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We experimentally demonstrate the synchronization of regularly vibrating soliton molecules by means of an injected modulated signal. Such synchronization is analyzed in real time through the sensitive balanced optical correlation technique. We also unveil the existence of chaotic intra-molecular vibrations, to which we successfully apply a similar control strategy. These findings strengthen the hypothesis of internal dynamics of soliton molecules essentially ruled by a reduced number of degrees of freedom, allowing applicative prospects.

We propose a theoretical method to model the complex phenomenon of oscillating ultrashort pulse pair molecules. Using a phenomenological viewpoint, we construct effective dynamical systems, whose degrees of freedom are the inter-pulse timing and overall phase. The effective dynamical system is characterized by a limit cycle attractor that is fit to the experimentally measured soliton oscillation using data-driven methods. Good agreement is achieved between the dynamical system orbits and experimental observations made in a mode-locked fiber laser.

Palytoxin (PTX or PLTX), a potent and rare marine toxin derived from certain coral species, poses significant risks to human health upon exposure, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We present a case report detailing the experiences of two expert marine biologists who inadvertently came into contact with palytoxin while handling marine organisms in a controlled environment. Shortly after exposure, both biologists developed severe keratoconjunctivitis, characterized by acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea. Clinical manifestations included intense ocular pain, photophobia, conjunctival injection, and corneal epithelial defects, with symptoms progressing rapidly post exposure. Initial management involved immediate irrigation with a saline solution, followed by topical corticosteroids and lubricants to alleviate inflammation and promote corneal healing. Both individuals responded favorably to treatment, with resolution of symptoms within several days. This report underscores the importance of stringent adherence to safety protocols and awareness among marine biologists regarding the risks associated with palytoxin exposure, emphasizing the need for prompt recognition and appropriate management of ocular manifestations to minimize potential long-term sequelae., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: HCA Healthcare Disclaimer: This research was supported (in whole or in part) by HCA Healthcare and/or an HCA Healthcare-affiliated entity. The views expressed in this publication represent those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of HCA Healthcare or any of its affiliated entities., (Copyright © 2024, Foresteire et al.)

Multimode fiber-based saturable absorbers enable mode-locking in lasers, generating ultrafast pulses and providing an exceptional platform for investigating nonlinear phenomena. Previous analyses in the continuous-wave (CW) limit showed that saturable absorption can be obtained due to nonlinear interactions between transverse modes. We find experimentally that saturable absorption can be achieved, thanks to the interplay of single-mode fiber nonlinearity and the wavelength-dependent linear transmission of the multimode fiber, even with negligible intermodal nonlinearities. We further show that even when intermodal nonlinearities are significant, the CW analysis may not be sufficient for long multimode fibers. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of multimode fiber-based saturable absorbers opens new possibilities for developing programmable devices for ultrafast control.

Microresonator frequency comb generation from Kerr solitons has become a cutting edge technology, but challenges remain in creating, maintaining, and controlling the solitons. Pump modulation and dual pumping are promising techniques for meeting these challenges. Here we derive the equation of motion of solitons interacting with a modulated pump in the framework of synchronization theory. It implies that the soliton repetition rate locks to the modulation frequency whenever the latter is within a locking range of frequencies around an integer multiple of the free spectral range of the microresonator. We calculate explicitly, numerically, and in perturbation theory the width of the locking range as a function of the amplitude and frequency of the pump and the modulation phase. We show that a highly red-detuned, strong pump that is amplitude-modulated provides the best conditions for entrainment, and that the width of the locking range is proportional to the square of the modulation frequency, limiting the effectiveness of RF modulation as an entrainment method.

A short, abrupt increase in energy injection rate into steady strongly driven rotating turbulent flow is used as a probe for energy transfer in the system. The injected excessive energy is localized in time and space and its spectra differ from those of the steady turbulent flow. This allows measuring energy transfer rates, in three different domains: In real space, the injected energy propagates within the turbulent field, as a wave packet of inertial waves. In the frequency domain, energy is transferred nonlocally to the low, quasigeostrophic modes. In wave number space, energy locally cascades toward small wave numbers, in a rate that is consistent with two-dimensional (2D) turbulence models. Surprisingly however, the inverse cascade of energy is mediated by inertial waves that propagate within the flow with small, but nonvanishing frequency. Our observations differ from measurements and theoretical predictions of weakly driven turbulence. Yet, they show that in strongly driven rotating turbulence, inertial waves play an important role in energy transfer, even in the vicinity of the 2D manifold.

Bifurcations in dynamical systems are often studied experimentally and numerically using a slow parameter sweep. Focusing on the cases of period-doubling and pitchfork bifurcations in maps, we show that the adiabatic approximation always breaks down sufficiently close to the bifurcation, so the upsweep and downsweep dynamics diverge from one another, disobeying standard bifurcation theory. Nevertheless, we demonstrate universal upsweep and downsweep trajectories for sufficiently slow sweep rates, revealing that the slow trajectories depend essentially on a structural asymmetry parameter, whose effect is negligible for the stationary dynamics. We obtain explicit asymptotic expressions for the universal trajectories and use them to calculate the area of the hysteresis loop enclosed between the upsweep and downsweep trajectories as a function of the asymmetry parameter and the sweep rate.

We study the entrainment of a localized pattern to an external signal via its coupling to zero modes associated with broken symmetries. We show that when the pattern breaks internal symmetries, entrainment is governed by a multiple degrees-of-freedom dynamical system that has a universal structure, defined by the symmetry group and its breaking. We derive explicitly the universal locking dynamics for entrainment of patterns breaking internal phase symmetry, and calculate the locking domains and the stability and bifurcations of entrainment of complex Ginzburg-Landau solitons by an external pulse.