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In the open literature, there are numerous studies on the normal and extreme (flood and drought) behavior of wet and dry periods based on the understanding of the standard precipitation index (SPI), which provides a series of categorizations by considering the standard normal (Gaussian) probability distribution function (PDF). The numerical meaning of each categorization assessment is quite lacking in terms of future predictions of wet and dry period duration based on historical records. This paper presents a new approach for calculating possible formations of future wet and dry period durations based on historical records through an effective fractal geometric forecasting approach. The essence of the proposed methodology is based on the number of dry periods (steps) of non-overlapping monthly duration along consecutive broken line paths in the SPI classification for wet and dry period durations. It has been observed that the plot of periods on double logarithmic paper falls along a straight line against the number of such periods, implying a power function, which is the essence of fractal geometry. Extending the empirically derived straight line provides the number of periods that may occur in the future over a range of SPI levels. This methodology is referred to as SPI fractal (SPIF), and the classic SPI classification is converted into SPIF wet and dry polygons, which provide additional information about the drought period number within a valid polygonal area, compared to the classic SPI results. The wet and dry period features of any hydro-meteorology time series are constrained in SPIF polygons. The application of the methodology was carried out on monthly rainfall records on the European side of the Istanbul Florya meteorological station in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines a new operation through extending the idea of the 0-dimensional crossing change and Shimizu's 2-dimensional region crossing change [A. Shimizu, Region crossing change is an unknotting operation, J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 66(3) (2014) 693–708, doi:10.2969/jmsj/06630693] to a 1-dimensional version called the arc crossing change. We will also prove that the arc crossing change is an unknotting operation with the help of Gauss diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medikal görüntüler doğası gereği farklı gürültü tipleri ve seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Medikal görüntülerin oluşturulmasında kullanılan rekonstrüksiyon algoritmalarının temel amacı, oluşan bu gürültünün giderilmesi ve çözünürlüğün arttırılması için en verimli yöntemlerin kullanılmasıdır. Bu yöntemler kullanılırken filtreleme, düzenleyiciler ve gürültü giderici operatörler kullanıp gürültünün arındırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Sıkıştırılmış algılamanın medikal görüntülemede aktif olarak kullanılmaya başlanmasından sonra, görüntüyü daha seyrek forma dönüştüren toplam değişinti (TD) en küçüklemesi ile görüntü üzerindeki gürültü azaltılarak ufak detayların ve kenarların daha net biçimde korunması sağlanmıştır. Lokal bir gradyan operatörü olan toplam değişinti algoritması bu çalışmada kısmi gradyan yönlerinde kullanılan komşuluk seviyesi arttırılarak daha güçlü bir gürültü giderici olarak yeniden tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, tasarlanan bu yeni güçlendirilmiş gradyan minimizasyonunun medikal görüntülerde mevcut farklı Gauss, Poisson ve Gauss+Poisson gürültü seviyeleri üzerinde gürültü arındırma başarısı klasik TD ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar pik sinyal-gürültü oranı, yapısal benzerlik ve kontrast-gürültü oranı metrikleri ve görsel analiz kullanılarak karşılaştırılmış ve önerilen yeni güçlendirilmiş gradyan minimizasyonu yönteminin mevcut klasik TD algoritmasından daha iyi gürültü arındırma potansiyeline sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir.

A new class of localized solutions of paraxial parabolic equation is introduced. Each solution is a product of some Gaussian-type localized axisymmetric function (different from the fundamental mode) and an amplitude factor. The latter can be expressed via an arbitrary solution of the Helmholtz equation on an auxiliary two-sheet complex surface. The class under consideration contains both well known and novel solutions, including those describing optical vortices of various orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a holographic compressible quantum matter, we calculate the sound mode using holography. For this purpose, we consider a structure of D3-D7 branes that corresponds to this holographic compressible quantum matter. In this system, the sound mode is called the zero sound mode. In Gauss-Bonnet gravitational field geometry, we calculate the corrections entered at zero sound and show that the attenuation rate decreases.

