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We describe the survey design and science goals for One-hundred-deg2 DECam Imaging in Narrowbands (ODIN), a NOIRLab survey using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) to obtain deep (AB ∼ 25.7) narrowband images over an unprecedented area of sky. The three custom-built narrowband filters, N419, N501, and N673, have central wavelengths of 419, 501, and 673 nm and respective FWHM of 7.5, 7.6, and 10.0 nm, corresponding to Lyα at z = 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5 and cosmic times of 2.8, 2.1, and 1.4 Gyr, respectively. When combined with even deeper, public broadband data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam, DECam, and in the future, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, the ODIN narrowband images will enable the selection of over 100,000 Lyα-emitting (LAE) galaxies at these epochs. ODIN-selected LAEs will identify protoclusters as galaxy overdensities, and the deep narrowband images enable detection of highly extended Lyα blobs (LABs). Primary science goals include measuring the clustering strength and dark matter halo connection of LAEs, LABs, and protoclusters, and their respective relationship to filaments in the cosmic web. The three epochs allow for the redshift evolution of these properties to be determined during the period known as Cosmic Noon, where star formation was at its peak. The narrowband filter wavelengths are designed to enable interloper rejection and further scientific studies by revealing [O ii] and [O iii] at z = 0.34, Lyα and He ii 1640 at z = 3.1, and Lyman continuum plus Lyα at z = 4.5. Ancillary science includes similar studies of the lower-redshift emission-line galaxy samples and investigations of nearby star-forming galaxies resolved into numerous [O iii] and [S ii] emitting regions.

The hyetograph represents the temporal spread of rainfall intensity occurring at a point or over a watershed during a storm. The importance of regionally derived/developed hyetographs and the pooled sets of categorical seasonal curves on intensity-duration, intensity-depth, and depth-duration are of multifarious conveniences and importance. Twenty-one years of daily and sub-daily rainfall records (2000–2020) regained via satellite-observed precipitation products were examined and used to retrieve a valid understanding towards annual, monthly, daily, and hourly based variability of rainfall across six different stations. An attempt was made to compare the shapes of synthesized seasonal rain mass curves with that of the historic Soil Conservation Service (SCS) mass curve. The results indicate that the location-specific patterns and trends of curves do not align closely with any historical SCS curves or theoretical curves prevalent in the literature and commonly adopted. It has been observed that region-specific rainfall and its temporal distributions exhibit unique trends, not necessarily conforming to the standard SCS-based curves categorized as Types I, Ia, II, and III. This emphasizes the need to rely more on region-specific curves rather than instinctively adopting a standard set of curves. HIGHLIGHTS Region-specific hyetographs reveal distinct rainfall intensity patterns.; Historical Soil Conservation Service curve shapes do not align with regional trends.; Emphasizes the need for region-specific curves over standardized ones.; Advocates for site-specific mass curves and hyetographs.;

We describe the survey design and science goals for One-hundred-deg ^2 DECam Imaging in Narrowbands (ODIN), a NOIRLab survey using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) to obtain deep (AB ∼ 25.7) narrowband images over an unprecedented area of sky. The three custom-built narrowband filters, N 419, N 501, and N 673, have central wavelengths of 419, 501, and 673 nm and respective FWHM of 7.5, 7.6, and 10.0 nm, corresponding to Ly α at z = 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5 and cosmic times of 2.8, 2.1, and 1.4 Gyr, respectively. When combined with even deeper, public broadband data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam, DECam, and in the future, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, the ODIN narrowband images will enable the selection of over 100,000 Ly α -emitting (LAE) galaxies at these epochs. ODIN-selected LAEs will identify protoclusters as galaxy overdensities, and the deep narrowband images enable detection of highly extended Ly α blobs (LABs). Primary science goals include measuring the clustering strength and dark matter halo connection of LAEs, LABs, and protoclusters, and their respective relationship to filaments in the cosmic web. The three epochs allow for the redshift evolution of these properties to be determined during the period known as Cosmic Noon, where star formation was at its peak. The narrowband filter wavelengths are designed to enable interloper rejection and further scientific studies by revealing [O ii ] and [O iii ] at z = 0.34, Ly α and He ii 1640 at z = 3.1, and Lyman continuum plus Ly α at z = 4.5. Ancillary science includes similar studies of the lower-redshift emission-line galaxy samples and investigations of nearby star-forming galaxies resolved into numerous [O iii ] and [S ii ] emitting regions.

