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The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted hundreds of laboratories around the world to employ traditional as well as novel technologies to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The hallmarks of a successful vaccine are safety and efficacy. Analytical evaluation methods, that can ensure the high quality of the products and that can be executed speedily, must be in place as an integral component of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC). These methods or assays are developed to quantitatively test for critical quality attributes (CQAs) of a vaccine product. While clinical (human) efficacy of a vaccine can never be predicted from pre-clinical evaluation of CQA, precise and accurate measurements of antigen content and a relevant biological activity (termed “potency”) elicited by the antigen allow selection of potentially safe and immunogenic doses for entry into clinical trials. All available vaccine technology platforms, novel and traditional, are being utilized by different developers to produce vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. It took less than a year from the publication of SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence to Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the first vaccine, setting a record for speed in the history of vaccine development. The largest ever global demand for vaccines has prompted some vaccine developers to enter multiple manufacturing partnerships in different countries in addition to implementing unprecedented scale-up plans. Quantitative, robust, and rapid analytical testing for CQA of a product is essential in ensuring smooth technology transfer between partners and allowing analytical bridging between vaccine batches used in different clinical phases leading up to regulatory approvals and commercialization. We discuss here opportunities to improve the speed and quality of the critical batch release and characterization assays.

This online workshop Accelerating Global Deletion of the Abnormal Toxicity Test for vaccines and biologicals. Planning common next steps was organized on October 14th, 2021, by the Animal Free Safety Assessment Collaboration (AFSA), the Humane Society International (HSI), the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), in collaboration with the International Alliance of Biological Standardization (IABS). The workshop saw a participation of over a hundred representatives from international organizations, pharmaceutical industries and associations, and regulatory authorities of 28 countries. Participants reported on country- and region-specific regulatory requirements and, where present, on the perspectives on the waiving and elimination of the Abnormal Toxicity Test. With AFSA, HSI, EFPIA and IABS representatives as facilitators, the participants also discussed specific country/global actions to further secure the deletion of ATT from all regulatory requirements worldwide.

A potency or potency-indicating assay is a regulatory requirement for the release of every lot of a vaccine. Potency is a critical quality attribute that is also monitored as a stability indicator of a vaccine product. In essence, a potency measurement is a test of the functional integrity of the antigen and is intended to ensure that the antigen retains immunocompetence, i.e., the ability to stimulate the desired immune response, in its final formulation. Despite its central importance, there is incomplete clarity about the definition and expectation of a potency assay. This article provides a perspective on the purpose, value, and challenges associated with potency testing for vaccines produced by new technologies. The focus is on messenger RNA vaccines in the light of experience gained with recombinant protein-based vaccines, which offer the opportunity to directly correlate in vitro antigenicity with in vivo immunogenicity. The challenges with developing immunologically relevant in vitro assays are discussed especially for multivalent vaccine products, the importance of which has been reinforced by the ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Immunoassay-based release of multivalent vaccine products, such as those containing multiple antigens from different variants or serotypes of the same virus, require antibodies that are selective for each antigen and do not significantly cross-react with the others. In the absence of such exclusively specific antibodies, alternative functional assays with demonstrable correlation to immunogenicity may be acceptable. Initiatives for geographically distributed vaccine technology facilities should include establishing these assay capabilities to enable rapid delivery of vaccines globally.

Transition to in vitro alternative methods to in vivo in vaccine release testing and characterization, the implementation of the consistency approach, and a drive towards international harmonization of regulatory requirements are most pressing needs in the field of vaccines. It is critical for global vaccine community to work together to secure effective progress towards animal welfare and to ensure that vaccines of ever higher quality can reach the populations in need in the shortest possible timeframe. Advancements in the field, case studies, and experiences from Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) were the topics discussed by an international gathering of experts during a recent conference titled “Animal Testing for Vaccines – Implementing Replacement, Reduction and Refinement: Challenges and Priorities”. This conference was organized by the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS), and held in Bangkok, Thailand on December 3 and 4 2019. Participants comprised stakeholders from many parts of the world, including vaccine developers, manufacturers and regulators from Asia, Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. In interactive workshops and vibrant panel discussions, the attendees worked together to identify the remaining barriers to validation, acceptance and implementation of alternative methods, and how harmonization could be promoted, especially for LMICs., Highlights • Update on the current status of vaccines reduce, replace and refine opportunities. • Update on the drivers and barriers identified for the validation, acceptance and implementation of alternative methods. • Update on the drivers and barriers identified for the implementation of 3Rs in developing countries. • Propose a way forward for the global implementation of 3Rs in the vaccines' area.

A genetically modified, recombinant form of Newcastle Disease Virus (rNDV) undergoes ionic strength-dependent changes in morphology, as observed by cryo-electron microscopy (cEM). In hypotonic solutions with ionic strengths ranging from < 0.01 to 0.02 M, rNDV virions are spherical or predominantly spherical. In isotonic and hypertonic solutions, rNDV displays pleomorphism and contains a mixed population of spherical and elongated particles, indicating that a change from spherical to elongated shape is induced with increasing salt concentration. This ionic strength-dependent transition islargely reversible, as determined by cEM. Concomitantly, we measured infectious titers of these same rNDV samples at different ionic strengths using a Fluorescent Focus Assay (FFA). The infectivity of oncolytic rNDV was found to be independent of ionic strength ranging from 0.01 M to approximately 0.5 M. These structural and functional observations, in combination, suggest that infectivity (and, by inference, oncolytic activity) of rNDV virions is fully maintained in their pleomorphic forms.IMPORTANCE Oncolytic viruses are being developed for cancer therapy, as they selectively target, infect and kill cancer cells. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is particularly attractive because while it is pathogenic to avians (e.g., chickens), it does not cause significant viremia in humans. We have developed a genetically modified, recombinant NDV (rNDV) that has much reduced pathogenicity in chickens but is highly oncolytic. The morphology of rNDV transitions from spherical at very low salt concentrations to a heterogeneous population of spherical and elongated virions in isotonic (physiologic salt concentration) and hypertonic solutions. The infectivity (cell killing activity by infecting cells) of rNDV is unaltered by changes in salt concentration, despite morphological changes. These observations are significant for purification and formulation of rNDV, as exposure to different salt concentrations may be needed. Importantly, at physiologic salt concentration, relevant to clinical testing, infectivity and, therefore, oncolytic activity will not be compromised despite morphological heterogeneity.

This one-day symposium organized by Humane Society International (HSI) brought together 18 international experts from Argentina, Brazil, China, Europe, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States to discuss the elimination of the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) from the testing requirements for human vaccines as well as the target animal batch safety test (TABST) and the laboratory animal batch safety test (LABST) for veterinary vaccines. Participants reported on country-specific regulatory requirements and, where present, the perspectives on waiver and elimination of those tests. In addition, the attendees, with HSI in the role of facilitator, moved to define the barriers to the complete elimination or waiving of these tests. This report expounds the outcomes of the symposium, and introduces a proposed roadmap - populated with country specific activities - for the elimination of these tests.

Adjuvants are typically used in subunit vaccine formulations to enhance immune responses elicited by individual antigens. Physical chemical characterization of novel adjuvants is an important step in ensuring their effective use in vaccine formulations. This paper reports application of a panel of quantitative assays developed to analyze and characterize an oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion, which contains glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) and is a squalene-based emulsion. GLA is a fully synthetic analogue of monophosphoryl lipid A, which is a Toll-like receptor type 4 agonist and an FDA-approved adjuvant. The GLA-stable emulsion (GLA-SE) is currently being used for a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in a phase 2 clinical trial. GLA was quantitated using reverse-phased high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to a mass spectrometric detector, achieving higher assay sensitivity than the charged aerosol detection routinely used. Quantitation of the excipients of GLA-SE, including squalene, egg phosphatidyl choline, and Poloxamer 188, was achieved using a simple and rapid RP-HPLC method with evaporative light scattering detection, eliminating chemical derivatization typically required for these chromophore-lacking compounds. DL-α-tocopherol, the antioxidant of the GLA-SE, was quantitated using a RP-HPLC method with conventional UV detection. The experimental results compared well with values expected for these compounds based on targeted composition of the adjuvant. The assays were applied to identify degradation of individual components in a GLA-SE sample that degraded into distinct aqueous and oil phases. The methods developed and reported here are effective tools in monitoring physicochemical integrity of the adjuvant, as well as in formulation studies.

The effects of 2 squalene-based emulsion adjuvant systems (MedImmune emulsion 0 [ME.0] and Stable Emulsion [SE]) on the structure and stability of the recombinant protein antigen alpha-toxin (AT), a potential vaccine candidate for Staphylococcus aureus infection, were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and both steady-state and time-resolved intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A component study, performed to identify the effects of the individual emulsion's components, showed negligible interactions between AT and ME.0. DSC analysis showed the ME.0 emulsion thermally destabilized AT, probably because of changes in the buffer composition of AT upon mixing. The SE emulsion caused increased alpha-helix and decreased beta-sheet content in AT, and a significant blue shift in the fluorescence spectra relative to that of AT in solution. DSC analysis showed SE exerted a dramatic thermal stabilization effect on AT, probably attributable to an interaction between AT and SE. Size exclusion chromatography showed a complete loss in the recovery of AT when mixed with SE, but not ME.0, indicating a high degree of interaction with SE. This work successfully characterized the biophysical properties of AT in the presence of 2 emulsion adjuvants including a component study to rationalize how emulsion components affect protein antigen stability.

In next generation wireless networks (i.e., 4G and beyond), one of the main objectives is to ensure highest level of customer satisfaction in terms of data transfer speed, decrease in cost and delay, non-rejection and no drop of calls, availability of ‘always-on’ connectivity and services, continuity of connected services, hastle-free roaming in addition to the convenience of use of network services from anywhere and anytime. To take care of these requirements effectively, internet service providers (ISPs) and network planners have to go for major capacity enhancement of network resources and at the same time these resources are to be used effectively and efficiently to reduce cost and to increase revenue. In this work, the effective bandwidth available in a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) of a wireless network providing multi-class multimedia services is analyzed. Bandwidth requirement of the users for a customized Quality of Service (QoS) is estimated. The findings of the QoS estimation are applied for the capacity planning and admission control of the multi-class traffic flows coming into the MSC., {"references":["Anjali, T., Scoglio, C., & Uhl, G. (2003). A new scheme for traffic estimation and resource allocation for bandwidth brokers. Computer Networks, 41, 761-777.","Asuquo, D. E., Williams, E. E., & Nwachukwu, E. O. (2014). A Survey of Call Admission Control Schemes in Wireless Cellular Networks. 5 (2).","Bhattacharjee, P., & Sanyal, G. (2008). Design Tool for an Edge Router using Appropriate Mathematical Model. International Journal of Systematics, Cybernetics and Informatics.","Bhattacharjee, P., & Sanyal, G. (2006). Study of Stoachastic Characteristic of traffic on a High Speed Network. ADCOM (pp. 648-651). IEEE Xplore.","Chen, P. N. (2000). Generalization of Gartner-Ellis theorem. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 46 (7), 2752-2760.","Chiera, B., Krzesinski, A., & Taylor, P. (2003). 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N., & Patil, D. S. (2015). QOS Evaluation of Call Admission Control for a 4G Network. 4 (6), 464-467.\n[13]\tKolate, V. S., Patil, G. I., & Bhide, A. S. (2012). Call Admission Control Schemes and Handoff Prioritization in 3G Wireless Mobile Networks. 1 (3), 92-97.\n[14]\tMa, Y., Han, J. J., & Trivedi, K. S. (2002). Call Admission Control for Reducing Dropped Calls in CDMA Cellular Systems. Computer Communications, 25 (7), 689-699.\n[15]\tMandjes, M., & Ridder, A. (1999). Optimal trajectory to overflow in a queue fed by a large number of sources. Queueing Systems: Theory and Applications, 31 (1/2), 137 - 170.\n[16]\tMitra, D., & Weinberger, P. (1984). Probablistic Models of Database locking: Solutions, Computational Algorithms and Asymptotics. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 31 (4), 855-878.\n[17]\tMohan, N., & Ravichandran, T. (2009). An Efficient Multiclass Call Admission Control and Adaptive Scheduling for WCDMA Wireless Network. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33 (4), 718-727.\n[18]\tMortier, R. (2002). Internet Traffic Engineering. Cambridge: University.\n[19]\tPandit, C., & Meyn, S. (2006). Robust Measurement-Based Admission Control Using Markov's Theory of Canonical Distributions. National Science Foundation under Award Nos. ECS 02 17836 and ITR 00-85929, 1-30.\n[20]\tRao, S. S., Chalam, S. V., & Rao, D. S. (2011). Performance analysis of Call Admission Control algorithm for Wireless Multimedia networks. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 11 (8), 1-5.\n[21]\tReid, T. F., & Kulkarni, V. G. (2005). An Upper Bound on Overflow Probability in Transient Source Systems. Chapel Hill: Air Force Institute of Technology, University of North Carolina.\n[22]\tScott, S. L., & Smyth, P. (2003). The Markov Modulated Poisson Process and Markov Poisson Cascade with Applications to Web Traffic Modeling. Bayesian Statistics, 1-10.\n[23]\tSerfozo, R. F. (1993). Queuing networks with dependent nodes and concurrent movements. Journal of Queuing System, 13 (1-3), 143-182.\n[24]\tVeiga, M. F., García, C. L., Ardao, J. L., & González, A. S. (2003). On the effectiveness of the many-sources asymptotic for admission control. Computer Communications, 26 (12), 1376-1399.\n[25]\tVerma, S., & Tomar, G. S. (2011). Call Admission Control and Hand Off Techniques for 3-G and Beyond Mobile Networks. 1 (1), 31-42."]}

Encryption is a process or algorithm to make information hidden or secret and considered as a subset of cryptography. Using encryption data are being transformed into some another form that appears to be meaningless and incomprehensible. Here we have embedded encrypted data bits about the entire image to some suitable nonlinear pixel positions using key. After that we have formed several shares of image and key using R, G and B components and character or digits respectively. At the decryption end through appropriate arrangement of shares of image and key, make possible to retrieve hidden data bits from stego-image and reform into its original content.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) has been emerged as a promising technology thanks to the recent advances in mechanics, networking, and information technologies. However, there is still a great deal of additional research required before it finally becomes a mature technology. This article concentrates on two factors which are holding back the development of VANETs. Firstly, there is a lack of traffic analysis & modeling for VANETs. Secondly, network optimization for VANETs needs more investigation. Among these two factors, the understanding regarding the traffic dynamics within VANETs provide a basis for further works on network optimization and anomaly detection for VANETs.

