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107 results on '"Gaul, U."'

1. The Structure Function Ratios F2(Li)/F2(D) and F2(C)/F2(D) at small x

Author

THE NEW MUON COLLABORATION, Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Badelek, B., Ballintijn, M., Baum, G., Beaufays, J., Bird, I. G., Bjorkholm, P., Botje, M., Broggini, C., Bruckner, W., Brull, A., Burger, W. J., Ciborowski, J., van~Dantzig, R., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M. I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Granier, T., Grosse-Perdekamp, M., von~Harrach, D., van~der~Heijden, M., Heusch, C., Igo, G., Ingram, Q., Janson-Prytz, K., de~Jong, M., Kabuss, E. M., Kaiser, R., Kessler, H. J., Ketel, T. J., Klein, F., Kullander, S., Landgraf, U., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G. K., Mariotti, C., van~Middelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Most, A., Mucklich, A., Nassalski, J., Nowotny, D., Oberski, J., Paic, A., Peroni, C., Povh, B., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Rohrich, K., Rondio, E., Ropelewski, L., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Seitz, R., Sever, F., Shibata, T. -A., Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Szleper, M., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J. L., Walcher, T., Whitten, C., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., and Zetsche, F.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present the structure function ratios F2(Li)/F2(D) and F2(C)/F2(D) measured in deep inelastic muon-nucleus scattering at a nominal incident muon energy of 200 GeV. The kinematic range 0.0001 < x < 0.7 and 0.01< Q^2 < 70 GeV^2 is covered. For values of $x$ less than $0.002$ both ratios indicate saturation of shadowing at values compatible with photoabsorption results.

Published
1995
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3. Measurement of the proton and deuteron structure functions, F_2(p) and F_2(d), and of the ratio sigma(L)/sigma(T)

Author

Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Badelek, B., Ballintijn, M., Baum, G., Beaufays, J., Bird, I. G., Bjorkholm, P., Botje, M., Broggini, C., Bruckner, W., Brull, A., Burger, W. J., Ciborowski, J., Vandantzig, R., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M. I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Granier, T., Grosseperdekamp, M., Vonharrach, D., Vanderheijden, M., Heusch, C., Ingram, Q., Dejong, M., Kabuss, E. M., Kaiser, R., Ketel, T. J., Klein, F., Kullander, S., Landgraf, U., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G. K., Mariotti, C., Vanmiddelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Most, A., Mucklich, A., Nassalski, J., Nowotny, D., Oberski, J., Paic, A., Peroni, Cristiana, Povh, B., Prytz, K., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Rohrich, K., Rondio, E., Ropelewski, L., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Seitz, R., Sever, F., Shibata, T. A., Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Szleper, M., Tlaczala, W., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J. L., Walcher, T., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., Zaremba, K., and Zetsche, F.

Subjects
F2, INELASTIC MUON SCATTERING, HIGH STATISTICS MEASUREMENT, R=SIGMA-L/SIGMA-T, ELECTRON-SCATTERING, ELECTROMAGNETIC CORRECTIONS, GLOBAL ANALYSIS, CROSS-SECTIONS, HIGH Q2, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

The muon-proton and muon-deuteron inclusive deep inelastic scattering cross sections were measured in the kinematic range 0.002 < x < 0.60 and 0.5 < Q(2) < 75 GeV2 at incident muon energies of 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. These results are based on the full data set collected by the New Muon Collaboration, including the data taken with a small angle trigger. The extracted values of the structure functions F-2(p) and F-2(d) are in good agreement with those from other experiments. The data cover a sufficient range of y to allow the determination of the ratio of the longitudinally to transversely polarised virtual photon absorption cross sections, R = sigma(L)/sigma(T), for 0.002 < x < 0.12. The values of R are compatible with a perturbative QCD prediction; they agree with earlier measurements and extend to smaller x.

Published
1997

4. Accurate measurement of $F_{2}^{\rm d}/F_{2}^{\rm p}$ and $R^{\rm d} - R^{\rm p}$

Author

Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Badełek, B., Ballintijn, M., Baum, G., Beaufays, J., Bird, I.G., Björkholm, P., Botje, M., Broggini, C., Brückner, W., Brüll, A., Burger, W.J., Ciborowski, J., van Dantzig, R., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M.I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Granier, T., Grosse-Perdekamp, M., von Harrach, D., van der Heijden, M., Heusch, C., Ingram, Q., de Jong, M., Kabuβ, E.M., Kaiser, R., Ketel, T.J., Klein, F., Kullander, S., Landgraf, U., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G.K., Mariotti, C., van Middelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Most, A., Mücklich, A., Nassalski, J., Nowotny, D., Oberski, J., Paić, A., Peroni, C., Povh, B., Prytz, K., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Röhrich, K., Rondio, E., Ropelewski, L., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Seitz, R., Sever, F., Shibata, T.-A., Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Szleper, M., Tłaczała, W., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J.L., Walcher, T., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., Zaremba, K., and Zetsche, F.

Subjects
Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Results are presented for $F_{2}^{\rm d}/F_{2}^{\rm p}$ and $R^{\rm d} - R^{\rm p}$ from simultaneous measurements of deep inelastic muon scattering on hydrogen and deuterium targets, at 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. The difference $R^{\rm d} - R^{\rm p}$, determined in the range $0.0020.1$ the ratio decreases with $Q^{2}$. Results are presented for F 2 d / F 2 p and R d − R p from simultaneous measurements of deep inelastic muon scattering on hydrogen and deuterium targets, at 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. The difference R d − R p , determined in the range 0.002 < x < 0.4 at an average Q 2 of 5 GeV 2 , is compatible with zero. The x and Q 2 dependence of F 2 d / F 2 p was measured in the kinematic range 0.001 < x < 0.8 and 0.1 < Q 2 < 145 GeV 2 with small statistical and systematic errors. For x > 0.1 the ratio decreases with Q 2 . Results are presented for F2d/F2p and Rd-Rp from simultaneous measurements of deep inelastic muon scattering on hydrogen and deuterium targets, at 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. The difference Rd-Rp, determined in the range 0.0020.1 the ratio decreases with Q^2.

Published
1996

5. A re-evaluation of the nuclear structure function ratios for D, He, Li C and Ca

Author

Amaudruz, P., Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Badelek, B., Ballintijn, M., Baum, G., Beaufays, J., Bird, I.G., Björkholm, P., Botje, M., Broggini, C., Brückner, W., Brüll, A., Burger, W.J., Ciborowski, J., van Dantzig, R., Döbbeling, H., Domingo, J., Drinkard, J., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M.I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Grafstrom, P., Granier, T., von Harrach, D., van der Heijden, M., Heusch, C., Ingram, Q., Janson-Prytz, K., de Jong, M., Kabuβ, E.M., Kaiser, R., Ketel, T.J., Klein, F., Korzen, B., Krüner, U., Kullander, S., Landgraf, U., Lettenström, F., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G.K., Mariotti, C., van Middelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Most, A., Mücklich, A., Nassalski, J., Nowotny, D., Pavel, N., Oberski, J., Paić, A., Peroni, C., Peschel, H., Povh, B., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Röhrich, K., Rondio, E., Ropelewski, L., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Schumacher, R., Seitz, R., Sennhauser, U., Sever, F., Shibata, T.-A., Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Szleper, M., Taylor, G., Treichel, M., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J.L., Walcher, T., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., and Zetsche, F.

Subjects
Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present a re-evaluation of the structure function ratios F2(He)/F2(D), F2(C)/F2(D) and F2(Ca)/F2(D) measured in deep inelastic muon-nucleus scattering at an incident muon momentum of 200 GeV. We also present the ratios F2(C)/F2(Li), F2(Ca)/F2(Li) and F2(Ca)/F2(C) measured at 90 GeV. The results are based on data already published by NMC; the main difference in the analysis is a correction for the masses of the deuterium targets and an improvement in the radiative corrections. The kinematic range covered is 0.0035 < x < 0.65, 0.5 < Q^2

Published
1995

6. Exclusive $\varrho^{0}$ and $\phi$ muoproduction at large $Q^{2}$

Author

Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M K, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, I G, Björkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Brückner, W, Brüll, A, Burger, W J, Ciborowski, J, Van Dantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, M I, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, Von Harrach, D, Van der Heijden, M, Heusch, C A, Ingram, Q, Janson-Prytz, K, De Jong, M, Kabuss, E M, Kaiser, R, Ketel, T, Klein, F, Kullander, Sven, Kurek, K, Landgraf, U, Lindqvist, T, Mallot, G K, Mariotti, C, Van Middelkoop, G, Mizuno, Y, Most, A, Mücklich, A, Nassalski, J P, Nowotny, D, Oberski, J, Paic, A, Peroni, C, Povh, B, Rieger, R, Rith, K, Röhrich, K, Rondio, Ewa, Ropelewski, Leszek, Sandacz, A, Sanders, D, Scholz, C, Seitz, R, Sever, F, Shibata, T A, Siebler, M, Simon, A, Staiano, A, Szleper, M, Tzamouranis, Yu, Vuilleumier, J L, Walcher, T, Windmolders, R, Witzmann, A, and Zetsche, F

Subjects
Particle Physics - Experiment
Published
1994

7. Reevaluation of the Gottfried Sum

Author

Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Bruckner, W., Brull, A., Burger, W. J., Ciborowski, J., van Dantzig, R., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M. I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Badelek, B., Granier, T., von Harrach, D., van der Heijden, M., Heusch, C., Ingram, C. H. Quentin, Janson-Prytz, K., de Jong, M., Kabuss, E. M., Kaiser, R., Ketel, T. J., Ballintijn, M., Klein, F., Kullander, S., Landgraf, U., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G. K., Mariotti, C., van Middelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Nassalski, J., Baum, Guenter, Oberski, J., Nowotny, D., Paic, A., Peroni, C., Povh, B., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Rohrich, K., Rondio, E., Ropelewski, L., Beaufays, J., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Schumacher, R., Seitz, R., Sever, F., Shibata, T. A., Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Bird, I. G., Szleper, M., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J. L., Walcher, T., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., Zetsche, F., NMC Collaboration, Bjorkholm, P., Botje, M., and Broggini, C.

Subjects
Particle physics, difference [structure function], ratio [structure function], structure function [n], n: structure function, Gottfried [sum rule], RATIO F2(N)/F2(P), structure function [p], small-x [structure function], Combinatorics, numerical calculations: interpretation of experiments, INELASTIC MUON SCATTERING, interpretation of experiments [numerical calculations], radiative correction, ddc:530, structure function: difference, p: structure function, sum rule: Gottfried, Physics, structure function [deuteron], Structure function, deuteron: structure function, structure function: ratio, model: quark parton, x-dependence [structure function], structure function: x-dependence, structure function: small-x, quark parton [model], ELECTROMAGNETIC CORRECTIONS, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Physical review / D 50(1), R1 - R3 (1994). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.R1, We present a new determination of the nonsinglet structure function ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{p}}$ - ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{n}}$ at ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$=4 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ using recently measured values of ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{d}}$ and ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{n}}$/${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{p}}$. A new evaluation of the Gottfried sum is given, which remains below the simple quark-parton model value of 1/3., Published by Inst., Woodbury, NY

Published
1994

8. A re-evaluation of $F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p}$ and $F_{2}^{p}-F_{2}^{n}$

Author

Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M K, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, I G, Björkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Brückner, W, Brüll, A, Burger, W J, Ciborowski, J, Van Dantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, M I, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, Von Harrach, D, Van der Heijden, M, Heusch, C A, Ingram, Q, Janson-Prytz, K, De Jong, M, Kabuss, E M, Kaiser, R, Ketel, T, Klein, F, Kullander, Sven, Landgraf, U, Lindqvist, T, Mallot, G K, Mariotti, C, Van Middelkoop, G, Milshtein, A I, Mizuno, Y, Nassalski, J P, Oberski, J, Nowotny, D, Paic, A, Peroni, C, Povh, B, Rieger, R, Rith, K, Röhrich, K, Rondio, Ewa, Ropelewski, Leszek, Sandacz, A, Sanders, D, Scholz, C, Schumacher, R, Seitz, R, Sever, F, Shibata, T A, Siebler, M, Simon, A, Staiano, A, Szleper, M, Tzamouranis, Yu, Virchaux, M, Vuilleumier, J L, Walcher, T, Windmolders, R, Witzmann, A, and Zetsche, F

Subjects
Particle Physics - Experiment
Published
1993

9. Measurement of the proton and deuteron structure functions, F-2(p) and F-2(d), and of the ratio sigma(L)/sigma(T)

Author

Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, GrossePerdekamp, M, von, Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, GrossePerdekamp, M, and von

Abstract

The muon-proton and muon-deuteron inclusive deep inelastic scattering cross sections were measured in the kinematic range 0.002 < x < 0.60 and 0.5 < Q(2) < 75 GeV2 at incident muon energies of 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. These results are based on the full, Addresses: Arneodo M, UNIV TURIN, I-10124 TURIN, ITALY. UNIV BIELEFELD, D-4800 BIELEFELD, GERMANY. UNIV FREIBURG, FREIBURG, GERMANY. MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV HEIDELBERG, D-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV MAINZ, D-6500 MAI

Published
1997

10. Accurate measurement of F-2(d)/F-2(p) and R(d)-R(p)

Author

Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, GrossePerdekamp, M, von, Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, GrossePerdekamp, M, and von

Abstract

Results are presented for F-2(d)/F-2(p) and R(d) - R(p) from simultaneous measurements of deep inelastic muon scattering on hydrogen and deuterium targets, at 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. The difference R(d) - R(p), determined in the range 0.002 < x < 0.4 at, Addresses: Arneodo M, UNIV TURIN, I-10124 TURIN, ITALY. IST NAZL FIS NUCL, I-10125 TURIN, ITALY. UNIV BIELEFELD, D-4800 BIELEFELD, GERMANY. UNIV FREIBURG, D-7800 FREIBURG, GERMANY. MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV HEIDELBERG, D

Published
1997

11. The Q(2) dependence of the structure function ratio F-2(Sn)/F-2(C) and the difference R(Sn)-R(C) in deep inelastic muon scattering

Author

Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dobbeling, H, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, GrossePer, Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dobbeling, H, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, and GrossePer

Abstract

The Q(2) dependence of the structure function ratio F-2(Sn)/F-2(C) for 0.01 < x < 0.75 and 1 < Q(2) < 140 GeV2 is reported. For x < 0.1 the size of shadowing decreases linearly with In Q(2) and the maximum rate is about 0.04 at x = 0.01. The rate decrease, Addresses: Arneodo M, UNIV TURIN, TURIN, ITALY. UNIV BIELEFELD, D-4800 BIELEFELD, GERMANY. UNIV FREIBURG, FREIBURG, GERMANY. MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV HEIDELBERG, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV MAINZ, D-6500 MAINZ, GERMANY. UN

Published
1996

12. The A dependence of the nuclear structure function ratios

Author

Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, Grosseperdekamp, M, von, Arneodo, M, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, M, Baum, G, Beaufays, J, Bird, IG, Bjorkholm, P, Botje, M, Broggini, C, Bruckner, W, Brull, A, Burger, WJ, Ciborowski, J, vanDantzig, R, Dyring, A, Engelien, H, Ferrero, MI, Fluri, L, Gaul, U, Granier, T, Grosseperdekamp, M, and von

Abstract

Results are presented for six nuclei from Be to Pb on the structure function ratios F-2(A)/F-2(C)(X) and their A dependence in deep inelastic muon scattering at 200 GeV incident: muon energy. The data cover the kinematic range 0.01 < x < 0.8 with Q(2) ran, Addresses: Arneodo M, UNIV TURIN, TURIN, ITALY. UNIV BIELEFELD, D-4800 BIELEFELD, GERMANY. UNIV FREIBURG, FREIBURG, GERMANY. MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV HEIDELBERG, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV MAINZ, D-6500 MAINZ, GERMANY. UN

Published
1996

13. MEASUREMENT OF THE PROTON AND THE DEUTERON STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS, F-2(P) AND F-2(D)

Author

ARNEODO, M, ARVIDSON, A, BADELEK, B, BALLINTIJN, M, BAUM, G, BEAUFAYS, J, BIRD, IG, BJORKHOLM, P, BOTJE, M, BROGGINI, C, BRUCKNER, W, BRULL, A, BURGER, WJ, CIBOROWSKI, J, VANDANTZIG, R, DYRING, A, ENGELIEN, H, FERRERO, MI, FLURI, L, GAUL, U, GRANIER, T, GROSSEPERDEKAMP, M, VON, ARNEODO, M, ARVIDSON, A, BADELEK, B, BALLINTIJN, M, BAUM, G, BEAUFAYS, J, BIRD, IG, BJORKHOLM, P, BOTJE, M, BROGGINI, C, BRUCKNER, W, BRULL, A, BURGER, WJ, CIBOROWSKI, J, VANDANTZIG, R, DYRING, A, ENGELIEN, H, FERRERO, MI, FLURI, L, GAUL, U, GRANIER, T, GROSSEPERDEKAMP, M, and VON

Published
1995

14. THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RATIOS F-2(LI)/F-2(D) AND F-2(C)/F-2(D) AT SMALL-X

Author

ARNEODO, M, ARVIDSON, A, BADELEK, B, BALLINTIJN, M, BAUM, G, BEAUFAYS, J, BIRD, IG, BJORKHOLM, P, BOTJE, M, BROGGINI, C, BRUCKNER, W, BRULL, A, BURGER, WJ, CIBOROWSKI, J, VANDANTZIG, R, DYRING, A, ENGELIEN, H, FERRERO, MI, FLURI, L, GAUL, U, GRANIER, T, GROSSEPERDEKAMP, M, VON, ARNEODO, M, ARVIDSON, A, BADELEK, B, BALLINTIJN, M, BAUM, G, BEAUFAYS, J, BIRD, IG, BJORKHOLM, P, BOTJE, M, BROGGINI, C, BRUCKNER, W, BRULL, A, BURGER, WJ, CIBOROWSKI, J, VANDANTZIG, R, DYRING, A, ENGELIEN, H, FERRERO, MI, FLURI, L, GAUL, U, GRANIER, T, GROSSEPERDEKAMP, M, and VON

Abstract

We present the structure function ratios F-2(Li)/F-2(D) and F-2(C)/F-2(D) measured in deep inelastic muon-nucleus scattering at a nominal incident muon energy of 200 GeV. The kinematic range 10(-4) < x < 0.7 and 0.01 < Q(2) < 70 GeV2 is covered. For value, Addresses: UNIV BIELEFELD, W-4800 BIELEFELD, GERMANY. UNIV FREIBURG, FREIBURG, GERMANY. MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV HEIDELBERG, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV MAINZ, W-6500 MAINZ, GERMANY. UNIV MONS, B-7000 MONS, BELGIUM. UNIV NEUCHATEL

Published
1995

17. Accurate measurement of F2d/F2p and Rd − Rp

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badełek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, Grosse-Perdekamp, M., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuβ, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Prytz, K., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tłaczała, W., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, Zaremba, K., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1997
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19. Measurement of the proton and deuteron structure functions, F2p and F2d, and of the ratio

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badełek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, Grosse-Perdekamp, M., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuß, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Prytz, K., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tłaczała, W., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, Zaremba, K., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1997
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20. The A dependence of the nuclear structure function ratios

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badee̵k, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, Grosse-Perdekamp, M., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuß, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Kurek, K., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Prytz, K., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Ta̵czaa̵, W., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, Zaremba, K., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1996
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21. The Q2 dependence of the structure function ratio F2Sn/F2C and the difference RSn − RC deep inelastic muon scattering

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badee̵k, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Döbbeling, H., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, Grosse-Perdekamp, M., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuß, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Kurek, K., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Prytz, K., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Ta̵czaa̵, W., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, Zaremba, K., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1996
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22. Measurement of the proton and the deuteron structure functions, F2 and F2

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badełek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, Grosse-Perdekamp, M., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Igo, G., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuß, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Kessler, H.J., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Prytz, K., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Whitten, C., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1995
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23. A re-evaluation of the nuclear structure function ratios for D, He, 6Li, C and Ca

Author

Amaudruz, P., primary, Arneodo, M., additional, Arvidson, A., additional, Badelek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Döbbeling, H., additional, Domingo, J., additional, Drinkard, J., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Grafstrom, P., additional, Granier, T., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, Janson-Prytz, K., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuβ, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Korzen, B., additional, Krüner, U., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lettenström, F., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Pavel, N., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Peschel, H., additional, Povh, B., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Schumacher, R., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sennhauser, U., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Taylor, G., additional, Treichel, M., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1995
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24. The structure function ratios F2C/F2D and F2C/F2D at small x

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badełek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, .J. Burger, W, additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, Grosse-Perdekamp, M., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Igo, G., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, Janson-Prytz, K., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuβ, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Kessler, H.J., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Whitten, C., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1995
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25. Exclusive ϱ0 and φ muoproduction at large Q2

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badełek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, Janson-Prytz, K., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabubeta;, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Kurek, K., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1994
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26. Quasielastic J/ψ muoproduction from hydrogen, deuterium, carbon and tin

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badełek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, Janson-Prytz, K., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuß, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Most, A., additional, Mücklich, A., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paic, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1994
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27. Quark and gluon distributions and αs from nucleon structure functions at low x

Author

Arneodo, M., primary, Arvidson, A., additional, Badelek, B., additional, Ballintijn, M., additional, Baum, G., additional, Beaufays, J., additional, Bird, I.G., additional, Björkholm, P., additional, Botje, M., additional, Broggini, C., additional, Brückner, W., additional, Brüll, A., additional, Burger, W.J., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, van Dantzig, R., additional, Dyring, A., additional, Engelien, H., additional, Ferroro, M.I., additional, Fluri, L., additional, Gaul, U., additional, Granier, T., additional, von Harrach, D., additional, van der Heijden, M., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Ingram, Q., additional, Janson-Prytz, K., additional, de Jong, M., additional, Kabuß, E.M., additional, Kaiser, R., additional, Ketel, T.J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Kullander, S., additional, Landgraf, U., additional, Lindqvist, T., additional, Mallot, G.K., additional, Mariotti, C., additional, van Middelkoop, G., additional, Milsztajn, A., additional, Mizuno, Y., additional, Nassalski, J., additional, Nowotny, D., additional, Oberski, J., additional, Paić, A., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Povh, B., additional, Rieger, R., additional, Rith, K., additional, Röhrich, K., additional, Rondio, E., additional, Ropelewski, L., additional, Sandacz, A., additional, Sanders, D., additional, Scholz, C., additional, Schumacher, R., additional, Seitz, R., additional, Sever, F., additional, Shibata, T.-A., additional, Siebler, M., additional, Simon, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Szleper, M., additional, Tzamouranis, Y., additional, Virchaux, M., additional, Vuilleumier, J.L., additional, Walcher, T., additional, Windmolders, R., additional, Witzmann, A., additional, and Zetsche, F., additional

Published
1993
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33. Single amino acid exchanges in the finger domain impair the function of the Drosophila gene Krüppel (Kr).

Author

Gaul, U, Redemann, N, and Jäckle, H

Abstract

Mutations in the Drosophila gene Krüppel (Kr) cause deletions of segments in the embryo and also affect Malpighian tubule development. In the hypomorphic Kr alleles that were analyzed, the defects in the segment pattern and the Malpighian tubules are parallel in strength. We have sequenced the DNA of four Kr alleles that show normal spatial and temporal patterns of Kr-encoded protein expression. Three of the four alleles have single base pair mutations that result in a single amino acid change. The exchanges occur in the putative DNA-binding domain of the Kr protein, which is characterized by four repeats of the zinc finger motif. Sequence comparison of the finger motifs helped to define the structural requirements for the folding of the finger domain to some extent. Our data on the Kr mutants support the view that has emerged from the evolutionary analysis.

Published
1989
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34. The Q2 dependence of the structure function ratio F2Sn/F2C and the difference RSn - RC in deep inelastic muon scattering

Author

Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Badełek, B., Ballintijn, M., Baum, G., Beaufays, J., Bird, I. G., Björkholm, P., Botje, M., Broggini, C., Brückner, W., Brüll, A., Burger, W. J., Ciborowski, J., Dantzig, R., Döbbeling, H., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M. I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Granier, T., Grosse-Perdekamp, M., Harrach, D., Heijden, M., Heusch, C., Ingram, Q., Jong, M., Kabuß, E. M., Kaiser, R., Ketel, T. J., Klein, F., Kullander, S., Kurek, K., Landgraf, U., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G. K., Mariotti, C., Middelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Most, A., Mücklich, A., Nassalski, J., Nowotny, D., Oberski, J., Paić, A., Peroni, C., Povh, B., Prytz, K., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Röhrich, K., Ewa Rondio, Ropelewski, L., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Seitz, R., Sever, F., Shibata, T. -A, Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Szleper, M., Tłaczała, W., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J. L., Walcher, T., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., Zaremba, K., and Zetsche, F.

