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Changes to domestic divisions of labor have been widely documented, but some tasks seem particularly resistant to change. Using the lens of 'doing gender', this article draws on interviews with 25 heterosexual working parent British couples who produced a 'household portrait' of their division of labor. It examines how they explain men's continuing responsibility for 'man-typed' domestic tasks and why this is so resistant to change. Although men's 'gatekeeping' of these tasks is consequential for the overall household division of labor, there is relatively little opposition from their women partners. This gatekeeping reproduces gendered meanings of 'man-typed' tasks and enables both men and women to 'do gender' while supporting their image of a 'sharing' couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) shortage represents an emerging issue in transfusion medicine. Limited data are available to determine effective strategies for optimal use. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to determine the impact of institutional measures on IVIG use at a large academic center.IVIG infusions from November 26, 2018 to September 25, 2022 were categorized according to their appropriateness (Recommended, Option of treatment, or Unrecommended), based on provincial guidelines, and separated into three phases: Reference, Transition, and Post‐Implementation phases, the latter following the adoption of restrictive measures, including mandatory standardized order forms, a blood bank gatekeeping strategy, and the creation of a stewardship committee.A total of 5431 IVIG infusions were administered to 544 patients, accounting for 295,033 g. The most common indication categories were neurology (30.4%), immunology (29.0%), and hematology (17.4%). From Reference to Post‐Implementation phase, IVIG infusions decreased from 2275 to 2000 with unrecommended indications dropping from 9.5% to 7.4% (p = 0.01), and a global reduction of 23.0% (from 131,163 g to 100,936 g of IVIG). Decrease in chronic immunomodulation accounted for 48.3% of total reduction (14,610 g of 30,227 g), whereas single‐use immunomodulation, 40.5% (12,237 g of 30,227 g). Moreover, an absolute reduction of 16.9% was observed in orders exceeding the recommended doses (20.8% to 3.9%; p < 0.0001). Together, the unrecommended and excessive IVIG doses decreased from 19,975 g (15.2%) to 6670 g (6.6%).A global reduction in IVIG use and a preferential decrease in the unrecommended orders were observed, most likely attributable to the bundle of restrictive strategies implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to adapt the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale into Turkish for use with infants and to evaluate its validity and reliability with parents. The study employed a descriptive survey model, a quantitative research approach. Participants were selected using criterion sampling, a purposeful sampling technique. The study sample included 305 mothers and 209 fathers with infants aged 0-24 months, who are married, living together, and agreed to participate. The data in the study were collected with the "Demographic Information Form" and "Maternal Gatekeeping Scale" created by the researcher. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the construct validity of the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale-Mother Form and Maternal Gatekeeping Scale-Father Form. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale-Mother Form was 0.76; the control sub-dimension was 0.75, the encouragement sub-dimension was 0.81, and the obstacle sub-dimension was 0.76. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale-Father Form was 0.87; the control sub-dimension was 0.83, the encouragement sub-dimension was 0.87, and the obstacle sub-dimension was 0.87. In order to calculate item discriminations, 27% lower-upper groups were formed and independent sample t-test was applied to these groups. Item-total correlation values were calculated to determine the relationship between each item in the scale and other items. The findings of this study demonstrate that both the Mother and Father Forms of the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale are valid and reliable tools for assessing maternal gatekeeping among parents with infants in Türkiye. The adaptation of this scale represents a significant advancement in the field of maternal gatekeeping during infancy. It is anticipated that this adapted scale will serve as a foundational resource for future research, facilitating the exploration of determinants and consequences associated with maternal gatekeeping in infancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCritical scholarship has long pointed to the problematic ways in which mainstream International Relations (IR) takes Westphalian state politics to be universally applicable, yet existing analyses fall short of providing an alternative grounding for IR. Departing from the close relationship between medicine and politics, this article advances two arguments. First, Westphalian IR is based on a particular Western conception of biomedicine. Second, biomedicine is treated as the hallmark of modern science, which exacerbates the discipline’s gatekeeping against ‘alternative’ scholarship that does not look like this particular description of science. By mobilising the notion of ‘cosmology’, we suggest that East Asian medicine (EAM), informed by Daoist yin-yang dialectics, can help to rethink the alleged universality of IR’s biomedical metatheoretical foundations. Specifically, we illustrate how the Westphalian state body and its territorial politics are made possible by biomedical knowledge, and how EAM’s relational cosmology and method of employing creative images helps to conceive shared communal bodies and re-evaluate territorial conflicts. Ultimately, this article argues for the necessity of a plurality of cosmological viewpoints in IR to overcome exclusionary oppositions in both the practice and study of global politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer review in journals is in crisis, and its current situation and sustainability are increasingly concerning for academics and scientific communities. We identify this crisis as part of an evolutionary step in the continuous development of science, arguing that peer review maintains a central role. We analyse the emergence and historical development of peer review, identifying its role as crucial to the legitimisation of global science, particularly in guaranteeing