The post-fusion form of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein has been used recently in clinical trials as a potential vaccine antigen with the objective of eliciting protective immune response against RSV. In this paper, in vitro antigenicity and in vivo immunogenicity of recombinant, soluble F protein of RSV (RSVsF) were evaluated by several assays. In Vitro Relative Potency (IVRP) of RSVsF was measured in a sandwich ELISA using two antibodies, each specific for epitope site A or C. Therefore, IVRP reflected the integrity of the antigen in terms of changes in antibody binding affinity of either or both of these sites. RSVsF samples with a wide range of IVRP values were generated by applying UV irradiation (photo) and high temperature (heat) induced stress for varying lengths of time. These samples were characterized in terms of stress induced modifications in primary and secondary structures as well as aggregation of RSVsF. Immunogenicity, also referred to as In vivo potency, was measured by induction of total F-protein specific IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies in mice dosed with these RSVsF samples. Comparison of results between IVRP and these immunogenicity assays revealed that IVRP provided a sensitive read-out of the integrity of epitope sites A and C, and a conservative and reliable evaluation of the potency of RSVsF as a vaccine antigen. This high throughput and fast turn-around assay allowed us to efficiently screen many different RSVsF antigen lots, thereby acting as an effective filter for ensuring high quality antigen that delivered in vivo potency. In vitro and in vivo potencies were further probed at the level of individual epitope sites, A and C. Results of these experiments indicated that site A was relatively resistant to stress induced loss of potency, in vitro or in vivo, compared to site C.

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that has no significant pathogenicity in humans. Cancer cells with impaired immune defense mechanisms are susceptible to infection and lysis by NDV. A recombinant construct of a lentogenic form of NDV (rNDV) containing an insertion of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) transgene was earlier reported and shown to have acceptably low avian pathogenicity as well as oncolytic potential. Reliable measurement of infectious titer is key to determining the effectiveness of virus preparations to infect and lyse cells. We report here a comparative evaluation of two infectious titer assays as applied to rNDV: plaque assay and fluorescent focus assay (FFA). Optimization of assay conditions for both titer methods has produced concordant results spanning several orders of magnitude. While plaque formation is the gold standard measure of virus titer, FFA provides higher throughput and faster turn-around. FFA has been further evaluated on two different instrument platforms, for automated versus manual foci recognition and counting, with equivalent results. These results point to amenability of FFA to transfer between different laboratories and analysts, without introducing significant subjectivity in data analysis.

In the recent years opinion mining plays an important role by business analyst before launching a product. Opinion mining mainly concerns about detecting and extracting the feature from various opinion rich resources like review sites, discussion forum, blogs and news corpora so on. The data obtained from those are highly unstructured in nature and very large in volume, therefore data preprocessing plays an essential role in sentiment analysis. Researchers are trying to develop newer algorithm. This research paper attempts to develop a better opinion mining algorithm and the performance has been worked out.

The use of digital media or information is very precarious for increasing of hacker in the nation. So the information security is one of the commanding articles to shield it. The biometric information security is one information security mechanism, which is powerful than conventional cryptography system. The biometric system plays a vital role in person recognition. The main reason of biometry is so popular in security, because there is no risk if something might be lost or stolen in case of traditional IDs and passwords. After several comparisons among possible features of a human face geometry processing approaches, an authorized person recognition system have been designed and developed. Freely accessible sample faces of different persons are used in this novel biometric authentication system. Furthermore, the functionality to extract features of face has been implemented to compare the new samples with user templates. The implementation has been evaluated by the FAR (False Acceptance Rate) and FRR (False Rejection Rate) of the system in order to reduce FAR. Examining the Distance between some objects of faces and angles between objects points are used in this system and this is the novelty.

Maintain the security of the secret informat ion", this words has been a great challenge in our day to day life. Sender can send messages regularly through a co mmunicat ion channel like Internet, draws the attention of third parties, hackers and crackers, perhaps causing attempts to break and expose the unusual messages. Steganography is a gifted region which is used for secured data transmission over any public med ia. Wide quantity of research work has been established by different researchers on steganography. Steganalysis is an art and science of detecting messages hidden using steganography. Some research work has also been remarked in the field of Steganalysis also. In this contribution, we have gone through steganalysis attack of some established text steganography tools.

Although β-lactams have been the most effective class of antibacterial agents used in clinical practice for the past half century, their effectiveness on Gram-negative bacteria has been eroded due to the emergence and spread of β-lactamase enzymes that are not affected by currently marketed β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Avibactam is a novel, covalent, non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor presently in clinical development in combination with either ceftaroline or ceftazidime. In vitro studies show that avibactam may restore the broad-spectrum activity of cephalosporins against class A, class C, and some class D β-lactamases. Here we describe the structures of two clinically important β-lactamase enzymes bound to avibactam, the class A CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase and the class C Pseudomonas aeruginosa AmpC β-lactamase, which together provide insight into the binding modes for the respective enzyme classes. The structures reveal similar binding modes in both enzymes and thus provide a rationale for the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of avibactam. Identification of the key residues surrounding the binding pocket allows for a better understanding of the potency of this scaffold. Finally, avibactam has recently been shown to be a reversible inhibitor, and the structures provide insights into the mechanism of avibactam recyclization. Analysis of the ultra-high-resolution CTX-M-15 structure suggests how the deacylation mechanism favors recyclization over hydrolysis.

In current digitized world humane race is facing a great revolution over Internet technologies, as a result every single information needs to be transmitted through a communication network. This results a different level of attack over these information. This attacks, misuse or unauthorized access of this information are greatest concern of today‟s world. Steganography means “covered or hidden writing”, originated from Greek language, an ancient art of protecting information. Considerable amount of work has been carried out by different researchers on Steganography. In this paper the authors propose a novel text steganography method based on ASCII Mapping Technology (AMT) on English language producing stego text with which is visibly indistinguishable from the original cover text. There is an extra level of security which is achieved through a derived quantum gate. This solution is independent of the nature of the data to be hidden and produces a stego text with minimum degradation and applicable for other India languages also. Quality of the stego text is analyzed by tradeoff between no of bits used for mapping. Efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by exhaustive experimental results and comparisons.

Internet technologies are now charring a vital role in our day to day life. It has the advantages along with the disadvantages also, which in term generates the requirements of information hiding technology for maintaining the secrecy of the secret information. Extensive amount of work has been carried out by different researchers in this field. In this paper, a novel special domain image Steganography method has been proposed which has been design based as an extension of the PMM method.

Advancement in technology has made the traffic of digital image mainly in the field of medical application a daily routine. Now a day's transmission of medical image especially over wireless is very common. But with the concern for security of image is also growing proportionally resulting from the increasing amount of imaging data. Two important measures for evaluating an encryption system are speed of encryption and security levels. Low computational cost and low storage requirement is the demand of mass. A lot of researches [1-12] have been made to give the image the maximum security level by means of an encryption system which runs in resource constrained device. Selective Encryption is an approach to reduce the computational resources for large imaging data. In this technique a part of image is encrypted keeping the remaining part unencrypted. Here we apply a static HUFFMAN coding for compressing image data and apply Selective Encryption with our proposed algorithm. The experimental study shows that above 90% damage of original file can be achieved by only encrypting 60% to 70 of original file using the proposed technique.

In this paper, an approach is presented to investigate the performance of Pixel Factor Mapping (PFM) and Extended PMM (Pixel Mapping Method) through the qualitative and quantitative approach. These methods are tested against a number of well-known image similarity metrics and statistical distribution techniques. 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EL-Emam, \"Hiding a large amount of data with high security using steganography algorithm,\" Journal of Computer Science, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 223-232, April 2007.","Indradip Banerjee, Souvik Bhattacharyya and Gautam Sanyal, \"Study and Analysis of Steganography with Pixel Factor Mapping (PFM) Method\", International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2013.","Indradip Banerjee, Souvik Bhattacharyya and Gautam Sanyal, \"Robust image steganography with pixel factor mapping (PFM) technique\", Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2014 International Conference on 5-7 March 2014. Page(s): 692 - 698, Print ISBN: 978-93-80544-10-6. Publisher: IEEE Xplore Digital Library.","Indradip Banerjee, Souvik Bhattacharyya and Gautam Sanyal. \"Hiding & Analyzing Data in Image Using Extended PMM\". 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H. Kent, H. R. Bellinson and B. I. Hart; The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun., 1941), pp. 153-162.\n[22]\tYuli Zhang, Huaiyu Wu,Lei Cheng (June 2012). Some new deformation formulas about variance and covariance. Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control (ICMIC2012). pp. 987–992.\n[23]\t\"Academician Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (obituary)\". Russian Mathematical Surveys 43: 1–9. 1988. \n[24]\tGiven, Lisa M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage Publications. ISBN 1-4129-4163-6.\n[25]\tYusra A. Y. Al-Najjar, Dr. Der Chen Soong, \"Comparison of Image Quality Assessment: PSNR, HVS, SSIM, UIQI\", International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 8, August-2012 ISSN 2229-5518\n[26]\ta. L. M. Jean-Bernard Martens, \"Image dissimilarity\", Signal Processing, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 155-176, 1998.\n[27]\tJ.L. Rodgers, J.L. and W.A. Nicewander, \"Thirteen Ways to Look at the Correlation Coefficient\", American Statistician 42, 59-66 (1995).\n[28]\tLehmann, E. L.; Casella, George (1998). Theory of Point Estimation (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98502-6.\n[29]\tA. A. C. B. Zhou Wang, \"A Universal Image Quality Index,\" IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 9, pp. 81-84, 2002.\n[30]\tPedro J. Moreno, Purdy Ho, Nuno Vasconcelos \"A Kullback-Leibler Divergence Based Kernel for SVM Classification in Multimedia Applications\" Conference: Neural Information Processing Systems - NIPS, 2003\n[31]\tPieter-Tjerk De Boer, Dirk P. Kroese, Shie Mannor, Reuven Y. Rubinstein. \"A tutorial on the cross-entropy method.\" Annals of operations research of Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Manufactured in The Netherlands. 134.1 (2005): 19-67."]}

Taxonomy of audio signals containing secret information or not is a security issue addressed in the context of steganalysis. A cover audio object can be converted into a stego-audio object via different steganographic methods. In this work the authors present a statistical method based audio steganalysis technique to detect the presence of hidden messages in audio signals. The conceptual idea lies in the difference of the distribution of various statistical distance measures between the cover audio signals and their denoised versions i.e. stego-audio signals. The design of audio steganalyzer relies on the choice of these audio quality measures and the construction of two-class classifier based on KNN (k nearest neighbor), SVM (support vector machine) and two layer Back Propagation Feed Forward Neural Network (BPN). Experimental results show that the proposed technique can be used to detect the small presence of hidden messages in digital audio data. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed technique.