36. Quasielastic J/ ψ muoproduction from hydrogen, deuterium, carbon and tin

Author

Arneodo, M., Arvidson, A., Badełek, B., Ballintijn, M., Baum, G., Beaufays, J., Bird, I.G., Björkholm, P., Botje, M., Broggini, C., Brückner, W., Brüll, A., Burger, W.J., Ciborowski, J., van Dantzig, R., Dyring, A., Engelien, H., Ferrero, M.I., Fluri, L., Gaul, U., Granier, T., von Harrach, D., van der Heijden, M., Heusch, C., Ingram, Q., Janson-Prytz, K., de Jong, M., Kabuß, E.M., Kaiser, R., Ketel, T.J., Klein, F., Kullander, S., Landgraf, U., Lindqvist, T., Mallot, G.K., Mariotti, C., van Middelkoop, G., Milsztajn, A., Mizuno, Y., Most, A., Mücklich, A., Nassalski, J., Nowotny, D., Oberski, J., Paic, A., Peroni, C., Povh, B., Rieger, R., Rith, K., Röhrich, K., Rondio, E., Ropelewski, L., Sandacz, A., Sanders, D., Scholz, C., Seitz, R., Sever, F., Shibata, T.-A., Siebler, M., Simon, A., Staiano, A., Szleper, M., Tzamouranis, Y., Virchaux, M., Vuilleumier, J.L., Walcher, T., Windmolders, R., Witzmann, A., and Zetsche, F.

Published
1994
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40. Large-scale analysis of Drosophila core promoter function using synthetic promoters.

Author

Qi Z, Jung C, Bandilla P, Ludwig C, Heron M, Sophie Kiesel A, Museridze M, Philippou-Massier J, Nikolov M, Renna Max Schnepf A, Unnerstall U, Ceolin S, Mühlig B, Gompel N, Soeding J, and Gaul U

Subjects
Animals, Genome, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Computational Biology, Drosophila genetics
Abstract

The core promoter plays a central role in setting metazoan gene expression levels, but how exactly it "computes" expression remains poorly understood. To dissect its function, we carried out a comprehensive structure-function analysis in Drosophila. First, we performed a genome-wide bioinformatic analysis, providing an improved picture of the sequence motifs architecture. We then measured synthetic promoters' activities of ~3,000 mutational variants with and without an external stimulus (hormonal activation), at large scale and with high accuracy using robotics and a dual luciferase reporter assay. We observed a strong impact on activity of the different types of mutations, including knockout of individual sequence motifs and motif combinations, variations of motif strength, nucleosome positioning, and flanking sequences. A linear combination of the individual motif features largely accounts for the combinatorial effects on core promoter activity. These findings shed new light on the quantitative assessment of gene expression in metazoans., (© 2022 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.)

Published
2022
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41. The cAMP effector PKA mediates Moody GPCR signaling in Drosophila blood-brain barrier formation and maturation.

Author

Li X, Fetter R, Schwabe T, Jung C, Liu L, Steller H, and Gaul U

Subjects
Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier physiology, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster genetics, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled metabolism, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled genetics, Signal Transduction
Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) of Drosophila comprises a thin epithelial layer of subperineural glia (SPG), which ensheath the nerve cord and insulate it against the potassium-rich hemolymph by forming intercellular septate junctions (SJs). Previously, we identified a novel Gi/Go protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Moody, as a key factor in BBB formation at the embryonic stage. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Moody signaling in BBB formation and maturation remain unclear. Here, we identify cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) as a crucial antagonistic Moody effector that is required for the formation, as well as for the continued SPG growth and BBB maintenance in the larva and adult stage. We show that PKA is enriched at the basal side of the SPG cell and that this polarized activity of the Moody/PKA pathway finely tunes the enormous cell growth and BBB integrity. Moody/PKA signaling precisely regulates the actomyosin contractility, vesicle trafficking, and the proper SJ organization in a highly coordinated spatiotemporal manner. These effects are mediated in part by PKA's molecular targets MLCK and Rho1. Moreover, 3D reconstruction of SJ ultrastructure demonstrates that the continuity of individual SJ segments, and not their total length, is crucial for generating a proper paracellular seal. Based on these findings, we propose that polarized Moody/PKA signaling plays a central role in controlling the cell growth and maintaining BBB integrity during the continuous morphogenesis of the SPG secondary epithelium, which is critical to maintain tissue size and brain homeostasis during organogenesis., Competing Interests: XL, RF, CJ, LL, HS, UG none, TS None, (© 2021, Li et al.)

Published
2021
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42. A sensitive mNeonGreen reporter system to measure transcriptional dynamics in Drosophila development.