quality control in the scientific process of massification—despite its flaws. We then focus on the crisis as part of the recent second wave of massification stemming from 'publish or perish' dynamics, which overburden those involved in peer review management and activities. Based on this crisis and given that the alternative models to peer review rely on the same core ideals, we argue that the current scenario represents a golden opportunity for the peer‐review process to adapt by correcting some of its known biases, becoming more inclusive and relevant, and gaining recognition for its crucial role in career progression and in the training of the researchers of tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender affirmation through hormone replacement therapies and surgery can significantly improve the health and wellbeing of some transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse people. Despite the well-documented benefits of gender affirming care, barriers persist for many trans and gender diverse people, particularly those in rural areas. Aims: This exploratory study aimed to identify the barriers trans and gender diverse people faced when seeking to medically affirm their gender in the rural state of Tasmania, Australia. Methods: This article draws on qualitative data from a mixed-methods online survey of 84 trans and gender diverse Tasmanians aged 18-70. Results: Participants identified financial and geographical barriers, discrimination, and medical gatekeeping as the three key factors that prevented or delayed their gender affirmation. Conclusion: Costly services that require multiple referrals to access limit trans and gender diverse patients' options, impacting their mental health and wellbeing. Gender affirmation on the basis of informed consent would reduce unnecessary medical gatekeeping and improve trans and gender diverse health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the level of gender parity in political news reporting at the New York Times. We apply a media sociology approach to examine how gender stereotypes, women in media leadership, and women in political leadership interact to affect the extent to which women journalists appear in bylines about domestic and foreign affairs news. We leverage an original data collection of nearly 3,000 news articles published from 2007–2020. We find several key results. First, women are more likely to appear in bylines about domestic political news than foreign affairs news. Second, we find that during Jill Abramson's tenure as executive editor the number of women writing about politics increased. Third, as the proportion of women in the U.S. Congress rises, more women appear in story bylines about political news. Fourth, while more women write about political news now compared to the past, most political news stories still have men as authors. Our findings show slow but steady improvement in the gender diversity of political news journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the last decade, epistemic injustice has been a valuable framework for those working on exposing oppressive practices within the healthcare system. As this work has evolved, new terminology has been added to the epistemic injustice literature to bring to light previously obscured epistemic harms in healthcare practices. This paper aims to explore an important concept that has not received the attention it deserves: epistemic isolation. By developing Ian Kidd and Havi Carel’s concept of epistemic isolation, a new range of epistemic harms are brought to the fore, as some of the most marginalised in our society are forced to operate from positions of ignorance. In the words of Kidd and Carel, epistemic isolation occurs in ‘situations where a person or group lacks the knowledge of, or means of access to, particular information; for instance, if they live within a politically repressive society which forbids access to the necessary sources of information in order to protect the government’s hegemony’ (183–184). This paper will demonstrate that such epistemic isolation is uniquely devastating for those with psychiatric illness, exacerbating their already challenging circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All fandoms engage in gatekeeping. Whether or not we agree that contemporary media fandoms comprise something like 'communities', the '-dom' suffix to the term 'fan' necessitates some conception of a group, and groups have boundaries. These boundaries are always in tension, and self-defined true crime fans are a tricky case. True crime is mainstream, an endlessly profitable and staple of the media landscape. However, true crime fans must negotiate and police a boundary that separates them from the posited figure of the Bad Fan. This article examines the Reddit subforums r/TrueCrime and r/SerialKillers, analysing posts that discuss and police the boundaries separating the right kind of interest in true crime from this posited Bad Fan. I argue that while true crime enthusiasts tend to present their gatekeeping work as an ethical practice, it is often more to do with maintaining gendered norms than it is about morality or propriety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A close reading of literary representations of Johannesburg's public transport in the early decades of the 20th century gives insight into the intricate way in which freedom, mobility, and narratives of progressive modernity interlink with urban mobility regimes of public transportation. The literary representations mark public transport simultaneously as progressive and oppressive, depending on access. Where access is denied, public vehicles become part of an oppressive racist mobility regime and exclude individuals from formative experiences of collective belonging. The present analysis engages with selected concepts from the field of mobility studies, namely Cresswell's thoughts on the relationship of mobility and modern citizenship, Bissell's observations regarding 'mobile collectives', and the idea of 'throwntogetherness' by the social geographer Massey. These will be used to analyze the gatekeeping function of public transport in representations of early Johannesburg, where black, male, urban subjecthood is negotiated against white urban modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The framework conditions of primary care differ between individual European countries. We aimed to investigate how system differences (predetermined factors over which individual general practitioners have no influence) between countries influence practice. Methods: Within the framework of a qualitative interview study, 12 general practitioners (GPs) who had worked both in Germany and in another country (Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands or Norway) were asked which major differences between Germany and the comparison country they perceived in their work. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke. Results: Three themes were discussed by the participants. (1) The strong gatekeeping function of GPs in Great Britain, the Netherlands and Norway leads to a wider medical spectrum. In Italy, the gatekeeping function is weakened by various factors. (2) Strong differences in remuneration and billing mechanisms set complex incentives that affect GP care in a variety of ways—some of which are negative. This was the most discussed topic. (3) If, as in the Netherlands and Norway, the issuing of incapacity certificates is not a GP task, this leads to fewer visits to the doctor that are perceived as unnecessary. Conclusion: From the participants' point of view, the system differences between the countries studied are large and even minor regulatory details can have a significant impact on GP work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents findings from an instructional-based inquiry, aimed to evaluate the critiquing characteristics of an accredited interior design program, and to optimize the experience of studio-based feedback practices for contemporary students. This investigation pre-dates the unprecedented shift to remote instruction due to the global pandemic, providing a unique snapshot of Generation Z emergent designers at a time when in-person feedback reigned. Data was collected through an anonymous, voluntary survey which invited students to share their experiences and perceptions of various modalities of project feedback. The findings are four-fold. First, students view critique not merely as a validation or gatekeeping function but as an interactive form of guidance, underscoring the necessity of harmonizing directive discourse with empowering feedback. Second, methods like peer reviews, desk crits, and illustrative feedback are seen as particularly beneficial, being both personalized and intimate, and are valued equally in both in-studio and out-of-studio settings. Third, 1–2 weekly contact hours with instructors is preferred for project feedback, pointing to a possible disparity between student expectations and prevailing practices. Finally, students recognized the potential benefits of using online critiquing tools for project feedback, even prior to the extensive uptake of online platforms during the pandemic in which students had little experience using them. This study contributes valuable context to the future of interior design education, and illustrates areas in which research concerning modern students and instructional practices can be further developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declining democracy in Central America, from oppressive policies in El Salvador and detaining journalists in Guatemala to emerging anti-press rhetoric in Costa Rica, reinforces a history of violent censorship for Latin American media, complicating journalists' abilities to influence communication. Through interviews with journalists in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, this study analyzes the role of social media in Central American journalism. The interviews reveal that while the dominance of algorithms and information monopolies may assist financially controlled mainstream journalists, social media provide opportunities for alternative journalists in Central America to circumvent economic constraints and become more prominent gatekeeping actors in political communication. These findings indicate a shift in the news agenda, facilitated by social media but hindered by the lingering darkness of constrained media systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article investigates the role of missionaries in translation activities during the last six decades of the Ming dynasty in China and explores the motivations from a sociological perspective. The study identifies three ways in which missionaries carried out the act of gatekeeping, including the alteration of book subjects, the selection of collaborators, and the addition of religious texts. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of social practice, the analysis reveals that these gatekeeping behaviours were motivated by the intricate interplay among habitus, field, and capital. The study suggests that missionaries adjusted their habitus to influence the choice of book subjects, carefully selected collaborators to navigate the translation field securely, and incorporated religious texts to enhance their standing in the religious field. Consequently, missionaries functioned as gatekeepers in translation, guided by their habitus and leveraging diverse capitals to advance their position in the social field of the late Ming dynasty, with the ultimate goal of spreading religious culture China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looked at how the ‘Ghanaian Times’ newspaper, using stories sourced from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), framed Africa to the rest of the world. The study which utilized the mixed approach also employed the gatekeeping, framing and cultural imperialist theories in its attempt to find out which of the regional blocs in Africa dominated the coverage and whether the portrayal was positive or negative. The study found that the majority of the stories that the ‘Ghanaian Times’ sourced from the BBC were negative about Africa hence framing Africa as an unhealthy place for living. Out of the 154 stories the newspaper sourced from the BBC, only 52 stories focused on the positive happenings in Africa while 94 stories painted a catastrophic image about Africa. Also, political unrest and crime were the two dominant themes Africa was associated with. In all, the general image of Africa as portrayed by the newspaper was negative as the editors focused more on negative stories of Africa compared to the positives amidst the abundance of stories published by the BBC. This arguably means that Africa’s negative image could only be corrected if editors are deliberate in selecting more positive stories about Africa for publication. This work will indeed add to the literature on the framing of Africa in the media especially the contribution of the African media to the dominant negative image Africa continues to be associated with.

Objective Private health insurance is becoming more common in Norway. The aim of this study was to investigate GPs’ opinions on private health insurance, and their experiences from consultations where health insurance can affect decisions about referring.Design A web based cross-sectional survey.Setting Norwegian general practice.Subjects All GPs in Norway were in 2019 invited to participate in an online survey.Main outcome measures The GPs’ opinions and experiences regarding health insurance were reported as proportions. Multiple logistic regression was used to test associations between how frequently GPs refer patients without further considerations and variables concerning their characteristics, opinions, and experiences.Results Of 1,309 GPs (response rate 27%), 93% stated that private health insurance raises the risk of overtreatment and 90% considered such insurance to contribute to inequality in health. Frequently being pressured to refer in the absence of a medical indication was reported by 42%. Moreover, 28% often or always chose to refer patients without further consideration, and this was associated with perceptions of pressure with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.73–5.29, and unpleasant reactions from patients following refusals (AOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.14–2.33).Conclusion Although most participating GPs associated private health insurance with overtreatment and inequality in health, more than one in four choose to refer without further consideration. GPs’ experience of pressure to refer and negative reactions from patients when they consider referrals not to be medically indicated, raises the risk of medical overuse for patients holding private health insurance.

AbstractDrawing inspiration from autoethnographic accounts of gentrification, this paper examines the privileges and disadvantages of middling transnationals in the private rented sector to reveal the complexity of housing decisions, thereby challenging the inclination to conceive this particular group as ‘gentrifiers’. By demonstrating the ability of middle-class migrants to prioritize their preferences while considering the challenges they face due to their newcomer status, this paper contends that housing decisions are the outcome of the interplay between migrants, rental agents, and digital platforms. In so doing, this paper highlights the gatekeeping capability of traditional and digital intermediaries in the rental market. Methodologically, this paper underscores the value of the microscopic view enabled by autoethnography, which broadens gentrification research by facilitating the recognition of emerging trends and the identification of promising areas for future research. Overall, through its reflection on the potential influences of transnational migrants on gentrification, this paper contributes to research efforts that intend to understand gentrification in relation to migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens to international media reporting when governments expel foreign journalists? Countries around the world expel foreign reporters, yet there is no consensus about the effects of such expulsions. We argue there are three possible outcomes of expulsion: a chilling effect, resilience, and backlash. Using China as a case study, we evaluate these competing theories by collecting a novel dataset of foreign news stories about China and applying time-series causal inference methods to measure the effects of expulsion on information origination, composition, and reach after March 2020, when the Chinese government expelled a large number of foreign correspondents. Results show that expelled media organizations did not experience a chilling effect or backlash on reporting and may have changed their production processes to account for expulsion. These findings suggest that news organizations can remain resilient to the impact of extraordinary events which target the organization and disrupt internal production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used in-depth interviews and focus groups of editors and journalists in Kenya (N = 55) to show how news organizations fail to prioritize gender equality. All participants identified a gendered hierarchy in newsrooms, which participants believed connects to other inequalities such as story assignment, pay, safety, and promotion. Most women participants had experienced sexual harassment at work multiple times. Participants also stated exclusive socialization for men, aka a "boys' club," was central to how newsrooms function and advantaged men in terms of building networks, promotions, scoops, work assignments, and increased job security. By linking the various negative outcomes of gendered work environments, this study adds to feminist communication scholarship by showing how organizations reinforce gendered inequalities rather than eliminating them. It also calls on gatekeeping research to focus on meso- and macro-level influences as a necessary shift away from placing responsibility on the individual level alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsImplementation science presents ethical issues not well addressed by traditional research ethics frameworks. There is little empirical work examining how clinicians whose work is affected by implementation studies view these issues. Accordingly, we interviewed clinicians working at sites participating in an implementation study seeking to improve patient handoffs to the intensive care unit (ICU).We performed semi-structured interviews with 32 clinicians working at sites participating in an implementation study aiming to improve patient handoffs from the operating room to the ICU. We analyzed the interviews using an iterative coding process following a conventional content analysis approach.Clinicians’ greatest concern about involvement was possible damage to interpersonal relations with more senior clinicians. They were divided about whether informed consent from clinicians was necessary but were satisfied with the study’s approach of sending out mass communications about the study. They did not think opting out of the implementation portion of the study was feasible but saw this inability to opt out as unproblematic because they equated the study with routine quality improvement. Those clinicians who helped launch the study at their sites recounted several different ways of doing so beyond simply facilitating access.The risks that clinicians identified stemmed more from their general status as employees than their specific work as clinicians. Implementation researchers should be attuned to the ethical ramifications of involving employees of varying ranks. Implementation researchers using hybrid designs should also be sensitive to the possibility that practitioners affected by a study will equate it with quality improvement and overlook its research component. Finally, the interactions that go into facilitating an implementation study are more various than the “gatekeeping” typically discussed by research ethicists. More research is needed on the ethics of the myriad interactions that are involved in making implementation studies happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the ethical and methodological issues related to gatekeepers in social work research, often represented by social service professionals. This collaboration brings specific challenges, dilemmas, and benefits. A qualitative research strategy was used to explore research fatigue in the context of gatekeeping and its implications for ethics in social work research, particularly as it relates to marginalized and vulnerable groups. Eighteen interviews were conducted with researchers and gatekeepers. Constructivist grounded theory was used to analyze the data and the computer software program Atlas.ti was used to process the data. The results of the analysis are presented through three main themes: the specifics of gatekeeping in social work research; the time, emotional and ethical burden of research; and the search for new forms of collaboration and overcoming research fatigue. The research suggests that identifying the dynamics of research fatigue is key to minimizing the negative impacts on research practice and bridging the gap between research and practice in social work. In future studies, time dedicated to transparent communication, feedback, sharing research findings and building partnerships with social work practitioners and their clients could be an important element in preventing research fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyse the foundations of Western dominance in the discipline of International Relations (IR) in Indonesia. Drawing on a contextualized autoethnographic reflection of learning and researching IR in Indonesia during my undergraduate studies between 2008 and 2013, I argue that Western dominance in Indonesian IR discipline is not simply characterized by imposition of a certain academic tradition from the West but also reproduced in everyday academic discourse and naturalized through institutional practices of power. Drawing on my autoethnographic reflections, Western dominance has been maintained and naturalized through everyday exclusionary practices in IR discipline. I encountered this exclusionary practice through a gatekeeping question that was often asked during my time as an undergraduate student and researcher in Indonesia: 'which part of your work is IR?'. This gatekeeping practice is rooted in the larger history of bureaucratization and state co-optation of Indonesian academic community, which is still perpetuated by the government. Nevertheless, this Western epistemic dominance has been resisted through non-academic spaces. Through this contextualized autoethnographic reflections, I offer some rethinking of Global IR project by highlighting internal hierarchy and Western dominance in the discipline of International Relations, as well as resistance against it by non-academic communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The article examines how maternal gatekeeping practices evolve in the post‐separation trajectory and identifies the main relational and contextual factors shaping these processes over time. Background: Studies of maternal gatekeeping have only recently begun to include post‐separation families based on cross‐sectional research designs. This article is theoretically grounded in a life‐course and human agency framework, and it both offers a novel understanding of maternal gatekeeping as a dynamic process and examines its relational embeddedness. Methods: The data stem from the prospective qualitative study "The multiple paths of lone parenthood," which has been ongoing in Switzerland for over a decade and includes four waves of semistructured interviews with mothers who have experienced lone parenthood (N = 88 interviews). Results: Most mothers reported active facilitation practices at the beginning of their trajectory, encouraging the father–child relationship. Subsequently, shifts toward hands‐off or active gate‐closing practices took place over time along with the evolution of relational circumstances, such as the father's involvement or children's autonomy, or by an accumulation of negative experiences. Conclusion: The relationship with the nonresident father creates ongoing moral dilemmas for mothers over the post‐separation trajectory. Indeed, these mothers must navigate social norms that emphasize the importance of ensuring father–child contact while safeguarding the child's well‐being and ensuring that the father complies with visitation arrangements and alimony. Implications: Professional support and legal regulations should consider the moral dilemmas experienced by mothers by establishing measures to relieve separated mothers of the need to take the initiative to obtain the father's compliance with their obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing gatekeeping philosophy statements may help develop gatekeeper identities and improve gatekeeping practices. While many have composed philosophy of teaching, researching, and supervising statements, few, if any, have crafted philosophy of gatekeeping statements. In this article, we propose doctoral students, counselor educators, and supervisors create philosophy of gatekeeping statements to enhance their gatekeeping practices. We offer strategies for constructing gatekeeping philosophy statements. Implications for use and future research of philosophy of gatekeeping statements are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the traditional Chinese cultural belief of "male breadwinner, female homemaker", as well as the systemic and interactive characteristics of families, this study aims to explore the relationship between maternal gatekeeping behavior and the quality and quantity of paternal parenting, as well as adolescent aggressive behavior. A total of 483 seventh-grade students completed questionnaires on maternal gatekeeping behavior, paternal involvement, parenting styles, and aggressive behavior. Latent profile analysis