In this paper we present a work of text steganography. Now a days, maintain the security of the secret information has been a great challenge. Sender can send messages habitually through a communication channel like Internet, draws the attention of third parties, hackers and crackers, perhaps causing attempts to break and expose the unusual messages. Steganography is a promising region which is used for secured data transmission over any public media. Substantial amount of research work has been accepted by different researchers on steganography. In this paper, a text steganography procedure has been planned with the help of an Indian regional language i.e. Oriya language. Text steganography together with quantum approach based on the use of two specific characters and two special characters like invited comas (opening and closing) in Oriya language and mapping technique of quantum gate truth table have been used.

Maintaining the secrecy of information is of great concern today.Steganography is the art and science that hides the information in an appropriate cover carrier like image, text, audio and video media. Considerable amount of work has been carried out by different researchers on steganography. In this work a new transform domain image stenographic technique DWTDM is presented where secret data is embedded in adjacent DWT coefficient differences. The dynamic range of the DWT difference considered while extraction of data which results an efficient and robust stenographic technique which can avoid various image attacks and works perfectly well for both uncompressed and compressed domain. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed technique in terms of security of hidden data and various image similarity metrics.

New antibacterial drugs are urgently needed to combat the growing problem of multidrug resistant bacterial infections. Major advances in bacterial genomics have uncovered many unexploited targets, leading to the possibility of discovering new antibacterials with novel mechanisms that would circumvent resistance. Many of these targets are soluble enzymes that vary in their degrees of mechanistic complexity. Protein crystallography as well as solution based biophysical methods are playing an increasingly important role in selecting, characterizing and validating promising targets as well as identifying and optimizing lead compounds that inhibit their functions. Advances made in recent years in sensitivity, resolution and throughput of biophysical tools are allowing multiple approaches to screening for hits and rational design of leads based on a deeper understanding of structure-activity relationships. However, the path from a lead compound to a safe and efficacious antibacterial drug still remains challenging. Structural and biophysical approaches have had less of an impact on this later phase of discovery than on the lead generation phase.

Though security is nothing new, the way that security has become a part of our daily life is unprecedented. Attacks, misuse or unauthorized access of information is of great concern today which makes the protection of documents through digital media is a priority problem. This urges users to devise new data hiding techniques through steganography principle to protect and secure the data of vital significance. Considerable amount of work has been carried out by different researchers on steganography. In this work the authors propose a novel audio based steganographic method for wav and mp3 format for hiding information. The proposed approach works by selecting the embedding positions using some mathematical function and maps each four bit of the secret message in each of the selected positions in a specified manner. A pseudo random number generator is used here to locate the embedding positions of the message bits randomly. This solution is independent of the nature of the data to be hidden and produces a stego audio with minimum degradation. General Terms Audio Steganography, Information Security.

Steganography is the art and science that hides the information in an appropriate cover carrier like image, text, audio and video media. In this work the authors propose a new image based steganographic method for hiding information within the complex bit planes of the image. After slicing into bit planes the cover image is analyzed to extract the most complex planes in decreasing order based on their bit plane complexity. The complexity function next determines the complex noisy blocks of the chosen bit plane and finally pixel mapping method (PMM) has been used to embed secret bits into those regions of the bit plane. The novel approach of using pixel mapping method (PMM) in bit plane domain adaptively embeds data on most complex regions of image, provides high embedding capacity, better imperceptibility and resistance to steganalysis attack.

Mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied to drug discovery for many years. With the advent of new ionization techniques, MS has emerged as an important analytical tool in identification and characterization of protein targets, structure elucidation of synthetic compounds, and early drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies. Two MS-based strategies, function-based and affinity-based, have been employed in recent years for screening and evaluation of compounds. In the function-based approach, the effects of compounds on the biological activity of a target molecule are measured. In the affinity-based approach, compounds are screened based on their binding affinities to target molecules. The interaction between targets and compounds can be directly evaluated by monitoring the formation of non-covalent target-ligand complexes (direct detection) or indirectly evaluated by detecting the compounds after separating bound compounds from unbound (indirect detection). Various techniques including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-MS, frontal affinity chromatography (FAC)-MS and desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS)-MS can be applied. The recent advances, relative advantages, and limitations of each MS-based method as a tool in compound screening and compound evaluation in the early stages of drug discovery are discussed in this review.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like-particles (VLPs) produced by recombinant expression systems are promising vaccine candidates for prevention of cervical cancers as well as genital warts. At high protein concentrations, HPV VLPs, comprised of the viral capsid protein L1 and expressed and purified from yeast, are protected against detectable aggregation during preparation and storage by high concentrations of NaCl. At low protein concentrations, however, high salt concentration alone does not fully protect HPV VLPs from aggregation. Moreover, the analytical analysis of HPV VLPs proved to be a challenge due to surface adsorption of HPV VLPs to storage containers and cuvettes. The introduction of non-ionic surfactants into HPV VLP aqueous solutions provides significantly enhanced stabilization of HPV VLPs against aggregation upon exposure to low salt and protein concentration, as well as protection against surface adsorption and aggregation due to heat stress and physical agitation. The mechanism of non-ionic surfactant stabilization of HPV VLPs was extensively studied using polysorbate 80 (PS80) as a representative non-ionic surfactant. The results suggest that PS80 stabilizes HPV VLPs mainly by competing with the VLPs for various container surfaces and air/water interfaces. No appreciable binding of PS80 to intact HPV VLPs was observed although PS80 does bind to the denatured HPV L1 protein. Even in the presence of stabilizing level of PS80, however, an ionic strength dependence of HPV VLP stabilization against aggregation is observed indicating optimization of both salt and non-ionic surfactant levels is required for effective stabilization of HPV VLPs in solution.

