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Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the association between sleep quality with headache frequency in migraine patients and also to evaluate migraine trigger and non-headache symptoms in episodic and chronic migraine groups and evaluation of the same in poor and good sleepers (GSs) in migraine population. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional and observational study in a tertiary care hospital of East India between January 2018 and September 2020, migraine patients were evaluated. Migraine patients were divided into two groups: Episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) group according to ICHD 3 b classification and into poor sleepers (PSs, Global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] >5) and GSs (Global PSQI ≤5). Sleep was evaluated using PQSI – a self-rated questionnaire and disease pattern, associated non-headache symptoms, and triggers were evaluated in between groups. Demographic, headache character, and sleep parameters including seven “component” scores: Subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleeps duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction and global PQSI were compared between groups (EM and CM). Similar parameters were also compared between PSs and GSs group. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ2 test for categorical variables and the t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Correlation between two normally distributed numerical was tested by Pearson correlation coefficient assessment. Results: One hundred migraine patients were analyzed, among which 57 were PSs and 43 were GSs and 51 patients had EM and 49 patients had CM. Moderately significant “r” value noted in between headache frequency and global PQSI score (r = 0.45, P < 0.01). In non-headache symptoms, blurring of vision (EM 8 [16%] and CM 16 [33%] P = 0.05), nasal congestion (EM – 3 [6%] and CM – 12 [24%], P = 0.01), and cervical muscle tenderness (EM– 23 [45%] and CM – 34 [69%], P = 0.01) were more prevalent in chronic headache group along with allodynia (EM – 11 [22%] and CM – 25 [51%], P < 0.01). Conclusion: Chronic headache group had poor subjective sleep quality, increased sleep latency, decreased sleep duration, decreased sleep efficiency, and increased sleep disturbance in comparison to episodic group which has therapeutic implication. The non-headache symptoms which are more prevalent in CM patients increase the overall disability.

A digital comparator is a hardware electronic device or a combinational logic circuit. It is capable of comparing two numbers as input in binary form and determines the output. In the previous designs like in the design of XOR-XNOR(XE) with cross-coupled p-MOS, even though it occupies less area, the full swing output voltage can’t be able to produce which creates a problem when the bit width increases. To avoid this kind of disadvantages we are designing a N-bit digital comparator in a way such that it produces full swing output voltage with the improved power efficiency as well as the transistor count in the circuit also decreases. So that it can be used in several applications like scientific computations and test circuit applications etc.

The public is quickly becoming more aware of the fact that wearing a face mask prevents the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The use of a mask alone is insufficient to provide an effective level of protection against COVID-19; masks should be used as part of a complete strategy of actions to suppress transmission and save lives. Keep yourself safe if COVID-19 is spreading in your neighbourhood by following a few easy safety steps, including as keeping a physical distance, donning a mask, keeping rooms well-ventilated, avoiding crowds, washing your hands, and coughing into a bent elbow or tissue. The research around the general public's usage of masks to prevent COVID-19 transmission is developing quickly. In the course of this narrative review, we create an analytical framework to understand the use of masks, synthesising the pertinent literature to provide information on a number of topics, including population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. COVID-19 is known to spread mostly through respiratory particles, and it can spread from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic people. Limiting connections with sick individuals by physical separation and other precautions, as well as lowering the risk of transmission per encounter, are necessary for preventing the spread of disease. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. When compliance is high, wearing a mask in public helps to stop the infection from spreading. Given these shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an efficient kind of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and obtained in-tuned with tracing strategies. The aim of this paper is to analyze and critically discuss the regulations, which require protective masks in public to conform to similar regulations already in place in other countries.Self structured questionnaire was prepared and circulated among a sample size of 100 adults and the result was analysed using software IBM SPSS.

For the majority of patients, oral administration is the preferred method of drug delivery. Tablets and capsules are the most often used oral solid dose forms all over the world. Around 30% of patients have had trouble swallowing tablets and capsules, according to reports. When spit comes into contact with the dose frames, they swiftly degrade, releasing the medication, reducing the amount of water required throughout the organisation. These distinguishing characteristics appeal to both paediatric and geriatric patients. Gulping difficulties with standard pills and containers are frequent in people of all ages, but especially in the elderly and dysphagia patients. [1] Furthermore, robust oral conveyance frameworks do not necessitate sterilisation. The rapid dissolving drug delivery system has played an important role in adapting and meeting the needs of patients. The oral course organisation is the most important method that has been credited with having a fundamental impact. The conventional tablet is widely recognised as the most popular pharmaceutical measurement shape because of its ease of transportation and low assembly cost. These structures break down fast in the mouth, increasing bioavailability. Mouth dissolving doses are a type of quick-dissolving measuring construction.