identified four parenting combinations: positive, negative, mixed, and neglectful. Adolescents under negative parenting exhibited the highest aggression and experienced the highest maternal gatekeeping behavior, while those under positive and neglectful parenting showed the least aggression and least maternal gatekeeping behavior. Maternal gatekeeping behavior correlated with paternal negative parenting and adolescent aggression. Paternal negative parenting mediated the relationship between maternal gatekeeping and aggression, while paternal involvement moderated this relationship. These findings highlight the role of parental interaction in adolescent behavior and support family-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social media platform TikTok is increasingly becoming an important space for sharing and finding news and information, especially for younger people. Most scholarly research examining news sharing on TikTok has focused on practices by professional journalists and news organizations; however, these are only a small percentage of the actors who make up the news information sharing ecosystem on the platform. In particular, citizen journalists play a large role in creating and disseminating news on TikTok. Thus, I interviewed 14 TikTok citizen journalists to understand their news reporting practices. Findings suggest TikTok citizen journalists are guided by the platform logics and concerns around misinformation in the content they post on the platform. This study contributes to the literature on the role of citizen journalists and social media in shaping news disseminated online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working with Children checks in Australia are regulated by legislation and designed to be used as pre-employment criminal history screening for child-related roles and organisations. Most Australian universities require prospective social work students to hold Working with Children clearance as a precondition to enrolment. Little is known about the reasoning for such application, and this Queensland study aims to contribute to resolving this question, by examining the frequency by which nonregulated jobs advertised online require a Working with Children check (a Blue Card in Queensland). Of the 400 job advertisements analysed, just over half of the nonregulated roles did not require a Blue Card. This suggests it is likely that there are field placements available to students without Working with Children clearance. If Blue Cards are not required to secure field placements for students, then applying a blanket requirement for Working with Children checks prior to enrolment in a social work course is unnecessary and may be discriminatory. Criminal history and associated screening methods, such as Working with Children clearances, should only be used when justified, and to utilise such screening requirements when not required may be discriminatory and unfair. This analysis of the job market suggests that requiring Working with Children checks as a precondition to studying social work is not justified on the grounds that there will be limited placement opportunities, or subsequent jobs, for ineligible students. Some form of gatekeeping to the social work profession is required to protect vulnerable service users, but unnecessarily restricting access to education for prospective students with criminal histories has implications for service users who might benefit from access to social workers with lived experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for a broad definition of philosophical sources and how Indigenous traditional knowledge fits that definition. It concludes by showing how, following the previous two points, an Indigenous document such as the Huarochirí Manuscript can be considered a philosophical source by academic philosophers. The paper has three sections: the first deals with the methodological point of addressing what can be considered as philosophy. This section presents a conversational approach to philosophy. This approach, although broad, properly captures the practices of inquiring about philosophical issues as is commonly done in Western academic circles, but without excluding the practices of non‐Western cultures from being labelled as philosophical. The second section argues for the analytical distinction between a philosophical source, a philosophical text, and a philosophical insight. It shows that what makes a philosophical source such are the philosophical insights that it can provide. The final section shows how the Huarochirí Manuscript has merits making it worthy of being considered a philosophical source and thus a relevant academic source for those working in the field of philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic mental health services play a key role in the diversion, treatment, rehabilitation, and supervision of offenders with mental health problems in Europe. Private sector providers are increasingly commissioned to provide secure care for service users. Questions have been raised about the effectiveness of the private sector providers. A sample of 229 patients from low, and medium secure psychiatric services in the United Kingdom was analyzed to determine differences in restrictive practices, adverse service user incidents, and service user characteristics between service users admitted to private sector or publicly funded hospitals. Service users with a diagnosis of a personality disorder, and those who had multiple psychiatric diagnoses were disproportionately placed in the private sector. Greater prevalence of seclusion, physical restraint, verbal aggression toward staff, physical violence toward staff and other service users, property damage, and self-harm were observed in private sector service users. Further attention is warranted around the decision-making processes that allocate people to private versus publicly funded care, potential sources of bias in admission characteristics should be taken into account when interpreting poorer clinical outcomes in the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes market failures that affected the voluntary carbon market (VCM) and its policy implications. Topics discussed include role of the VCM in mitigating climate change, carbon offsets, evolution and structure of the VCM, regulations related with the VCM, command and control regulations, gatekeeper liability and regulatory licenses, and the importance of transparency and strengthening of reputational sanctions for inaccurate certifications.