Author

Ceolin S, Hanf M, Bozek M, Storti AE, Gompel N, Unnerstall U, Jung C, and Gaul U

Subjects
Animals, Binding Sites genetics, Body Patterning genetics, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Female, Gene Regulatory Networks genetics, Genes, Reporter genetics, Male, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila growth & development, Drosophila metabolism, Fluorescent Dyes metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental genetics, Transcriptome genetics
Abstract

The gene regulatory network governing anterior-posterior axis formation in Drosophila is a well-established paradigm to study transcription in developmental biology. The rapid temporal dynamics of gene expression during early stages of development, however, are difficult to track with standard techniques. We optimized the bright and fast-maturing fluorescent protein mNeonGreen as a real-time, quantitative reporter of enhancer expression. We derive enhancer activity from the reporter fluorescence dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution, using a robust reconstruction algorithm. By comparing our results with data obtained with the established MS2-MCP system, we demonstrate the higher detection sensitivity of our reporter. We used the reporter to quantify the activity of variants of a simple synthetic enhancer, and observe increased activity upon reduction of enhancer-promoter distance or addition of binding sites for the pioneer transcription factor Zelda. Our reporter system constitutes a powerful tool to study spatio-temporal gene expression dynamics in live embryos.

Published
2020
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43. Transcription Factor Binding Affinities and DNA Shape Readout.

Author

Schnepf M, von Reutern M, Ludwig C, Jung C, and Gaul U

Abstract

An essential event in gene regulation is the binding of a transcription factor (TF) to its target DNA. Models considering the interactions between the TF and the DNA geometry proved to be successful approaches to describe this binding event, while conserving data interpretability. However, a direct characterization of the DNA shape contribution to binding is still missing due to the lack of accurate and large-scale binding affinity data. Here, we use a binding assay we recently established to measure with high sensitivity the binding specificities of 13 Drosophila TFs, including dinucleotide dependencies to capture non-independent amino acid-base interactions. Correlating the binding affinities with all DNA shape features, we find that shape readout is widely used by these factors. A shape readout/TF-DNA complex structure analysis validates our approach while providing biological insights such as positively charged or highly polar amino acids often contact nucleotides that exhibit strong shape readout., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Published
2020
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44. Sensitive Automated Measurement of Histone-DNA Affinities in Nucleosomes.

Author

Schnepf M, Ludwig C, Bandilla P, Ceolin S, Unnerstall U, Jung C, and Gaul U

Abstract

The DNA of eukaryotes is wrapped around histone octamers to form nucleosomes. Although it is well established that the DNA sequence significantly influences nucleosome formation, its precise contribution has remained controversial, partially owing to the lack of quantitative affinity data. Here, we present a method to measure DNA-histone binding free energies at medium throughput and with high sensitivity. Competitive nucleosome formation is achieved through automation, and a modified epifluorescence microscope is used to rapidly and accurately measure the fractions of bound/unbound DNA based on fluorescence anisotropy. The procedure allows us to obtain full titration curves with high reproducibility. We applied this technique to measure the histone-DNA affinities for 47 DNA sequences and analyzed how the affinities correlate with relevant DNA sequence features. We found that the GC content has a significant impact on nucleosome-forming preferences, but 10 bp dinucleotide periodicities and the presence of poly(dA:dT) stretches do not., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2020
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45. ATAC-seq reveals regional differences in enhancer accessibility during the establishment of spatial coordinates in the Drosophila blastoderm.

Author

Bozek M, Cortini R, Storti AE, Unnerstall U, Gaul U, and Gompel N

Subjects
Animals, Drosophila embryology, Drosophila genetics, Embryonic Development genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Spatial Analysis, Time Factors, Transcription Factors metabolism, Blastoderm embryology, Body Patterning genetics, Chromatin metabolism, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly genetics, Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Abstract

Establishment of spatial coordinates during Drosophila embryogenesis relies on differential regulatory activity of axis patterning enhancers. Concentration gradients of activator and repressor transcription factors (TFs) provide positional information to each enhancer, which in turn promotes transcription of a target gene in a specific spatial pattern. However, the interplay between an enhancer regulatory activity and its accessibility as determined by local chromatin organization is not well understood. We profiled chromatin accessibility with ATAC-seq in narrow, genetically tagged domains along the antero-posterior axis in the Drosophila blastoderm. We demonstrate that one-quarter of the accessible genome displays significant regional variation in its ATAC-seq signal immediately after zygotic genome activation. Axis patterning enhancers are enriched among the most variable intervals, and their accessibility changes correlate with their regulatory activity. In an embryonic domain where an enhancer receives a net activating TF input and promotes transcription, it displays elevated accessibility in comparison to a domain where it receives a net repressive input. We propose that differential accessibility is a signature of patterning cis -regulatory elements in the Drosophila blastoderm and discuss potential mechanisms by which accessibility of enhancers may be modulated by activator and repressor TFs., (© 2019 Bozek et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.)

Published
2019
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46. High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy.