Headache medicine treatment is perceived as a specialist in the adjunctive anticipation of cardiovascular occasions, and ongoing rules likewise characterize the job of aspirin in fundamental evasion. This review presents the fundamentals of anti-inflammatory medicine use as far as stream rules, makes sense of the elements that might influence the adequacy of ibuprofen treatment in the anticipation of cardiovascular illness, and momentarily surveys models for the reason increment. Proof backings the utilization of anti-inflammatory medicine in the deliberate and fundamental counteraction of cardiovascular occasions in specific populaces, yet commonsense models might need. Aspirin ought to be painstakingly thought to be as an essential and judicious cardiovascular infection anticipation technique in all grown-up patients in danger and requires further activity, like patient instruction, to guarantee appropriate use. Headache medicine is the premise of laid out antithrombotic treatment for patients with atherosclerosis, yet significant guideline is conflicting with its utilization in basic prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an acquired primary, usually progressive, melanocytopenia of unknown aetiology clinically manifested by circumscribed achromic macules and histologically by degeneration and disappearance of melanocytes in involved skin. Childhood vitiligo deserves special attention as it has unique epidemiological features. We wanted to determine, compare and analyze the clinical and epidemiological features and autoimmune disease associations in childhood vitiligo and adult vitiligo. METHODS It was a prospective cross-sectional observational hospital-based clinical study conducted in a suburban medical college hospital over 20 months which involved 120 patients with vitiligo who were assessed using detailed history and clinical examination for demographic and clinical data. Relevant history and family history were noted. Investigations including complete hemogram, serum biochemistry profile, thyroid profile and fasting plasma glucose examination were performed in all patients. Data were collected, tabulated, and all statistical analysis was done by using SPSS trial version 25 and in MS Excel 2007. RESULTS The majority of patients were in the age group of 16-30 years. Among 60 patients, female preponderance was noted in the study with a percentage of 53.3 % followed by 46 % males in the childhood group. The prevalence of segmental vitiligo was more in children (30 %) than in adults (5 %) which was statistically significant (P= 0.000). In adults, there was a statistically significant higher prevalence (P=0.000) of mucosal vitiligo (30 %) than in children (3.35 %). On performing statistical analysis, thyroid dysfunction (P=0.00) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.01) were found to be significantly more prevalent in adults than in children. CONCLUSIONS This study provides clinical evidence that vitiligo at different ages has different characteristics mainly regarding an increased incidence of segmental vitiligo and a more common positive family history among children than adults. A higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus in adult vitiligo patients compared to children warrants prompt treatment in all detected cases to prevent long-term morbidity and complications.

Career choice is a complex decision in our life. The opportunity to participate in dental education in many countries, especially in the developing ones, is limited to a small percentage of the community. Choosing dentistry as a career option may be due to various reasons, influences like economical status, financial status, social status, and many more. Students also try to make a career choice while studying itself. Meanwhile, choosing dentistry as a job should be accomplished with more precise considerations because changing this job is rarely possible. The changing nature of the dental workforce and the need to retain the services of future members has made it important to understand why current dental students have chosen dentistry as their career. However, the choice of dentistry becomes forceful at times by peer pressure, cultural thrust, or inability to procure medicine. Questions distributed through an online survey were answered by the participants and the results are collected and analyzed statistically. From the results obtained and analyzed the various reasons for choosing dentistry as a carrier was understood. The main reason for choosing dentistry as a career is because majority (42.97%) missed MBBS as their first career choice.

BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease that causes non scarring hair loss. Treatment of moderate to severe AA is challenging without a definitive cure. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) - a novel procedural therapy, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (ILS) and intralesional normal saline (NS) in moderate to severe AA. METHODS A total of 75 patients clinically diagnosed with Alopecia Areata were enrolled and the severity of the disease was assessed by SALT score. Twenty-five patients each in Group A, B and C were treated with PRP, ILS and NS respectively at monthly intervals for four sessions. Improvement in hair regrowth (based on reduction in SALT SCORE) and adverse effects were noted in all cases in each group at each session and one month after the final sitting. Statistical analysis was done using the student's t-test for quantitative values and the chi-square test for qualitative values. RESULTS Males outnumbered females with a percentage of 74.7, whereas females were 25.3 %. Male: female ratio of 2.9:1. Patchy type of AA was the most common clinical type observed (54.66 %), followed by sub totalis (14.66 %). Forty-eight cases (64 %) had a severity grade of S2 (26-50) followed by twenty-three cases (30 %) grade of S3 (51-75). After 20 weeks of treatment, the mean percentage of SALT score improvement with the highest efficacy was seen in the ILS group (63.15 %) followed by the PRP group (37.51 %). Improvement of hair regrowth with the excellent response (66 %) was achieved in ILS followed by 33 % in the PRP group, comparatively rapid reduction in SALT SCORE within four weeks was observed in the ILS group whereas gradual reduction in SALT SCORE was achieved in 8-12 weeks in PRP group. Relapse was seen in 21.7 % of patients in the ILS group and 1 (4.1 %) patient in the PRP group in the follow-up period of four months. No major adverse effects were seen in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy of ILS was more significant than PRP and Placebo but with a higher recurrence rate. Both treatments were extremely safe, with no significant adverse effects.