In the open literature, there are numerous studies on the normal and extreme (flood and drought) behavior of wet and dry periods based on the understanding of the standard precipitation index (SPI), which provides a series of categorizations by considering the standard normal (Gaussian) probability distribution function (PDF). The numerical meaning of each categorization assessment is quite lacking in terms of future predictions of wet and dry period duration based on historical records. This paper presents a new approach for calculating possible formations of future wet and dry period durations based on historical records through an effective fractal geometric forecasting approach. The essence of the proposed methodology is based on the number of dry periods (steps) of non-overlapping monthly duration along consecutive broken line paths in the SPI classification for wet and dry period durations. It has been observed that the plot of periods on double logarithmic paper falls along a straight line against the number of such periods, implying a power function, which is the essence of fractal geometry. Extending the empirically derived straight line provides the number of periods that may occur in the future over a range of SPI levels. This methodology is referred to as SPI fractal (SPIF), and the classic SPI classification is converted into SPIF wet and dry polygons, which provide additional information about the drought period number within a valid polygonal area, compared to the classic SPI results. The wet and dry period features of any hydro-meteorology time series are constrained in SPIF polygons. The application of the methodology was carried out on monthly rainfall records on the European side of the Istanbul Florya meteorological station in Turkey.

Medical images are naturally exposed to different types and levels of noise. The main purpose of algorithms used in the reconstruction of medical images is to use the most efficient method to remove this noise and to increase the resolution. With these techniques, the noise is intended to be removed using filters, regularizers, and noise removal operators. After the availability of compressed sensing in medical imaging, the total variation (TV) minimization, which transforms the image into a sparser form, reduces the image noise and preserves small details and edges. In this study, a local gradient operator TD has been redesigned as a stronger noise remover by increasing the level of the neighborhood used in partial gradient directions. The proposed reinforced gradient minimization's ability to reduce noise under various levels of Gaussian, Poisson, and Gauss+Poisson noise was compared to that of the traditional TV technique. The results were compared using peak signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR), structure similarity (SSIM), contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) metrics, and visual analysis. It was shown that the proposed reinforced gradient minimization method has better noise removal potential than that of the TV algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Técnica Energía is the property of Centro Nacional de Control de Energia CENACE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present the features and implementation of the R package nvmix for the class of normal variance mixtures including Student t and normal distributions. The package provides functionalities for such distributions, notably the evaluation of the distribution and density function as well as likelihood-based parameter estimation. The distributional family is specified through the quantile function of the underlying mixing random variable. The R package nvmix thus allows one to model multivariate distributions well beyond the classical multivariate normal and t case. Additional functionalities include graphical goodness-of-fit assessment, the estimation of the risk measures value-at-risk and expected shortfall for univariate normal variance mixture distributions and functions to work with normal variance mixture copulas, such as sampling and the evaluation of normal variance mixture copulas and their densities. Furthermore, the package nvmix also provides functionalities for the evaluation of the distribution and density function as well as random variate generation for the more general class of grouped normal variance mixtures.