Summary: Much of the research on gender and diplomacy has focused on those already let into the 'club'. This article analyses the 'threshold' to diplomacy: security clearance processes. Security vetting ultimately determines who progresses, and what level of clearance (and therefore seniority or position) a diplomat can achieve. This article seeks to trace the journey for individuals entering a diplomatic career. It argues that security vetting is simultaneously based on legitimate processes for assessing potential national security threats, and on values interpretation (such as loyalty, maturity and trustworthiness) which may invite bias or lead to illegitimate processes of exclusion. By excavating the gendered history of vetting, we can better understand the limitations of the current de-historicised and 'impartial' process. We argue that clearance processes have not sufficiently evolved over the past decades of social progress, which has negative implications for the evolution of diplomacy as a social practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medications are common means of suicide. Rural areas have high suicide rates, greater proportions of older adults and veterans, and few providers. We assessed the implementation potential of community pharmacy interventions for lethal means management (LMM). The feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of 8 LMM interventions were assessed by pharmacists in seven southeastern states via an online survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Pharmacists (N = 61) responded from 42 zip codes. The majority indicated that five (62.5%) interventions were very/extremely feasible, appropriate and acceptable. The greatest proportion rated medication therapy management (MTM) as very or extremely feasible, appropriate and acceptable (82%) followed by limiting prescription drug days' supplies (75.4%), blister packaging (68.9%), dispensing naloxone (62.3%), and suicide prevention training (59.0%). No pharmacies were currently distributing gun locks; however, some were already managing suicide risk with limited days' supply (31.7%), MTM (26.7%), naloxone distribution with every opioid dispensed (15.0%), monitoring patients for suicidal adverse events (16.7%), limits on sales or stock of non-prescription products (16.7%) or blister packaging (1.7%). Pharmacists endorsed LMM interventions, and most were already offering the endorsed interventions but not for LMM. The rural community pharmacists in this study believed several LMM services were highly feasible, acceptable and appropriate for use in preventing suicide. Community pharmacies offer services that may support clinicians managing patients at risk of suicide or with a history of suicidal behavior, including MTM, blister packaging, limited days' supply/more frequent refills to support monitoring of patient outcomes and suicide warning signs, distribution of naloxone and gun locks and training pharmacy staff in Pharm-SAVES gatekeeping. The majority of rural community pharmacists reported that 5 of 8 lethal means management (LMM) interventions were appropriate, feasible and acceptable with common barriers being lack of both reimbursement and time. Interprofessional training and protocols for LMM interventions and indications could support implementation by pharmacists in support of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology training programs emphasize competencies like professional behavior, interpersonal skills, and emotional intelligence. Some students, known as students with problems of professional competence (SPPC), struggle in these areas. This study explored SPPC characteristics and educator experiences in managing them through semi-structured interviews with twelve Australian psychology educators. Thematic analysis revealed that SPPC often struggle with professional attitudes, feedback integration, reflective skills, and mental health, placing demands on resources and contributing to educator stress. The role of educators as gatekeepers, assessors, and evaluators also raises concerns about maintaining ethical standards. Findings highlight the need for better understanding, support, and strategies for managing SPPC to uphold ethical standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People whose gender does not align with their sex assigned at birth can undergo a medical transition process, so their body reflects their gender. However, some people interrupt this process temporarily or permanently, which is often referred to as “detransition.” Media coverage of detrans experiences tend to attribute this phenomenon to a lack of medical gatekeeping. However, research has shown detransitions are highly unpredictable. The aim of this article is to examine the medical experiences of youth who have detransitioned during various stages of the process from transition to today. Twenty-five interviews with 15–25-year-old youth who detransitioned were conducted. Thematic analysis led to the development of six themes: facing gatekeeping and invalidation during transition, accessing trans care, lacking adequate support during transition, finding support in detransition, lacking support in detransition, leaving the medical system. Our results question the usefulness of gatekeeping to prevent detransition and shows that it tends to erode the trust relationship between youth and practitioners and stifle gender exploration. Validation, support, information giving as well as exploration without constrain, or expectation of outcome seems to be a more helpful way forward to work with gender diverse youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about counselor educators' experiences of gatekeeping doctoral students. Using an interpretative phenomenological approach, we examined counselor educators' experiences of gatekeeping doctoral students during the dissertation. Themes included (a) interventions, (b) prior student gatekeeping interactions, and (c) recommendations for gatekeeping during the dissertation. Implications and suggestions for research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New York Times has a long history as the purveyor of all the news that's fit to print. In a multi-layered journalistic world, this study examined how the Times utilized Facebook video and found the Gray Lady highlighted its signature products in news, analysis, reviews, and Crosswords while expanding into videos. The legacy newspaper used Facebook to drive traffic to its website through hyperlinks in prerecorded videos while also creating specific content for social media through its Live platform. Additionally, the Times focused on mostly hard news and analysis in its prerecorded videos and packages while focusing more on soft news in Live coverage. The impact of Facebook's algorithms as well as users' reactions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Fee-for-service is a common payment model for remunerating general practitioners (GPs) in OECD countries. In Norway, GPs earn two-thirds of their income through fee-for-service, which is determined by the number of consultations and procedures they register as fees. In general, fee-for-service incentivises many and short consultations and is associated with high service provision. GPs act as gatekeepers for various treatments and interventions, such as addictive drugs, antibiotics, referrals, and sickness certification. This study aims to explore GPs’ reflections on and perceptions of the fee-for-service system, with a specific focus on its potential impact on gatekeeping decisions. Methods We conducted six focus group interviews with 33 GPs in 2022 in Norway. We analysed the data using thematic analysis. Results We identified three main themes related to GPs’ reflections and perceptions of the fee-for-service system. First, the participants were aware of the profitability of different fees and described potential strategies to increase their income, such as having shorter consultations or performing routine procedures on all patients. Second, the participants acknowledged that the fees might influence GP behaviour. Two perspectives on the fees were present in the discussions: fees as incentives and fees as compensation. The participants reported that financial incentives were not directly decisive in gatekeeping decisions, but that rejecting requests required substantially more time compared to granting them. Consequently, time constraints may contribute to GPs' decisions to grant patient requests even when the requests are deemed unreasonable. Last, the participants reported challenges with remembering and interpreting fees, especially complex fees. Conclusions GPs are aware of the profitability within the fee-for-service system, believe that fee-for-service may influence their decision-making, and face challenges with remembering and interpreting certain fees. Furthermore, the fee-for-service system can potentially affect GPs’ gatekeeping decisions by incentivising shorter consultations, which may result in increased consultations with inadequate time to reject unnecessary treatments.