An enzyme activity assay, based on mass spectrometric (MS) detection of specific reaction product following HPLC separation, has been developed to evaluate pharmaceutical hits identified from primary high throughput screening (HTS) against target enzyme Escherichia coli UDP-N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine ligase (MurC), an essential enzyme in the bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway, and to study the kinetics of the enzyme. A comparative analysis of this new liquid chromatographic-MS (LC-MS) based assay with a conventional spectrophotometric Malachite Green (MG) assay, which detects phosphate produced in the reaction, was performed. The results demonstrated that the LC-MS assay, which determines specific ligase activity of MurC, offers several advantages including a lower background (0.2% versus 26%), higher sensitivity (> or = 10 fold), lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) (0.02 microM versus 1 microM) and wider linear dynamic range (> or = 4 fold) than the MG assay. Good precision for the LC-MS assay was demonstrated by the low intraday and interday coefficient of variation (CV) values (3 and 6%, respectively). The LC-MS assay, free of the artifacts often seen in the Malachite Green assay, offers a valuable secondary assay for hit evaluation in which the false positives from the primary high throughput screening can be eliminated. In addition, the applicability of this assay to the study of enzyme kinetics has also been demonstrated.

Topical evolution in technologies has offered a lot of lavatories in information transmission, reproduction and manipulation. Hence the information security system plays a vital role. The biometric information security is one of the information security mechanisms. Person recognition through Biometric Security is the unique and commanding articles to defense it. The biometric system is at danger from the hackers. The attack programs are establishing the procedure to bypass the security. Together with the steganography mechanism, the risk reduces drastically in biometric systems from the hackers. The objective of steganography is to hide information inside a cover medium like text, image, audio, video etc. through which it is not possible to detect the presence of the secret information. Here in this paper a new security concept has been established by making the system more secure with the help of steganography along with biometric security. Here the biometric information i.e. the face geometry parameters has been embedded to the DWT domain of an image.

Recent growth in digital multimedia technologies has presented a lot of facilities in information transmission, reproduction and manipulation. Therefore, the concept of information security is one of the superior articles in the present day situation. The biometric information security is one of the information security mechanisms. It has the advantages as well as disadvantages. The biometric system is at risk to a range of attacks. These attacks are anticipated to bypass the security system or to suspend the normal functioning. Various hazards have been discovered while using biometric system. Proper use of steganography greatly reduces the risks in biometric systems from the hackers. Steganography is one of the fashionable information hiding technique. The goal of steganography is to hide information inside a cover medium like text, image, audio, video etc. through which it is not possible to detect the existence of the secret information. Here in this paper a new security concept has been established by making the system more secure with the help of steganography along with biometric security. 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Along with color loss, another severe problem of underwater optical imaging is Marine Snow effect which occurs because of back scattering from suspended organic detritus, solid particles or bubbles. Their appearance like tiny sparkling dots often reduces the scene perception and sometimes leads to spurious features on segmentation. This paper is concerned with removal of the marine snow effect from underwater images by a probabilistic approach considering the local statistics of luminance properties after a RGB to YCbCr transform.

Our routine life is carrying an essential dependability on Internet Technologies and their expertise's in various activities. It has advantages and disadvantages. Technology requires information hiding expertise for maintaining the secrecy of the information. Steganography is one of the fashionable information hiding technique. Extensive competence of attempt has been agreed in this land by different researchers. In this contribution, a frequency domain image Steganography method using DCT coefficient has been proposed which has been design based on prime factor mapping technique.

A direct and highly selective method, combining liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), has been developed for quantifying saccharide surfactants. Saccharide surfactants, such as n-octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (NOG), are widely used to solubilize or refold membrane-bound or lipophilic proteins. In the present study, we have developed an LC-MS method to quantify NOG in protein samples. Protein-bound NOG was completely dissociated from proteins by reversed-phase LC, allowing the total amount of saccharide surfactant in protein samples to be quantified by MS. A chemical analog of NOG was used as an internal standard for improving the reproducibility of the method. Linearity was found in the range of 10 microg/mL-1.0 mg/mL NOG concentrations. Seven major surfactant oligomeric ions were detected under the ionization conditions applied and their relative abundance was essentially unchanged over the range of 0.05-1.0 mg/mL NOG concentrations. Consequently, ions with characteristic mass-to-charge ratios could be used for quantification of NOG. Analytical accuracy of the method was examined by determining the amounts of NOG recovered from apolipoprotein A-I and myoglobin samples spiked with NOG.