Background: Due to the development of medical data, a large amount of clinical data has been generated. These unstructured data contain substantial information. Extracting useful knowledge from this data and making scientific decisions for diagnosing and treating diseases have become increasingly necessary. Unstructured data, such as in the Marketplace for Medical Information in Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) data set, contain several ambiguous words that demonstrate the subjectivity of doctors, such as descriptions of patient symptoms. These data could be used to further improve the accuracy of medical diagnostic system assessments. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no method for extracting subjective words that express the extent of these symptoms (hereinafter, "degree words"). Objective: Therefore, we propose using the fuzzy c-means (FCM) method and Gaussian membership to quantify the degree words in the clinical medical data set MIMIC-III. Methods: First, we preprocessed the 381,091 radiology reports collected in MIMIC-III, and then we used the FCM method to extract degree words from unstructured text. Thereafter, we used the Gaussian membership method to quantify the extracted degree words, which transform the fuzzy words extracted from the medical text into computer-recognizable numbers. Results: The results showed that the digitization of ambiguous words in medical texts is feasible. The words representing each degree of each disease had a range of corresponding values. Examples of membership medians were 2.971 (atelectasis), 3.121 (pneumonia), 2.899 (pneumothorax), 3.051 (pulmonary edema), and 2.435 (pulmonary embolus). Additionally, all extracted words contained the same subjective words (low, high, etc), which allows for an objective evaluation method. Furthermore, we will verify the specific impact of the quantification results of ambiguous words such as symptom words and degree words on the use of medical texts in subsequent studies. These same ambiguous words may be used as a new set of feature values to represent the disorders. Conclusions: This study proposes an innovative method for handling subjective words. We used the FCM method to extract the subjective degree words in the English-interpreted report of the MIMIC-III and then used the Gaussian functions to quantify the subjective degree words. In this method, words containing subjectivity in unstructured texts can be automatically processed and transformed into numerical ranges by digital processing. It was concluded that the digitization of ambiguous words in medical texts is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) can conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution. This study explores the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of WPCBs in various atmospheres through thermogravimetric and Gaussian fitting analyses. Furthermore, this study analyses the pyrolysis products and combustion processes of WPCBs through thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared analyses (TG—FTIR) and thermogravimetry—mass spectrometry (TG—MS). Results show that the pyrolysis and combustion processes of WPCBs do not constitute a single reaction, but rather an overlap of multiple reactions. The pyrolysis and combustion process of WPCBs is divided into multiple reactions by Gaussian peak fitting. The kinetic parameters of each reaction are obtained by the Coats—Redfern method. In an argon atmosphere, pyrolysis consists of the overlap of the preliminary pyrolysis of epoxy resin, pyrolysis of small organic molecules, and pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants. The thermal decomposition process in the O2 atmosphere is mainly divided into two reactions: brominated flame retardant combustion and epoxy combustion. This study provided the theoretical basis for pollution control, process optimization, and reactor design of WPCBs pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face detection generally requires prior boxes and an extra non-maximum suppression(NMS) post-processing in modern deep learning methods. However, anchor design and anchor matching strategy significantly affect the performance of face detectors, so we have to spend a lot of time on anchor designing for different business scenarios. The other issue is that NMS cannot be easily parallelized and it may become a bottleneck of detection speed. In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient pure convolutional neural network face detection method, named dual-branch center face detector(DBCFace for short), which solve face detection via a dual branch fully convolutional framework without extra anchor design and NMS. Extensive experiments are conducted on four popular face detection benchmarks, including AFW, PASCAL face, FDDB, and WIDER FACE, demonstrating that our method is comparable with state-of-the-art methods while the speed is faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrosophication is the process of converting crisp values into neutrosophic values, which is considered the first and basic step for any processing system that depends on the neutrosophic logical relationships and features, especially those that take into account indeterminacy values that result from ambiguity, noise, or inaccuracy. In this paper, we have presented a set of neutrosophication functions by modifying the functions used in fuzzy logic (trapezoid, triangle, gauss, bell-shaped, s-shaped, z-shaped) in a way that preserves the essence of the neutrosophic logic philosophy and the independence of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity values for each element of the neutrosophic set. Neutrosophication functions have also been implemented through the use of a suggested MATLAB code. It is possible through the proposed neutrosophication functions to build neutrosophic processing systems, especially digital image processing systems, by converting the crisp values of the pixels of the digital image to neutrosophic values using the proposed functions. Then, by building on the neutrosophic logic operations and the related researches, the new neutrosophic values are processed, after which they are returned to their crisp values through de-neutrosophication.

Replica correlation is performed for reaching better data transfer results in communication systems. The use of a pulse code signal pattern with replica correlation detection in a transmitted pulse packet is an important requirement to ensure high performance in noisy communication channels. In this paper, a BPSK modulation design with a system software is proposed to study the performance under varied noise inclusions in the system channels. Using this design, 7-cell and 9-cells replica correlation model are applied to get lossless data in communication systems. The results are produced to show the improved performance of the system in pulse type communication.

İletişim sistemlerinde daha iyi veri aktarım sonuçlarına ulaşmak için yenileme korelasyonu uygulanmıştır. İletilen darbe paketinde çoğaltma korelasyon tespitine sahip bir darbe kodlu sinyal örüntüsü kullanılması, gürültülü iletişim kanallarında yüksek performans sağlanmasını sağlayan önemli bir gerekliliktir. Bu yazıda, bir sistem yazılımı ile bir BPSK modülasyon tasarımı, kanallardaki çeşitli gürültülü ortamlar altında performansı incelemek için önerilmiştir. Bu tasarımı kullanarak, iletişimde kayıpsız veri elde etmek için 7 hücreli ve 9 hücreli çoğaltma korelasyon modeli uygulanmaktadır. Darbe tipi iletişim sistemlerinde sistemin gelişmiş performansını gösteren sonuçlar üretilmiştir.

