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13. Human resource challenges in health systems: evidence from 10 African countries.

Author

Sheffel, Ashley, Andrews, Kathryn G, Conner, Ruben, Giorgio, Laura Di, Evans, David K, Gatti, Roberta, Lindelow, Magnus, Sharma, Jigyasa, Svensson, Jakob, Wane, Waly, and Tärneberg, Anna Welander

Subjects
MEDICAL quality control, MEDICAL personnel, HUMAN resources departments, DEVELOPING countries, WORLD health
Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa has fewer medical workers per capita than any region of the world, and that shortage has been highlighted consistently as a critical constraint to improving health outcomes in the region. This paper draws on newly available, systematic, comparable data from 10 countries in the region to explore the dimensions of this shortage. We find wide variation in human resources performance metrics, both within and across countries. Many facilities are barely staffed, and effective staffing levels fall further when adjusted for health worker absences. However, caseloads—while also varying widely within and across countries—are also low in many settings, suggesting that even within countries, deployment rather than shortages, together with barriers to demand, may be the principal challenges. Beyond raw numbers, we observe significant proportions of health workers with very low levels of clinical knowledge on standard maternal and child health conditions. This study highlights that countries may need to invest broadly in health workforce deployment, improvements in capacity and performance of the health workforce, and on addressing demand constraints, rather than focusing narrowly on increases in staffing numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Education and Health

Author

Filmer, Deon, primary, Gatti, Roberta, additional, Rogers, Halsey, additional, Spatafora, Nikola, additional, and Emrullahu, Drilona, additional

Published
2021
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22. Labour market impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the West Bank and Gaza.

Author

Deng, Jingyuan, Elmallakh, Nelly, Flabbi, Luca, and Gatti, Roberta

Subjects
LABOR market, COVID-19 pandemic, LABOR supply, BLUE collar workers, REFUGEE camps
Abstract

This article studies the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on men's labour supply in the West Bank and Gaza, both on the extensive (participation) and intensive (hours of work) margins. We find that the pandemic was associated with a decline in employment and labour supply in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic, with large adjustments at the intensive margin. Afterwards, labour market indicators quickly bounced back to their pre‐pandemic levels, but less so for the most vulnerable segments of the workforce, such as informal workers, workers in blue collar occupations, the least educated, and residents in refugee camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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25. Framing the Future of Work

Author

Christensen, Luc, primary, D’Souza, Ritika, additional, Gatti, Roberta V., additional, Valerio, Alexandria, additional, Sanchez Puerta, Maria Laura, additional, and Palacios, Robert J., additional

Published
2018
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30. Labor Market Transitions in Egypt Post-Arab Spring

Author

Deng, Jingyuan, Elmallakh, Nelly, Flabbi, Luca, and Gatti, Roberta

Subjects
PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, LABOR MARKET TRANSITION COMPARISON, LABOR MARKET NON-PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, INFORMAL LABOR MARKET, EDUCATION ADVANTAGE, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT BY GENDER, MARRIED WOMEN IN LABOR FORCE, PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION AND LABOR MARKET ACCESS, LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION, INFORMALITY
Abstract

This paper examines the Arab Republic of Egypt’s labor market transition dynamics post–Arab Spring based on the two most recent rounds of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey conducted in 2012 and 2018. In addition to providing disaggregated-level analysis by examining labor market transitions by gender, education, and age groups, the paper provides a cross-country, cross-regional perspective by comparing Egypt’s labor market transitions with Mexico’s, relying on data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo. To match the span of Mexico’s transitions (which are measured over a one-year period) and Egypt’s (which are measured over six years), the analysis uses Monte Carlo simulations of repeated discrete-time Markov chains. Based on these results, the Egyptian labor market appears to be highly rigid compared to the Mexican labor market, which instead shows a large degree of dynamism regardless of individual initial labor market states at baseline. Auxiliary regression analyses focusing on transitions to and from the dominant absorbing labor market states in Egypt —public sector employment for both genders, nonparticipation for women, and the informal sector for men—show that having a post-secondary education is associated with a lower probability of remaining out of the labor force for women who were already out of the labor force at baseline, while being married at baseline is found to be a significant predictor for women to stay out of the labor force if they were already so. Among men, the better educated are found to be more likely to secure formal employment, be it in the public or private sector, and are more likely to keep their public formal jobs once they secure them.

