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3. Conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits in adolescence : social cognitive and personality features

Author

Gaule, Anne

Abstract

Despite over 20 years of research into conduct problems (CP) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits in adolescence, little is known about processes that might be relevant for shaping the social environments of these individuals. The current thesis addressed this gap in research by investigating four domains thought to relate to social functioning: prosocial behaviour [Chapter 2], social information use [Chapter 3], personality [Chapter 4], and theory of mind (ToM) [Chapter 5]. Research presented in Chapter 2 showed that adolescents with CP and high levels of CU traits (CP/HCU) demonstrated especially low prosocial behaviour relative to adolescents with CP and lower levels of these traits (CP/LCU) and typically developing (TD) adolescents. Although both groups with CP displayed reduced prosocial intentions compared to TD adolescents, adolescents with CP/HCU engaged in especially reduced prosocial actions relative to other groups. Findings outlined in Chapter 3 indicated that adolescents with CP/HCU and CP/LCU showed no difference in degree of social information use relative to TD adolescents. However, adolescents with CP/LCU appeared less cooperative than other groups when using social information. In Chapter 4, personality correlates of CP/CU were examined in a community sample through the development of a new six-factor adolescent personality instrument that measures Honesty-Humility as well as traditional dimensions of personality. Including Honesty-Humility improved prediction of both CP and CU in regression models, indicating the potential importance of this factor for understanding social functioning of individuals high in CP and CU. In Chapter 5, the relationship between ToM and CU traits was investigated in a community sample of adolescents. Higher CU traits were associated with better mind representation, which we assessed using a new experimental adolescent measure. Together, these findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of CP and CU in adolescence, and further underline the importance of acknowledging heterogeneity in adolescent CP.

Published
2022

5. Reduced prosocial motivation and effort in adolescents with conduct problems and callous‐unemotional traits.

Author

Gaule, Anne, Martin, Peter, Lockwood, Patricia L., Cutler, Jo, Apps, Matthew, Roberts, Ruth, Phillips, Harriet, Brown, Katie, McCrory, Eamon J., and Viding, Essi

Subjects
*CHILD psychopathology, *RESEARCH funding, *QUESTIONNAIRES, *MOTIVATION (Psychology), *BEHAVIOR disorders in children, *SOCIAL skills, *ANTISOCIAL personality disorders, *COGNITION, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Background: Prosocial behaviours – acts that benefit others – are of crucial importance for many species including humans. However, adolescents with conduct problems (CP), unlike their typically developing (TD) peers, demonstrate markedly reduced engagement in prosocial behaviours. This pattern is particularly pronounced in adolescents with CP and high levels of callous‐unemotional traits (CP/HCU) who are at increased risk of developing psychopathy in adulthood. While a substantial amount of research has investigated the cognitive‐affective mechanisms thought to underlie antisocial behaviour, much less is known about the mechanisms that could explain reduced prosocial behaviours in adolescents with CP. Methods: Here we examined the willingness to exert effort to benefit oneself (self) and another person (other, prosocial condition) in children with CP/HCU, CP and lower levels of CU traits (CP/LCU) and their TD peers. The task captured both prosocial choices, and actual effort exerted following prosocial choices, in adolescent boys aged 11–16 (27 CP/HCU; 34 CP/LCU; 33 TD). We used computational modelling to reveal the mechanistic processes involved when choosing prosocial acts. Results: We found that both CP/HCU and CP/LCU groups were more averse to initiating effortful prosocial acts than TD adolescents – both at a cognitive and at a behavioural level. Strikingly, even if they chose to initiate a prosocial act, the CP/HCU group exerted less effort following this prosocial choice than other groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that reduced exertion of effort to benefit others may be an important factor that differentiates adolescents with CP/HCU from their peers with CP/LCU. They offer new insights into what might drive low prosocial behaviour in adolescents with CP, including vulnerabilities that may particularly characterise those with high levels of CU traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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