Gauss's quadratic reciprocity theorem is among the most important results in the history of number theory. It's also among the most mysterious: since its discovery in the late eighteenth century, mathematicians have regarded reciprocity as a deeply surprising fact in need of explanation. Intriguingly, though, there's little agreement on how the theorem is best explained. Two quite different kinds of proof are most often praised as explanatory: an elementary argument that gives the theorem an intuitive geometric interpretation, due to Gauss and Eisenstein, and a sophisticated proof using algebraic number theory, due to Hilbert. Philosophers have yet to look carefully at such explanatory disagreements in mathematics. I do so here. According to the view I defend, there are two important explanatory virtues—depth and transparency—which different proofs (and other potential explanations) possess to different degrees. Although not mutually exclusive in principle, the packages of features associated with the two stand in some tension with one another, so that very deep explanations are rarely transparent, and vice versa. After developing the theory of depth and transparency and applying it to the case of quadratic reciprocity, I draw some morals about the nature of mathematical explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: Gauss Meter Model X01.  Gauss meter model X01 is the hand-held device designed to meet the needs of magnetic industry to measure magnetic fields accurately, provided high-end functionality and performance in an affordable laptop instrument. Magnet testing and sorting have never been easier. Additional features including calculating magnetic field intensity versus time and displaying magnetic field direction on a Graphical User Interface on Computer.  Introduction/Background:  Magnetic fields are invisible to the naked eye but yet there is a need to detect magnetic fields for applications in manufacturing industry and research. Applications include testing of electromagnetic machinery like electric motors to see if it works correctly, or to detect magnetic field properties like mapping landscapes. A gaussmeter can use Hall Effect sensors that utilize the Hall Effect to detect perpendicular magnetic field intensity. The Hall Effect causes a voltage to be developed between two terminals on a conductor if there is a perpendicular magnetic field and a current going through the conductor. There are a range of capabilities that are present in the market for gaussmeters. A gaussmeter can be simple enough to just tell users the magnetic field intensity as a scalar or it can have many advanced features including computer linking, 3-D sensing, and measurement of AC magnetic fields.   Advisor: Professor Henry Lee.  UCI Dean's Choice Award

Philosophers have disagreed on the composition of force for decades. The main divergence concerns the fundamental question: given a certain motion that is observable, which force or forces are present in it, component or resultant forces? The present paper focuses on the conditions for dealing with this problem. I will argue that we are not able to infer force from the observation of a motion, as required by the problem. I will further argue that the validity of the Newtonian algorithm is not a sufficient condition for that inference because the Gaussian algorithm, which is equally valid, differs from the former with regard to the forces present in motions. Under these circumstances, I will make recourse to an experiment available in physics in which the force present in a motion is measured. Thus, we obtain a numerical value for this force. This result, playing the role of a counterexample, clarifies the composition of force issue significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrosophication is the process of converting crisp values into neutrosophic values, which is considered the first and basic step for any processing system that depends on the neutrosophic logical relationships and features, especially those that take into account indeterminacy values that result from ambiguity, noise, or inaccuracy. In this paper, we have presented a set of neutrosophication functions by modifying the functions used in fuzzy logic (trapezoid, triangle, gauss, bell-shaped, s-shaped, z-shaped) in a way that preserves the essence of the neutrosophic logic philosophy and the independence of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity values for each element of the neutrosophic set. Neutrosophication functions have also been implemented through the use of a suggested MATLAB code. It is possible through the proposed neutrosophication functions to build neutrosophic processing systems, especially digital image processing systems, by converting the crisp values of the pixels of the digital image to neutrosophic values using the proposed functions. Then, by building on the neutrosophic logic operations and the related researches, the new neutrosophic values are processed, after which they are returned to their crisp values through de-neutrosophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software can be employed to solve math problems and we have to cooperate with them not passively but in an active way. In this article, we present situations in which the software user should be careful in order to avoid the use of the straight commands of the software that may put a matrix in its echelon form or give straight its rank. Wrong results appear in Wolfram's Mathematica software if the matrix has algebraic entries. Using the Gaussian elimination step by step method with the help of elementary matrices is a good strategy for the software user in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo me ocupo de un episodio en la historia de las ciencias exactas en la Argentina en el tercer cuarto del siglo 19; es decir, en el período en el que algunas de sus principales instituciones científicas fueron establecidas. El regreso a su país de un estudiante argentino, recientemente graduado en ciencias en la Universidad de Göttingen, es proyectado sobre el trasfondo de discusiones contemporáneas acerca de la política científica en la Argentina. Desde varios puntos de vista, y con cierto detalle, considero el juego entre el discurso político de la época, que percibía a la ciencia y a la matemática como uno de los engranajes principales para el deseado progreso social, y la percepción contemporánea del científico al que, predominantemente, todavía se percibía como una figura de origen extranjero.