This article addresses the question of whether and how sourcing practices of journalistic news media have been transformed by online-first publishing and the hybridisation of the media system. Focusing on four Finnish news outlets from 1999 to 2018 (a daily newspaper, a news agency, a tabloid, and a public broadcaster), we analyse the essential gatekeeping practice of giving voice to actors by quoting them directly or indirectly. According to our data, the hybrid media context does not lead to an increased diversification of sources. Instead, our analysis indicates a concentration and consolidation of sources across different news outlets: a continued elite source dominance in domestic political news. This development we term institutional alignment, suggesting that, by foregrounding elite sources, the news media seeks to maintain both its gatekeeping function and its key position in networks of power.

Background Scientific publishing is a critical part of scientific enquiry; individual excellence is often measured by the number of publications, and the journals in which these publications appeared count enormously. Open Science practices, such as open access, open review, random gatekeeping and shared governance, are implemented in various journals and publishing platforms, providing alternative ways of publishing. But how are these practices trusted? Methods We have created a theoretical framework for trust in the context of academic publishing and investigated to what extent Dutch researchers find these ways of publishing trustworthy. We have performed a survey to compare the trustworthiness of novel and classical ways of publishing and conducted multiple interviews to figure out why scientists find certain publishing practices more attractive than others. Results In the academic publishing system, we have identified various interdependent relationships between stakeholders in which there is a certain level of uncertainty; therefore, we can assume that trust plays a relevant role here. Based on the literature review and interview results, trustworthiness turned out to be one of the most important factors in choosing journals to read relevant scientific discoveries and to publish papers. The survey results suggest that some aspects of open publishing, such as open access, open peer review and shared governance are well-known and widely accepted and trusted amongst the participants, while others, like participatory peer review or random gatekeeping, were less known. In these cases, many researchers formulated concerns about the competence of the randomly assigned gatekeeper and the reviewers coming from the wider community. Conclusions Our results highlight a shift in social norms within the Dutch scientific community, formulating critical voices towards the profit-oriented nature of classical scientific publishing and highlighting the importance of open access to scientific results, supporting open peer review and publishers with shared governance.

Educational podcasts are a new medium that provides content and profession-specific knowledge. Although educational podcasts are widely distributed and listened to within professional fields, little is known about the communities of learners or communities of practices (CoPs) that surround them. Within the field of physical education, effective CoPs have been documented within social media spaces, such as Twitter and Facebook, whereby physical educators engage to strengthen each other's teaching practices and knowledge. Although scholars have suggested that CoP exist around these podcasts, no research to date has examined these communities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine what motivates podcast creators and listeners within the field of physical education and how CoPs are cultivated using podcasts. A purposive sample of 15 participants (7 = podcast creators, 8 = podcast listeners) were interviewed for this study. This investigation was guided by an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach (IPA). Separate interview guides were developed for the PE podcast creators and PE podcast listeners, being developed using the CoP and research questions, with each guide having similar and overlapping questions. In addition, an inductive category development method was used to analyze the data. Three themes were constructed: (a) enhancing and replacing professional development experiences, (b) degrees of community around physical education podcasts, and (c) attractive features of podcasts and areas of improvement. The findings support that an emerging CoP centered around physical education podcasts is being used as a means of knowledge-sharing. However, issues were raised that can negate the benefits of CoPs. These findings inform how physical education practitioners are engaged in informal professional development and the growing literature around CoPs that exist around educational podcasts in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When do interest groups target legislators to approach or lobby under strong presidentialism? This article explores two hypotheses. First, interest groups and lobbyists seek to access committee chairs with gatekeeping power, even in those jurisdictions where the executive holds (most) exclusivity to initiate legislation (Gatekeeping Hypothesis). Second, interest groups and lobbyists target legislators who introduce more bills on issues that concern them but only on policy areas outside the executive's exclusive sphere (Legislative Activity Hypothesis). We test these hypotheses with evidence from the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. We have coded and analysed 6479 lobbying audiences and over 2300 bills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]