Author

Jung C, Schnepf M, Bandilla P, Unnerstall U, and Gaul U

Subjects
Binding Sites, Fluorescence Polarization, Gene Expression Regulation, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Protein Binding, DNA metabolism, Transcription Factors metabolism
Abstract

Accurate quantification of transcription factor (TF)-DNA interactions is essential for understanding the regulation of gene expression. Since existing approaches suffer from significant limitations, we have developed a new method for determining TF-DNA binding affinities with high sensitivity on a large scale. The assay relies on the established fluorescence anisotropy (FA) principle but introduces important technical improvements. First, we measure a full FA competitive titration curve in a single well by incorporating TF and a fluorescently labeled reference DNA in a porous agarose gel matrix. Unlabeled DNA oligomer is loaded on the top as a competitor and, through diffusion, forms a spatio-temporal gradient. The resulting FA gradient is then read out using a customized epifluorescence microscope setup. This improved setup greatly increases the sensitivity of FA signal detection, allowing both weak and strong binding to be reliably quantified, even for molecules of similar molecular weights. In this fashion, we can measure one titration curve per well of a multi-well plate, and through a fitting procedure, we can extract both the absolute dissociation constant (KD) and active protein concentration. By testing all single-point mutation variants of a given consensus binding sequence, we can survey the entire binding specificity landscape of a TF, typically on a single plate. The resulting position weight matrices (PWMs) outperform those derived from other methods in predicting in vivo TF occupancy. Here, we present a detailed guide for implementing HiP-FA on a conventional automated fluorescent microscope and the data analysis pipeline.

Published
2019
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48. True equilibrium measurement of transcription factor-DNA binding affinities using automated polarization microscopy.

Author

Jung C, Bandilla P, von Reutern M, Schnepf M, Rieder S, Unnerstall U, and Gaul U

Subjects
Animals, Anisotropy, Binding Sites genetics, Drosophila physiology, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Ecdysone genetics, Ecdysone metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental physiology, Gene Regulatory Networks physiology, Protein Binding genetics, Protein Domains genetics, Reproducibility of Results, DNA metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Microscopy, Polarization methods, Transcription Factors metabolism
Abstract

The complex patterns of gene expression in metazoans are controlled by selective binding of transcription factors (TFs) to regulatory DNA. To improve the quantitative understanding of this process, we have developed a novel method that uses fluorescence anisotropy measurements in a controlled delivery system to determine TF-DNA binding energies in solution with high sensitivity and throughput. Owing to its large dynamic range, the method, named high performance fluorescence anisotropy (HiP-FA), allows for reliable quantification of both weak and strong binding; binding specificities are calculated on the basis of equilibrium constant measurements for mutational DNA variants. We determine the binding preference landscapes for 26 TFs and measure high absolute affinities, but mostly lower binding specificities than reported by other methods. The revised binding preferences give rise to improved predictions of in vivo TF occupancy and enhancer expression. Our approach provides a powerful new tool for the systems-biological analysis of gene regulation.

Published
2018
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49. Application of MultiColor FlpOut Technique to Study High Resolution Single Cell Morphologies and Cell Interactions of Glia in Drosophila.

Author

Batelli S, Kremer M, Jung C, and Gaul U

Subjects
Animals, DNA Nucleotidyltransferases metabolism, Drosophila metabolism, Neuroglia metabolism, Cell Communication physiology, Drosophila cytology, Microscopy, Confocal methods, Neuroglia cytology
Abstract

Cells display different morphologies and complex anatomical relationships. How do cells interact with their neighbors? Do the interactions differ between cell types or even within a given type? What kinds of spatial rules do they follow? The answers to such fundamental questions in vivo have been hampered so far by a lack of tools for high resolution single cell labeling. Here, a detailed protocol to target single cells with a MultiColor FlpOut (MCFO) technique is provided. This method relies on three differently tagged reporters (HA, FLAG and V5) under UAS control that are kept silent by a transcriptional terminator flanked by two FRT sites (FRT-stop-FRT). A heat shock pulse induces the expression of a heat shock-induced Flp recombinase, which randomly removes the FRT-stop-FRT cassettes in individual cells: expression occurs only in cells that also express a GAL4 driver. This leads to an array of differently colored cells of a given cell type that allows the visualization of individual cell morphologies at high resolution. As an example, the MCFO technique can be combined with specific glial GAL4 drivers to visualize the morphologies of the different glial subtypes in the adult Drosophila brain.

Published
2017
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50. The glia of the adult Drosophila nervous system.

Author

Kremer MC, Jung C, Batelli S, Rubin GM, and Gaul U

Subjects
Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, CD8 Antigens genetics, CD8 Antigens metabolism, Drosophila, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Green Fluorescent Proteins genetics, Green Fluorescent Proteins metabolism, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Nervous System cytology, Neuroglia classification, Neuroglia physiology
Abstract

Glia play crucial roles in the development and homeostasis of the nervous system. While the GLIA in the Drosophila embryo have been well characterized, their study in the adult nervous system has been limited. Here, we present a detailed description of the glia in the adult nervous system, based on the analysis of some 500 glial drivers we identified within a collection of synthetic GAL4 lines. We find that glia make up ∼10% of the cells in the nervous system and envelop all compartments of neurons (soma, dendrites, axons) as well as the nervous system as a whole. Our morphological analysis suggests a set of simple rules governing the morphogenesis of glia and their interactions with other cells. All glial subtypes minimize contact with their glial neighbors but maximize their contact with neurons and adapt their macromorphology and micromorphology to the neuronal entities they envelop. Finally, glial cells show no obvious spatial organization or registration with neuronal entities. Our detailed description of all glial subtypes and their regional specializations, together with the powerful genetic toolkit we provide, will facilitate the functional analysis of glia in the mature nervous system. GLIA 2017 GLIA 2017;65:606-638., (© 2017 The Authors GLIA Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Published
2017
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