Rajina Shakya,1,* Rajeev Shrestha,2,* Sunil Shrestha,3,* Priti Sapkota,1 Roshani Gautam,4 Lalita Rai,4 Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada,5 Kamal Ranabhat,6,7 Bhuvan KC,3 Binaya Sapkota,8 Saval Khanal,9 Vibhu Paudyal10 1Department of Nursing, Nobel College, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal; 2Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Lamjung, Province Gandaki, Nepal; 3School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; 4Department of Nursing, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Nursing Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal; 5Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Province Bagmati, Nepal; 6Center Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal; 7Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal; 8Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nobel College, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal; 9Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; 10School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Rajeev Shrestha, Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Besisahar, Province Gandaki, Nepal, Tel +977 9845445205, Email rajiv2stha@gmail.com Sunil Shrestha, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, Tel +60 102874113, Email sunil.shrestha@Monash.eduBackground: Control of high blood pressure and prevention of cardiovascular complications among hypertensive patients depends on patients’ adherence to therapy. The Hill–Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale (HBCTS) is one of the most popular scale to assess hypertensive patients’ adherence behaviour. Unfortunately, no questionnaire in the Nepalese language is available to date to assess adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy.Aim: To translate, culturally adapt and validate the English original version of the HBCTS into Nepalese language to measure treatment adherence of Nepalese hypertensive patients.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted to translate, culturally adapt and validate the HBCTS into Nepalese version. The standard translation process was followed and was evaluated among 282 hypertensive patients visiting selected primary healthcare centers (PHCCs) of Kathmandu district, Nepal. Cronbach’s alpha was measured to assess the reliability of the tool. Exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation was used to evaluate structural validity.Results: The mean±SD age of 282 participants was 58.49± 12.44 years. Majority of participants were literate (75.2%), and consumed at least one anti-hypertensive medication per day (85.5%). Nearly half (42.2%) of the participants had a family history of hypertension, and almost half (48%) of them had comorbid conditions. Mean ±SD score for overall adherence was 17.85± 3.87 while those of medication taking, reduced salt taking, and appointment keeping subscales were 10.63± 2.55, 4.16± 1.12 and 3.06± 1.07, respectively. Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) was found to be 0.877. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-component structure; however, the loading of components into medication adherence, reduced salt intake and appointment keeping constructs were not identical to the original tool. Cronbach’s alpha score for the entire HBCTS scale was 0.846.Conclusion: The translated Nepali version of the HBCTS demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity to measure adherence to antihypertensive therapy among hypertensive patients in clinical and community settings in Nepal.Keywords: cultural adaptation, Hill–Bone scale, hypertension, Nepal, treatment adherence, translation

Transesophageal echocardiography is the gold-standard for evaluating potential central sources of thromboembolism. Despite its routine use and excellent safety profile, limitations exist in the ability to effectively assess the aortic arch and proximal descending aorta with this imaging modality. We herein present a case of a 59 year-old patient presenting with renal and splenic infarcts, without obvious cardioembolic source on echocardiography, who was found to have a large, mobile aortic thrombus on gated cardiac computed tomography.

Management of spinal metastatic disease aims to improve the quality of remaining life in patients who have potentially limited survival. The treatment strategy necessitates multimodality, multidisciplinary involvement. Systemic therapies primarily aim to control systemic spread of the primary cancer. The armamentarium of systemic therapies includes traditional chemotherapy, bone-modifying agents, hormonal therapy, targeted molecular therapy, immunotherapy, and radioisotopes. The newer systemic therapies have resulted in a significant increase in overall survival of patients with metastatic disease. Consequently, treatment strategies must aim to achieve lasting local control of the spinal metastasis. The overall treatment strategy for an individual patient is planned based on a careful consideration of the anticipated survival, medical comorbidities, and the general condition of the patient.

Despite the rapid evolution of systemic therapies and significant advances in surgical techniques, radiation therapy by itself or as an adjuvant to surgery remains the modality of choice for local control of spinal metastasis. Radiation can be used with an ablative intent for lasting local control of spinal metastasis or with a palliative intent to ameliorate pain, prevent pathological fractures, and relieve epidural spinal cord compression. This article aims to review the various modalities of radiotherapy. The lack of precision with conventional external beam radiotherapy (cEBRT) poses a significant radiation hazard to vital structures adjacent to the spine. This necessitates lowering of the radiation dosage, which may not be adequate to treat certain resistant tumors. Currently, the use of cEBRT is recommended for radiosensitive histologies only. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) allows tumoricidal doses of radiation to be safely delivered to the tumor tissue. SBRT has been shown to provide durable local control, even for spine metastasis from tumors with radioresistant histologies. SBRT can also be offered as a reirradiation technique for tumor progression following a course of cEBRT. Currently, SBRT alone is recommended for radioresistant spinal metastasis limited to 1–2 spinal segments, with limited paraspinal spread and mild-to-moderate spinal cord compression in a stable spine. Charged particle therapy is useful for resistant histologies and further reduces the dose to normal structures within the vicinity of the tumor.

The goal of treatment in patients with spinal metastasis is palliation, that is, to improve the quality of remaining life as judged by alleviation of pain, preservation or restoration of neurology, and improvement in function. Local control of the spinal metastasis not only influences the overall survival of a cancer patient but is vital to maintain treatment benefits for the duration of the patient`s survival. However, cancer therapy––both surgical and nonsurgical––carries a significant risk of complications, morbidity, and even mortality. Decision-making regarding the most appropriate treatment strategy is vital when treating terminally ill patients with spinal metastatic disease.