Published
2022

32. Management Practices and the Partial Government Ownership of Firms in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Author

Islam, Asif M. and Gatti, Roberta

Subjects
GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, PERFORMANCE INCENTIVES, FIRM MANAGEMENT, PARTIAL GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP OF FIRMS, BUSINESS POLITICAL CONNECTIONS, GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP, COMPETITIVENESS, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, BETTER BUSINESS RESULTS
Abstract

A wealth of evidence has shown the positive effects of better management practices on firms. More recent evidence has highlighted that ownership matters for several developing and advanced economies. However, this relationship has not been studied extensively for economies in the Middle East and North Africa, a region where the presence of the government in the productive sphere looms large. This study contributes to this gap in the literature by exploring how partial government ownership can influence the management practices of medium and large formal firms in the Middle East and North Africa. Using two waves of Enterprise Surveys undertaken in 2013 and 2019/2020, the evidence points at a negative relationship between partial government ownership and management practices in the developing Middle East and North Africa region. A subsample of panel firms confirms these findings. Analysis conducted for firms surveyed in Europe and Central Asia in the same time frame does not show a similar negative relationship between partial government ownership and management practices, highlighting regional heterogeneity.

Published
2022

33. The Human Capital of Firms and the Formal Training of Workers

Author

Islam, Asif M. and Gatti, Roberta

Subjects
LABOR MARKET, FIRM-LEVEL DATA, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT BENEFITS, INVEST IN TRAINING, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES COMPETITIVENESS, WORLD BANK ENTERPRISE SURVEY 2019/2020, ON THE JOB TRAINING, EDUCATED LABOR SHORTAGE, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, TRAINING FINANCE, HR MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Abstract

The benefits of formal training are numerous, and yet in many regions few firms utilize them. This study builds on the literature by exploring how two forms of human capital—the quality of management practices and the proportion of university educated employees—influence the adoption of formal training. Using both cross-sectional and panel firm-level data for 29 economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and six economies in the Middle East and North Africa, the study finds that firm management practices are positively correlated with the implementation of formal training in Eastern Europe and Central Asia but not in the Middle East and North Africa. The proportion of university educated workers is positively correlated with formal training in both regions, but the finding is more robust for the Middle East and North Africa. These findings imply significant heterogeneity across regions in the determinants of formal training, suggesting that policies should be context specific.

Published
2022

37. Why Should We Care about Child Labor? The Education, Labor Market, and Health Consequences of Child Labor

Author

Beegle, Kathleen, Dehejia, Rajeev, and Gatti, Roberta

Abstract

Despite the extensive literature on the determinants of child labor, the evidence on the consequences of child labor on outcomes such as education, labor, and health is limited. We evaluate the causal effect of child labor participation among children in school on these outcomes using panel data from Vietnam and an instrumental variables strategy. Five years subsequent to the child labor experience we find significant negative impacts on education, and also find a higher probability of wage work for those young adults who worked as children while attending school. We find few significant effects on health. (Contains 7 tables and 8 footnotes.)

Published
2009

38. Child Labor, Income Shocks, and Access to Credit. Policy Research Working Paper.

Author

World Bank, Washington, DC., Beegle, Kathleen, Dehejia, Rajeev H., and Gatti, Roberta

Abstract

Although a growing theoretical literature points to credit constraints as an important source of inefficiently high child labor, little work has been done to assess its empirical relevance. This paper examines the direct effect of a transitory income shock on household child labor choices, as well as the extent to which access to credit helps families smooth away the impact of a shock. Increasing child labor in response to a transitory shock carries important costs for human capital development because of the often-irreversible disruption in schooling. Panel data from approximately 800 agricultural households in the rural Dagera region of Tanzania show that transitory income shocks, as proxied by accidental crop loss, led to significantly increased child labor among children aged 10-15. Moreover, the availability of collateralizable assets offset the effects of income shocks on child labor, even when controlling for other sources of family wealth and for household-level unobservables. Findings corroborate a large theoretical literature on the relevance of credit constraints in predicting child labor and suggest that expanding access to credit might be effective in mitigating the prevalence of child labor. (Contains 41 references) (Author/SV)

Published
2003

42. Front Matter

Author

Gatti, Roberta, primary, Karacsony, Sandor, additional, Anan, Kosuke, additional, Ferré, Celine, additional, and de Paz Nieves, Carmen, additional

Published
2016
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