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The utilization of radio spectrum is becoming more necessary in light of recent advancements in wireless technologies. The available spectrum, on the other hand, is very constrained. In other words, Cognitive Radio (CR) is utilized to make the best use of the spectrum that is available. While unlicensed users should use CR technology to validate the spectrum before utilizing it, licensed users should always employ CR technology. Using dual antenna arrays to produce multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) setups in wireless communication has sparked a great deal of interest in wireless technology. In this research work, M-ary QAM modulation scheme is used to investigate SDR based link using 2x2 MIMO system and implemented on USRP 2920 with the help of LabVIEW 2015. LabVIEW was used to operate the NI USRP 2920, a universal software radio peripheral. With the introduction of MIMO, greater use of limited spectrum may be accomplished by utilizing lower power usage. This article further explores the methods and techniques to design a real-time applications using concept of SDR and provides optimized data rate, link range using MIMO implementation. USRP 2920-based MIMO experimentation is used in this paper's findings (Universal Software Radio Peripheral). 7-inch vertical tri-band antennas are employed in the present research. Further open loop (OL) MIMO methods for mobile broadband radio access technologies like 4G and 5G are examined in this study. The proposed SDR setup based on 2x2 MIMO and USRP 2920 can be used for bandwidth efficient design and implementation of IoT based real-time applications.

This designed ATV uses a universal knuckle as a significant half of their steering systems, it controls the efforts applied further than that of the turning capacities. We are prone to the area unit proposing modification within the materials used which can enlarge the strength of the knuckle. The contemporary technologies developed tools/techniques/methods in reducing the stress and strains while not poignant the physical properties. At intervals the gift work we've got used SOLIDWORKS computer code for scrutiny of knuckle joints with varied materials and ranging hundreds. Steering knuckle plays a consequential character during a vehicle linking the steering mechanism, wheel hub, and brakes for the vehicle body.

The aim of the Internet of things (IoT) is to bring every object online. These different objects generate huge data which consequently lead to the need of requirements of efficient storage and processing. Cloud computing is an emerging technology to overcome this problem. The pandemic due to COVID-19 has caused great impact on people’s approach to have proper lifestyle. People these days are found inactive, unhappy and less energetic, because of their busy routine and continual ignorance of overall health. By keeping a track of their mental and physical health, one could achieve better response and hence expected lifestyle. Our solution is to detect, analyze and deliver a solution to treat depression and assist people with fulfilling their daily energy requirement for being more active and enthusiastic. Our solution is a Soft-Ui Web Application that gives smooth UI/UX experience to users showcasing fluctuations in energy and playing games to get cognitive features’ result. The hardware is a wearable wrist band made with NodeMCU embedded with accelerometer and heart rate sensors. An analytical report is generated and updated in real time and user could download as per their convenience.

In an optical like free space optical communication system, there always exits a focal or focal reflective optical antenna system working as beam expander. As optical antenna can expand and reshape the narrow and highly collimated emitted beam, it efficiently compresses divergence angle and decreases the influence of beam expansion in space optical communication. However, the optical antenna structure will decrease the transmission power for the obscuration loss caused by the secondary reflective mirror. The design of two-mirror reflective optical antenna at Tx affects the transmission efficiency in space uplink optical communication. An improved scheme with two diffractive optical elements (DOEs) can help reduce central obscuration caused by the secondary mirror of optical antenna. In order to further investigate the influence of the DOEs on communication quality, we give a bit error rate (BER) model based on space uplink optical communication system. The effect of the DOEs on the relationship curves of BER versus typical parameters at different obscuration ratios of optical antenna is the research focus. Typical system parameters include transmission power, receiving diameter, Receiver angle, divergence angle and wavelength. With the demand for data volume and data velocity growing, space optical communication has gained extensive attention. It originated in the 1960s and a large number of ground verification experiments have been carried out since 1980. Compared with traditional microwave communication, space optical communication has the advantages of small volume, low power consumption, large optical gain, and small divergence angle, strong anti-jamming and anti-interception ability.

Vehicles or nodes in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) are forwarding the traffic information for validation route information. Attacker vehicles are sending false messages of route information and not accepting traffic status packets or data packets. The abnormal behavior of the malicious nodes (Blackhole Attacker) and wormhole attacker is recognized by the reliable security mechanism. This paper proposes an intrusion detection and prevention (IPS) scheme to secure vehicle to RSU (V-RSU) communication from malicious (Blackhole) as well as wormhole attack in VANET. The IPS algorithm is applied to the RSU to recognize the malicious actions of an attacking vehicle by swarm optimization approach. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) confirms the attacker’s presence and delivers effective traffic information. In the proposed IPS scheme, vehicles also receive traffic data from the leading vehicles and also forward traffic information to other vehicles. The traffic data exchange is monitored by RSU to identified malicious actions. The main task of the proposed security system is the effective management of vehicles in the presence of an intruder. Simulation results confirm that the proposed IPS scheme with PSO provides better performance in the presence of both attackers in VANET. The performance of previous IDS, attacker and proposed IPS is measure through performance metrics.

In Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM)-based systems, several optical signals with low bit rate B share the same carrier frequency and are optically multiplexed to form a composite bit stream at the higher bit rate N*B, where N denotes the number of channels multiplexed. In this paper, the analysis and investigation of the performance of OTDM link are carried out with help of simulation. In this paper, OTDM link is designed based on four channels having data rate of each channel which is equal to 10 Gbps with the use of RZ and NRZ schemes being analyzed. The proposed optical link achieved maximum transmission distance of 348 km over single mode fiber. The system operated over a distance of 348 km with bit error rate of 1.39×10−31 and Q-value of 11.60 with RZ, and bit rate of 1.47×10−24 and Q-value of 10.13 with NRZ respectively. The results shows that the proposed link performance is better optimized using RZ modulation scheme in comparison to NRZ scheme. This simulation work is done in optisystem 7.0. Further in this proposed OTDM link the comparison of the link performance is also analyzed using different pulse shapes for RZ and NRZ. The results being presented in this paper are significantly taken at transmitted power of 0 dBm and 2 dBm.

Free Space Optics (FSO) communication technique is a unique method for the communication between optical transmitter and optical receiver using a free space as a medium. The advantages of FSO over other wireless communication techniques is its low power, high security, low cost infrastructure, high data rates and unlicensed spectrum. There are many atmospheric disturbances like rain, fog, water molecules particles which degrade the performance of the FSO Link. In this paper, the FSO Link is optimized at different optical wavelengths of 1550 nm, 850 nm, 650 nm and 532 nm keeping into consideration the various atmospheric challenges and weather conditions. The performance of the proposed FSO link is evaluated in terms of BER and Quality factor. Simulation results for the proposed FSO link achieve maximum link range of 1000 m at 1550 nm. The achieved values of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Quality Factor (Q) for FSO link at 1550 nm are 10e-9 and 5.58 respectively.

Researchers have looked at multiuser detection as a way to improve OCDMA connection performance over single-user detection. When transmitting binary data via an optical fibre, everyone uses amplitude shift keying (ASK), particularly for on/off keying modulation. The encoder applies a sequence coding to the binary data. Correlation at the end receiver makes it possible to obtain data by using a user-specific sequence code. The incoming signal is checked by the comparator against a predetermined threshold before any data recovery operations are performed. In our current research the performance investigation of OCDMA link is carried out at 1550nm Wavelength using OPTSIM Software version 8.2. The Data rate of 15Gbps is used for investigation purpose of the link. OHL and ON based techniques are used to calculate link evaluation. It has been significantly noted that the performance of ‘ON’ based link is much better than ‘OHL’ based systems.

The various advanced applications of 5G based wireless communications include autonomous self-driven cars, telemedicine, smart spaces (e.g., home, office, etc.), sensor networks, high speed trains, smart cities, and many more [9]. For such data intensive wireless communications, only radio frequency (RF) based wireless systems cannot meet the desired demands because RF band is susceptible to interference, has limited capacity, and requires a heavy license fee to use the spectrum [10]. Hence, other portions of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum and new technologies are required to be considered for fulfilling the demands of wireless communication systems in the near future. FSO, an OWe-based optical wireless communication system, is one such alternate option. Increased bandwidth demands may be met using free space optical communication or wireless optics, which are both last mile options. The FSO transmits and receives multimedia data using an LED or LASER beam as a high data rate optical link. FSO may be installed for a quarter of the cost of fibre, but communication between the transmitter and receiver must be Line of Sight (LOS). The FSO not only has many advantages but also hampered by some atmospheric conditions, which degrades the link performance. This paper reviews the FSO link design and effect of different atmospheric condition like- fog, scintillation, turbulence, rain etc. In this research paper, the simulation based on optsim to carry out the performance investigation FSO link in investigation by varying the FSO beam divergence angle is being carried out.

