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A uniform and compact hole blocking layer is necessary for a high performance perovskite solar cells, as it not only serves as an electron collector but also represses the electron recombination by blocking direct contact between the transparent conducting oxide and the perovskite layer. So far, highly performing perovskite solar cells have been achieved using a blocking layer that requires sintering at high temperatures (> 450 °C). In this study, reactive magnetron sputtering was used to synthesise crystalline anatase TiO2 thin film blocking layer at a moderate temperature (150 °C). The influence of block layer thickness on the photovoltaic performance is scrutinised. A high performance of 8.7% power conversion efficiency was obtained for perovskite solar cells with a 76 nm thick TiO2 blocking layer. This low temperature synthesis method will extend the choice of substrate to cheap and flexible polymer substrates. The surface plasma treatment prior to the blocking layer deposition was also found to affect the performance of the solar cells.

A plasma gas bubble-in-liquid method for high production of selectable reactive species using a nanosecond pulse generator has been developed. The gas of choice is fed through a hollow needle in a point-to-plate bubble discharge, enabling improved selection of reactive species. The increased interface reactions, between the gas-plasma and water through bubbles, give higher productivity. H2O2 was the predominant species produced using Ar plasma, while predominantly NO3- and NO2 were generated using air plasma, in good agreement with the observed emission spectra. This method has nearly 100% selectivity for H2O2, with seven times higher production, and 92% selectivity for NO3-, with nearly twice the production, compared with a plasma above the water.

Oxygen plasma treatment of TiO2 films has been used to improve the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells. Both a commercial TiO2 sample and a TiO2 thin film synthesized by a sol-gel technique were treated using a custom built inductively coupled plasma apparatus. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that oxygen-plasma treatment increased the number of oxygen functional groups (hydroxyl groups) and introduced some Ti3 + species on the surface of TiO2. A sample solar cell with plasma treated TiO2 showed an overall solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 4.3%, about a 13% increase over untreated TiO2. The photon conversion efficiency for the plasma treated TiO2 was 34% higher than untreated TiO2. This enhanced cell-performance is partly due to increased dye adsorption from an increase in surface oxygen functional groups and also may be partly due to Ti3 + states on the surface of TiO2.

Plasma, generated in liquid at atmospheric pressure by a nanosecond pulsed voltage, was used to fabricate hybrid structures from boron nitride nanotubes and gold nanoparticles in deionized water. The pH was greatly reduced, conductivity was significantly increased, and concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the water were increased by the plasma treatment. The treatment reduced the length of the nanotubes, giving more individual cuplike structures, and introduced functional groups onto the surface. Gold nanoparticles were successively assembled onto the functionalized surfaces. The reactive species from the liquid plasma along with the nanosecond pulsed electric field seem to play a role in the shortening and functionalization of the nanotubes and the assembly of gold nanoparticles. The potential for targeted drug delivery was tested in a preliminary investigation using doxorubicin-loaded plasma-treated nanotubes which were effective at killing ∼99% of prostate cancer cells.

A novel recyclable and flexible membrane was prepared for the removal of oil spills and organic dye pollutants, by functionalizing polyester textiles with reduced graphene oxide@ZnO nanocomposites using a layer-by-layer technique. The membrane showed efficient water/oil separation, and the amount of oil adsorbed by the membrane could be up to 23 times its own weight. The adsorption capacity was largely retained during many adsorption recycling cycles. The membrane also displayed highly efficient removal of a dye pollutant from water under simulated sunlight. The membrane maintained a near-original removal efficiency after five cycles of dye removal. This new type of membrane may find practical applications in the large-scale separation of organic pollutants from water, particularly in the field of oil spills clean-up and dye removal from industrial effluent.