Este artigo é seguido de uma tradução nossa da “autorresenha” da segunda memória de Gauss sobre os resíduos biquadráticos, Gauss (1831). Nosso trabalho tenta contextualizar este texto da maior importância histórica na medida em que Gauss expoe nele a sua própria concepção dos números e nos entrega uma visão geométrica dos números complexos. Num primeiro tempo analisaremos como Gauss renova e transforma a teoria dos números com as Disquisitionnes arithmeticae publicado em 1801. Analisaremos a seguir o conteúdo do texto de Gauss, mostrando o papel dos números complexos na sua pesquisa sobre os resíduos biquatráticos, e analisando em que consistem a concepção de Gauss dos números, e a representação geométrica dos números complexos.

Ce modeste travail porte sur l’étude des différents modes de transferts énergétiques entre l’environnement habitable et l’atmosphère. Il s’agit d’échanges d’énergie et de masse qui s’opèrent entre les deux systèmes et qui impliquent donc leur interdépendance. Le microclimat affecte les conditions thermiques intérieures de l’enveloppe habitable, et ainsi sur son comportement énergétique, de différentes façons. Tout d’abord, les rayonnements directs et diffus, reçoivent par les murs de l’enveloppe habitable, influençant le comportement thermique de l’environnement habitable. D’autre part, la température et la vitesse de l’air extérieur influent sur les échanges conductifs et convectifs entre l’habitat et son milieu. Pour cette raison, nous avons modélisé les transferts de chaleur qui se déroulent dans un modèle d’habitat assimilé à une cavité parallélépipédique. Les équations de transfert ont été déduites de bilans thermiques établis en chaque façade de l’enveloppe habitable. Les équations ont été résolues par la méthode implicite aux différences finies à l’aide de l’algorithme de Gauss couplé à une procédure itérative parce que les coefficients de transferts de chaleur par convection et par rayonnement sont fonction des températures des milieux considérés.

In this paper, we have developed the generalized expression ... and some formulae of this generalized formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replica correlation is performed for reaching better data transfer results in communication systems. The use of a pulse code signal pattern with replica correlation detection in a transmitted pulse packet is an important requirement to ensure high performance in noisy communication channels. In this paper, a BPSK modulation design with a system software is proposed to study the performance under varied noise inclusions in the system channels. Using this design, 7-cell and 9-cells replica correlation model are applied to get lossless data in communication systems. The results are produced to show the improved performance of the system in pulse type communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the meanings of the things “bookcase”, “books”, “shower cap” and “cup” in the book Abenteuerliche Reise durch mein Zimmer especially with regard to the author Karl-Markus Gauß’ understanding and criticism of Europe. It turns out that the bookcase and its books symbolize a hybrid Europe, in which the most diverse cultures are intermixed. Furthermore, the author’s shower cap collection clarifies Gauß’ preoccupation with the minorities of Europe. Another aspect of this work is focused on the collection of souvenir cups. In the book, the cup functions as a medium of remembrance, which leads to Gauß’ narration of his journey to the Gagauz people. Supplementary, the collection of cups, like the collection of shower caps, attests to Gauß’ preoccupation with the minorities of Europe. However, with the help of the cup from Comrat, the author also discusses the issues of the European wealth gap and the situation in the peripheries of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fault diagnosis method based on Gauss Bayesian algorithm is proposed to improve the multi-fault diagnosis accuracy of satellite sensors. Firstly, the working principle and common failure modes of satellite sensors are analyzed, and a multi-fault diagnosis model of satellite sensors is constructed; Secondly, the HONBM algorithm is used to analyze the fault diagnosis and anti-mismatch strategy of the satellite sensor system to improve the performance of the algorithm, the fault diagnosis process of satellite sensor system based on Bayes network and the anti-mismatch strategy are given. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in multi-fault diagnosis of satellite sensors is verified by simulation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire des Mathématiques is the property of Societe Mathematique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study was carried out on twenty-four Friesian calves aged 4-5 months of weights 115- 125 kg. The study aimed to knowing the Effect of magnetically treated water in some blood parameter and the influence of these changes on animal health, quality and quantity of produced meat. In the experiment the calves were distributed into two groups: /8/ ones in each. All these animals were feeding with same feedstuff and the calves in the first group were watered with normal water (As control group), while the calves in the second group were watered with extremely magnetically treated water /1000/ Gauss. The experiment continued for six months and the calves were weighed once a month and blood samples were analyzed from all animals in the experiment. The results showed a significant increase (P< 0.05) in the count of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit and an increase in the count of white blood cells (P< 0.05) in the second group. The results have shown a decrease in the level of cholesterol and Triglyceride and the level of weight gain of calves in the second group overweighed on average /131/ g daily. Besides, the results refer to improvement in the physiological and healthy conditions of the animals and production of higher amounts of meat as well as producing more healthy meat with lower content in cholesterol and Triglyceride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]