The various advanced applications of 5G based wireless communications include autonomous self-driven cars, telemedicine, smart spaces (e.g., home, office, etc.), sensor networks, high speed trains, smart cities, and many more [9]. For such data intensive wireless communications, only radio frequency (RF) based wireless systems cannot meet the desired demands because RF band is susceptible to interference, has limited capacity, and requires a heavy license fee to use the spectrum [10]. Hence, other portions of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum and new technologies are required to be considered for fulfilling the demands of wireless communication systems in the near future. One such alternative solution is Free Space Optics (FSO) which is an optical wireless communication (OWC) based technology. The FSO not only has many advantages but also hampered by some atmospheric conditions, which degrades the link performance. This paper reviews the FSO link design and effect of different atmospheric condition like- fog, scintillation, turbulence, rain etc. This paper studies the system performance of an optical ISL which is proposed between satellites over Low Earth Orbit (LEO). In this study, the proposed link is simulated to obtain the maximum allowable data rate and minimum bit error rate over different distances. The system performance is improved by investigating its dependency on the photo detector type, operating wavelength, transmitted optical power, RZ and NRZ schemes.

FSO is a terrestrial OWC system used for point-to-point communication and operates at near infrared (IR) frequencies (750–1600 nm). It is a laser driven Communication based on line of sight (LOS) enabling technology for the transmission and reception of information carrying light signals through the atmosphere. For the same, it uses light sources and light detectors, i.e., laser diodes and photodiodes, respectively. The real motive behind using FSO is to do away with the cost, time, and effort in laying fiber optic cables without adversely impacting high data rates for transmitting voice, image, text, video, or any other file. In recent years, Free space based optical communication has developed and grown rapidly and has been widely used in applications like satellite laser based communication, radar detection, and other fields. Space optical communication based system includes a TX-RX antenna system and a coupling system. The research of space optical communication system often separates the antenna systems and the coupling system for discussion. When analyzing TX-RX antenna systems, geometric optics is generally used. Based on ancient diffraction theory, the performance of space optical communication systems consisting of a transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, and fiber coupling based systems are analyzed. Besides, several practical situations are also considered such as the defocusing of the TX-RX antenna and the deviation of the fiber. The longer or greater the transmission distance, the greater the effect of diffraction. When the transmission distance is short, the defocusing of the primary mirror will help it improve the transmission efficiency of the given system.

Energy-efficient consumption is essential in sensor networks because sensor node replacement and charging of batteries in some places are not possible, like in heavy flooding areas and areas of expected explosive volcanoes. This paper proposes a new security scheme for flooding attacks in 6G communication for sensor networks. The sensor nodes are also communicating with each other with a high data rate. The Security scheme identified a Malicious Maneuver of Flooding attack (SIMMF) for WSN in the 6G network. The WSN nodes have limited bandwidth. The selection of cluster head (CH) is based on the higher remaining energy, and the rest of the Cluster Members (CM) are transferring information outside the cluster with the help of CH. The 6G data rate is at least ten times faster than the 5G communication. In each group (GCr) having a separate CH and CM. The performance of the LEACH protocol is affected by flooding attacker and proposed SIMMF detect the attacker’s malicious functioning and block its presence. The previous scheme performance is based on the Trust Value (TV), and TV depends on packets receiving at the destination, not on attacker flooding. In 6G communication, there is no bandwidth problem, but attacker infection increases w.r.t time continuously. The SIMMF provides a reliable routing scheme to improve network performance at a minimum energy cost. The minimum energy consumption enhances the possibility of communication, which enhances network lifetime and reduces overhead. SIMMF, TESDA, and flooding attacks are evaluated through performance metrics like energy consumption, overhead, and Unwanted fake data analysis..

An Arrangement of using OFDM system with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) System provides excellent performance against Multi path effects and frequency selective fading. However, the high PAPR is the one of the significant downside of OFDM framework to send the signals on various antennas. In this study, an exhaustive review of the PAPR in wireless 4G OFDM communication systems has been explored, and an enhanced partial transmit sequence, cooperative partial transmit sequence, and ZCT precoded and postcoding PAPR reduction technique-based system has been provided. The suggested approach greatly enhances communication system performance, as demonstrated by CCDF curves for various modulation parameter test scenarios. In this proposed work 512 numbers of subcarriers are carryout in the length of 1024 and 100 numbers of frames in AWGN channel.

In today's world's internet is a major communication method to communicate from one end to other, and image is mostly used digital content which are distributed on the internet but securely data communication through the internet is major issue today. To secure data or image many techniques are used in which hiding and encryption is the most popular techniques for image or data security. In this paper proposed a hybrid model of digital image security technique based on the image hiding and encryption. In this proposed technique, 2-level of security is to be provided to a secret image. The secret image is first hidden within a cover image using LSB hiding technique and after that got the stego image. Now after getting the stego image, the stego image is encrypted using AES encryption algorithm.

Rapid change in the technology for seamless transmission of data at very high rate poses a great challenge for system designers. Signal is highly affected by the Noise and Error, reliability of the signal in the communication system is directly affected by the noise. Different types of Error control and correction codes are used for analyzing and controlling the error in the signal. Signal is directly affected by the Noise or error; it will change the reliability of the communication system. The occurrence of the errors is controlled by the Error control coding procedure. Shannon coding is also used for the error correction in the signals. The amount of redundancy added in any signal is increased as per the increment in the delay. In this paper, the author proposes a new interleaver for tolerating the latency situation and increasing the performance. It becomes more important to design and analyze the performance of interleaver for turbo code. It presents the comparative analysis of turbo code performance over an interleaver for various block lengths for two different types of channel which is AWGN and Rayleigh channel. It also provides the comparative analysis for the different fading channels.

In highly performance structure like aircraft, satellite, missile application, and spacecraft, where the mostly used design parameters weight, cost, size, ease of installation, and profile of aerodynamics parameters be required in low profile antenna. In the present scenario radio and wireless communications have been used in many other government and non-government applications, which has similar requirements as per in the mobile. Microstrip antenna is used in this entire requirement. It is used for low profile, planer, and non-planer effects. It is in high demand due to the simple and inexpensive design used by manufacture in support of printed-circuit technology. It is converted into mechanically robust when it is mounted on rigid surfaces; they are very highly efficient in the polarization, pattern, impedance, and resonant frequency. Since few decades the microstrip antennas are almost used in every small or big devices due to their smaller size, very light weight, low profile, and simple circuitry. These antennas consume less power so this property of microstrip antenna can be used in low power transmitting devices receiving applications. Due to these properties microstrip fractal antennas will be in demand in coming future corresponding framework. In this paper work new designs of fractal geometries are simulated using software like CST Microwave studio software. The proposed fractal antennas that are square shape multiband fractal patch antenna and elliptical shape multiband fractal patch antenna. Following parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, and directivity and radiation pattern are taken to test the design of the antennas. As the iterations increases, it is examined that return loss and VSWR are minimized and gain and directivity are increased. It is also examined that the radiation pattern is quite stable.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are recently used in dynamic network infrastructures that are required or wireless ad hoc connection might be required. The antennas are catching the signals of other devices and also recognize the signals in the form of request, reply acknowledgment, and many more. Routing mechanisms are selected routes using minimum cost route selection and standing routing schemes depend on network condition to keep the ratio of profitably delivering packets and better network performance. The priority in communication in antennas improves the efficiency of communication of mobile nodes. In this research, proposes a Multi-Channel Multi-Priority Low Delay (MMLD) scheme for the All-to-All Broadcast mechanism with directional antennas in MANET. The role of All-to-All broadcast is to flooding the control information in the network. If the total load is implicit as constant and suppose the communication hardware are more advanced then sensors, lighter and other peripherals can be deployed for communication. There is no doubt the performance of antenna communication is better and reduces overhead but if the direction of communication is not known or finding the direction by flooding then the proposed MMLD is providing the reliable communication. The proposed communication between the nodes is possible to handle by multiple channels and providing the priority for communication. Besides, performance can auxiliary be better as compared to the CLDA scheme in MANET. The performance of the proposed approach and the previous approach is measured through performance metrics.

With Continuous increase in demand to reduce weight is forcing Automotive Designers towards finding ways to explore new materials for the Engine components. Currently, Aluminum, Thermoplastics and Composites are widely used in Engine application. This paper examines the potential of a Magnesium alloy Front Cover designed to replace the Cast iron Front Cover in a Light duty Diesel engine. In presented study, a Cast iron Engine front cover is re-designed for Magnesium alloy and components developed. Further Magnesium alloy component tested at vehicle level and it has been demonstrated that a magnesium alloy Front cover can achieve key functional requirements such as Structural durability, Sealing, NVH, while providing substantial Weight saving.

Automakers are being subjected to increasingly strict fuel economy requirements which led OEMs to focus more on Light weighting and Energy efficiency areas. Considering the aforesaid challenges, efforts have been taken in Light weighting of mounting bracket for Engine application.This paper deals with conversion of Engine accessory bracket from Aluminum material to Metal Matrix composite (MMC). In Design phase, existing bracket has been studied for its structural requirements and further Bracket is designed to meet MMC process requirement and CAE carried out for topology optimization and Structural integrity. Finally observations and results were compared for Existing design and Proposed design and further optimization proposed.