation in hypertension prevalence.\ud \ud Conclusion: This study demonstrated that two out of five EPLWH are hypertensive. North America appears to have the highest prevalence of hypertension followed by Europe, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Asia respectively. Findings from this study can be utilized to integrate hypertension management to HIV management package. (Registration number: CRD42018103069)
Published: 2019

49. Operation Save the World from Adverse Drug Reactions: findings from a drug safety surveillance programme in Nigeria

Author: Obinna Ogbanufe, Patrick Dakum, Gbenga A. Kayode, Eunice Bosede Avong, Alash'le Abimiku, Bolajoko Jatau, Dennis Mordi, Blessing Ukpabi, Yohanna Kambai Avong, Charles Mensah, and James Okuma
Subjects: Drug, Government, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 030231 tropical medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Private sector, Critical mass (sociodynamics), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pharmacovigilance, Agency (sociology), medicine, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical emergency, business, Adverse drug reaction, media_common
Abstract: Background Adverse drug reactions are an important causes of death and account for 5–35% of hospital admissions. Operation Save the World from Adverse Drug Reactions is a drug safety surveillance programme developed in 2005 by the Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN) to address the under-reporting of adverse drug reaction in Nigeria, where millions of people use antiretroviral, anti-tuberculosis, and anti-malaria drugs. The drug safety surveillance programme runs in major public hospitals but is managed by the National Pharmacovigilance Center in collaboration with IHVN. The goal is to ensure public and global health, while the primary outcome is the reporting of adverse drug reactions to the Uppsala Monitoring Centre, through the Nigerian National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). Pharmacovigilance training and the publishing of papers are secondary outcomes. Methods The drug safety surveillance programme in Nigeria combines six key activities: collaboration between government and the private sector; the training of medical doctors, pharmacists, and nurses; establishment of pharmacovigilance centres in public hospitals; development of platforms for submitting individual case safety reports; the publishing of peer-review articles; and submission of individual case safety reports. To ensure sustainability, we collaborated with the Nigerian Government and research institutions, and trained only government health-care workers, who were randomly selected from a pool of applicants that applied to advertisements in three national newspapers. Findings Between 2004 and 2016, Nigeria's National Pharmacovigilance Center received 16 500 individual case safety reports out of 80 000 adverse drug reaction reporting forms. The number of health-care workers who were trained in the reporting of adverse drug reactions was fewer than 300 and there was no training model during this time. However, between 2014 and 2018 when Operation Save the World from Adverse Drug Reactions was introduced and implemented, more than 5000 individual case safety reports, with more than 40 000 reactions were submitted. Furthermore, more than 3000 health-care workers have been trained in the reporting of adverse drug reactions, and a Structured Pharmacovigilance and Training Initiative (SPHARTI) model has been developed, with two peer-reviewed articles published. Serious adverse drug reactions, such as bilateral gynaecomastia, violent psychiatric disorders, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have also been reported. Interpretation The drug safety surveillance programme Operation Save the World from Adverse Drug Reactions has increased the reporting of adverse drug reactions in Nigeria and increased the critical mass of qualified health-care workers trained in the reporting of adverse drug reactions. The strength of the programme is in the combination of the six key activities. Challenges remain in establishing causality of the reported reactions and operating the programme at primary health centres. Funding US PEPFAR.
Published: 2019

50. Using Mobile Health to Support Clinical Decision-Making to Improve Maternal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Ghana: Insights of Frontline Health Worker Information Needs

Author: Evelyn K. Ansah, Ebenezer Oduro-Mensah, Gbenga A. Kayode, Hannah Brown Amoakoh, Irene Akua Agyepong, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Diederick E Grobbee, Edith Frimpong, Charity Sarpong, and Mary Amoakoh-Coleman
Subjects: Unstructured Supplementary Service Data, Adult, Short Message Service, 020205 medical informatics, Health Informatics, Information needs, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Information technology, Health informatics, Ghana, maternal health, information retrieval systems, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Pregnancy, Health care, Infant Mortality, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, mHealth, Quality of Health Care, Original Paper, business.industry, Infant, health care systems, neonatal health, developing countries, decision-making, medicine.disease, Decision Support Systems, Clinical, T58.5-58.64, Telemedicine, Maternal Mortality, Female, Medical emergency, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business
Abstract: BackgroundDeveloping and maintaining resilient health systems in low-resource settings like Ghana requires innovative approaches that adapt technology to context to improve health outcomes. One such innovation was a mobile health (mHealth) clinical decision-making support system (mCDMSS) that utilized text messaging (short message service, SMS) of standard emergency maternal and neonatal protocols via an unstructured supplementary service data (USSD) on request of the health care providers. This mCDMSS was implemented in a cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT) in the Eastern Region of Ghana. ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the pattern of requests made to the USSD by health workers (HWs). We assessed the relationship between requests made to the USSD and types of maternal and neonatal morbidities reported in health facilities (HFs). MethodsFor clusters in the intervention arm of the CRCT, all requests to the USSD during the 18-month intervention period were extracted from a remote server, and maternal and neonatal health outcomes of interest were obtained from the District Health Information System of Ghana. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the proportion and type of requests made to the USSD by cluster, facility type, and location; whether phones accessing the intervention were shared facility phones or individual-use phones (type-of-phone); or whether protocols were accessed during the day or at night (time-of-day). Trends in requests made were analyzed over 3 6-month periods. The relationship between requests made and the number of cases reported in HFs was assessed using Spearman correlation. ResultsIn total, 5329 requests from 72 (97%) participating HFs were made to the intervention. The average number of requests made per cluster was 667. Requests declined from the first to the third 6-month period (44.96% [2396/5329], 39.82% [2122/5329], and 15.22% [811/5329], respectively). Maternal conditions accounted for the majority of requests made (66.35% [3536/5329]). The most frequently accessed maternal conditions were postpartum hemorrhage (25.23% [892/3536]), other conditions (17.82% [630/3536]), and hypertension (16.49% [583/3536]), whereas the most frequently accessed neonatal conditions were prematurity (20.08% [360/1793]), sepsis (15.45% [277/1793]), and resuscitation (13.78% [247/1793]). Requests made to the mCDMSS varied significantly by cluster, type of request (maternal or neonatal), facility type and its location, type-of-phone, and time-of-day at 6-month interval (P
Published: 2019

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

91 results on '"Gbenga A Kayode"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources