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Colloidal solutions of gallia‐alumina (Ga,Al)2O3(x:y) solid‐solution nanoparticles with nominal atomic Ga : Al (x:y) ratios of 1 : 6, 1 : 3, 3 : 1, and 1:0 were used to prepare silica‐supported catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). A comparison of the unsupported and silica‐supported catalysts reveals that the dispersion on silica increases the Ga‐normalized PDH rates for all catalysts, albeit with a notably lower propene selectivity for (Ga,Al)2O3(1:6)/SiO2. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy allows contrasting the H2 dissociation sites in the calcined and H2‐treated (Ga,Al)2O3(x:y)/SiO2, indicating a transformation of Ga3+ surface sites with Al (mainly) and Ga atoms in the second coordination sphere (Ga(Al/Ga) sites) in the calcined (Ga,Al)2O3(1:6)/SiO2 to predominantly Ga(Ga/Si) surface sites in the H2‐treated material. The resulting sites are similarly unselective as in amorphous gallia on silica. H2 produced during the PDH reaction can cause a similar transformation as H2 pretreatment in (Ga,Al)2O3(1:6)/SiO2, rapidly resulting in a notably lowered selectivity. The stable and selective Ga(Al/Ga) surface sites in (Ga,Al)2O3(1:3)/SiO2 yield a Ga−H band at ca. 1990 cm−1 under H2 dissociation conditions while the less selective surface sites, observed for the other Ga : Al ratios, give Ga−H bands at ca. 2040 and 2060 cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While lead isotopes serve to determine potential ore provenance, silver isotopes help evaluate if a specific ore flagged by Pb isotopes has actually been exploited as a silver source of bullion in antiquity. The combination of Ag and Pb isotopes thus constitutes a powerful tool to address provenance and identify potential ore sources. It has recently been observed that the vast majority of silver isotopic abundances in hundreds of silver coins from different historical periods (pre-Roman and Roman, Middle Ages, early modern times) and different localities (Persia, Greece, Rome, Western Europe, England, Spanish Americas) falls in a remarkably narrow interval (± 0.1 permil, or ± 1 on the epsilon scale used by geochemists to enhance the visibility of small isotopic differences, group 1). Five Greek coins and some pieces from Levantine hacksilber hoards dated to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages have isotopic abundances somewhat below the range of group 1 (–0.2 to –0.1 permil, or -2 to -1 on the epsilon scale, group 2). The coverage of Ag isotopes in ores from the western Mediterranean, with the exception of Iberia, is inexistant. Here the above-mentioned approach is illustrated with new Pb and Ag isotopic analyses of samples from southern Sardinia and southern France. The majority of Ag isotope compositions of galena samples from Sardinia belongs to group 2 and none to group 1. While scholarly works imply that Sardinia may have provided silver to the Levant during the Iron Age, the exact location of the Sardinian ores that contributed to classical and archaic Greek coins is still unknown. Galena samples from southern France (the Pyrenees, Montagne Noire, Cévennes) are characterized by Ag isotope compositions from both groups 1 and 2, indicating that silver-bearing ore deposits in Gaul could be considered a potential source for silver bullion, both before and during the Roman era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion played an important role in many facets of life during the Middle Ages; however, most knowledge comes from historical documents of the elite and church leaders and biochemical signatures from skeletons buried in church cemeteries. This research explores diet among individuals buried in contemporaneous cemeteries that served individuals of distinct social statuses, the elite site of Saint-Jean de Todon (9th – 13th century AD), and the lower-status site of Saint-Victor-la-Coste (9th – 13th century AD). Individuals from Saint-Jean de Todon (n = 173) show a δ13C value range from − 21.6 to − 17.4‰ and a δ15N value range from 8.1 to 12.5‰. Individuals from Saint-Victor-la-Coste (n = 16) show a δ13C‰ value range from − 20.9 to − 18.3‰ and a δ15N value range from 8.6 to 10.8‰. There were statistically significant differences for δ15N values between males and females at Saint-Jean de Todon (p =.025), suggesting males having more animal protein in their diet. A statistical significance in comparison of δ13C and δ15N between Saint-Jean de Todon and Saint-Victor-la-Coste was found (p <.001 and p =.002, respectively), indicating differential diet due to status differences of the burial populations. The variety in burial styles at Saint-Jean de Todon suggest individuals with differing levels of social power; however, isotopically, their diet is similar to the rest of the cemetery population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texts recounting the careers of saints were foundational to Christian worship and historical construction in medieval Europe. They were also fluid, living works that evolved over time as individual saints' stories were revised, adapted, and retold. These texts changed in response to changing contexts in which they were used and understood. This article undertakes a case study to see how the evolution of one urban saint's legend reflects the history of that saint's city. Specifically, it analyzes the numerous Latin and vernacular texts produced between the mid-fifth and late twelfth centuries that recount the deeds of Saint Trophimus, first bishop of Arles. It argues that shifts in the saint's story reflect broad changes in the political, religious, and social life of Arles. It also demonstrates that the number of parties recounting the legend multiplied over time, and that dissonances within the story arose as these groups adapted the tale to their own interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented article is devoted to the analysis of the norms of the Salic Law which regulated civil legal relations of the Frankish society. The article notes that the Salic Law is a collection that was primarily devoted to the rules of criminal law and criminal procedure. Less attention was paid to the norms of civil law. This was due to the fact that the agricultural economy was not organized on a contractual basis. However, despite this, it contained rules that regulated property rights, obligations, marriage and family law, and inheritance law. The author has established that the Salic Law does not have a clear definition of property. The Franks retained communal ownership of land for a long time, as the rural neighborhood community, the marka, continued to exist despite the formation of the state. It is noted that at the end of the sixth century, the Franks formed a «full allod» – freely alienable land property, which was allowed to be freely given, transferred and bequeathed, including to women. A movable property was owned by families or individuals and could also be freely alienated and inherited. Based on the analysis of the norms of the Salic Law, the author found that the law of obligations was the least developed. There were such types of contracts as sale and purchase, exchange, gift, and loan. For a contract to be valid, in addition to the consent of the parties, it was necessary to observe various rites. As for marriage and family law, the article states that a legal marriage could be concluded between an adult free man and an adult free woman (no minimum age was set), subject to the consent of their relatives and provided that both parties were not bound by prohibited ties of kinship. Marriage was concluded through the purchase of a wife, i.e. power over her, from the person who had previously exercised this power over her. The grounds for invalidating a marriage were also defined. The author also analyzes the order of inheritance according to the Salic Law. It is established that the heirs in descending order were: children (and their descendants); mother and father; brothers and sisters; father’s sisters; mother’s sisters; father’s relatives (up to the sixth generation). Allodial land was а family land, it could not be inherited by females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion surrounding the posthumous condemnation of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus and Iva of Edessa occupies an important place in the church history of the VI century. The attempt at reconciliation with the Monophysites, undertaken by Justinian, not only failed to achieve its original goal, but also led to a new schism. To support his initiative, the emperor turned to the Roman bishops, which put them in a difficult situation: on the one hand, Justinian demanded from the popes support for the condemnation of the Three Chapters, on the other – the churches of the western provinces reacted to this initiative with condemnation and distrust, seeing in it the undermining of the authority of the Roman Church and the entire institution of ecumenical councils. One of the episcopal sees closely associated with Rome was Arles (Arelate), an important ecclesiastical center of Gaul. An analysis of the papal epistles to the bishops of Arles, as well as to the Frankish kings, allows us to conclude that the Gallic clergy were rather poorly aware of the essence of the contradictions that developed around the condemnation of the Three Chapters: the popes repeatedly sent messages confirming their adherence to the canons, but without touching on the very essence of the differences. Such a streamlined position also testifies to the difficult position of the Roman see, which was forced to take into account the position of both Justinian and the Western churches. To convey their point of view to the Gallic clergy, the popes used the bishops of Arles, who had serious regional influence, which Vigilius and Pelagius further strengthened by granting them the status of papal vicars. The appointment and activities of the vicar were actively discussed with the secular authorities – the Byzantine ruling couple, as well as the Frankish kings – which also indicates the weakness of the papal positions during this period

This essay examines the diplomatic efforts of Gallic bishops with barbarian kings, in the tense period after 406 CE and during the raids of Attila in Gaul in 451. The first part of this essay seeks to understand the narrative strategies at work in five late antique Gallic hagiographies. Written decades after the events narrated in them occurred, under different political circumstances, these texts re-imagined and re-interpreted these diplomatic encounters, bolstering claims of episcopal authority. The second part of this essay contextualizes the hagiographic claims of Gallic bishops' involvement in diplomacy, paying particular attention to the role of episcopal humility in diplomatic encounters. It shows that this humility was not only a topos but also a useful diplomatic and religious tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over one hundred years, scholars have argued that there was a ban on presbyterial preaching in southern Gaul throughout the fifth century. This ban was purportedly lifted at the Council of Vaison (529) at the behest of Caesarius of Arles in order to preach the gospel in the countryside. While scholars have called the effectiveness of the ban into question, this article makes a stronger critique, arguing that there was neither a ban nor a unified local preaching tradition. It further suggests that presbyterial preaching was a critical and highly regulated component of the church's power in fifth‐century Gaul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the hagiographies written by sixth century poet and bishop Venatius Fortunatus, including those of St. Albinus, St. Marcellus, and St. Germanus. It considers how the prose works were created with an acknowledgement that the works would be read aloud on Saints' days and at other religious rhetorical performances. It also considers church pastoral care and aspects of memory in the early Middle Ages in Gaul.

This paper explores the processes of specialized viticulture in the province of Gallia Narbonensis over the first three centuries CE and brings this evidence to bear on broader economic questions, particularly as they relate to the effects of connectivity and globalization on Roman economic development. Evidence from small farms to sprawling villas suggests that specialized production stretched across multiple strata of society in Narbonensis, from so-called peasants to the wealthiest elites. The existence of specialized agricultural production at the scale documented in Narbonensis required significant demand, well-connected and integrated markets, sustained trade, and an awareness of these economic factors by the residents of the province. The evidence presented here demonstrates that the residents of Narbonensis recognized that they were part of an economic environment in which high levels of connectivity and integrated markets allowed them to pursue more profitable production strategies and that they pursued these opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texts recounting the careers of saints were foundational to Christian worship and historical construction in medieval Europe. They were also fluid, living works that evolved over time as individual saints’ stories were revised, adapted, and retold. These texts changed in response to changing contexts in which they were used and understood. This article undertakes a case study to see how the evolution of one urban saint’s legend reflects the history of that saint’s city. Specifically, it analyzes the numerous Latin and vernacular texts produced between the mid-fifth and late twelfth centuries that recount the deeds of Saint Trophimus, first bishop of Arles. It argues that shifts in the saint’s story reflect broad changes in the political, religious, and social life of Arles. It also demonstrates that the number of parties recounting the legend multiplied over time, and that dissonances within the story arose as these groups adapted the tale to their own interests.

The richest assemblage of the Triassic Diptera has been described from the famous Konservat-Lagerstätte Grès à Voltzia (Upper Buntsandstein) in the northern Vosges Mountains in France, dated as Early Anisian. A re-examination of the holotypes and additional material from the type locality allows for the establishment of Vogerhyphus gen. nov. and erection of the Vogerhyphinae subfam. nov. for Vymrhyphus blagoderovi Krzemiński and Krzemińska, 2003 and Vogerhyphus krzeminskorum sp. nov. (Protorhyphidae), and a new monotypic family Galliidae fam. nov. for Gallia alsatica Krzemiński and Krzemińska, 2003, originally described as Rhagionidae based on its wing venation. Galliidae fam. nov. is characterized by its closed cua cell and long moniliform antenna with 14-segmented flagellum and is hypothesized to belong to the stem-group Brachycera, along with the Late Triassic Prosechamyiidae. The process of brachycerization in the Diptera evolution is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, historians researching the seventh century ce have increasingly emphasized mobility, communications and connectivity across the Mediterranean world that supposedly included close contacts between the Franks and Byzantium. These studies, however, rely often on optimistic, maximum interpretations of the comparatively sparse source base, and have not always precisely distinguished between different forms of mobility and connectivity. This article argues that a closer examination of the actual cultural and political consequences of mobility and contact between Byzantium and Gaul is required, and that the possibility of discontinuity and disintegration should not be disregarded. In our reading of the sources, we deliberately adopt a sceptical, methodologically cautious minimal position: the textual sources can be interpreted as showing that, while individual, sporadic contacts across the Mediterranean continued to exist, there was no established, continuous practice of communications between Byzantium and Gaul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first years of Constantine's reign in Britain and Gaul were largely a continuation of the mode of government established by Emperor Diocletian. The son of Constantius I had to ensure that his person was accepted in the Roman provinces where his father ruled. Therefore, it was a priority for Constantine to build lasting ties with the soldiers and civilian inhabitants of the land over which he had succeeded in taking power since 306 A.D. An important role in the process of his propaganda self-creation - in its initial phase at least - would be played by the issuance of coins that featured Virtus. The intention of the author of this text, in relation to the title problem, is therefore to show the context of the creation and practical use of the minted at Constantine's initiative of his first mint issues, on which this ancient Roman military idea was immortalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconciles contradictory ancient evidence concerning the date and circumstances of Constantine's departure from the court of Galerius to join his father, Constantius I. Modern consensus places this departure in mid-305 on the strength of evidence derived from Pan. Lat. 6.7.5–8.2, which states that Constantine joined his father in Gaul, and a military diploma unearthed in Italy in 1958, which lists Constantius as Britannicus Maximus II. This article deconstructs the case for this chronology on three grounds: firstly, that there is a prima facie plausibility to the fourth-century narrative of Constantine's hostage status with Galerius, who had worked hard to keep the sons of Maximian and Constantius from power; secondly, the 306 diploma is subjected to scrutiny and arguments offered for rejecting the iteration Britannicus Maximus II , not least because such other evidence of victory titles as exists contradicts it; thirdly and finally, a historical argument is made, on the basis of Pan. Lat. 7(6) and 6(7), that no major victory was ever won by Constantius in northern Britain. In all, it is argued that the story of Constantine's flight should be treated as historical and dated to the summer of 306. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valerian's capture in 259 caused profound instability in the Roman Empire. The incompetence of Gallienus's government caused the secessionist movement often called the Gallic (or Gallic Roman) Empire to take root in the West, with Postumus at its helm. This splinter state came to cover Gaul, part of Germania, Britannia and Hispania. Analysis of the surviving epigraphy from the period offers insight into the political evolution of the Iberian Peninsula between 260 and 275, from Postumus's uprising to the secessionist's restoration to the Roman Empire under Aurelian; the present article proposes an approach to this tangle of loyalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Salic law (Lex Salica) is intensely treated as the old Germanic law, which has become the most famous of the so-called barbarian leges. It was created during the victorious reign of Clovis, a founder of the Salian Empire in northern Gaul (Kremer & Schwab, 2018: 241). The Salic law clearly demonstrated the influence of the Visigothic and Burgundian models (McDaniel, 2012: 132) and became very influential during the Carolingian regime. It is believed that one could find the most aspects of the Carolingian-style in tenth and eleventh-century England (Wormald, 2014: 249-250). However, there is no direct evidence of the availability of Lex Salica in Britain before the 10th century. The paper presents an innovative attitude towards the study of the relation between the Salians' legal code Lex Salica and English common law. The greatest attention is paid to the appropriate historical and juridical contexts, cross-national activities, linguistic and juridical contacts, contact-induced changes, etc. The results of the research reveal that Lex Salica could be available in Britain before the 10th century. Moreover, there was an evident inter-influence of the Frankish and British legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Bratislava-Rusovce they have found a surface find consisting in a handle of a copper alloy spatula with a bust of Minerva. Originally, this spatula had an iron blade and it was used to spread wax on wooden writing tablets. It is a type of spatula used mainly in southern Britannia, north-western Gaul and Rhineland. In the Danubian provinces it is only rarely observed and the few pieces date back to the 2nd and 3rd century AD. The depiction of Minerva on the handle of the spatula has to do with her function as patroness of learning. The object is made of copper alloy, zinc, lead, and tin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the Roman villae rusticae which Ausonius describes in his Mosella (283-348). Although actually a rich Villeggiatura existed in Gallia Belgica, no closer correspondence can be found between text and topography. There are, however, intertextual relations to Statius' descriptions of villas. This can be explained as a threefold fictional transformation of real landscape: Ausonius keeps a fluvial perspective, i.e., he is interested in the architectural structures only as far as they are linked to the Moselle. Furthermore, the author, by means of intertextual allusions, evokes a literary and mythological Mediterranean landscape, which is, so to speak, transferred to Gaul. Finally, covering up the actual devastations, which had recently affected the Villeggiatura, Ausonius anticipates the imperial efforts of reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the effects which the building of Hadrian's Wall had on the patterns of supply and communication from the continent. Existing systems were strengthened rather than altered, and Hadrian's reign saw the full development of ports and military installations on the North Sea and Channel coasts. Navigation to Britain and sailing conditions on various routes are discussed, comparing their importance in the transport of wine, oil, exotic plants and samian ware and the movement of military personnel. Use of the Rhône–Rhine axis is emphasised for the movement of goods from Central Gaul and the Mediterranean, but other rivers in western and north-western Gaul were of some importance, as the details of samian distribution demonstrate. Finally, non-state organisation of the acquisition and distribution of commodities supplied to the army on Hadrian's Wall is strongly favoured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Dryades in Historia Augusta and the problems associated with research methodology in Celtic studies): Augustan History contains passages about druidesses who foretell the future for emperors. Analysis of Historia Augusta results in the conclusion that this information is false. To confirm this statement, verification of the rest of the preserved material is necessary. Considering this, an unequivocal solution to the activities of druidesses in the third century CE is not satisfying.

This article covers the transformation of the ideal of a bishop and the bishop’s role during the Migration Period using the example of Gaul. Following a short description of the methodology, the ideal of the bishop in the period before the migration is discussed. The main aspects of the transformation of this ideal and the role of the bishop are then analysed, followed by any introduc-tory analysis of the source materials where the developments in Gaul are compared with other re-gions, primarily North Africa. The specific development of the gallic episcopate and gallic society is finally evaluated using the German Bischofsherrschaft medieval studies concept.

This article, published here in two parts, is the result of a paper published at the ATEG Tours Colloquium in 2018, and concerns the examination of all available data about the presence, in a wide Center-Ouest and Center of Gaul, on the one hand of Roman soldiers and officials on the other, of exogenous populations known as “barbarians”, traveling through this territory or settling there, from the end of the 3rd century to that of the 5th century. Mobilizable data are examined one by one, whether textual or archeological, from corpus – published online separately – designed to be as comprehensive and wide as possible. Criticism of their relevance and heuristic value to this issue is studied- in detail, leading to conclusions about these issues – which themselves have a close dialectical relationship. Taking into account the complementarities but also sometimes the existing contradictions between textual and archeological documentation, although the data used may sometimes appear relatively marginal or even somewhat irrelevant, and thus some disappointing conclusions, in several cases, we arrive at observations which seem significant, in particular, thanks to an adequate renewed cartography, as regards the spatial distribution of certain phenomena.

This article, published here in two parts, is the result of a paper published at the ATEG Tours Colloquium in 2018, and concerns the examination of all available data about the presence, in a wide Center-Ouest and Center of Gaul, on the one hand of Roman soldiers and officials on the other, of exogenous populations known as “barbarians”, traveling through this territory or settling there, from the end of the 3rd century to that of the 5th century. Mobilizable data are examined one by one, whether textual or archeological, from corpus – published online separately – designed to be as comprehensive and wide as possible. Criticism of their relevance and heuristic value to this issue is studied- in detail, leading to conclusions about these issues – which themselves have a close dialectical relationship. Taking into account the complementarities but also sometimes the existing contradictions between textual and archeological documentation, although the data used may sometimes appear relatively marginal or even somewhat irrelevant, and thus some disappointing conclusions, in several cases, we arrive at observations which seem significant, in particular, thanks to an adequate renewed cartography, as regards the spatial distribution of certain phenomena.

This case study reviews the first archeological cases of avascular femoral head necrosis, known as Legg–Calve–Perthes disease, on two small Roman dogs from ancient Gaul (France). LCPD diagnosis is difficult in advanced degenerative stages of the disease and one of its differential diagnoses is slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). In both cases presented here, the development of this disease is probably related to the small morphology of the two dogs. Small dogs appeared to emerge in the Roman Empire when the dog became highly specialized. This disease raises questions about the health conditions of these small dogs in Roman times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to highlight what image of the Jews can be drawn from reading the canons of the councils held in Gaul between the fourth and sixth centuries. Thus it is possible to assess how the transformations of the political framework of the territory were reflected on the condition of the Jews and on the perception that those responsible for the council production had of them. The diachronic investigation and comparison with civil legislation highlight the peculiarities of the framework offered by the conciliar production. Jews represent a troubling otherness from the earliest canons, but during the Merovingian kingdom the canons show increasing hostility. Anti-Judaism appears connected to the process of building and settling Frankish identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study I would like to examine the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. In the first part of my article I will talk about the causes of the campaign of 451; the treachery of Honoria, the Frank succession and the Ostrogothic immigrants in the Visigothic court. Then I will move forward to the campaign, and I will show how the opposing forces manoeuvred, what were their plans, and how they arrived to the place of the battle. Then I will examine the order of the battle, the battle plans, and fight of the forces, which has continued through the night. Then, I will talk about the next couple of days, the sieges of the camps, and the reason why the Romans left the battlefield. Finally, I will finish with my conclusions, the examination of the performance of the military leaders, the losses of the opposing forces, and I will claim the winner in the end of my study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the second century BC, with the fast expansion of the Roman Empire, iron production and consumption developed exponentially in north-western Europe. This rapid growth naturally led to an increase in trade, that still remains to be studied encompassing a broad scope, so as to not neglect long-distance exchanges. This is today possible by taking advantage of the progress made in the past 40 years in archaeology and archaeometallurgy. Cargoes of iron bars recovered from a group of 23 wrecks located off the coast of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), opposite an old branch of the Rhône River, constitute a rich opportunity to examine this trade, by comparing the slag inclusions trapped in iron bars to primary slag from the six main ironmaking areas in Gaul. Based on a trace element analysis of these inclusions and this slag, we suggest that ships travelled down the Rhône carrying iron produced in Wallonia (Belgium), while others sailed up the Rhône transporting iron produced in Montagne Noire (Aude, France). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to reconstruct the socio-economic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term of comparison. The results indicate that typical Roman husbandry practices survived into fourth century Britain: the animal economy focussed on cattle, livestock improvements, and surplus production, which allowed to feed the taxation cycle and to supply the army and town dwellers; on the other hand, the zooarchaeological evidence highlights substantial changes in the aims and scale of animal exploitation in the post-Roman period. Such discontinuity demonstrates the key role formerly played by the Roman state in shaping local animal economies and in integrating food production practices throughout the north-western provinces. At the same time, the more generalized animal husbandry strategies of post-Roman settlements respond well to the needs of self-sufficient communities. Cattle decreased in size, as large, robust animals were no longer needed; on the other hand, the large size of sheep and other domesticates, improved in Roman times, benefitted Early Anglo-Saxon herders, and were often maintained. This evidence suggests that post-Roman communities did not simply cope with adverse economic conditions but reacted appropriately to the new circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work re-approaches the origins of "the Celts" by detailing the character of their society and the nature of social change in Europe across 700–300 BC. A new approach integrates regional burial archaeology with contemporary classical texts to further refine our social understanding of the European Iron Age. Those known to us as "Celts" were matrifocal Early Iron Age groups in central Gaul who engaged in social traditions out of the central European salt trade and became heavily involved in Mediterranean politics. The paper focuses on evidence from the Hallstatt–La Tène transition to solve a 150-year-old problem: how the Early Iron Age "Celts" became the early La Tène "Galatai," who engaged in the Celtic migrations and the sacking of Rome at 387 BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legend VEPOCNAVOS was found on a so-called "Vepo" gold stater of the British Corieltauvi that was recently discovered in the Mansfield area of Nottingham. This legend is read as VEPOCUN-AVOS and interpreted as a compound deriving from a conceivable PIE *wekwo-kewon-h2euh2os, tentatively glossed as 'Vepo's whelp grandson' (or similar), the ruling member of the third generation of a Corieltauvian dynasty. VEPO < PIE *wekwo-'word, voice, to speak' could seemingly designate 'the leader who had the word'; cf. Gaul. Vepolitanos 'he whose word carries far'. PIE kewon-, literally 'dog, hound', was also used figuratively as a term for a warrior in early Irish literature, e. g. Cú Chulainn 'Culann's hound', or Cú Choingelt 'Hound of the Pasturage'. The tribal name Corieltauvi (*Corieltawos) is then analyzed as deriving from a PIE compound *kori-pelh1-u-th2eus- and glossed as 'the great silent host' for whom Vepos would have been the speaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Pillar of the Boatmen, the God-bearing Pillar, presents us with the civil status, so to speak, of Cernunnos. (See Figure 1.) The Pillar of the Boatmen is a set of four stones, (1st century CE) found in the crypt of the church Notre-Dame de Paris. Those stones four-sided, which have been piled up to form a pillar, bear upon their four faces some low reliefs representing Gaulish and Roman gods with, the most often, theirs names engraved. Those gods correspond to each other on the opposite face of the square stones. So, the Latin IOVIS, to the Gaulish TARVOS TRIGARANVS (god of heaven in his animal form); VOLCANVS, to ESVS; [POLLUX], to SMERT[RIOS]; CASTOR, to [C]ERNVNNOS. Besides his face and his name, we know that he is, in Lutetia, according to the interpretation I have proposed, the son of the Goddess Seine and the Gallic diurnal sky god, and that his address is the Right Bank (on one of the heaps of Île Martin in the Marais?). Does he have a spouse? There is no document attesting to this. His heir, Merlin, does have a partner, Gwendoline "White Doe." A possible answer: a twin brother, Smertrios / Lugus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mediterranea (18270506) is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta & Instrumenta is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines how villa baths in the north-western Roman empire can help us understand how rural regions were incorporated in the Roman cultural sphere despite the absence of cities and secondary agglomerations. Whereas in the first phase of Roman rule the addition of private baths to a villa could be interpreted as a marker of a Roman way of life, the ever larger and more luxurious bathhouses of the second and third centuries ad can only be understood in the context of intra-elite competition, revealing a real concern for displaying wealth and underlining social status, but also for leaving a family legacy. Here, a case-study in the rural north-west examines the role of baths in the self-representation of elites, the consolidation of elite peer interaction networks, the creation of social exclusion, and the inclusion of new ideas into local cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two crossbow fibulae, belonging to the clothing tradition of the Eastern Germans, were unearthed in a tomb (n ° 94) in the necropolis of Saint-Chéron, in Chartres (France). These fibulae are derived from those of the Ambroz 16/4-III type, belonging to the late Roman period and characteristic of the Chernyakhov culture (in the southern part of Eastern Europe), i.e. Germanic and non-Germanic population (the Goths and their allies). These fibulae are attested, yet more scarcely, on the sites of the cultures of Wielbark and Przeworsk in the Vistula basin, belonging to the Eastern Germans. These fibulae from Eastern and Central Europe are dated from the 3rd and the 4th centuries. Concerning the time of the Great Migrations, mainly for the 5th century, crossbow fibulae derived from those of Ambroz 16/4-III are rare and attested outside of the main area of ​​distribution of their prototypes: in the North-East of the Black Sea (1 site), in Spain (1 site), in Italy (1 site) and especially in Gaul (3 sites). Fibulae of the Ambroz 16/4-III type and their derivatives were found mainly in the area of ​​activity of the Goths during the Roman Period and the Great Migrations, between the Vistula, the Black Sea and the Iberian Peninsula. The few fibulae of this type discovered elsewhere, in Northern Gaul for example, probably attest to the displacement of isolated individuals. Indeed, in the tomb of Saint-Chéron, the position of the pair of fibulae, on the thorax, is entirely in accordance with that adopted by the Eastern Germans in Roman times.

Starting from the unpublished amphorae discovered in the Middle Imperial contexts (dating 2nd-early 3rd centuries AD) found in the building known as the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome, this paper analyses the presence of Gallic containers in Rome and Ostia. The finds from that site will be combined with the ones deriving from several published contexts in Rome with similar dating and compared with those discovered in Ostia (the traditional comparison for the Capital) in order to update the data about their presence in both cities during the chosen chronological period. This paper will also analyse ancient sources that mention Gallic products in order to reflect not only upon their quality, but also their purchasers and consumers, with brief considerations derived from theories in social sciences.