Human apolipoprotein A-1 was formulated in "Immune Stimulating Complexes" (ISCOMs). The structure of the protein in ISCOMs was examined directly using several biophysical techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, near UV circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectroscopy. Amide I FTIR data indicate that human apolipoprotein A-1 displays a slightly increased alpha-helical content after its incorporation into ISCOMs. Near UV CD and tryptophan fluorescence data suggest that association with ISCOMs results in the tryptophan residues of the protein experiencing a relatively hydrophobic environment, motional restriction, and local electrostatic interactions. These observations are consistent with an increased order in the protein structure upon incorporation in ISCOMs. In addition, biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA), based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements, suggests that the binding affinity of human apolipoprotein A-1 to a monoclonal anti-human apolipoprotein A-1 antibody is moderately decreased (by 20%) after its incorporation into ISCOMs. This study demonstrates that these biophysical techniques can be used to noninvasively monitor integrity of or changes in secondary and tertiary structure of proteins within the ISCOM particles without the need for protein extraction.

Recent growth in digital multimedia technologies has presented a lot of facilities in information transmission, reproduction and manipulation. So the concept of information security is one of the superior articles in the present day situation. The biometric information security is one of the information security mechanisms. It has the advantages and disadvantages also. The biometric system is at risk to a range of attacks. These attacks are anticipated to bypass the security system or to suspend the normal functioning. Various hazards have been discovered while using biometric system. Proper use of steganography greatly reduces the risks in biometric systems from the hackers. Steganography is one of the fashionable information hiding technique. The goal of steganography is to hide information inside a cover medium like text, image, audio, video etc. through which it is not possible to detect the existence of the secret information. Here in this paper a new security concept has been established by making the system more secure with the help of steganography along with biometric security. Here the biometric information has been embedded to a skin tone portion of an image with the help of proposed steganographic technique.

Sea anemones possess small K-channel-blocking peptides about the same size as the scorpion K-channel toxins. We have estimated the secondary structure content (33% helix, 26% β-sheet) of one of these toxins, ShK toxin, using CD, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy. A hypothetical 3D structure of the peptide core has been constructed using secondary structure and disulfide-linkage constraints; a single helical segment running from Ala14 through Leu25 is predicted.

The human receptor for the potent eosinophilopoietic cytokine interleukin-5 (IL-5) consists of two components: a 60-kDa ligand-binding α chain (IL-5αR) and a 130-kDa β chain (IL-5βR). Three ectodomain constructs of the α chain (αRED) bearing C-terminal epitope tags were engineered and expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. Each recombinant α chain was secreted into the medium, maximum expression occurring 72 h post-infection. The various soluble α chains were shown by affinity cross-link labeling and competition with unlabeled IL-5 to bind recombinant human (rh) 125I-IL-5 specifically with an ED50 of 2-5 nM. The epitope tag provided a simple purification of the receptor from conditioned medium using immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified material had an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa and was heterogeneously glycosylated. Sedimentation analysis revealed a 1:1 association of the purified epitope-tagged soluble receptor with its ligand, resulting in the formation of a 70-74-kDa complex. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that the soluble α chain existed with a significantly ordered structure consisting of 42%β-sheet and 6%α-helix. Such analyses combined with fluorescence spectrometry suggested that ligand-receptor complex formation in solution resulted in minimal conformational changes, consistent with the suggestion that the membrane-associated form of the α chain itself has minimal signal transduction capability. Surface plasmon resonance studies of the interaction of the purified αRED with immobilized rhIL-5 revealed a specific, competable interaction with a dissociation constant of 9 nM. Preincubation of an IL-5-dependent cell line with the epitope-tagged αRED also dose-dependently neutralized rhIL-5-induced proliferation. These data demonstrate that biologically active epitope-tagged recombinant soluble IL-5 receptors are facile to produce in large quantities and may have therapeutic utility in the modulation of IL-5-dependent eosinophilia in man.

Steganalysis is art and science of detecting messages hidden using steganography. In this article a novel universal image steganalysis technique is proposed in which various moments like invariant, statistical moments and Zernike and various other similarity measure parameters like MSE, PSNR, RMSE, SSIM, Shannon’s ENTROPY, DC Coefficient, DCT distance, NAE and Average Difference i.e. total 24 features are selected as the features. The proposed steganalysis methods has been designed based on three classifiers i) Back Propagation Neural Network and ii) SVM classifier and iii) K-nearest neighbor classifier. The proposed universal steganalyzer has been tested against few of the various well-known steganographic techniques which operate in both the spatial and transform domains. The experiments are performed using a large data set of JPEG and BMP images obtained from publicly available websites. The image data set is categorized with respect to different features of the image to determine their potential impact on steganalysis performance. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed technique compared to other existing techniques.

Data bits from textual message are encrypted through key to some suitable nonlinear seed pixel positions about the entire image. As a result, we get a watermarked image. After that we have formed three different image shares using any two components of R, G and B of entire watermarked image. The key is also divided into three different logical blocks by digits. By combining any two blocks of key we have formed key shares and have assigned to image shares. Out of those three shares, only addition of any two is able to make the full image or key. At the decryption end through appropriate arrangement of shares of key and image, make possible to retrieve hidden data bits from watermarked image and restructuring into its original content.

Steganography maintain the security of the secret data through a communication channel, which causing attempts to break and reveal the original messages. In this paper, a text steganography technique has been proposed with the help of Bengali language. Text steganography including quantum approach based on the use of two specific characters and two special characters like invited comas (opening and closing) in Bengali language and mapping technique of quantum gate truth table have been used.