E-learning has become an essential method and implemented by educational institutions across the world. Physiological change of online education among college students, based on a questionnaire or a Google form. Age among 21 to 25 where more knowledge about online education. Time spent for online classes per day is more than 6 hrs. The effectiveness of online classes varies among age groups. To make awareness about online education. A self structured questionnaire is being prepared and uploaded in Google forms. Increased implementation of technology will increase students' comprehension of content and skill developed. Asynchronous delivery is threaded discussions, e-mail and telephone calls. Education institutions created to deliver knowledge have yet to adopt technology for this purpose. Learning comparison has now been introduced in school. Online education experience is typically asynchronous and also incorporates synchronous elements. Increased implementation of technology will increase students' comprehension of content and skill developed. The study showed that the people who are aged between 21 to 25 are more aware of online education. The p- value of this study is found to be 0.002, (p

Introduction: Citrullus colocynthis is a desert plant of the cucurbitaceae family. C. colocynthis grows in many countries with semi dry lands and that seeds are rich in oil which can encourage their sustainable agriculture to produce an economic biodiesel with a competitive price. Apoptosis, also termed as programmed cell death this is a key regulator of tissue homeostasis. Aim of the Study: To study the induction of bax and activation of caspases hydro ethanolic leaf extract of Citrullus colocynthis (L)- mediated apoptosis in human liver cancer cells Hep G2. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a human liver cancer cell line was procured from the National Centre for Cell science (NCCS), Pune, India. The cytotoxic potential of plant extract was analysed by MTG assay. mRNA expression of BaxmRNA and caspase-mRNA were analysed by Real-Time PCR using gene specific primers and a comparative CT method was used to analyse expression of genes. The data were analysed statistically using Graph pad prism software Version 5. Results: MTT analysis showed that Citrullus colocynthis a significant increase in proliferation of human liver cancer cells (P

Background: Malignancy of the lung has been rising steadily worldwide and exact sub typing has become a necessity for targeted therapy. FNAC alone has its limitations in sub categorization of lung malignancy because of lack of architecture. Cell block preparation from FNAC material with immunohistochemistry panel would supplement the FNAC nding. Objectives: To determine the utility of cell block study using immunostains (TTF 1, Napsin A, p40 and Chromogranin A) in corroborating the ndings of FNAC in the study of malignant lung lesions. Materials and methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was done on the FNAC sample from lung masses followed by cell block study and immunohistochemical staining for (CHROMOGRANIN A, NAPSIN A, p40, TTF1). Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 21 Software. Results: A total of 32 (54.2%) cases were found malignant and 27 (47.3%) cases were found benign. A total 59 cell block were prepared from 32 cases positive for malignancy (PFM) and 27 cases negative for malignancy(NFM). After cell block and immunohistochemical studies, 2 benign lesion were recategorized as malignant and 3 malignant cases recategorized as benign lesion. There was a substantial agreement found between FNAC diagnosis and IHC diagnosis as in both cases the kappa value (฀ coefcient) were found to be 0.747 (between 0.61 - 0.80). Conclusion: The cell block from the aspirated material revealed further architectural and immunohistochemical features which not only conrmed the FNAC diagnosis but helped to recategorize 2 benign and 3 malignant lesion.

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of Propiophenone with Aniline, N-methylaniline, N, N- dimethylaniline, N, N- diethylaniline were measured over the entire composition range at T = (303.15 to 318.15) K (with 5K interval) and atmospheric pressure. Experimental data were used to calculate the deviation of viscosity Δη, excess Gibb’s free energy G*E activation of viscous flow for each binary system, and these excess thermodynamic properties were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain the fitting coefficients and standard deviations. McAllister’s three-body /four-body interaction models were used for the correlation of viscosity data. The studied systems exhibit good intermolecular interactions due to hydrogen ion transfer and charge dispersion in the carbonyl group and NH2 groups of Aniline and Alkyl Substituted Anilines. Experimental results are useful in various pharmaceutical industries.

Visual inspection of peripheral blood samples is a critical step in the leukemia diagnostic process. Automated solutions based on artificial vision approaches can accelerate this procedure, while also improving accuracy and uniformity of response in telemedicine applications. In this study, we propose a novel GBHSV-Leuk method to segment and classify Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cancer cells. GBHSV-Leuk is a two staged process. The first stage involves pre-processing, which uses the Gaussian Blurring (GB) technique to blur the noise and reflections in the image. The second stage involves segmentation using the Hue Saturation Value (HSV) technique and morphological operations to differentiate between the foreground and background colors, which improve the accuracy of prediction. The proposed method attains 96.30% accuracy when applied on the private dataset, and 95.41% accuracy when applied on the ALL-IDB1 public dataset. This work would facilitate early detection of ALL cancer.